fienee tae we 1977 wo are =

jest ilustratorka. Od kilku lat ‘jej rysunki,

~ precyzyjne i -petne ironii, zamieszczane sq
— wkilku najwazniejszych Swiatowych czasopismach,
~ takich jak New York Times, Washington Post,
Wall Street Journal i magazynie The> New Yorker.
JSejtworezosé jest obecna_ réwniez w_ksiqzkach, |
_ animacjach i kampaniach reklamowych a
¢ réznych
ase heals
| Jednak jej prawdziwa praca” zawodows :
jest” obserwowanie. tego, co Ja otacza. Wraz
Zs pojawieniem sie English Is. Not Easy ta
dzialalnosé przestala byé tajna. Ta ksigzka to
owoc jej pracy w terenie na temat_ mieszkaricéw
_ Nowego Jorku, miasta, w“ktérym mieszkala ido |
- ktérego wraca, gdy tylko,moze. 1 cho€ nie jest to _
eczywiste napierwszy rzutoka,_ dokumentuje ona
_ réwniez tytaniczny wysitek komunikacji w jezyku
es angielskim. Tytut tej ksigzki nie ktamie, ale jej
2 i. tres¢é pokazuje, Ze to cierpienie sig oplaca, anawet
ae: mozebyé zabawa. Bo szczerosé i nieszukanie drogi
gare nasskestyaaa pracyjeautor
Preston Publishing
English Is Not Easy © 2013 by Luci Gutiérrez
Polish edition © 2019 by Preston School & Publishing

Sktad: Luci Gutiérrez

Preston School & Publishing

ul. Kolejowa 15/17
01-217 Warszawa
www.prestonpublishing.pl
[email protected]

Printed in Poland

ISBN: 978-83-64211-87-4

Wszelkie prawa zastrzezone. Rozpowszechnianie i kopiowanie catoéci lub czesci niniejszej

publikacji jest zabronione bez pisemnej zgody wydawcy. Zabrania sie jej publicznego
udostepniania w internecie oraz odsprzedazy.

The Polish edition is published by arrangement with Luci Gutiérrez c/o MB Agencia Literaria S.L.
through Book/lab Literary Agency
ENGLISH
IS NOT
EASY
by LUCI GUTIERREZ
N a Swiecie istnieja dwa rodzaje osdb: te, ktére ucza sie jezykéw, oraz te, ktdre sie
z nimi zmagaja. Ja (a byé moze Ty réwniez) naleze do tej drugiej grupy. Wole nie myésleé
0 godzinach, ktére spedzitam na lekcjach jezyka angielskiego (io pieniadzach, ktére na nie
wydatam!), podczas gdy tak naprawde nienawidzitam kazdej ich minuty. Ale ludzie wydaja
sie tak madrzy, gdy potrafig mdwié po angielsku, ze trzymatam sie tego. Oznaczato to
uczeszczanie na kursy online, intensywne kursy wakacyjne, a nawet wyjazd do Nowego
Jorku i wezesne wstawanie w mrozne zimowe poranki, aby udaé sie do rosyjskiej czesci
Brooklynu, ktéra byta dla mnie niczym Dziki Zachéd. Co wiecej, ledwo udawato mi sie nie
zasnaé podczas zajeé na Times Square prowadzonych przez nauczycieli z watpliwym
akcentem. Do kazdego z tych dogwiadczen dotaczony byt odpowiedni podrecznik, ktdry
poruszal takie ekscytujace zagadnienia jak sporty ekstremalne czy warunki atmosferyczne.
Wiesz, codzienne stownictwo niewatpliwie przydatne, gdy wychodzisz z domu i widzisz, jak
paralotnia jest porywana przez huragan...
Ale skoro juz to wszystko zrobitam i znalaziam sie po drugiej stronie Atlantyku,
musiatam ostatecznie — mimo mojej fatalnej pamieci - odkryé sposdb na zachowanie tego,
czego sie nauczylam. To wlasnie wtedy podjelam decyzje o wykorzystaniu swojego talentu
rysowniczego, aby poméc sobie zapamietaé stowa i pojecia gramatyczne. | oto rysunki te
zamienity sie w te ksigzke, a nauka angielskiego stala sie czyms zabawnym. Byé moze na
Ciebie to nie podziala, ale rysowanie tych stron pomog}o mi polaczyé pare stéw ze soba
w angielskie zdania. Czyz nie wygladam teraz madrze?
en ye
WY
 THE
ENGLISH ALPHABET

CEE-A-U-EL-1- EF
EL -O- DOUBLE-U -

10 |LESSON1
AB. G: De Kk
Ler]
Cir
[bi:]
Dy)
[siz]
a
[ai]
gi
(i:
;

[dsie| Let el [Azer] [ker]

ve
QA! AAS gma Yew

L: M:N;.0; P: hi

a a T: U:.
Kb vip)

DOUBLE-U

[‘dabolju] [eks| [was]

tad [ze
-
viz |
gai
anh

THE ENGLISH ALPHABET | 11

 UA av JAG pen
nou yur

PERSON PRONOUN
aioe

od” singular Ist 41 / “

2nd 2-* You
3rd male He
3rd female She }
x oD 3rd neutral It Z0nv0
jodyput! Plural Ist We Nut
2nd You bu
3rd They OL

A MAAAMILA
fh fA;

1 ry CK
Qua Lado rt Ant SIN
. /
yey,
Vinee } é

Subject pronouns indicate the person or objec

t we are talking about.

12 |LESSON J
 oe '
|
} uf ode

eo
Third person singular, PLEA
neutral.

First person singular.

(fh t fy’ f iA pf ff
dig

SUBJECT PRONOUNS | 13
 UC
J5Je
The verb “to be” means to exist.
Lae J ® BON
GH
\
MHA \
tr Ay

14 | LESSON1
 I AM SMALL.
I AM IN NEW YORK.
ee

THE VERB “TO BE” | 15

 Bf

|
16 | LESSON 1
THE VERB “TO BE” | 17
 PEEK-A-BOO.
HERE
I AM.

18 |LESSON 1
 lo be
The
SIMPLE PRESENT FORM
of TO BE.
—————————

lam|I'm
in the You are |You're

Presenl
He is |Hes
She is |Shes

Simple
It is |Its
We are |We're
You are |Youre
They are |Theyre

To make To make Ven

NEGATIVES, QUESTIONS,
insert NOT after the verb “to be’. invert the subject and the verb.

! am not |!m not Am/...?

You are not |You arent Are you... ?
He is not |He isnt Is he... ?
She is not |She isnt Is she... ?
It is not |It isnt ISitiet
We are not |We arent Are we... °
You are not |You arent Are you... ?
They are not |They arent Are they... ?

“TO BE” IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT | 19

 Place
PREPoSiTIONS

ce a dae

20 | LESSON 1
 {N FRONT OF
fA Of
tC /

BEHIND A262. CRte f

NEXT TO
5
BETWEEN
hopue
f A ALA AA,
—

PLACE PREPOSITIONS | 21
Whene
Is Ib?
The lamp is next to the chaise lounge.
The cat is under the chaise lounge.
The pants are in front of the cat.
The picture is behind the chaise lounge.
Mr. Sweat is in Mrs. Sweat.

PLACE PREPOSITIONS | 23
 ‘mM FROH
RUSSIA.

T’H FROM
RUSSIA,

WHERE ARE THESE PEOPLE FROM ?

I’M FROM
RussiA,

TT’ FROM
CHINA,

24 | LESSON 1
 I’m FROM
JAPAN.

TL’ FROM RussiA.

‘mM FROH
RUSSIA.

WHERE ARE THESE PEOPLE FROM? | 25

 QUESTION
Word»

26 | LESSON 1
 QUESTION WORDS are used
to ask for information and require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.

QUESTION WORD ASKING FOR

WHAT information about something
Whats his name?
WHEN time
When is he coming?
WHERE place
Where is he from?
WHO person
Who is he?
WHY reason
Why do you like him?
HOW manner wait
How is he in bed?
WHICH choice
Which one do you like?
WHOSE possession bor PAS UUG
Whose bag is this?
WHOM which person
Whom are you going to date?
HOW MUCH |HOW MANY quantity //) oy) 4/4
aT ae How much does he earn?
LK OW Ao ppv Wd & OCD aie
HOW COME teason (informal expression for “why?”)
How come he doesnt call me?

by LA tAL t sHin
4 UA paws
‘ + oA ”7 pel ¥ “ (
yiuso nNuUtaad ( /

If the question word is the object of the PREPOSITION, put the preposition at the end.
Where is he from? or What did he come for?

QUESTION WORDS | 27
 WORD \
ORDER
IN
SENTENCES“

SUBJECT + VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT + PLACE + TIME

They will give you a terrible beating at school tomorrow.
| wish you the best.

questions
QUESTION WORD+ AUXILIARY VERB+ SUBJECT + VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT
Why did you send him
Where were you

28 | LESSON 1
 megalinse SENTENCES

SUBJECT + VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT+ DIRECT OBJECT + PLACE + TIME

She didnt tell him the truth at the pub yesterday.
He wont trust her = = anymore.

Same as positive sentences, but negative sentences need an auxiliary verb and “not”
(except for the verb “to be’).

——» + DIRECT OBJECT + PLACE + TIME

anonymous letters __ to his office every day?
ay the night of the murder?

In questions, the auxiliary verb (or the main verb “to be”) goes before the subject and
interrogatives go at the beginning of the sentence.

WORD ORDER IN SENTENCES 29

a

¥
wy
Ls
E
 \ eS Tea
gw ssi SA »
YOU NEED a boyfriend
that SAYS fo you
Se sr Love YOU, baby’

vy s)

\ Ns lonley (
ety ty
‘

The SIMPLE PRESENT is used to make statements about the present time.
For permanent facts that are always true: The nightisdark.
For present facts that are true now: !feel happy.
For habitual actions: / get up late.

LESSON 2
 T BELIEVE.

Ae
KA

SIMPLE PRESENT | 33
 fomin

|
34 |LESSON 2
 The SIMPLE PRESENT
is also used to talk about
scheduled events in the near future,
for example, when talking about events
that happen at a set time like timetables,
meetings or programs.

The train arrives at 1 a.m.

The meeting begins after lunch.
The show ends in five minutes.

ADD
Sean
OEE
bs
Lh

SIMPLE PRESENT | 35
 NEGATE Et
To make a Simple Present negative use:
SUBJECT + DON'T |DOESN'T + INFINITIVE without “to”
! dont like...

DO + NOT = DON'T |DOES + NOT = DOESN'T

I DON’T LIKE PEOPLE.

36 | LESSON 2
DO You work ? QUESTION
To make a Simple Present question use:
DO |DOES + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE without “to”
DO YOU LIKE MUSIC ?
Do you read?

DO you GO TO MOVIES 7

DO yOU LIKE TRAVELING ?

eer DO appeal)
YOU WANT TO GO
TOeer
BED WITH
appeal)
HE

SIMPLE PRESENT | 37
 In SIMPLE PRESENT,
add S to the verb in the third person singular (he, she, it).

! look great.
You look great.
He looks great.
She looks great.
It looks great.
We look great.
You look great.
They look great.

For verbs ending in O add ES: do - does.

For verbs ending in S add ES: kiss - kisses.
For verbs ending in X add ES: mix - mixes.
For verbs ending in CH add ES: catch - catches.
For verbs ending in SH add ES: push - pushes.
For verbs ending in Y after a consonant change Y to IES: cry - cries.

38 |LESSON2
Use “doesn't” to form NEGATIVES and “does” for QUESTIONS.

| dont snore. Do |stink?

You dont snore. Do you stink?
He doesnt snore. Does he stink?
She doesn’t snore. Does she stink?
It doesn't snore. Does it stink?
We dont snore. Do we stink?
You don't snore. Do you stink?
They don't snore. Do they stink?

DEOSESS

THIRD PERSON SINGULAR ae,

 PLURALS

When a countable noun refers to two or more things,

use the plural form of the noun.

Plurals are generally created

by ADDING S to the noun.
computer - computers
phantom - phantoms
umbrella - umbrellas
house - houses
book - books
hat - hats

40 | LESSON 2
 With some nouns it is a little different.
These are the most COMMON EXCEPTIONS.

FOR NOUNS ENDING IN:

O, S, X, ZZ, CH, SH, add ES:

potato - potatoes
kiss - kisses
box - boxes
buzz - buzzes
witch - witches
dish - dishes

For a noun ending in Z, add ZES.

quiz - quizzes
And for some nouns ending in O, add S.
photo - photos
piano - pianos

CONSONANT + Y, change Y to IES.

city - cities

MOST NOUNS ENDING IN F OR FE, change to VES.

wolf - wolves

MOST NOUNS ENDING INIS, change to ES.

crisis - crises

PLURALS 41
 \\
IRREGULAR NOUNS
don't follow the previous rules.
These are the most common.

42 | LESSON 2
PERSON CEOrEt

IRREGULAR PLURALS | 43
 COUNTABLE
AND
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
oes ww me ee a eee ec, ee fe ee i,

A COUNTABLE NOUN
can have a number in front of it a

and can be plural: aA,

3 years, 2 suitcases, 1 rabbit An UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

cannot have a number in front of it
tt )
and there is no plural form:
air, water, oil, hope

44 LESSON 2
 Use a COUNTABLE NOUN:

with A |AN
the first time you use that noun.
There is a naked man in the garden.

