ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION (20EC0421) R-20 2022-23

SIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi& Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)
(Accredited by NBA for Civil, EEE, Mech., ECE & CSE
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)
Puttur -517583, Chittoor District, A.P. (India)
_____________________________________________________________________________

UNIT-1

Antennas and Radiation Parameters

1. Explain the radiation pattern of an antenna and its types with neat sketch

An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a mathematical

function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna
as a function of space coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is
determined in the far field region and is represented as a function of the
directional coordinates.

Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field

strength, directivity, phase or polarization.‖ The radiation property of most
concern is the two- or three dimensional spatial distribution of radiated energy as
a function of the observer‘s position along a path or surface of constant radius.

Types of radiation pattern

a. Field pattern
b. Power pattern
a. Field pattern: The field strength at a field strength radiation represents
can be represented graphically in a particular direction.

Fig: Field Radiation pattern

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b. Power pattern:

The power pattern is expressed in terms of power per unit solid angle
The square of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the
angular space.

Fig: Power Radiation Pattern

The angular beamwidth at the half-power level or half-power beamwidth

(HPBW) (or −3-dB beamwidth) and the beamwidth between first nulls (FNBW).

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Fig: Power Radiation pattern

The powwr density can be defined as the magnitude of the electric field strength is
given by

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| | Intrinsic Impedance for free space,

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2. Explain the following:

i). Radiation Intensity ii). Antenna Gain iii). Directivity

i). Radiation Intensity

The radiation intensity of an antenna is defined as the power

radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation
intensity U (watts per steradian).
The radiation intensity U is independent of the distance, assuming in both
cases that we are in the far field of the antenna.
The radiation intensity U is given

U (θ,ϕ) = W/Sr

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ii). Antenna Gain

It is the ability of the antenna to concentrate the maximum power

radiated in a given direction.

The Gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the maximum radiation

intensity in a particular direction to the maximum radiation intensity from the
reference antenna.

where,

iii). Directivity

The directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the maximum

power density P(θ, φ)max to the average radiated power of a certain distance from
the antenna is called antenna Directivity. It is denoted as D.

Directivity from pattern

The directivity is a dimensionless ratio ≥1.

The average power density over a sphere is given by

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Therefore, the directivity

Re-arranging the above equation, we get

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3. a). Write short notes on effective aperture.

Effective aperture is the ability of antenna to extract energy from the
electromagnetic wave. It is also called as effective area.
Effective aperture is defined as the ratio of power received from load to the
average power density produced at the load.

Fig: Equivalent circuit of the receiving antenna

The effective aperture of the receiving antennas is given by

The voltage induced by the receiving antenna is given by

| |

The current flowing through the receiving antenna is given by

By using maximum power transfer condition, load is related as the complex

conjugate by the antenna impedance,

Substitute equation Z and

The power delivered to the load is given by

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Substitute the value of in equation 5, we get

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Substitute equation 6 in equation 1, we get

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Intrinsic Impedance for free space,

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( ( ) )

So,
Also, the maximum effectivev aperture is given by

b). Define the following terms.

i). Radiation Resistance ii). Bandwidth iii). Beam Efficiency

i). Radiation Resistance

An Antenna is radiating power into the free space in the form of electromagnetic
waves So power dissipation is given by

The Resistance which radiates power radiated by the antenna and current
flowing
Through the fictitious resistance such resistance is called radiation
resistance.
The Radiation Resistance is given by

ii). Bandwidth
The bandwidth of the antenna is the rage of frequency within which the
antenna maintains the required characteristics of the specified values.
The bandwidth of the antenna is inversely proportional to the quality factor.
The quality factor is denoted as ‘Q’.

Bandwidth=
Also, BW = f2-f1

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Where,
fr is the resonance frequency
Q is the Quality factor

iii). Beam Efficiency

The total beam area ΩA is the combination of the main beam area ΩM
and the minor-lobe area Ωm.

