P3 and p4

Required formula
n x
n +1
n 1 ( ax+ b )
1) ∫ x ⅆx = +c (n ≠−1 ¿ 11) ∫ ( ax+ b ) ⅆx = +c
n+ 1 a n+1
1 1 1
2) when, n ≠−1 , ∫ ⅆx =ln |x|+c 12) ∫ ⅆx = ln|ax+ b|+ c
x ax +b a
ax +b 1
3) ∫ ⅇϰ ⅆx =ⅇ x +c 13) ∫ ⅇ ⅆx = ⅇ ax +b +c
a
x bx +c
a 1a
4) ∫ ax ⅆx = +c 14) ∫ abx +c ⅆx = +c
ln a b ln a
−1
5) ∫ sin x ⅆx =−cos x +c 15) ∫ sin a x +b ⅆx = cos ( ax+ b ) +c
a
1
6) ∫ cos x ⅆx =sin x +c 16) ∫ cos ax + b ⅆx = sin ( ax +b )+ c
a
2 1
7) ∫ sec 2 x ⅆx =tan x c 17) sec ax +b= tan ( ax +b )+ c
a
2 −1
8) ∫ Co sec 2 x ⅆx = −cot xc 18) ∫ cosec ( ax +b ) dx= cot ( ax+ b ) +c
a
1
9) ∫ sec x tan x ⅆx =Sec x+ c 19) ∫ sec ( ax +b ) tan ( ax+ b ) dx= sec ( ax +b ) + c
a
−1
10) ∫ cosec x cot x ⅆx =−cos ec x +c 20)cosec ( ax +b ) cot ∫ ( ax +b ) dx= cosec ( ax+ b ) +c
a

 NOTES:
 NO 7 to 10 will be given in formulae booklet
 We have to remember 1 to 6
 We must know/ memorize all the formula so that we can decide whether any
expansion can be integrated directly or not.

 These formulae are known as

P Polynomial ( x n/ x 1)
E Exponential
sc
3
sin/cos
2 2
se c /cosⅇ c
Sec-tan/ cosec-cot
 Formulae of integration are fixed
 We have to know the limitations and we apply different techniques to rearrange
the given expression so that we can apply the fixed formula.
  All the formulae can be applied directly if x is replaced by a linear form of x,
(ax+b). In this we have to divide each integral by coefficient of x(a).
#Sometimes we can rearrange the expression (mainly trigonometric) using
identities so that we can apply the formulae

1. (a) ∫ sec 2 x ⅆx =tan x +c NOTES:

1
(b) ∫ 2
ⅆx = ∫ sec 2 x ⅆx =tan x +c REMEMBER USING 3rd LETTER
cos x
1
2. (a) ∫ tan2 x . cos ⅇ c 2 x ⅆx (1) sec x=
cos x
2
sin x 1 1
=∫ X (2) cosecx=
2 2
cos x sin x sin x

1 1 cos x
=∫ 2
ⅆx (3) cotx= =
Co s x tan x sin x
sin x
= ∫ sec 2 x ⅆx (4) tanx=
cos x

= tan x +c

 Rearrange so that we can apply formulae of integration

Rearrange Now we can integrate

sin sin x 1 sin

1) × =tan x sec x ∫ dx= ∫ tan x sec x dx=sec x +C
2
cos x cos x cos x 2
cos x

2) sin x sec 2 x 1 ∫ sin x sec x dx =∫ sec x tan x dx=¿ ¿- sec x +C

2
sin x= 2
=sec x tan x
cos x
1 1 2 1 2
3) 2 2
=cos e c x ∫ 2
= ∫ cos e c x=−cotx +C
sin x sin x sin x

cos x cos x 1 cos x

4) x =cotxcosecx ∫ dx= ∫ cosecxcotx dx=−cosecx+ c
2
sin x sin x sin x 2
sin x

5)cos x +cos ⅇ c 2 x 1 2
∫ cos x+ cos ⅇ c x= ∫ cosecxcotx=−cosecx+C
Cosx+ 2
=cosecxcotx
sin x
6)cos e c 2 x tan 2 x 1 sin x
2
1 2 ∫ cos e c x tan x = ∫ sec x=¿tanx +C
2 2 2

2
X 2
= 2 =sec x
sin x cos x cos x

7) sec 2 x cot2 x 1 cos x

2
1 2
2 2 2
∫ sec x cot x dx =∫ cos ⅇ c x dx=−cotx+C
2
× 2 = 2 =cos ⅇ c x
cos x sin x sin x