A- when the noun starts with consonant: a friend

AN- when the noun starts with vowel: an egg

with THE
the subsequent times you use the noun, or
when the listener already knows what you
Q RTI CLES are referring to.
WITH nakedman is dancing.
The
COUNTABLE Use a PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN:
AND with NO ARTICLE
UNCOUNTABLE when you speak in general.
NOUNS | dont like children.

Al AN, THE
Use an UNCOUNTABLE NOUN:

with NO ARTICLE
if you mean all or any of that thing.
! dont need help.

with THE
when you are talking about
a particular example.
Thanks for the help you didn give me before.

COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 45

 How Mecu| HoW MANY
Use “how much?” Use “how many?”
to ask about something that is to ask about something that is
UNCOUNTABLE. COUNTABLE.

46 |LESSON2
= 32 £ 5
would you
like ?

1 orange
2 oranges
3 oranges

HOW MUCH & HOW MANY |47

 SOME and ANY
are used when the speaker doesn't specify a number or an exact amount.

SOME is used in POSITIVE SENTENCES

with uncountable nouns:
You have some butter on your nose.
with plural countable nouns:
You have some boogers in your nose.

ANY is used in NEGATIVE SENTENCES and QUESTIONS

with uncountable nouns:
! don't want any risk in my life.
with plural countable nouns:
Do you have any friends?

Two common exceptions to these rules:

Use SOME in questions when offering |requesting:

Would you like some more tea, darling?

Use ANY in positive sentences when it means “it doesn’t matter which”:
You can call me at any time.

48 LESSON 2
 Whods thot noise ¢
als thot a al < Yes... There ove Some ros.

Ave there ony vols? Well, a lt of rods!

Yer, very elsse |

Are they close ¢
them
And they ave big Some of
look hungry... with big teeth.

Are there
ony Re hare Geant
subway employees any subway employees |
oround ?

é Orn
POSTS
AES
AEST
aeeeces =?
aasenane™
158 2

SOME
& ANY | 49
50 |LESSON2
 THERE 1S
THERE ARE
“There is” and “there are” are used to say that something exists or doesn't exist.

THERE IS is used for a singular subject.

THERE ARE is used for a plural subject.

There is an ice rink.

There are a lot of buildings.

There are no trees.
Thereisno King Kong.

Are there any school buses?

Yes, there are.

Are there people skating?

Yes, there is a guy skating on an ice rink
and there is a girl skating on a building.
Is there a businessman in a hurry?
No, there isn't.

THERE IS & THERE ARE 51]

 Demenrlralinser
THiS: THESE - THAT: THOSE

Demonstratives are used to show the distance from the speaker.

The distance can be psychological or physical.

THIS: for singular nouns that are near.

THESE: for plural nouns that are near.
THAT: for singular nouns that are far.
THOSE: for plural nouns that are far.

IZ
TTT
Oe REALTY
a O4

= \}}

52 | LESSON 2
 Demonstratives can be:

PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES
This is the dead tree. This tree is dead.
| dont like that. | came in that car.
These are mine. | left these garbage bags.
Those are my neighbors. Those guys are unpleasant.

ae SW Gums wee NS ee ee meee come ome ees Se ay) oe ee ee

cs ame moet quis com

DEMONSTRATIVES: THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE 53

 POSSESSIVES
PRONOUNS ano ADJECTIVES

SUBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE

PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE
| MINE MY
You YOURS YOUR
He HIS HIS
She HERS HER
It ITS ITS
We OURS OUR
You YOURS YOUR
They THEIRS THEIR

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
are used instead of a noun.
Peggys dress is pink. Mine is black.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
are usually used to describe a noun, and, like other adjectives, come before the noun.
My dress is nicer than her dress.

54 | LESSON 2
POSSESSIVES: PRONOUNS & ADJECTIVES | 55
 S
~ way
fos cr

3 Or=~

Madison Ave

ao
hae,

J
ViviAN'S HUSBAND is
EVERY WOMAN'S DREAM HUSBAND.

56 LESSON 2
 * NOUNS

Use a SINGULAR NOUN with ‘S to show possession:

! dont like my sisters boyfriend.

Use ‘S with aREGULAR PLURAL NOUN:

|love ladies’ shoes.
or an IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUN:
| dont care about men’s shoes.

With NAMES:
Kates dog barks every night.
Do you have Susans phone number?

When a name ends in S, treat it like any other singular noun and add ‘S.
Don't eat Charlessbreakfast.

‘S+NOUNS | 57
 w2 hs:
ro nieWe
59
 VOCABULARY:
The Body and Stuff

60 | LESSON 3
VOCABULARY: THE BODY AND STUFF | 61
 shoulder
mack

ARM

i rte elbow

waist
belby butter
ly wrist

hip
HAND

Pinger
LEG

Knog

anmKée. FOOT

You cam ree her BOOBS amd hen LADY PARTS! SHAMELESS
///

62 | LESSON3
shoulder blade back of the neck

BACK

=
=" oa =
ee “me
a
=a!

ASS >
or bottom y toil

butt

VOCABULARY: THE BODY AND STUFF | 63

)

&
=

BS i
ied
IS,
SS

ABULARY
 VOCABULARY
fora MAN’S BODY
is the same as
for a woman's body,
YUSUS Men don't have boobs.
but with a few differences.
Here they are: By fi They only have a
1 fi CHEST

Eft But they have

eke NIPPLES
oy AOU nae
pe? TEE) eget 0
a ee ' “ ' fe i (\
he ‘,;. 1
1 “ear t |

- ‘ oe) ni 2 J
ENIS ee. ey
‘ sg CHEST HAIR
abe cokladh : ~~~ - a /, ee This is especially for
1

coc oT. és;as |). macho men, but some

4 ‘
women can have it, too.

nr hot-og Pe TESTICLES
It has so many a ns
names because ee- BALLS
i, % ’
most men are very oT It's plural because
proud of having there are two.
one.

GF SOCKS

VOCABULARY fF” the smam's bedy

VOCABULARY: THE BODY AND STUFF | 65

66 | LESSON 3
Te §5 Semen
You can get pleasure through the five senses
if you don't have any disability.

My sense ofsmell is almost non-existent.

| have refined taste.
His_touch is unpleasant.
Speak up! My hearing is getting worse.
She fell in love at first sight

THE 5 SENSES | 67
 This is what we do to earn money.

Use the article A|AN

before a job.
I'm a waitress.
AN
ART
CriTic

A HOTEL ATTENDANT

68 | LESSON 3
 A PiANisT

oma
A BuTcHER

Vee
A HOMELESS PERSON
 M

A
D
E
e
=
\
N
2

70 |LESSON3
Carrie and Phil got married 24 years ago. John, their son, is 24 years old.

Carrie and Phil usually say he was conceived on their wedding night,

but the family knows it was before. Elisa is a rebellious teenager. She is
14 years old. She hates to spend time with her family. She wants to be
different and, more than anything, she doesnt want to be like her

mother. Elisa has a sister in law, Sue, who has brought a new baby into
the family and the new tradition of barbecuing on Sundays. The
grandparents are in love with little Madeleine, as is John, but there is
something they dont know: John is not really her father. Thats a little
family secret.

FAMILY 7)
 How mmamynilrtinge doyou awe P

72 | LESSON 3
FAMILY |We
 an

74 | LESSON 3
 rae)
Loo

painroo™

Kitchen

VOCABULARY: AT HOME | 75
VOCABULARY: AT HOME | 77
let's Eat/
6" Broakfanl
(2PM. Limeh
mes Snack
 Honey,
I’M SO HAPPY
THAT YOU AREN’T
COOKING. WHAT
EXACTLY DO you
MEAN?

En PS
[9wn i p—/4|

ine
Gia

VOCABULARY: FOOD | 79
 AG O)

- PASTA
* MAIN COURSKe

¢ FG GLE EX
eet nN
~ SEAFOOD

80 |LESSON3
y
VOCABULARY: FOOD | 81
 ek
AARAE
pepperon: pizzo_ salt & pep Cc

82 | LESSON3
 vest

aS mashed potato en

2 peanut butter cheesecoKe

VOCABULARY: FOOD | 83
walnuts

VOCABULARY: FOOD | 85
 Volgbulaky
“WERBSs
“Kk TO WALK

TO FLy

TO JUMP
 TO PR,
Mrs. Parker plays the
piano every Sunday.
They pray To one God.

Mrs, Richardson always

dances effusively.

90 |LESSON 4
Mr. Adams Likes fo
sland at the back of
the church To see
everything.

VOCABULARY: VERBS 9
 Atmw 4
wm

TO ARGUE

TO HUG

TO THROW

TO REST

92 |LESSON 4
The day af ter arguing with his wife,

hugging her, getting dishes thrownat

him and resting, Jeff realized he was
wearing his slippers on the way back
home from work.

VOCABULARY: VERBS | 93
 TO TAKE A SHOWER
He takes a shower when he gets up, after the gym, after having sex and before going to bed.
Between showers, he works in an organization that fights global warming.

|
94 | LESSON4
 TO COMB

She is a little dirty. She gets dirty He usually combs his hair with gel
even when she brushes her teeth. because his lover likes it.

TO WEAR TO UNDO
He wears this hat and these glasses She is undoing the buttons of
to feel like a more interesting her shirt to do a striptease for her
person. gynecologist.

|
VOCABULARY: VERBS | 95
VOCABULARY: VERBS | 97
98 | LESSON 4
Tim was a sensitive and delicate boy. His
classmates used to laugh at him. One day
after school, Tim was shot by a slingshot*.
He lost an eye. Ever since that day, Tim
walks around school with a hole in his face,
chewing and blowing what looks like his lost
eye. Now, Tim is every
kids nightmare.

VOCABULARY: VERBS 99
 “To get” has a lot of meanings!

© GET
= BECOME

os
:;
fan

= ee ro
Tee a
os

ghee GET help

= OBTAIN

100 | LESSON 4
GET the ball
= CATCH

GET hore
= ARRIVE

GET the lesson

= UNDERSTAND

mas
oo GETa latter
= RECEIVE

VOCABULARY: VERBS | 101

 Ake
IMPERATIVE
Use the verb WITHOUT A PRONOUN:

To give a DIRECT ORDER.

Take your hands off my legs.

On SIGNS and NOTICES.

Do not touch.

To give INSTRUCTIONS.
Carry on when you get to the edge.

To give INFORMAL ADVICE.

Tell him how much you hate him.

To INVITE.
Sit closer, please.

102 | LESSON 4
 IF YOU SEE
.| SOMETHING, |
SAY
SOMETHING.
le ad| SS

° ° °
ie ‘4oe
Meer ees / a \Cn ee | Jey
Creer eee / Ve \ Cw \ (ae ee)

IMPERATIVE | 103
 Jay
th a
is
ANNA

4
104 |LESSON
ee
ee
Take the F line to Brooklyn
ifyou are lucky, youll arrive in the evening.
Letsgo to Avenue N
where English class will never end.
Go past Avenue |
then Bay Parkway youl see with your eyes.
Don't miss the cemetery from the train!
Next stop is Avenue N
but suddenly you are on Avenue P.
Isnt Avenue N where you should be?
The F line is unpredictable
from local to express service, its quite variable.
Get back on the F line to Manhattan
ifyou don't want to take a walk on Coney Island.
So wait for the next train on Avenue P
your frozen nose you will see.
Hey! Not so bad, the F train is coming
but again you miss Avenue N until tomorrow morning.

IMPERATIVE | 105
107
 leet
) EH

<4
‘<

@&s
ANu bey

—
%e
=

Leenardy Di Capri:

108 |LESSON 5
 The
SIMPLE PAST FORM
O e of TO BE.
| was
in lhe ae
imple ce.
§ ® He was

It was
p gd § [ We were
You were
They were

To make NEGATIVES, To make QUESTIONS,

insert “not” after the conjugated invert the subject
form of “to be’. and the verb.

! was not ||wasnt Was |... ?

You were not |You werent Were you... ?
He was not |He wasnt Was he... ?
She was not |She wasnt Was she... ?
It was not |It wasnt Was it... ?
We were not |We werent Were we... ?
You were not |You werent Were you... ?
They were not |They werent Were they... °

“TO BE” IN THE SIMPLE PAST | 109

 SUBJECT + PAST FORM
She lived...

She was young.

She loved a man. She dreamed.
She lived through terrible and
wonderful things. She sang.
And she still does!
This is her and her walker.

The SIMPLE PAST describes an action or situation in the past.

When the event is in the past: My childhood was happy.
When the event is completely finished: / washed all the dishes.
When we say (or understand) the time |place of the event: / woke up in Phil's bed.

110 | LESSON 5
T hal
a dozen lovers
in a month.

SIMPLE PAST | 111

 With regular verbs,
the Simple Past is created simply by adding ED,
but with some verbs it is a little different.

FOR VERBS ENDING IN:

E, add D:
live - lived

CONSONANT+Y, change Y to | and add ED:

cry - cried

ONE VOWEL+ONE CONSONANT (but not W |Y),

double the consonant and add ED:
commit - committed

ANYTHING ELSE, add ED:

jump - jumped

112 | LESSON 5
Rae a. ote

SIMPLE PAST | 113

 magolive

To make a Simple Past negative use:

SUBJECT + DID NOT |DIDN'T + INFINITIVE without “to”
| didnt go...