8) sinxcosecx 1 ∫ sinxcosecxdx= ∫ 1 dx=x+ C

=1
sin x ×
sin x
9)cos 2 x sec x 2 1 2
∫ cos x sec x dx= ∫ cos x dx=sinx+ C
cos x × =cos x
cos x
10) tan2 x cot2 x 2 1 2 2
∫ cot xta n xdx =∫ 1 dx=x+ C
tan x × 2 =1
tan x
11)
1+ cos x 1 cos x 2 1+cos x 2
2 2
+ 2 =cosec x+ cos ⅇcx cot x ∫ 2
dx =∫ cosec x+ cos ⅇcx cot x dx=cotx−co
sin x sin x sin x sin x

12)
1+ sin x 1 sin x 2 1+sin x 2
2 2
+ 2
=sec x+ sec x tan x ∫ 2
dx= ∫ sec x+ sec x tan x dx=tanx+ secx+C
cos x cos x cos x cos x

 Type: 3 (integration using identities to rearrange only for

trigonometric expression)
INTEGRATE

1) ∫ sin x ⅆx = ∫ ( 1−cos x ) ⅆx = x− [ ]
2
2 1 2 1 sin x
+C
2 2 2
2 2
2 ¿ ∫ tan x ⅆx = ∫ sec x ⅆx =tanx−x +C
3 ¿ ∫ 2 sin 4 x cos 2 x ⅆx = ∫ sin 6 x +sin 2 xⅆx

= 6 cos 6 x− 2 cos 2 x +C
−1 1

 Without identities, you cannot integrate.

MEMORISE THE FOLLOWING IDENTITIES
1)(a)sin x= 2 ( 1−cos 2 x ) From double angle formulae
2 1

(b) cos x= 2 ( 1+cos 2 x ) cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB

2 1

Cos2x=cos 2 x−¿ sin 2 x ¿

= 2cos 2 x−1
= 1−2 sin2 x
2) ( a ) tan2 x =Sec 2 x −1
(b)cot 2 x=cose c 2−1
2 2
sin x+ cos x=1
⇒ tan x +1=sec x (divide both sides by cos x ¿ )¿
2 2 2

2 2
⇒ 1+cot x=cose c x ¿ ¿
3)(a) sinxcosx= 2 sin 2 x ⇒ sin ( A+ B ) =sinAcosB+ cosAsinB
1

⇒ sin 2 x=2 Sinxcosx

A>B

1
b)SinA.CosB= [ sin ( A + B ) +sin ( A−B ) ] product to sum
2
1
c)CosA.SinB= [ sin ( A + B )−sin ( A−B ) ]
2
1
d)CosA.CosB= [ cos ( A+ B ) + cos ( A−B ) ]
2
−1
e)SinA.SinB= [ cos ( A+ B )−cos ( A−B ) ] DS
2
Different ⇒ sin
SC
Similar ⇒ cos

In the formulae booklet (p3)

(Sum to product formula is given)
A +B
1)SinA + SinB= 2sin¿)cos( ¿
2
A +B
2) SinA – SinB= 2cos¿)cos( ¿
2
A−B
3)CosA + CosB= 2cos¿)cos( ¿
2
A +B
4)CosA – CosB = -2sin¿)sin( ¿
2

Remember identities 3 b, c, d, e from

These identities also in reverse
Order and replace

A +B
A
2
 A−B
B
2

A A+B

B A-B

Integrating using identities

2
1.a) ∫ sin xdx=
1
2
∫ 1
1−cos 4 xdx = x−
2 [
sin 4 x
4
+c
]
2
b) ∫ cos 4 xdx=
1
2
∫ 1
1+cos 8 xdx = x+
2 [
sin 8 x
8
+c
]
2 2 1
2.a) ∫ tan 3 xdx= ∫ sec 3 x−1 dx= tan3 x−x +c
3
2 2 1
b) ∫ cot 5 xdx= ∫ cose c 5 x −1 dx= cot 5 x−x+ c
5
1 −1
3.a) ∫ sin 2 xcos 2 xdx= ∫ sin 4 xdx= cos 4 x +c
2 8

1
b)i ¿ ∫ sin 4 xcos 2 x= ∫ sin 6 x+sin 2 xdx=
2 2[
1 −cos 6 x cos 2 x
6
−
2
+c
]
−1 1
= cos 6 x− cos 2 x +c
12 4

1
ii) ∫ cos 4 x sin 6 xdx= ∫ sin 6 x cos 4 xdx= ∫ sin 10 x+ sin 2 xdx
2

=
2[
1 −cos 10 x sin 2 x
10
−
2 ]
+c

−cos 20 cos 2 x
= − +c
20 4

1
c) ∫ cos 2 xsinxdx= ∫ sin3 x−sinx dx=
2 2[
1 −cos 3 x
3
+cosx + c=
−1
6 ] 1
cos 3 x + cosx +c
2
 1
d) ∫ cos 6 xcos 2 x dx = ∫ cos 8 x +cos 4 x dx =
2 2 [
1 sin 8 x sin 4 x
8
+
4
+c
]
1 1
= sin 8 x + sin 4 x+ c
16 8

e) ∫ sin 4 xsin2 xdx

=
−1
2
∫ cos 6 x−cos 2 x dx =
2 6[
−1 sin 6 x sin 2 x
−
2
+c
]
−1 1
= sin 6 x+ sin 2 x +c
12 4

Extra
a) ∫ ( sinx+ cosx )2 dx
= ∫ sin 2 x +2 sinxcosx +cos x dx
=∫ 1+sin 2 x dx
−1
=x cos 2 x +c
2
b) ∫ ( sin 5 x−cos 3 x )2 dx
= ∫ sin 2 5 x−2 sin 5 xcos 3 x+ cos2 3 xdx
1 1
= ∫ ( 1−cos 10 x )−( sin 8 x+ sin 2 x ) + ( 1+cos 6 x ) dx
2 2
1 1
=∫ 1− cos 10 x−sin 8 x+ cos 6 x−sin 2 x dx
2 2
1 1 1 1
= x− sin 20 x + cos 8 x + sin 6 x+ cos 2 x +c
20 2 12 2
2
c) ∫ ( tanx+ cot x ) dx
= ∫ tan2 x +2 tanxcotx +cot2 xdx
= ∫ sec 2 x−1+ 2+ cose c2 x−1 dx
= ∫ sec 2 x +cose c 2 x dx
= tanx-cotx+c

( 1−sinx )2
d) ∫ dx
cos 2 x
 2
1−2 sinx +sin x
=∫ 2
dx never break the denominator
cos x
Merge whenever possible
2
1 2 sinx sin x
= 2
− 2
+ 2
dx
cos x cos x cos x

= ∫ sec 2 x−2 secxtanx+ tan2 x dx

= ∫ sec 2 x−2 secxtanx+ sec 2 −1 dx

= ∫ 2 sec 2 x−2 secxtanx −1 dx

= 2 tanx – 2secx-1

Type: 4 (Integration using substitution)

part:1 (when ‘u’ is not given) (in p3)
[Substitution shortcut/ Reverse chain Rule]

x 4
Directly apply formula (x) ∫ dx=∫ 1− dx
2
x +4 x−4
Examples:
x
1) ∫ 2
dx
x +4
x x
∫ 2
dx=¿ ∫
x +4 (x −2)( x +2)

A B
Partial fraction (x) =∫ + dx
x+ 2 x−2
Identify (X) is not trigonometric

x du
=∫ × u= x 2+ 4
u 2x
1 1 du
= ∫ du =2 x
2 u ⅆx
 m
dx=
2x

x
2) ∫ 3
dx
( x 2+ 4 )
x du
=∫ × u =x + 4
2 2
u 2x
3

1−3 du
= ∫ u du =2 x
2 ⅆx
−2
1u du
= +c dx=
2 −2 2x
−1
= 2
+c
4u
−1
= 2
+c
4 ( x +4 )
2

3) ∫ cos 2 x ( 1+ sin 2 x )4 dx u=1+sin2x

4 du du
= ∫ cos 2 x .u . =2cos2x
2 cos 2 x ⅆx
1 4 du
= . ∫ u du dx=
2 2cos 2 x
5
u
= +c
10

( 1+ sin 2 x )5
= +c
10
 2

4) ∫ x e x dx u= x 2
u du ⅆu
=∫ x e =2 x
2x ⅆx
1u du
= ∫ e du dx=
2 2x
u1
= e +c
2
x1 2

= e +c
2

5) ∫ sec 2 xta n3 dx
2 3 du
= ∫ sec x . u . 2 u=tanx
sec x
ⅆu 2
= ∫ u3 du =sec x
ⅆx
u
4
dy
= +c dx= 2
4 sec x
14
= tan x+ c
4