DID + NOT = DIDN'T

T didnt qe
to school Today.

114 | LESSON 5
To make a Simple Past question use:
DID + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE without “to”
Did you love her?

SIMPLE PAST | 115

 IRREGULAR
VERBS There are many irregular verbs in English
that do not add ED in the past form.

infinitive simple past past participle meaning

ARISE AROSE ARISEN emerge

AWAKE AWOKE AWOKEN stop sleeping
BE WAS |WERE BEEN exist

BEAT BEAT BEATEN |BEAT hit repeatedly

BECOME BECAME BECOME begin to be
BEGIN BEGAN BEGUN start

BEND BENT BENT force sth. into a curve

BET BET BET risk something
BITE BIT BITTEN use the teeth to cut
BLEED BLED BLED loose blood
BLOW BLEW BLOWN exhale hard
BREAK BROKE BROKEN separate into pieces
BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT carry or convey

LESSON 5
 suspenders (Am E)
broces (Br E )

He has a heart but it doesn’t beat anymore.

TO BEAT &@ BEAT W BEAT@ BEATEN@®

IRREGULAR VERBS | 117

 TO BURST
BURST- BURST -BURST

TO FEED
FEED FED FED

118 | LESSON 5
infinitive simple past past participle meaning

BUILD BUILT BUILT construct

BURN BURNED |BURNT BURNED |BURNT be destroyed by fire
BURST BURST BURST cause to break by puncture
BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT obtain in exchange for payment
CATCH CAUGHT CAUGHT intercept and hold
CHOOSE CHOSEN CHOSEN select
CLING CLUNG CLUNG hold on tightly
COME CAME COME move toward the speaker
cOsik COST COSI have a price
CREEP CREPT CREPT move slowly
CUT CUT CUT make an incision
DEAL DEALT DEALT distribute or sell
DIG DUG DUG extract earth from the ground
DIVE DIVED |DOVE DIVED plunge into water
DO DID DONE make |perform
DRAW DREW DRAWN make a picture with lines

DREAM DREAMED |DREAMT DREAMED |DREAMT imagine during sleep

DRINK DRANK DRUNK the act of swallowing a liquid
DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN operate a motor vehicle

EAT ATE EATEN ingest food

FALL FEE FALLEN move downward without control

FEED FED FED give food

Reee FEN BEIT be aware of a physical sensation

FIGHT FOUGHT FOUGHT take part in a struggle |argue

FIND FOUND FOUND discover something

IRREGULAR VERBS 119

 infinitive past simple past participle meaning

FIT FIT |FITTED FIT be the right size or shape

FLEE FLED FLED run away
FLING FLUNG FLUNG throw forcefully
FLY) FLEW FLOWN move through the air
FORBID FORBADE
| FORBID FORBIDDEN refuse to allow
FORGET FORGOT FORGOTTEN cease remembering
FORGIVE FORGAVE FORGIVEN stop feeling angry toward someone
FREEZE FROZE FROZEN turn into ice
GET GOT GOTTEN
| GOT come to have |obtain |receive
GIVE GAVE GIVEN transfer sth. to someone
GO WENT GONE move from one place to another
GRIND GROUND GROUND reduce to small pieces by crushing
GROW GREW GROWN progress to maturity or in size
HANG HUNG HUNG suspend
HAVE HAD HAD possess, own or hold
HEAR HEARD HEARD perceive sound
HIDE HID HIDDEN put or keep out of sight
HIT HIT HIT come into contact forcefully
HOLD HELD HELD keep with one’s arms or hands
HURT HURT HURT cause physical pain
KEEP KEPT KEPT have or retain possession of
KNEEL KNELT
| KNEELED KNELT
| KNEELED support oneself on one’s knees
KNIT KNIT
| KNITTED KNIT
| KNITTED work wool with needles
KNOW KNEW KNOWN perceive directly
LAY LAID LAID put in position

120 LESSON 5
 T forbid you
To smoke .

Little Monkey hanged Thomas

while he hung from a tree.
TO FORBID HANG HUNG HUNG
FORBID- FORBADE - FORBIDDEN & HANG HANGED HANGED

fass2
<
oe

Sayes

SOS

22.
ee
~

TO KNiT
KNiT - KNiT|KNiTTED-KNiT|KNiTTED

IRREGULAR VERBS | 121

 TO LEAD|LEAD LED LED

Mrs. Sharp borrowed a little thing from Mr. Sharp.

Mr. Sharp didn't want to lend it to her. She pretended
to understand, but she didn't. When night came and
the snores of Mr. Sharp got louder, she raised the
knife... and cut! Then she could sleep soundly.

122 LESSON 5
infinitive past simple past participle meaning

LEAD LED LED show the way by going ahead

LEAP LEAPED
| LEAPT LEAPED |LEAPT jump
LEAVE LEFT LEFT go out of or far away from
LEND LENT LENT allow the use of sth. temporarily
Best LET LET allow
LIE LAY LAIN assume a horizontal position

LIGHT LIT |LIGHTED LIT |LIGHTED illuminate

LOSE LOST LOST cease to have or retain sth.
MAKE MADE MADE create |construct
MEAN MEANT MEANT intend to convey | signify
MEET MET MET come into the presence of someone
PAY PAID PAID give money due for goods or services
PROVE PROVED PROVED |PROVEN demonstrate the truth
PUT PUT PUT place in a specified location
QUIT QUIT QUIT stop an activity |leave a job
READ READ READ grasp the meaning of written characters
RIDE RODE RIDDEN travel and control a vehicle or horse
RING RANG RUNG surround |make a bell sound
RISE ROSE RISEN go up | increase
RUN RAN RUN move fast on foot
SAY SAID SAID express in words
SEE SAW SEEN perceive with the eyes
SEEK SOUGHT SOUGHT try to locate |search for
SELL SOLD SOLD give in exchange for money
SEND SENT SENT cause to be taken to a destination

IRREGULAR VERBS 123

 infinitive past simple past participle meaning

SET SET SET put in a specified position or state

SEW SEWED SEWED |SEWN stitch with needle and thread

SHAKE SHOOK SHAKEN move with jerky movements
SHAVE SHAVED SHAVED |SHAVEN cut hair off with a razor
SHINE SHONE | SHINED SHONE |SHINED emit light
SHOOT SHOT SHOT fire a bullet from a weapon
SHOW SHOWED SHOWN cause or allow to be seen *

SHRINK SHRANK
| SHRUNK SHRUNK |SHRUNKEN become smaller
SHUT SHUT SHUT move sth. to block passage
SING SANG SUNG make musical sounds with the voice
SINK SANK | SUNK SUNK submerge
SIT SAT SAT rest one’s weight on the buttocks
SLEEP SLEPT SEER rest one’s body and mind
SLIDE SLID SLID move smoothly over a surface
SPEAK SPOKE SPOKEN talk
SPEED SPED |SPEEDED SPED |SPEEDED move quickly
SPEND SPENT SPENT pay out money
SPILL SPILLED |SPILT SPILLED |SPILT allow a liquid to fall out of its container
SPIN SPUN SPUN rotate quickly
SPIT SPIT |SPAT SPAT eject from the mouth
SPLIT SPLIT SPLIT divide into parts
SPREAD SPREAD SPREAD open wider |extend
SPRING SPRANG SPRUNG move upward or forward
STAND STOOD STOOD maintain an upright position
STEAL STOLE STOLEN take without permission or right

124 LESSON 5
 TO SEW
SEW SEWED SEWN
Mr. Smith sewed half of his pretty neighbors body and half of
his nice butchers body together. Now he has the perfect wife.
Or does he have the perfect husband?

IRREGULAR VERBS | 125

 au?
Ceres ‘
t kG

eS
QM Fe WB CH
TO STICK TO STING —
STICK :STUCK-STUCK STING -STUNG -STUNG

For a good wash,

Misti § wring tightly.

TO SWEEP TO WRING
SWEEP - SWEPT- SWEPT WRING - WRUNG- WRUNG

126 | LESSON 5
infinitive past simple past participle meaning

STICK STUCK STUCK pierce, puncture

STING STUNG STUNG prick painfully
STINK STANK STUNK emit bad smell
STRIKE STRUCK STRUCK hit with the hand or a weapon
SWEAR SWORE SWORN make a solemn statement or promise
SWEEP SWEPT SWEPT clean with a broom
SWIM SWAM SWUM move through water
SWING SWUNG SWUNG move back and forth suspended
TAKE TOOK TAKEN grasp with the hands |consume
TEACH TAUGHT TAUGHT show or explain how to do sth.
TEAR TORE TORN pull apart by force
EBL TOLD TOLD communicate by speech or writing
THINK THOUGHT THOUGHT formulate in the mind
THROW THREW THROWN propel through the air
TREAD TRODE TRODDEN step on

UNDERSTAND UNDERSTOOD UNDERSTOOD comprehend meaning

UPSET UPSET UPSET make someone distressed
WAKE UP WOKE UP WOKEN UP emerge from a state of sleep
WEAR WORE WORN carry or have on one's body
WEAVE WOVE |WEAVED WOVEN |WEAVED make by interlacing threads
WEEP WEPT WEPT cry
WIN WON WON be successful or victorious
WITHDRAW WITHDREW WITHDRAWN take back or away
WRING WRUNG WRUNG twist to extract liquid
WRITE WROTE WRITTEN form letters on a surface

IRREGULAR VERBS 127

129
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SUBJECT + SIMPLE PRESENT “TO BE” + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
I'm freezing...

WE

THE CHINESE NEW

YEAR. THiS iS THE
YEAR OF THE
SNAKE.

130 |LESSON 6
PRESENT CONTINUOUS | 131
 PRESENT (ONTINUOuS
NeGaTivE
SUBJECT + SIMPLE PRESENT “TO BE” + NOT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
Im not freezing...

PRESENT (ONTINUQuS
(QUESTION
SIMPLE PRESENT “TO BE” + SUBJECT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
Are you freezing?

132 |LESSON6
CiMPLE PRESENT vs: PRESENT (ONTINUQUS
USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT for actions that happen regularly or things that do not
often change, like opinions.
USE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS for temporary actions happening now
or definite plans for the future.

THE TEENAGER
1S TRYING TO WALK.
THEY ARE HAVING =)
SHE CALLS ME
; EVERY DAY,
— BUT TOCAY SHE
9G
Fane |S NOT CALLING
ME.

I’M A VEGAN.
T EAT VEGETABLES
X’M MAKING AN
EXCEPTION.

SIMPLE PRESENT VS. PRESENT CONTINUOUS | 133

 PaST GONTINUQuS
SUBJECT + SIMPLE PAST ”TO BE” + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERB+ING)
| was telling...

134 | LESSON 6
 I was TELLING
THE TRUTH WHEN I SAID
I WAS AFRAID OF OPEN SPACES.

PAST CONTINUOUS | 135

 PaST CONTINUOUS
NeGaTivE
SUBJECT + SIMPLE PAST “TO BE” + NOT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERB+ING)
! was not telling...

PaST CONTINUOUS
QuESTION
SIMPLE PAST “TO BE” + SUBJECT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERB+ING)

136 |LESSON 6
 I Like apples. Sometimes
they come with a prize.

Yesterday when I was

eating one, @ long squirmy

thing appeared from

inside after I took a bite. A prize |

Tt was yummy. Just Like this one.

CiMPLE PaSTvs:PAST CONTINUOUS

USE THE SIMPLE PAST for finished actions in the past.
USE THE PAST CONTINUOUS for actions in progress at a specific moment
in the past.

SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS | 137

 Once upon a time, a young foreign her. He was wearing all black with black-
girl was looking for a room in New York City. rimmed glasses over a big nose. He looked
Nobody wanted her in their apartment. Her like an ordinary guy. They both ordered a
problem was that she didnt speak English! cup of tea and sat at a small table.
When the young foreign girl was He was very interested in the young
desperate, after days and weeks of visiting girls life. He didnt stop asking questions.
rooms all over the city and talking with She tried to explain, with her limited
potential roommates, she found her chance. knowledge of the language and some
One rainy morning she met with a man gestures, why she was in the city and what
who was looking for a roommate. It seemed she did for a living.
he didnt care about her poor English. Satisfied with her answers, he started
They met in the busiest downtown to talk about the apartment. It sounded
coffee shop. He was quite a lot older than great! Nice place, nice price and friendly

138 LESSON 6
roommate. She was grateful for her “Because we will get to know each
good luck. Her troubles were over, she other faster and it will be easier for us to
thought. become friends, close friends,” the guy said,
Then the guy showed her some smiling. ‘And there is one more condition.
crumpled pictures of a big bright room, a Ifyou are a bad girl, | will beat your young
spacious, charming living room, and a clean, little ass.”
tidy kitchen. Meanwhile, he was getting So the young foreign girl ran
closer to her and he said: away. Even with her limited English, she
“But there are some conditions. First, understood. She is still looking for a room
you cant have friends over for the first two in New York City, visiting apartments and
weeks. Second, you have to be nice to me.” talking with potential roommates... for who
“Well, [m nice,” the young foreigner knows how long...
said. “Why the first condition?”

SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS 139

 ee

TALL SHORT

142 | LESSON7
 ADJECTIVES
provide information about nouns.