In P3, Reverse chain rule can be used [substitution structure]

n
1) ∫ f ( x ) [ f ( x ) ] dx U= f ( x )

= ∫ u x du ⅆu 1
=f (x )
n +1
ⅆx
u
= +c ⅆu
n+1
dx= 1
f (x )
 n+1

=[
f ( x )]
+c
n+1

1 4
a) ∫ 2 ( x+ 1 ) ( x +2 x+3 ) dx
2
2
5

=1
( x +2 x+ 3 )
2
+c
2 5
U= f ( x )

ⅆu 1
=f (x )
f 1(x ) ⅆx
2) ∫ dx
f (x ) ⅆu
dx= 1
1 f (x )
= ∫ du
u

=ln[f(x)]

1
a) ∫ dx=dx|x|+ c
x
x 1 2x
b) ∫ 2dx = 2 ∫ 2 ⅆx
x +4 x +4
1
= ln |x +4|+c
2
2
2x
c) ∫ 2
dx
x −9
=ln∨x 2−9∨+c [Do not need partial fraction]

cos x
d) ∫ cotx dx= ∫ dx = ln|sinx|+ c
sin x

U= f ( x )
3) ∫ f ( x ) e f ( x ) dx
ⅆu 1
= ∫ eu du =f (x )
ⅆx
ⅆu
dx= 1
f (x )
=ⅇ u+ c=e f ( x )+ c

a) ∫ x 3 e x dx
1 3 x 4

= ∫ 4 x e dx
4
1x 4

= e +c
4

b) ∫ cosec 2 x e cotx dx
=−∫ −cose c x e dx
2 cotx

=−ⅇ cotx +c

e) ∫ sinxcosx esin x dx y=sin2 x=( sinx )2

1 sin x 2
ⅆy
= ∫ 2 sinxcosx e dx =2 sinxcosx
2 ⅆx
1sin x 2

= e +c
2

DRPSI
Direct integration (p3/p4)
Rearrange using identities (for trigonometry)(p3)
Partial fraction (p4)
Substitution including shortcut
Integration log parts. (only in p4)

d) To use the formulae

 ⅆu
u
ⅆx
ⅆv
v (int)
ⅆr

NOTE: These formulae are given in booklet

1) ∫ tanx dx =ln |secx|+c
2) ∫ cotx dx=ln |sinx|+ c
3) ∫ secxdx=ln |secx +tanx|+ c
4) ∫ cosecx dx=−ln|cosecx+cotx| +c

Common misconception:

ⅆ 1
We know, (lnx )=
ⅆx x

1
 ∫ dx=lnx
x
1
but ∫ ∈xdx ≠
x

we need integration by parts to find

∫ l nxdx u
= ∫ lnx .1 dx

ⅆv
ⅆx
 When the integration by parts is used repeatedly….
1) I= ∫ e x sinx dx v= ∫ e x dx=e x
ⅆv dy
u =cosx
ⅆx ⅆx
= ⅇ x sinx−∫ e x cosx dx
u v=ⅇ x
ⅆv ⅆy
=−sinx
ⅆx ⅆx

=e x sinx−[ e x cosx−∫ e x (−sinx ) dx ]

= ⅇ x sinx−e x cosx− ∫ e x sinx dx
 I=ⅇ x ( sinx−cosx ) −I
x
⇒ 2 I =e ( sinx−cosx )
1 x
⇒ I = ⅇ (sinx−cosx )
2
ⅆu
U =−2 sinx
ⅆx
−1 −2 x
2)I= ∫ e−2 x cos 2 x dx #v= e
2
ⅆv
ⅆu

=
−1 −2 x
2
ⅇ cos 2 x− ∫
2
ⅇ (
−I −2 x
)
(−2 sin 2 x ) dx

ⅆv −1 −2 x
¿v= e
ⅆu 2
−1 −2 x
= ⅇ cos 2 x− ∫ e−2 x sin 2 x dx
2
ⅆu
U =2cos 2 x
ⅆx
−1 −2 x −1
= ⅇ cos 2 x−¿( e−2 x ¿(2 cos 2 x)dx]
2 2
−1 −2 x 1
= ⅇ cos 2 x + e−2 x sin 2 x− ∫ e−2 x cos 2 x dx
2 2
1
−2 x
=+ ⅇ (sin2x-cos2x)−I +c
2
 1
−2 x
 2I= + ⅇ (sin2x-cos2x)+c
2
1 −2 x
 I= ⅇ (sin2x-cos2x)+c
4

NOTE: When we need to apply the formula more than one time. e.g.
i) ∫ x 2 sinx dx → formula is applied 2׿
3
ii ¿ ∫ x lnx dx → formula is applied 1׿

iii) ∫ ( lnx )2 dx → formulais applied 2׿

NOTE: For integration by parts with limits, with limits, always apply the formulae
without limit, then use the limit in the final integral.
Short cut for partial fraction [only for distinct factor in denominator]
4 4
1) 4 x+2 x+ 2 −1 1
= + = +
( x +2)(x−2) x+2 x−2 x+ 2 x−2
2 x +3 2 x +3 2 x +3 5 −1 9
−
2) 2 x +3 ( x +2 ) ( x−1 ) ( x−3 )( x−1 ) ( x+ 2 )( x−1 ) 6 15 10
= + + = + +
( x−1 )( x +2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x−1 ) ( x−2 ) ( x −2 ) ( x −1 ) ( x+ 2 ) ( x−3 )

SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

[MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC OF P4]
dy
Defination:1) Any equation with /¿rate is a differential equation.
ⅆx
Example:
ⅆy 2 ⅆy ⅆy
a) =x +1 b ¿ =xy + y c ¿ =sinxcosy etc
ⅆx ⅆx ⅆx
2)In real life situation, we can find many differential equation.
Example- growth rate of a population is proportional to the population size.

ⅆP
αp
ⅆf
ⅆP
⇒ =kp → differential equation
ⅆf
3)” solving differential equation” means finding main equation by using integration
4)To solve differential equation, first of all, we have to separate the variables x dx
and y dy by using cross division or multiplication. Then we integrate on both sides
to find the main equation.

ⅆy 2
Example→ =x +1 ##we can consider the constant on any side,
ⅆx

∫ 1 . dy= ∫ x 2 +1 dx but usually on one side and on R.H.S

2
x
⇒ y= +x+c
3

[general solution]
ⅆy
b) =xy + y
dx
dy
⇒ = ( x +1 ) y
ⅆx
1
⇒∫ ⅆy = ∫ ( x+ 1 ) dx
Y

C=lnk
2
x
⇒ ln| y|= +x+c
If there are ln function on one
2

of both sides after integration

||
2
y x
and we need to find the
⇒ ln = + x
k 2
solution in y= f(x) form, only
then, we can consider c=lnk to
2
x
y +x
⇒ =e 2
make calculation easier and
k
2
x
+x
2
⇒ y =k e
þ PARAMETRIC INTEGRATION

1) x=f(x) y=g(t) n
⇒ one parametric eq of a curve
 a ¿ Areabeing along x−axis= ∫ ydx ¿ ∫ g ( t ) . f ( t ) dx

X=f(t)
ⅆx 1
=f (t)
dt
1
⇒ dx=f (t )dt

b)Area along y-axis = ∫ x dy y=g(t)

= ∫ f ( t ) g (t ) dt
1
ⅆy 1
=g (t )
dt
Then we change the limit to T and integrate
1
⇒ dy=g (t)dt
c)Integration formula
n+1
kx
1) ∫ kx n ⅆx = + c (n ≠−1 ¿
n+1

n 1 k ( ax +b )
2) ∫ k ( ax+ b ) ⅆx = +c (n ≠−1 ¿
a n+1

3) ∫ ⅇϰ ⅆx =ⅇ x +c
ax +b 1
4¿∫ⅇ ⅆx = ⅇax+ b+ c
a

5) ∫ sin x ⅆx =−cos x +c
−1
6) ∫ sin (a x +b) ⅆx = cos ( ax +b ) + c
a

7) ∫ cos x ⅆx =sin x +c
8) ∫ cos ¿

NOTE
Identified to rearrange trigonometric expansion into the form so that we can apply
the formulae to integration
2 1
a)sin x= ( 1−cos 2 x )
2
2 1
b)cos x= ( 1+cos 2 x )
2
Calculation of area and volume
b

1)a) Area along x-axis,=∫ yⅆx

a

b) Volume (if the area is completely/360 dgree/2 π “rotated about x-axis”)

= π ∫ y 2 dx

2)a) Area along y-axis = ∫ x dy

b) volume = π ∫ x 2 dy [if the area is completely/360 dgree/2 π
“rotated about y-axis”]