They come before the noun:

Thank God, the chatty parrot is sleeping. (the parrot chatty’)

They don't change depending on number:

Blacky is my black cat.
| have eight black cats and I'm still lucky.

144 |LESSON 7
BEAUTIFUL
STOTT

HANDSOME
dad

Life is full of surprises |

ADJECTIVES 145
 DISHONEST

POLITE

ARROGANT: having an
exaggerated sense of one’s own
importance or abilities.
you CAN BE BRAVE: possessing courage.
es CALM: not feeling nervous.
CLEVER: showing sharp intelligence.
CRAZY: affected with madness.

GRumpy 4 y

CHATTY

146 | LESSON 7
 WISE

DISTRUSTFUL

ee

ENTHUSIASTIC: having great LONELY: without companions, solitary.

excitement and interest. NICE: kind, friendly.
ENVIOUS: painfully desiring SARCASTIC: using words in a sense that
what someone else has. is contrary to their meaning.
FRIENDLY: warm, comforting. SILLY: foolish, lacking common sense.
FUNNY: causing laughter WITTY: using quick and inventive
or amusement. verbal humor.

OPTIMISTIC

TOUGH CHEEKY

ADJECTIVES | 147
 i
Minpyi
UU

BUT
WICKED

148 |LESSON7
GLUTTONOUS

ADJECTIVES |149
 SAD
UPSET - ANGRY

Shy un)
TTS

ANXIOUS: experiencing worry,

unease or nervousness.
CAN PEEL ASHAMED: feeling
ame embarrasment.
COOL: having a moderately
low temperature.

150 | LESSON 7
 es 3 HAPPY

DEPRESSED

DISTURBED: showing signs or symptoms SLEEPY: needing or feeling

_ of mental or emotional illness. ready for sleep.
DIZZY: having a sensation UNEASY: feeling troubled
of losing one's balance. or uncomfortable.
HEALTHY: possessing good health. WORRIED: feeling uneasy or concerned
ILL: unhealthy, sick. about something.

THIRSTY
HUNGRY

ADJECTIVES 151
 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
are adjectives that can end in ED and ING.

Tam
bered.

Adjectives ENDING IN ED
describe how people feel.
Laura was bored by the movie.

Adjectives ENDING IN ING

describe how people or things are.
Laura didnt enjoy the movie because it was boring.

152 |LESSON7
 AMAZED AMAZING
feeling astonished causing astonishment
AMUSED AMUSING
feeling entertained causing entertainment
ANNOYED ANNOYING
feeling angry, irritated causing anger, irritation
BORED BORING
feeling tired and not interested not interesting, tedious
CONFUSED CONFUSING
feeling unable to understand causing disorientation

DISAPPOINTED DISAPPOINTING
feeling sad due to failed expectations not living up to expectations

EXCITED EXCITING
feeling enthusiastic causing enthusiasm
FRIGHTENED FRIGHTENING
feeling afraid causing fear
INTERESTED INTERESTING
feeling interest causing interest

IRRITATED IRRITATING
feeling irritation causing irritation

SURPRISED SURPRISING
feeling astonishment or shock causing astonishment or shock
THRILLED THRILLING
feeling intense pleasure and excitement causing intense pleasure and excitement

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES 153

 ADJECTIVE
ORDER
When using more than one adjective,
you have to put them in the
RIGHT ORDER
according to type.

ieee. ”)J) 5) 3

SIZE SHAPE

1 Z 3 4
article |noun OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE
a silly a young
the - huge round
my lovely

154 | LESSON7
 PURPOSE
ORIGIN

6 7 8
ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE

Spanish
wood
red dancing

ADJECTIVE ORDER 155

 ADJECTIVE* PREPOSITION
EXPRESSIONS

svi
KANAAN

zee
ALLY / a

fine

FED UP WITH’
vuumbs,
6 We want cheerecoke !
e - We want chocekate |
A And we want mink gum !
piecen of break

“unable or unwilling to tolerate

a situation any longer.

156 | LESSON7
 Common ADJECTIVES | ADDICTED TO
with the PREPOSITIONS that normally follow them: | AFRAID OF
ANGRY AT
ANXIOUS ABOUT
ASHAMED OF
ATTACHED TO
AWARE OF
BAD AT
BORED WITH |BY
CAPABLE OF
CAREFUL OF
CONCERNED ABOUT
CRAZY ABOUT

Everyone has a. weakness, even those whe leokstrong] | CURIOUS ABOUT

This guy is very ATTACHED TO‘his pacifier EXCITED ABOUT
w
FASCINATED BY
“fond of. FED UP WITH
GLAD ABOUT
GOOD AT
HAPPY ABOUT
HOOKED ON
INTERESTED IN
NERVOUS ABOUT
OBSESSED WITH
PROUD OF
READY FOR
SAFE FROM
SATISFIED WITH
I ‘wm SICK OF
HOOKED ON’ FASCINATED BY SORRY FOR |ABOUT
coffe. sdence fiction, TERRIBLE AT
TIRED OF
“addicted to. “compelled by or attracted to. WORRIED ABOUT

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION EXPRESSIONS | 157

 COMPARATIVES

ONE SYLLABLE: . smOCE older .

ending in consonant
after a vowel: ....... . big .. double the consonant and add ER bigger
TWO SYLLABLES: careful use MORE before the adjective more careful
ending in Y: happy . change Y to | and add ER happier .
ending in ER, LE, OW: Narrow . . . . add ER Narrower .

THREE OR MORE
SYLLABLES: beautiful use MORE before the adjective more beautiful

158 LESSON 7
 SUPERLATIVES
|! AM THE BEST

o YOU ARE
THE Nicest
THE CUTEST

HANDSOME
Guy|

padd EST 5s oldest

EXCEPTIONS:
double the consonant and add EST biggest good-better-best
use MOST before the adjective ....... most careful bad-worse-worst
far-farther-farthest
change Y tol andadd EST. happiest ;
little-less-least
add EST. narrowest
many-more-most

_ use MOST before the adjective oo... most beautiful

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES 159

 SHE Is
AS OLD AS HE.

Suctsee
ME.
F arte cE,
SHALL DIFFEREN
‘mM NOT
AS STUPID AS
py SHE IS.

|
160 | LESSON7
 AS... AS
‘As’ is used to compare things that are
EQUAL:
She is as old as me |! (am).

It can also be used in negatives and questions:

I'm not as stupid as her |she (is).
Is she as beautiful as me || (am)?

AS... AS 161
163
 Aduonbs
An ADVERB
modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

It indicates how, where, when, why or under what conditions

something happens.

She always goes to the café in the afternoon where she has a cup of tea,
probably after spending too much time outside.
Surely she is sad.
Or maybe simply tired.

164 | LESSON 8
 lime aduerbs
HOW OFTEN: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
FOR HOW LONG: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
WHEN: today, yesterday, later, now, last year

SHE IS PREGNANT NOW, SHE HAS OFTEN HAD STRANGE

CRAVINGS DURING HER PREGNANCIES.
WHEN adverbs are usually placed at
the end of the sentence. HOW OFTEN adverbs are usually
5 Ne ASE placed before the main verb but after
Sree | auxiliary verbs. HOW OFTEN adverbs
that express the exact number of times
FOR HOW LONG adverbs are usually an action happens are usually placed at
placed at the end of the sentence. the end of the sentence.

| SHE HAS BEEN PREGNANT FOR NINE MONTHS EVERY YEAR FOR THE LAST DECADE.

Order for more than one adverb describing time: FOR HOW LONG, HOW OFTEN, WHEN

166 |LESSON 8
WHY AM I so GREAT 7?

Interrogative adverbs are

usually placed at the
beginning of a question.

why, where, how, when

ADVERBS | 167
 Y'KNOW WHAT?
THAT'S THE PLACE
WHERE yOu WERE
CONCEIVED.

where, when, why

168 |LESSON 8
 TOM GETS QUITE HORNY
WHEN HE DRINKS coFFEE.

Adverbs of degree are usually placed

before the main verb, or before the
adjective or adverb they modify.

almost, nearly, just, too, enough, hardly, completely, very

ADVERBS 169
 Uy

{
1 Place adverbs usually go
after the main verb.

SHE TAKES HER HUSBAND OUTSIDE.

..or after the object.

place aduonbs
everywhere, away, up, down, around, out, back, in, outside

170 | LESSON 8
 Ir DEFINITELY DIED.
I’M ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN.

Adverbs of certainty
go before the main verb, but
after the verb "to be’.

UNDOUBTEDLY, THEY WERE

T HAVE PROBABLY SEEN IT QUITE BIG.
BEFORE. ITS FACE LOOKS

Bie Soak? Sometimes these adverbs can

|
| go at the beginning of the
With auxiliary verbs, sentence.
adverbs go between the
auxiliary and the main verb. |
|
l

cetlainly adverbs
certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

ADVERBS | 171
 JOKER POKER z JOKER POKER
$84,906.87 $64,906.87

well, rapidly, slowly, quickly, easily, loudly, softly, beautifully

Sue SPENDS HER SALARY QUICKLY, SHE HAPPILY BETS AGAINST THE
SWe SPENDS IT EASILY, MACHINE .

Manner adverbs usually go after the To emphasize, manner adverbs can go

main verb or the object. before the verb if it’s a transitive verb.

172 | LESSON 8
 | THINK SHE IS
CERTAINLY THE Commenting adverbs
WoRST PERSON I are very similar to viewpoint
HAVE EVER KNOWN. adverbs, but they go after the
DON’T YOU THINK? verb “to be” and before
the main verb.
FRANKLY, MY DEAR,
T pon’t GIVE A
DAMN.

Viewpoint adverbs
go at the beginning of the
sentence, and are separated
from the rest of the
sentence by a comma.

honestly, frankly, personally, obviously, surely, undoubtedly

and commenting aduorbs

definitely, certainly, obviously, simply

ADVERBS 173
 i
BNa/8
8/8
g|@

174 | LESSON 8
 IN, ON, AT
Wes eailins

IN ON AT
inside an area or space in contact with a surface referring to a position

in the city on the table at the corner

in New York on the wall at the end of the street
in bed on the floor at the entrance
in my pocket on the carpet at the station
in the car on the door at the top of the page

TALKING ABOUT TRANSPORTATION:

in a| the: car, truck
on a| the: subway, bus, train, airplane, ship, bicycle

COMMON EXPRESSIONS:
in: in a car, ina taxi, in an elevator, in the newspaper, in the sky, in Times Square
on: ona bus, ona train, on an airplane, on the radio, on the Internet, on the left
at: at home, at work, at school, at college, at the bottom, at the reception

IN, ON, AT: PLACE PREPOSITIONS | 175

 T witt
SCARE You
SUNDAYS
AO O'CLOCK
THE WINTER.

176 |LESSON8
 IN, ON, AT
cies

IN ON AT
months, seasons, days and dates hours of the clock,
years, centuries points in time

in April on Sunday at 5 oclock

in summer on Mondays at noon |night
in 1900 |in the 1900s on September the 4th at bedtime
in the past century on his birthday at the moment
in the future on New Years Eve at the end of the week

COMMON EXPRESSIONS:
in: in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the evening(s)
on: on Tuesday morning(s), on Wednesday afternoon(s), on weekends
at: at night, at Christmas, at the same time

When using LAST, NEXT, EVERY or THIS,

9)
don't use “in”, “on” or “at”:
| was depressed last May (not intast May)
I'm planning to rob a bank next Monday (not ormnext Monday)
| eat donuts every Christmas (not atevery-Christmas)
| will take a walk naked this evening (not inthis-evernng)

IN, ON, AT: TIME PREPOSITIONS | 177

179
 TICK Tock
e Wuat TiME iS iTPe

To |
TO |
QUARTER

180 |LESSON9
 TWENTY PAST EIGHT

A QUARTER PAST SEVEN

xi Xl |
x |
1x HT

SCN A QUARTER TO TWO

HALF PAST TWELVE

oR

TWELVE THIRTY
eee @ee @©e0@
@e eee
eee @e$8e8 @
e@eeees8se
eee ®ee8 eee

SIX O’CLOCK

FIVE TO FOUR

HOURS | 181
 | eee ee
Helena is waiting for her lover.
They had a date at a quarter to eight.
She is still waiting for him.

Claudine arrangeda date with the guy

who has been giving her flowers for the last
two months. The date was at seven o'clock
She won't be getting any more flowers.

182 |LESSON 9
 * dunimg
the doy »

AFTERNOON

oa a

EVENING

ee MORNING S

NIGHT

GREETINGS:
GOOD MORNING: from the time you wake up until 12 p.m.
GOOD AFTERNOON: from 12 p.m. (or after lunch) to 5 p.m.
GOOD EVENING: after 5 p.m.
GOOD NIGHT: to say goodbye at night or before going to bed.

12 p.m. = noon or midday |12 a.m.= midnight

After 11 a.m. follows 12 p.m., so after 11 p.m. follows 12 a.m.
A.M. means ante meridiem (before noon). P.M. means post meridiem (after noon).

184 | LESSON9
DAYS or tHe WEEK:
The days of the week start with
a capital letter.

Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

Vi > wo > =| a omy,

TIMES OF THE DAY & DAYS OF THE WEEK | 185

— M © Nays
WAG 4 SEasens

MONTHS & SEASONS | 187

 WHATS THE DATE ?

188 |LESSONS
 dater im wining SO

September 4, 2007
4th September, 2007 > Br. English
September 4th, 2007 > Am. English
3/4/07

é= dakes im rpoken English,

September Fourche [wo Lhousona: and seven.

September the Calne two Pndusana and seven.

The foorbn AG September, two [heveond and seven.

DATES | 189
191
 THE
FUTURE
LL
ipWit
SUBJECT + WILL + INFINITIVE without “to”
| will love...

The future WILL

is used for future predictions and facts.

a . seven children.
18 married fo a rich
and handsome man. My
wonderful husband
very much. He seven
seeds in me, from which seven
children . Seven is -
my lucky number. Blue is my
favorite color. But what T
like most is pizza.

192 | LESSON10
 Tr
iN AN OFFICE
FROM 9 TO 4%...

I
PEACE ON THE
WORLD.
=
A NOSE JOB.

|
{| |
\ |! (\
I
ul |
iy!
(

Vy)! v ‘ im peat beeti! !

hyp ply
: | (Gory
Senta tal valent

FUTURE: WILL | 193

 WILL
is also used :

To make a SPONTANEOUS RESPONSE.

The telephone is ringing. | will answer it!

To mean WANT TO or BE WILLING TO.

| hope you will come to my apartment tonight.

In reference to OFFERS and PROMISES.

! will bring some food.
She always says she will cook, but she is a disaster when it comes to cooking.

|
194 |LESSON 10
cine:
| |

FUTURE: WILL
| 195
 Os
RS aC
oo CAAA
et ees

ae THE ||
LO
io N
THE
[JONKin

iTm
Bis
a

R
ONE: :
x)>

cae
bp atin ae i
a8 rip
pees NGBea ss \ Yg

UB ae
EK mre
all ;
G4Yt NS ae
A :
<)

a
Nye_s

FUTURE WILL
WILL + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE without “to”
Will you be...?

196 |LESSON 10
 GROW UP nt:

‘
BF). 2D) Fes
Nee
bs '4) y

=H rts

FUTURE WILL
SUBJECT + WILL NOT |WON'T + INFINITIVE without “to”
! wont grow up! megairve
FUTURE: WILL |197
 be gaing O
SUBJECT + TO BE + GOING TO + VERB
I’m GOING
I'm going to dance... TO GIVE AWAY

eee The future pares

TO LEAVE BE GOING TO
My JOB. is used to describe
FUTURE PLANS
and INTENTIONS.

I’m Goine
TO DANCE
EVERY NIGHT.

I’M GoiNG
TO GOTO THE
CONGO.

198 | LESSON10
 I’m Goine
TO Quit
SMOKING.

I’m Going
TO STOP
COMPLAINING,

I’m GOING
. TO LEARN TO
PLAY THE
ACCORDION.

Tm GOING
TO GO TO BED.
TOMORROW is
ANOTHER DAY.

T’m Goines
TO LEARN TO
SPEAK
ENGLISH.

FUTURE: BE GOING TO | 199

 SHE 1S
NOT GOING TO
MAKE HER
DREAMS COME
TRUE.

200 | LESSON10
 The future BE GOING TO
is also used to make a
PREDICTION
based on present evidence.
She is going to stay the same and
forget about all her plans.

GOING TO = GONNA
in spoken English

negalive
SUBJECT + TO BE + NOT + GOING + INFINITIVE
Shes not going to accomplish her plans.

gueslion
TO BE + SUBJECT + GOING + INFINITIVE
Is she going to stop complaining?

FUTURE: BE GOING TO 201

 4 FUTURE CONTINUOUS >¢
SUBJECT + WILL BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
! will be waiting...

Use Future Continuous:

When an ACTION will be

FOR YOU
IN PROGRESS IN THE FUTURE.
AWAKE.
She'll be waiting until her husband arrives.

AROUND
10 RM.

For an ACTION IN THE FUTURE

that happens
AROUND A CERTAIN TIME.
Next year they will be enjoying their
mornings just as much.

202 |LESSON 10
 For FORMAL OFFERS.
: SOME
Will you be eating some appetizers, APPETIZERS,
madam? MADAM 2
Yes, | will. Mmm... delicious!

To CHECK INFORMATION.
Will you be having lunch with us?
Sure! Will you be going to the party later?

TO UNWIND
AFTERA HARD
DAY OF WORK.

For SYMPATHETIC PREDICTIONS

about people's feelings.
You ll be needing to unwind after a hard
day ofwork.
I'm going to be needing a blossom tea.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS | 203

 4 FUTURE CONTINUOUS +

SUBJECT + WILL NOT BE |WON'T BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

She wont be waiting...

or with BE GOING TO
SUBJECT + 1S |ARE+ NOT + GOING TO BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
Shes not going to be waiting...

FOR YOU.

204 | LESSON 10
+ FUTURE CONTINUOUS #
quertions

WILL BE + SUBJECT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

Will you be needing...”

or with BE GOING TO
TO BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
Are you going to be needing...”

Le
e AV

FUTURE CONTINUOUS | 205

207
 simple fReseNT feRFEcT
SUBJECT + HAVE |HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE
| have spent... He have
my
spent *
fe has
been happily
parenis
married since L
savings.
mef this

T have not
ever been fo
Tie the
Miami.

best feeling
L’ve ever had in
my whole life.

208 | LESSON 11
 fRESENT fERFecT conlimuous
SUBJECT + HAVE |HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
| have been cheating...

L have been
Spending time
with Susan
foday.

NO SMOKING

I have been
cheating on my

wife since she

sCarted Snoring.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS 209

 simple fResent fERrect

HAVEN'T
FORGOTTEN

SUBJECT + HAVEN'T |HASN’T+ PAST PARTICIPLE

| havent forgotten...

HAVE |HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

Have you lost...?

210 |LESSON 11
 fRESENT fERFEcT conlimucur

HAVE
BEEN EATING

HAVEN'T
BEEN EATING

SUBJECT + HAVEN'T |HASN'T + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

| havent been eating...

HAVE |HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verbsing)

Have you been eating?

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS | 211

 fhesent ferrect
*”fimece fast?
Jk always

thought dinosaurs
were jest

science Fiction,

la
laWd Pi
yi |
as?” quae
Nunes
a 8 as-fs qaaae
an Nunes
a

ao”
3 gas
rereSEES
Bane 9
Us?
audees BnEEe

T have believed
in the existence
of dinosaurs since
E met you.

212 | LESSON11
 The SIMPLE PAST
is usually used for finished actions with a past time expression
(yesterday, ago, last week...).

|always thought dinosaurs were just science fiction.

= she doesn't think so anymore.

The PRESENT PERFECT

is usually used if an action started in the past and is still going on now.

| have believed in the existence of dinosaurs since | met you.

= he still believes they exist.

PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST? | 213

 simple fast feRFecT
SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
| had fallen...

HAD
FALLEN OFF

To talk about
an ACTION that happened
BEFORE ANOTHER EVENT
in the past.

Adverbs describing time

(already, just, never, ever, before)
are commonly used.

She had never fallen off her bike before the

time when she broke her leg.

HAD TOLD

Also used in
REPORTED SPEECH.
She whispered what they had said.

214 |LESSON!
fast fERFECT continuous
SUBJECT + HAD BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
She had been dancing...

To talk about
AN ACTION that started in the past
and CONTINUED UP
UNTIL ANOTHER EVENT
in the past.

She had been dancing until her back said

“stop-

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS | 215

 simple fast fenrect

SUBJECT + HADN’T+ PAST PARTICIPLE

| hadnt felt...

HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

Had you been...?

216 | LESSON11
 fAst fERFEcTcontimuou,

HAD BEEN
STEALING

HADN'T
BEEN STEALING

SUBJECT + HADN'T + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

|hadnt been stealing...

HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

Had you been stealing?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS | 217

 simple future fEarect
SUBJECT + WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
! will have succeeded...

To show that BY NEXT SPRING,

an ACTION will be COMPLETED MAYBE I ‘LL HAVE
BY A CERTAIN TIME SUCCEEDED IN
in the future. MAKING A FRIEND.
He will have succeeded in making a friend
by the time hes no longer afraid of people.
When he makes a friend,
he will have overcome his fear ofpeople.

218 |LESSON 11
fururE ERFECT conlimuoun
SUBJECT + WILL HAVE BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)
| will have been working...

I'LL HAVE
BEEN WORKING FOR
46 HOURS WHEN I
FINISH MY SHIFT.

To show how long

an ACTIVITY will be taking place
BEFORE ANOTHER
in the future.
She will have been working for 16 hours
and she will still have to prepare dinner for
her husband.

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS | 219

 simple future ferrect

Witt I HAVE
GOTTEN
MY SELF-CONFIDENCE I DON’T KNOW.
BACK BY NEXT
BUT WHAT I DO KNOW
HALLOWEEN?
iS YOU WON'T HAVE
FORGIVEN YOUR
MOTHER.

SUBJECT + WON'T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

You wont have forgiven...

question
WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Will | have gotten...?

220 |LESSON 11
fi
UTURE fERFECT continuous

HOW LONG WiLL

I HAVE BEEN TRYING
TO LEARN ENGLISH
AFTER THIS 2
3,4 YEARS... 6 YEARS...
OH WELL, I WON’T
AER Aen 200 HAVE BEEN WASTING
MY TIME iF I FINALLY
RS DO LEARN.
QO)aei tot
“sth
ir —

SUBJECT + WON'T HAVE BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

! wont have been wasting...

WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verb+ing)

Will | have been trying...?

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS | 221

 VU A m w m 2 =|
TENSES ' PAST PRESENT 4 FUTURE
Ps ee oe (FP RSS Sees tint =tas
he {
SIMPLE cea ae | The movie starts at |
! want cookies. {
PRESENT , ie ape Sp.m
|- - HH er He- -- --
{ |
{ : lamsilly. {
{
pe PRESENT |kas
ene ye ae Te Swes
ae tt ee
Re eee: | [im meeting friends
(CONTINUOUS | ee ee | _ tonight
| |- -------
- ----------~~--L-----=-—~~-~
{ i |
; I'm living in New York.
l--—-—-----—---- (mo -~—-~----—,-! —---~--~-~--~4
{ --~----~--—--
\
| SIMPLE pee ie | [have cleaned the
[ PRESENT:PEREEC Tissues seats Fasc
Se a er ene ee ae cr gem ee tr mer oe et naar ae See eS SS Se
| PRESENT PERFECT ‘ l
| CONTINUOUS |' || have
have beenbeen drinking.
drinking. ||
[essen ey et oe ey eee an ils glia meee
ee | yey ing meee ae one pt,
! ' '
\
! |have been waiting in line for 2 hours ]
\ f

222 | LESSON11
 / \
Uej RP tO
eeeseee Ble oP ght cal
nt es ace
ye
| LEMSES | PAST { 2°=PRESENT. © FUTURE
| Roaster
cs” wivesTaye
Se aps Pot eee
SIMPLE [Aten If! lied to you, you { Ifyou forgot to bring
PAST ‘ would know. it, [d remind you. |
i ao spKer i oe ne pees Si agg | a eg ely ae)Mig eT «Seta wate "sk
; te PAST Iwas sleeping : Ifl wasn't working |
INUOUS |; at I1 a.m. : _| tomorrow, ! would go. |
|p = = = 2p} ~~ = - 5 5 4-5 F- l
j SIMPLE | had lost some {
PAST PERFECT | weight :
[aE eh a a RE a a ee eee Sr ee |
u PAST PERFECT ! ' flhaghadb
been dina,
reaging, |
I CONTINUOUS | |had been crying all | fla Sellsruaet \
1 \ ay ! wouldnt have seen |
\ \ ; 1 J
ee ee ee OI mR GO ee a pa] St apepenns Tete Parka sn ae aon eee, pam eats one sal ae ae oe,

LTA age ae *%
' FUTURE bo eo ae fees ae eee a ‘cclamiearintomiocieabes ms
TENSES PAST PRESENT =| FUTURE _—|
a cree ae aro enna Fa eia a ne te Neary

},
SIMPLE 1| |
| [Lanswer the phone. |
| [will buy the tickets |
FUTURE is | P tomorrow.
ed eee es a ei oc
FUTURE | | will be having dinner |
CONTINUOUS , \ with friends.
<a ee odo — —-——— —- ~~ — + EK Ke ee
FUTURE - =
| SIMPLE PERFECT | ! | will have finished. |
| oe es eee ene Nd Re ee een sp es ee hee |
| |
| will have lived here for five years next week.
1
[pee Ne SG a ge eae a ef a eae rr ant eC \
FUTURE | : [Il have been waiting
PERFECT for2hours when you
| CONTINUOUS | ie arrive.
Ps aR OER one Sed ce Soo el ON a le es
| | \
|
4 { Soon, | will have been driving for 12 hours.
4
Saat eacs| iene eee teas Sooear fioeagce iste each Aree ipoe) ee ee as (kane! SR (sO Rew: Sk CY NS See, aig) SO AS SN A SS) ST ee) ieee ae Sg eee SN

ALL VERB TENSES | 223

225
 GERUND TO+INFINITIVE

After PREPOSITIONS. After ADJECTIVES.

I'm tired of running. This problem is difficult to solve.

After CERTAIN VERBS: After CERTAIN VERBS:

like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop. would like, want, need, decide, hope,
| enjoy seeing you. expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise,
offer, refuse, learn, manage.
As the SUBJECT of a sentence ! would like to escape.
Smoking is a pleasure.
To express PURPOSE |REASON.
Im chasing this guy to earn my bread and
butter.

226 | LESSON 12
 to solve
seeing

To escope

GERUND OR TO +INFINITIVE | 227

 ° USUALLY -
° USED TO°
° BEUSED T0-
¢GETUSED T0-

USUALLY
FOR CURRENT HABITS
subject + USUALLY + verb
Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly.
This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.

USED TO
FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED
subject + USED TO + infinitive
Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesnt even smoke.

BE USEDTO
FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO
subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun
Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.

GETUSEDTO
FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU
OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING.
subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
Melissa and Meritxell havent gotten used to living without addictions.

228 |LESSON 12
USED TO

USUALLY, USED TO, BE USED TO, GET USED TO | 229

 you WERE
HERE.

I wish
Sie eS WE WERE LYING
iN BED
TOGETHER.

WISH is commonly used to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.

Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE:

Use PAST SIMPLE Use PAST CONTINUOUS

to express when you would like a to express when you would like to be
situation to be different. doing something different.
He wishes she were here. He wishes they were lying on the bed.

You can use ‘were’ for | |he |she | it.

230 | LESSON 12
 I wisy
YOU WOULD STOP
LAUGHING AT ME.
Now I wish
YOU HADN’T COME
OVER.

28

P)‘Way
= ARR wwe

VA

Wishes for the To COMPLAIN

PAST: or express IMPATIENCE:

Use PAST PERFECT Use WOULD + VERB

to express regret or when you would like He wishes she would stop laughing.
a situation to be different. or COULD + VERB
He wishes she hadnt come over. He wishes he could make her disappear.

You can use SUBJECT + WISH + PRONOUN in fixed expressions: | wish you the best.

WISH | 231
 \ ane
& ec
" y ty
ee “ylmL) ath we

aa. -

232 | LESSON 12
"|
Brey
patner |
Museum of Modern Art
ee ee
ic
}
 RATHER
is used to express PREFERENCE.

RATHER THAN
means ‘instead of” or “and not”.
Normally used to compare
parallel structures.

He is ASEX MANIAC RATHER THAN

AN ART ENTHUSIAST.

WOULD RATHER... THAN

means would prefer to...”
Used to show preference between options.
SUBJECT + WOULD RATHER + INFINITIVE without “to”
+ OPTION 1+ THAN + OPTION 2

ELvis WOULD RATHER

BE THE CENTER OF ATTENTION
THAN
BE JUST LIKE EVERYBODY ELSE.

234 | LESSON 12
 WOULD RATHER
means ‘would prefer”.
Used to show preference for one option
over another.
SUBJECT + WOULD RATHER + INFINITIVE without “to”
+ OPTION

- Hey Jerr! LET’s GET OUT OF HERE!

-I'D RATHER STAY HERE.

OR RATHER
Used to change what it is just said.

Sue is DISTRACTED, OR RATHER, SHE

iS PRETENDING TO BE DISTRACTED.

RATHER
is also an adverb of degree.
It means “quite”.

MARILYN HAD A RATHER TENDER LOOK.

RATHER|235
 CoeNniderRn—
Connectors, also called Jinking words or linkers,
indicate the relationship between ideas.

The last clue drove Harry fo the wood house on top of

the mountain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was
very bad and, in addition, the car lights didn't work because they had
been shot out a couple of hours earlier, Despite all this, Harry managed to
get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
The lights of the house
were on SO Harry carefully crawled through the bushes unlil he reached the
window. There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his
body. Instead of crying, Elisabeth was actvally laughing and looKing
directly into Harry’s eyes while holding the gun.

236 |LESSON 12
 Types of connectors by meaning:

GIVING EXAMPLES
for example (e.g.), for instance, such as

INTRODUCING A TOPIC
with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way

ADDING INFORMATION
and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again

SUMMARIZING
in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion

GIVING A REASON
because, because of for, since, as, due to, owing to

INTRODUCING DEVELOPMENTS
so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence

REFLECTING CONTRAST
but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of nevertheless,
nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway

SEQUENCING IDEAS
firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finally

DURING THE NARRATIVE

at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end

EMPHASIZING
obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially

SHOWING CERTAINTY
surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so

CONNECTORS 237
 Rel2

A relative clause
is a dependent clause that modifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.

It begins with a RELATIVE PRONOUN:

WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHICH
(in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use.

There are two types of relative clauses:

NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES.

238 | LESSON12
 EWS SN ened
ich is threat
The press. wh ng >
changi
by rapidly <
making
technology: #s
daily ef fo rt to keep its
7 a er,
rest or, rath
readers’ inte
lack thereof.
has gollen
Our newspaper
t too!
in on the ac

\)
9"
\\
)

RELATIVE CLAUSES | 239

 who is pushing
a. stroller while
jogging K

Mealelvdcag ees
Defining Clauses lee

The information contained

in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL.
When deleted, it’s not clear who or
what is being talked about.

In this type of clause

the relative pronouns used are:
For people: WHO, THAT
(and WHOM followed by a preposition)
For things: WHICH, THAT

This type of clause is j

NOT separated by a COMMA.

The woman who is pushing a stroller

is her heroine.

240 LESSON 12
 which \

is Supposed to be
good for your héalth

Non-Def ining Clauses

In non-defining clauses
the information is NOT ESSENTIAL.
When deleted, it’s still clear who or what
is being talked about.

In this type of clause

the relative pronouns used are:
For people: WHO
(and WHOM, WHOSE)
For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)

This type of clause is separated by

a COMMA from the main clause.

Exercise, which is supposed to be good for

your health, is killing her.

RELATIVE CLAUSES | 241

 ACTIVE & PASSIVE
VOICES
There are two voices in English: the active and the passive.

The ACTIVE VOICE

describes what the subject does.
The dog bit Juliannes leg.

The PASSIVE VOICE

describes what is done to the subject.
It's usually used when we don't know
or are not interested in who performs the action.
Julianne’ leg was bitten by some dog.

The passive voice is formed with:

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
is made...

It can also be formed by:

TO GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
got broken...

All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice.

The concert will be performed next week.
The concert has been performed already.

BY is used
to show the person or thing doing the action.
The painting was made by a monkey.

242 | LESSON 12
 I wOULD LIKE HIM To BE EATEN Too.

THE PIGEONS ARE EATING A WORM.

WORMS ARE EATEN EVERY DAY

ALL OVER THE WORLD.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICES | 243

244 | LESSON 12
 There are two ways to repeat what another person said:
DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH.

DIRECT SPEECH
uses exact words in quotation marks.
She said ‘I need a friend”.

REPORTED SPEECH
is indirect.
She said she needed a friend.

Reported speech uses the past form of direct speech.

“| need a friend.” - She said she needed a friend.
‘l'm feeling alone.” - She said she was feeling alone.
‘lve spent all Sunday watching TV.” - She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
“| willgo to bed early.” - She said she would go to bed early.

When direct speech uses a past form, reported speech doesn't change.
“| was afraid.” - She said she was afraid.
“| was looking for a better life.” - She said she was looking for a better life.

REPORTED SPEECH 245

247
 PURASAE -
; VERS.
Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions,
that combine
VERBS with PREPOSITIONS or ADVERBS
to make new verbs.

248 | LESSON13
 = CONFRONT AND DEAL WITH

Billy Brave wos afraid of bugs.

He decided. te face up to his fear.

PHRASAL VERBS | 249

 CREEP UP on someone
alse SNEAK UP ON somesopy

= APPROACH GRADUALLY TO SURPRISE

You must creep up on your prey

if you dort want to be heard.

250 | LESSON 13
 Some common phrasal verbs:

ACT UP behave badly

ASK so. OVER invite so. to your home
BLOW UP explode
BLOW sth. UP explode | fill with air |make sth. larger
BREAK DOWN cease working |lose control
BRING sth. ABOUT make happen
BRING sth. |so. BACK revive
BRING so. DOWN depress
BRING sth. UP mention
CALL so. BACK return a call
CALL sth. OFF cancel
CALL so. UP contact by phone
CARRY ON continue
CATCH ON understand, perceive |become popular
CHECK sth. OUT examine
CHEER so. UP make someone feel happier
CLEAN sth. |so. UP clean a mess
CLEAR sth. UP explain
CLOSE sth. DOWN suspend or stop operations
COME BACK return
COME IN enter
COME OUT be released publicly
COME UP WITH sth. invent
COUNT ON sth. |so. depend on
CREEP UP ON so. approach gradually to surprise

PHRASAL VERBS 251

 EAT AWAY AT
= GRADUALLY REDUCE OR DAMAGE

He Killed a mouse and

that is eating away al his conscience.

252 | LESSON 13
 CUT DOWN ON sth. reduce
CUT sth. OUT remove |stop
CUT sth. UP cut into small pieces
DO sth. OVER do again
DO sth. |so. UP make more beautiful
DRAW sth. TOGETHER unite
DREAM sth. UP invent
DRESS UP wear special clothes
DRINK sth. UP drink completely
DROP IN visit quickly, casually or without invitation
DROP sth. |so. OFF deliver
EAT AWAY AT gradually reduce or damage
EAT IN eat at home
EAT OUT eat at a restaurant |perform
oral sex (on a woman)
END UP WITH sth. get as a result
FACE UP TO confront and deal with
FALL APART break to pieces
FALL DOWN fail to meet expectations
FALL FOR so. fall in love with
FIGURE sth. |so. OUT discover |solve |understand so.
FILL sth. IN complete with information
FILL sth. OUT complete a form with information
FIND sth. OUT discover
FIX sth. UP improve

PHRASAL VERBS 253

 oe fax, my lover
hasnt found out

FIND OUT
= DISCOVER

254 | LESSON 13
 FALL APART
= BREAK TO PIECES

Ainomon witha vase fal dawn. The wemon fell aparl .

They msed-the vase as her feral urn. 11 seemed. sale.

PHRASAL VERBS | 255

 FOLLOW THROUGH complete
FOOL AROUND act jokingly |engage in sexual foreplay
FREAK OUT behave in a wild and irrational way
FUCK UP make a mess, ruin or spoil
FUCK sth. UP do sth. badly
FUCK so. UP damage emotionally or physically
GIVE sth. UP quit |abandon
GO ALONG WITH sth. consent or agree to
GO BACK return
GO DOWN decrease
GO ON continue
GO OUT leave
GO UP increase
GO OVER sth. examine
GOBBLE DOWN eat hungrily or quickly
GROW UP become an adult
HANG OUT spend time relaxing or socializing
HANG sth. UP put on a hook or hanger
HANG UP end a phone call
HOLD ON wait |not hang up the phone
KEEP AWAY stay at a distance
KEEP ON continue
KEEP UP WITH move at the same rate
LAY sth. DOWN put sth. down horizontally
LAY sth. OUT arrange according to a plan |spend money

256 |LESSON 13
 Sweetheart,

it’s mel

FREAK OUT
= BEHAVE IN A WILD AND IRRATIONAL WAY

No matter how much she misses her husband,

every time she sees him she still freaks out.

PHRASAL VERBS | 257

 LEAVE sth. ON not to turn off or take off
LEAVE sth. |so. OUT exclude
LET so. DOWN disappoint
LET sth. |so. IN allow to enter
LET so. OFF not punish
LIE DOWN recline
LIGHT UP illuminate
LOOK AFTER take care of
LOOK FOR attempt to find
LOOK FORWARD TO await eagerly
LOOK OUT be careful
LOOK sth. UP find information
MISS OUT fail to use an opportunity
PASS sth. UP refrain from accepting
PAY so. BACK repay a loan
PAY OFF be profitable
PICK sth. |so. OUT choose from a group
PICK UP improve |answer the phone
PICK sth. UP collect sth. left elsewhere
PICK so. UP go somewhere to collect so.
PISS so. OFF annoy or make angry
PLAY AROUND joke |have an affair
POINT sth. OUT indicate
PUT sth. AWAY save money |put sth. its proper place
PUT sth. BACK return sth. to its original place

258 |LESSON 13
 GOBBLE DOWN
= EAT HUNGRILY OR QUICKLY

Meryl was starving and. didn’t

feel like cooking so she sforted

gobbling down her beloved
husband.

PHRASAL VERBS | 259

 PISS someone OFF
= ANNOY OR MAKE ANGRY

Tamara is a calm girl,

but everything her mother says pisses her of f.

260 |LESSON 13
 PUT so. OFF discourage |repulse
PUT sth. OFF postpone
PUT sth. TOGETHER assemble
PUT sth. UP display for others to see
RIP so. OFF cheat someone out of money
RUN INTO so. meet by chance
SEND sth. BACK return
SET sth. UP place in position |prepare for use |arrange
SHUT UP stop talking
SIGN so. UP register
SIT DOWN take a seat
SLIP UP make a mistake
START sth. OVER start again
STAY UP remain awake
SWITCH sth. ON start a machine or turn ona light
TAKE sth. AWAY remove
TAKE sth. BACK accept a return |retract words
TAKE sth. IN comprehend fully
TAKE OFF depart
TAKE sth. OFF remove
TAKE so. ON hire |challenge
TALK BACK reply defiantly
TALK so. INTO persuade
TALK sth. OVER discuss
TEAR sth. DOWN |APART destroy

PHRASAL VERBS 261

 TELL so. OFF reprimand or scold |swear at so.
THINK BACK remember the past
THINK sth. OVER consider
THINK sth. UP invent
THROW sth. AWAY discard, put in the trash
THROW UP vomit
TOUCH sth. UP improve by making small changes
TRY sth. ON put clothing on to see if it fits
TRY sth. OUT use sth. to see if it works
TURN sth. DOWN refuse |lower the volume
TURN so. DOWN reject someone
TURN so. ON excite someone sexually
TURN sth. |so. INTO change from one form to another
TURN so. OFF bore or offend so.
TURN sth. ON start something (a machine, a light)
TURN so. ON arouse someone sexually
TURN OUT have a particular result
TURN UP appear unexpectedly
TURN sth. UP increase by adjusting the control on a device
WATCH OUT be attentive
WAKE so. UP stop sleeping
WORK sth. OFF remove through work or other activity
WORK OUT solve |exercise
WRITE sth. DOWN write on a piece of paper

262 |LESSON 13
 TRY sometHinc ON
= PUT CLOTHING ON TO SEE IF IT FITS

He tried the gabardine on.

Tt was perfect fer his exhibitionist habits.

PHRASAL VERBS 263

 ‘PHRASE
wi
_ VEROS.
Some phrasal verbs
can have numerous meanings,
especially phrasal verbs with the word GET!

264 | LESSON 13
GET ALONG

PHRASAL VERBS |265

 GET BACK AT someone
=TAKE REVENGE

os
ron

GET BACK GET BACK INTO GET BACK 10

= RETURN FROM = DEVOTE ONESELF TO = RESPOND TOA
SOMEWHERE SOMETHING AGAIN CONTACT
= TAKE REVENGE
= START DOING sth. AFTER
= MOVE AWAY
AN INTERRUPTION

266 | LESSON 13
 Peter and I get back

GET BACK TOGETHER

= RESTART A RELATIONSHIP

GET BACK INTO

= DEVOTE ONESELF TO SOMETHING AGAIN

PHRASAL VERBS | 267

 S'S le
1 re r,
U . roe See
O L S
S s S e Eeee e ee
e
E
A o
H ree tes,
ee
es
N V Ss e e E ese
SEee S cs.
T SS S A ee: m ei e V S
a E S SES SE: ae "ee u se aa E E rit SIEe, ,
E IES AS ra e. s a V b ry eE es OC S I
T
i S , S i e cee, T
S IS A Cs
S S E E , a
Pe EEE E s e r
ie irse E E S Se k
Ye.ee gs S S e ees ° oct
“eeOOK ass fen
s en hayec
s:

>a GET 0 FE chet ty

GET ON
y
; sy —)
Ee a
e
iRAEITN,
C. [a
a
| GETA WAY
| E = ESCA
eee : PE

GE
TO
N
bas
G
E
T
A
WAY
Whihli
lee the were get na en
i the Tra in to
cal ch
poli ting in
Bil: ly Prancke,mehe gof off be e
. Final
ly ae -

268 8 || LESSON 3
 GET ON
= ENTERA TRAIN, BUS,
PLANE, ETC.
= CONTINUE DOING sth.
= AGE

GET OFF
= EXIT A VEHICLE
= ESCAPE PUNISHMENT
= FINISH, LEAVE WORK
= START A JOURNEY
= STOP TALKING ON THE
PHONE
= HAVE AN ORGASM*

3 When Patrick added the last

GET AWAY
= ESCAPE
slamp ls his 33rd album
= GO ON VACATION OR
of slamps, he get off. FOR A SHORT TRIP
= MOVE, LEAVE
A PLACE

PHRASAL VERBS 269

 GET OUT OF
= AVOID AN ACTIVITY YOU COMMITTED TO

He always tries to gel oul of doing the

cha cha cha.
But her charm prevents it.

270 |LESSON 13
 GET sometuine ACROSS
= GET PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND AN IDEA

GET AHEAD
= MAKE PROGRESS

GET BY
= SURVIVE

GET OUT OF sometHine

= LEAVE (A CAR, A TAXI, A PLACE)

GET sometHinc QUT OF sometHine

= BENEFIT FROM

GET THROUGH (with)

= FINISH

GET TOGETHER (with SOMEONE)

= MEET UP

GET UP
= GET OUT OF BED

PHRASAL VERBS 271

273
274 |LESSON14
 Modal verbs and similar expressions:
CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO,
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER,
HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST,
MAY, MIGHT, WOULD, WILL.

They are auxiliary verbs used to express

ABILITY, ADVICE, NECESSITY,
PROHIBITION, ASSUMPTION,
FUTURE POSSIBILITY, PERMISSION,
REQUEST and SUGGESTION.

Modals in the present are always followed by the base form of the verb
(infinitive without “to’).
They have only one form, so they don’t add S in the third person singular.
She must be lost.

BE ABLE TO, HAVE TO or HAVE GOT TO,

are not modals, so the conjugated form must be used!
She has to be lost.

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS 275

276 | LESSON14
 CAN, COULD and BE ABLE TO
are used to express ability.
CAN'T, COULDN'T and NOT BE ABLE TO
are used to express inability.

Use CAN
for the present.
|can sing, play the guitar and ride a unicycle at the same time.
|cant teach you. | don’t know how | do it.

Use COULD
for the past.
|could laugh at my classmates without regrets when | was child.
! couldn't understand English before |read this book.

Use BE ABLE TO
for all verb tenses.
“Be able to” in the present or past is more formal than “can” or “could”.
With “be able to”, use the correct form for each verb tense.
I'm able to follow your orders, boss.
She wasnt able to come with me.
Will you be able to go to Berlin next summer?
|like being able to do what |like.

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS | 277

 SHOULD, OUGHT TO and HAD BETTER
or SHOULDN'T, OUGHT NOT and HAD BETTER NOT
are used to give advice.

SHOULD and OUGHT TO

mean the same thing, but should is more common.
They are used in the present and future tenses.
You should leave him.
We shouldn't forget they are humans.
You ought to just be yourself

The negative form of ought to is OUGHT NOT (without “to’).

She ought not watch this movie. Shell be afraid tonight.

SHOULD
is used to ask for advice.
Should | quit my job?

HAD BETTER
is used for recommendations:
Youd better stop smoking.
desperate hope or implied threat:
Hed better not be having an affair.
to warn people:
Youd better not run so much, this road is dangerous!

278 | LESSON14
 o give ADVICE
You ought t0 just
be yourself.

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS |279

 loexpress NECESSITY
HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO and MUST
are used to express obligation or necessity.

HAVE TO
is more common for general obligations.
HAVE GOT TO
expresses a stronger feeling.
“Have got to” is used in conversation and informal writing.
People have to pay taxes.
Youve got to see this clown. Hes really funny.

MUST and HAVE TO

are more common for specific and personal obligations.
“Have to” can be used in all contexts.
|must be on time at work, its my first day.
| have to be on time at work, its my first day.

“Must” is used in official instructions and manuals.

Employees must wash hands before returning to work.

“Have got to’ and “must” are used in present tenses.

“Have to’ can be used in all verb tenses.
She hasto study a lot in order to pass the exam.
She will have to study a lot in order to pass the exam.

“Have to” and “must” can also be used for strong advice.
You have to see a shrink, youremad!
You must eat more!

280 | LESSON 14
 You must be nice To your classmoles.
You mustn't hit them.

But we have fo win

everyone's respect.

NONNECESSITY PROHIBITION
DON’T HAVE TO MUSTN'T
is used to express when something is used to express prohibition.
is not necessary. It can be used in present and future tenses.
It can be used for all verb tenses. You mustn't hit people.
You dont have to do this right now. You mustnt drive without a license.
We didn't have to be nice. CAN'T
| wont have to get up early any more is also used to express prohibition.
because I've been fired. You cant drive without a license.

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS | 281

 loexprena
ASSUMPTIONS
These might be
the Killer’s footprints.

See 6 RS cet mee

9 ae Ne
’4 (mb es rs

LESSON 14
 MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MAY, MIGHT, COULD
and CAN'T, COULDN'T, MUSTN'T, MAY NOT, MIGHT NOT
are used to express assumptions.

These modals express certainty or doubt.

They are used in the present.

MUST, HAVE TO and HAVE GOT TO

express 100% affirmative certainty.
MAY, MIGHT and COULD
express less certainty.

CAN'T and COULDN'T

express 100% negative certainty.
MUSTN'T
expresses slightly less negative certainty.
MAY NOT and MIGHT NOT
express even less negative certainty.

100% certainty
Affirmative Negative
MUST CAN'T |COULDN'T
HAVE TO |HAVE GOT TO MUST NOT
MAY |MIGHT |COULD MAY NOT |MIGHT NOT

0% certainty

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS | 283

 MAY, MIGHT and COULD
are used to express possibility.

MAY, MIGHT and COULD are the same.

The store may open at 10 tomorrow.
The store might open at 10 tomorrow.
The store could open at 10 tomorrow.

MAY NOT and MIGHT NOT

express the possibility that something will not happen.
The store may not open at 10.
The store might not open at 10.

“May” and “might” aren't usually used in questions about possiblities.

Other forms are used:
Will the store open at 10?
Do you think the store will be open at 10°

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS | 285

 PERMISSION
MAY and CAN
are used to ask permission.

MAY is more formal.

May |smoke here?
No, but you may smoke outside.
CAN is more informal.
Can |smoke here, buddy?
You can smoke outside, my dear.

286 | LESSON 14
|
 lomake
ROQUESIS
WOULD, COULD, WILL and CAN
are used to make requests.

WOULD and COULD are more formal.

Would you please bring me a coffee?
Could you do my homework?
WILL or CAN are used informally in speech.
Will you tell me a story?
Can you leave me alone?

looffen
SUGGESTIONS
WOULD YOU LIKE, SHALL and SHOULD
are used to offer and suggest.
“Shall” is only used in the first person singular and plural.
Would you like a beer?
Shall we take a walk?
Should we go out tonight?

For informal situations:

LET’S, WHY DON’T WE and HOW ABOUT.
Lets take a walk!
Why don't we go out?
How about getting something to drink?

MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS | 287

 QUESTiON
TAGS
Question tags are short questions at the end of a sentence.
They are used for confirmation.
Its a beautiful day, isnt it?
And to ask for information or help.
You don't know where the station is, do you?

They are composed of:

AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT
of the sentence.

For a positive sentence, use a negative tag.

She dances very well, doesn't she?
Youre tired, aren't you?

For a negative sentence, use a positive tag.

You don't like me, do you?

Imperative question tags usually use “will”.

Shut up, will you?

288 | LESSON14
 | What ?
You're Lired, aren't you?

You don’t Like me, do you

Maybe I shouldn't have brought you
to the dance, huh?

Shol up, will you? That buzzing

QUESTION TAGS | 289

 A.
okies) a
Sap ee

ie wae

= RE i
ae %
N ie
Say. *, wn
ie
291
 IF I HAD KNOWN
ABOUT CONDITIONALS,
I WOULDN’T HAVE TRIED
TO LEARN ENGLISH.

292 | LESSON15
Conditionals describe situations and circumstances that entail cause and effect.
If a particular condition is present, a particular result occurs.

Conditionals are composed of two clauses:

the IF CLAUSE and the RESULT CLAUSE.

You can begin conditional sentences

with the “if clause” or the result clause.
The meaning is the same.

I ——_—_————___/ san

iF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE

Se? UL

RESULT CLAUSE iF CLAUSE

Note that if the “if clause” comes first,

a COMMA is used between the two clauses.

CONDITIONALS 293
 ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT..., ... SIMPLE PRESENT...
Ifyou heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

AN
IF you H
\ Wu
}
AT WATER TO AO O
i
DEGREES
SUS,
CELSIUS, ||T BiOIL S.

For GENERAL TRUTHS.

You can often use “when” instead of “if”.

When you heat water to 100 degrees celsius,
it boils.

294 |LESSON 15
 2
For HABITS
and things that always happen.

You can use

simple present or present continuous
in the “if clause’.

IF + PRESENT CONTINUOUS... ,
... SIMPLE PRESENT...
JF SUSAN FEELS INSPIRED,
IfSusan is feeling happy, she dances.
; SHE SINGS.

To give INSTRUCTIONS
or INVITATIONS
dependent on certain conditions,
use the imperative with the “if clause’.

IF ... PRESENT SIMPLE... ,

... IMPERATIVE ... Come oVER FOR DINNER
iF YOU ARE FREE.
Ifyou are free, come over for dinner.

CONDITIONALS | 295
 FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT..., ... FUTURE SIMPLE...
Ifyou love me, you will stay with me.

First conditional is used to talk about FUTURE POSSIBILITIES.

IF YOU ARE FEELING

BORED, I WILL SING
You A SONG,

Instead of simple present, you can also use other present tenses:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: /fyou are feeling bored, I'll sing you a song.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: /fyou have already eaten chicken today,
I'll give you chicken tomorrow.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: /fyou have been watching TV, I'll throw it away.

|
296 | LESSON15
 IF sue UNLESS
GETS DISTRACTED, HE SUDDENLY LEAVES,
I CAN ESCAPE. I Wilt BE ABLE TO
ESCAPE UNNOTICED.

WILL is a modal verb. Other MODAL VERBS

express different meanings.
Ifshe gets distracted, |can escape || could escape |/might be able to escape.

IF can be replaced with:

WHETHER: Whether he suddenly leaves or not, I'll be able to escape unnoticed.
(=if he leaves and if he doesn't)
UNLESS: Unless he suddenly leaves, I'll be able to escape unnoticed. (=if he doesn't leave)

CONDITIONALS 297
 SECOND GONDITIQNAL
IF + SIMPLE PAST... , ... WOULD + VERB (infinitive without “to”) ...
Ifmen liked her, she would be happy.

Second conditional is used to talk about HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS.

IF MENLIKED ME,
I WOULD BE HAPPY.

298 | LESSON15
 Hypothetical situations are:

IMAGINARY SITUATIONS
If |were married, | would make my husband the happiest man in the world.

IMPOSSIBLE
If |were a man, | would like hairy women.

IMPROBABLE
If|had a lover, | would tickle him with my hair.

In addition to the simple past, you can use:

PAST CONTINUOUS: /fyou were looking for a lover, |might be available.

In addition to “would”, you can use:

COULD: /f/ were wealthy, | could buy everything | need.
MIGHT: /f|shaved off my beard, | might be able to get married.

CONDITIONALS 299
 THIRD CONDITIONAL
IF + PAST PERFECT..., ... WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...
If|had lived longer, | would have loved much more.

Third conditional is used to talk about PAST HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS,

things that didn't happen in the past.

LF I HAD LIVED
LONGER, IL WOULD
HAVE LOVED
MORE.

nwy ]3 1010

SOSUN

YULY 3. 1947_ NOV. 19, 1991

BELOVED wife
caSISTER: ee
r

300 | LESSON 15
 In addition to “would have”, you can use:
SHOULD HAVE: /f he had hurt your feelings, he should have apologized.
COULD HAVE: /f|had realized it sooner, | could have gotten together with the woman
who brings me flowers.
MIGHT HAVE: /f/ / had been luckier, |might have succeeded in life.

IF I HAD REALIZED iT
SOONER , I COULD HAVE
GOTTEN TOGETHER WITH THE
WOMAN WHO BRINGS ME
03.17.1921 FLOWERS Every WEEK. /
1215-2001 -

IF I HAD KNOWN,
I WOULDN'T HAVE
WORRIED OVER
BULLSHIT.

CONDITIONALS | 301
\for Whether ?
 “If” and “whether” are similar, but there are some differences.

Use IF:
To express a condition.
In conditional sentences, “if” introduces the condition.
Ifsomething annoys you, look for a solution.

Use WHETHER:
To present two alternatives.
! wonder whether |should have added a little more poison to his tea.
(=Should | have added more poison or not?)

After prepositions.
We argued about whether | behaved rudely towards him.

Before infinitives.
I've been thinking about whether to get rid of everything that annoys me.

Use WHETHER or IF:

Reporting yes |no questions.
She wondered whether |ifhe was right.
The question is: Was he right?

In WHETHER | IF... OR... constructions.

| would like to know whether |ifthe problem is me or him.

“IF” OR “WHETHER”? 303

605
 DioM
Idioms are
EXPRESSIONS
with a meaning that is not literal.
They don't always follow the usual
language pattern.

306 |LESSON 17
IrS RaiNiNG CatS aND DoGS
 Hit THe SaCk
= go to bed.

308 |LESSON17
 HAVE A FROG IN ONE’S THROAT
= have a feeling of losing one's voice, usually out of fear.

BE BENT OUT OF SHAPE

= be upset, angry, offended.

BARK UP THE WRONG TREE

= go to the wrong person or place for something.

MAKE ENDS MEET

= have enough money to cover expenses.

LAUGH ALL THE WAY TO THE BANK

= be happy for having made money, usually because of sth. ridiculed or thought worthless.

BE ON THE EDGE OF ONE’S SEAT

= enthusiastically watch a performance.

HAVE A SEAT
= sit down.

DO YOUR BEST
= do something as well as you can.

DON’T GIVE ME ANY LIP!

= don't talk back!

IDIOMS 309
 MoNkeY SeE.

|
310 |LESSON 17
MoNkeY Do
= imitate in a mindles tomaticw

IDIOMS
 COUNT ON SOMEONE
= rely on someone.

BE ON THE FENCE
= be undecided.

STEW IN ONE’S OWN JUICES

= be left alone to suffer one’s anger.

GET ONE’S FOOT IN THE DOOR

= have an opportunity.

BE UNDER THE WEATHER

= be ill.

DROP A HINT
= give an indirect suggestion.

SWEAT BULLETS
= be very anxious.

IN GOOD SHAPE
= in good physical condition.

WITH BELLS ON
= eagerly and on time.

312 | LESSON 17
= look great, extremely attractive.

i
IDIOMS |313
 vA
sy

TaLk CRaP =
or TALK SHIT = insult someone Be MiLeS AwaY
or lie, or both at the same time. = be totally distracted.

Be ALL EaRS
= pay close attention.

314 | LESSON 17
 HANG IN THERE
= persist despite difficulties.

EVERY CLOUD HAS A SILVER LINING

= bad things result in something good.

HAVE A BLAST
= have a great time.

TIT FOR TAT

AN EYE FOR AN EYE|A TOOTH FORA TOOTH
= take revenge by repeating the same offense.

BE GREEN WITH ENVY

= be very jealous of what someone else has.

SHAKE IN ONE’S SHOES

= be very frightened or anxious.

HIT THE BULLS-EYE

= achieve something precise.

GET OFF ON THE WRONG FOOT

= start something badly.

ONE’S CUP OF TEA

= something one prefers, likes.

IDIOMS 515
 RACE AGAINST THE CLOCK
= do something quickly because of a pressing deadline.

JOG SOMEONE’S MEMORY

= stimulate so. to remember something.

MONEY TALKS
= money has power and influence.

DRIVE SOMEONE TO DISTRACTION

= confuse or perplex someone.

HAVE BUTTERFLIES IN ONE’S STOMACH

= be very nervous.

CATCH RED-HANDED
= catch so. in the act of doing something bad.

GO NUTS |GO BANANAS

= go crazy.

MAKE UP ONE’S MIND

= decide something.

KEEP ONE’S CHIN UP

= be positive.

WHEN PIGS FLY

WHEN HELL FREEZES OVER
= never.

316 | LESSON 17
Live ON THe EpGe
= live dangerously.

IDIOMS | 317
 Like
Two PeaS iN a PoD
= very similar.

318 | LESSON 17
 CRY OVER SPILT MILK
= be unhappy about what can’t be undone.

KEEP ONE’S EYE ON THE BALL

= to remain alert to what is happening around you.

CHANGE ONE’S MIND

= change ideas or opinions.

MY LIPS ARE SEALED

= | will keep a secret.

BEAT ONESELF UP
= punish oneself over past actions.

CUT CORNERS
= do a job quickly, sloppily.

(I, you, he...) CAN'T STAND

= (I, you, he...) extremely dislike.

GET INTO A JAM

= get into a bad situation.

GET OUT OF A JAM

= find a solution to a problem or a bad situation.

IDIOMS 319
 NOT SLEEP
A WINK
= not sleep at all.

SLEEP LIKE ALOG

= sleep very well, deeply.

WORK LIKE A DOG

= work very hard.

HIT THE ROAD

= gO away.

BREAK A LEG!
= good luck!

GIVE SOMEBODY THE EVIL EYE

= look at so. in a way thought to bring them misfortune or bad luck.

SMELL A RAT
= sense that something is wrong.

BE INHOT WATER
= be in trouble.

A DIME A DOZEN
= very common, easy to find.

YOU BET!
= yes! |you're welcome!

320 | LESSON17
My HeaD iS SPINNING
= | have too many decisions to make
or too many things to think about.

IDIOMS | 321
 USEFUL
EXPRESSIONS

Coe
Vocabulary you need to survive.

324 | LESSON 16
To ask for forgiveness.

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS | 325

.
 (en)
os
A common toast before
clinking glasses.

When someone sneezes. ey

To tell someone to be
attentive to possible danger.

To insist that someone

do something faster.

326 | LESSON16
 To get someone’ attention.

When you first meet someone.

=h beBlL

To have someone repeat something.

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS | 327

328 |LESSON 16
EXCUSE ME,
COULD YOU
TELL ME
WHERE THE
RESTROOM

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS | 329

 NSULIS
Offensive words
=an

unintelligent
person.
used towards
others.

Met = avery
despicable
person.

= an obnoxious,
arrogant, rude,
irritating person.

330 | LESSON 16
 also ASSLICKER
= a person who
will do anything
to be liked.

= a malicious
° or unpleasant
4 woman.
| | Yi

ZB a f

Y
Y é,
a ee
S LZ

Lf” = gO away.

INSULTS | 331
CONNECTED
SPEECH
 Se Sia
1 WANNA hiss you.

Wewsoulda wm yby mae

= SHOULD HAVE

=
CONNECTED SPEECH | 333
 ACRONYMS
A word formed from the initial letters of a group of words.
They are very common in written and spoken English.

334 | LESSON 16
 Common acronyms:

TGIF
Thank God It's Friday

ASAP
As Soon As Possible

FYI
For Your Information

LOL
Laughing Out Loud

AKA
Also Known As

ID
Identification

BTW
By The Way

XOXO
Hugs And Kissess

FAQs
Frequently Asked Questions

RIP
Rest In Peace

ACRONYMS 335
 imdex
HOW THIS BOOK CAME TO BE 7 The 5 Senses
Jobs
VESSON icc tc aa eee nterate. 9 Family
The English Alphabet Vocabulary: At home
Subject Pronouns Vocabulary: Food
The Verb “To Be”
“To Be’ in the Simple Present LESSON 4 Sek een. an eter 87
Place Prepositions Vocabulary: Verbs
Where Are These People From? Imperative
Question Words
Word Order in Sentences LESSONS saiescteternctarenes
onan ected107
“To Be’ in the Simple Past
LESSON 2 >. .cteenee eae teres 31 Simple Past
Simple Present Irregular Verbs
Third Person Singular
Plurals LESSON 63275, sacceensen
eee 129
Irregular Plurals Present Continuous
Countable & Uncountable Nouns Simple Present vs. Present Continuous
How Much & How Many Past Continuous
Some & Any Simple Past vs. Past Continuous
There Is & There Are
Demonstratives: this, these, that, those LESSON 7... trgrrcntitnce ccc 141
Possessives: Pronouns & Adjectives Adjectives
’S + Nouns Participial Adjectives
Adjective Order
LESSON 5 :Sitecscacotettcsoress hereto: 59 Adjective + Preposition Expressions
Vocabulary: The Body and Stuff Comparatives & Superlatives
As...As Usually, Used To, Be Used To, Get Used To
Wish
MS SON aco ss sssnestaatsenverecocesestics 163 Rather
Adverbs Connectors
In, On, At: Place Prepositions Relative Clauses
In, On, At: Time Prepositions Active & Passive Voices
Reported Speech
1 Sei] he RSE ESE ee ee i oe eeeee 179
Hours ES SONS Sitotccs nse eaten 247
Times of the Day & Days of the Week Phrasal Verbs
Months & Seasons
Dates PESSON IA Ge ccc eevcacrnmele 273
Modals & Similar Expressions
LESSON MO ess ragerrcepeenc yateesrsoscserzore 191 Question Tags
Future: Will
Future: Be Going To LESSON UD issrrttsgacetsstecvarecocrsemrosrts 291
Future Continuous Conditionals
“IF” or “Whether”?
BESSON oes acre een 207
Present Perfect Simple & Continuous EFSSONIG Screens 305
Present Perfect or Simple Past? Idioms
Past Perfect Simple & Continuous
Future Perfect Simple & Continuous BSS) OW Aiea dover err Pree oe 323
All Verb Tenses Useful Expressions
Insults
HESSON 20 iresettesstecde Mivtecse 225 Connected Speech
Gerund or To + Infinitive Acronyms

339
 He F MicHol a rare RoBERT

Thanks to the thief who stole my purse and sketchbook, where

most of these drawings come from, and who then threw the
sketchbook in the trash for me to find later.

Thanks to the people in the picture, who were all with me

during that special time in New York.
And thanks to Arnal, who is still with me.

342 |
 , Seis

hee Rian by.

Ube ne
 Ekscentrycznie ilustrowany, btyskotliwie pikantny, ale tez niezwykle
praktyczny przewodnik po osobliwogciach jednego z_ najbardziej
zwodniczych jezykéw swiata, przeznaczony dla (wylacznie dorostych)
adeptow angielskiego jako jezyka obcego.

Niestety, dla niektérych, szczegélnie dorostych, angielski nie jest

tatwy. Ale teraz Ty tez mozesz nauczyé sie jezyka Shakespeare’a
Z pomoca tego wyjatkowego, najbardziej oryginalnego przewod-
nika, jaki kiedykolwiek miates w reku. Znajdziesz w nim zasady gra-
matyczne, stownictwo, uzyteczne wyrazenia i slang przedstawione
w taki sposdéb, ze zrozumie je kazdy. 17 jasnych, figlarnych i praw-
dziwie zapadajacych w pamieé ilustrowanych lekcji pokieruje i zaba-
wi adeptéw jezyka angielskiego, ktérzy chca dodaé nieco pikanterii
do swojej nauki.

Preston Publishing zt VAT)

5%
tym
w
49,90
Cena:
www.prestonpubiishing.p!