The beam efficiency is defined as the ratio of the main beam area to the
total beam area is called the main beam efficiency εM. Thus, the beam
efficiency is given by

The beam efficiency is defined as the ratio of the minor-lobe area

(Ωm) to the total beam area is called the stray factor. Thus, the stray
factor is given by

It follows that,

4. A dipole having a length of 3 cm is operated at 1 GHz. The efficiency

factor K=0.6. Calculate the radiation resistance, antenna gain and
effective aperture.
Solution: Given data
Operating frequency, Hz

Efficiency factor,

Length of the dipole,

Wavelength,

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i. Radiation resistance for the hertzian dipole is given by

ii. Antennas gain is given by

The Directivity of the hertzian dipole is given by

The Effective aperture is given by

5. Describe the following with suitable equations.

i). Antenna Matching. ii). Antenna Noise Temperature

i). Antenna Matching.

The impedance matching are various types are there to improves the impedance
such as
1. Stub matching
2. Balun matching
3. Folded dipole matching
4. Quarter wavelength matching

Input impedance of a dipole antenna:

It is the transmitting and receiving antenna operated at its resonance frequency of

antenna at which the impedance of the antenna is purely resistive. So the

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impedance is maximum which makes resonance frequency and reactive

components become zero.

Fig: Dipole antenna Fig: Equivalent circuit

The input impedance of the dipole antenna is given by

The resonance frequency, its reactive terms becomes zero

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ii). Antenna Noise Temperature

(a) (b) (c)

Fig: (a) Resistor at absolute temperature (b) Antenna at anechoic chamber (c)
Antenna with sky temperature

The Parameter antenna temperature is not related to physical temperature but the
antenna temperature that is related to the surrounding coupled to the antenna
through radiation resistance.

By the Nyquist criteria, the noise power per bandwidth across the terminals is
given by P = K TR ------------1

The noise power per unit bandwidth is given by

P = K TA W/Hz

Where, TA is the Antenna Temperature

The total power of the antenna in free space is given by

P = K TA B --- 2

The effective aperture of the antenna and the power received by the antenna is
given by P = S Ae B --- 3

By considering equation 2 & 3, we get

K TA B = S Ae B

Also,

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The total power of the antenna is given by

P = K [TA+ TR] B

6. Discuss the concepts of radiation from the oscillating dipole.

Any linear conductor may be consider large number of very short conductors
connected in series. A short conductor to be constant current throughout the
length such conductor is called oscillating dipole or hertzian dipole. A length of the
oscillating dipole is L < .

Fig: Field pattern

The current flowing through the linear conductor is given by

The propagation of r retardation current is given by

[]

Where, [ ]

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The electric and magnetic field can be expressed in terms of scalar and vector
potential.

The retardation vector potential at a point 'P' of the electric field current as only Z
component i.e., Z-direction.

The current distribution is given by

[ ]
∫

Let us take S = r,

[ ]
∫

[ ]

[ ( )]

The retardation scalar potential 'V' of the charge distribution is given by

* +

The Electric field components are

* +

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* +

The Electric field components are

* +

7. Deduce the expression for radiation Parameters of a Half wave Dipole

Antenna.
The Half wave dipole consists of two legs each of length L/2. The physical
length of the half wave dipole at the frequency of operation is ‫ ג‬/2 in the free
space.

Fig: Half wave dipole

The current distribution of antenna is given by

The magnetic field component of antenna is given by is given by

| |

The Electric field components for the radiation field can be calculated

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| |
| |

But, | | | |

| |

| |

1. Average Power radiated

The Average Power radiated of is given by

| | | |

2. Power Radiated
The Power Radiated of antenna is given by
∬

∫ ∫

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[ ] ∫

( )
[ ] ∫

[ ] ∫

By using trapezoidal rule, we get

3. Radiation Intensity
The Radiation Intensity of antenna is given by

If , then
( )

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4. Radiation resistance
The Radiation resistance of antenna is given by

5. Directivity
The Directivity of antenna is given by

6. Effective aperture
The Effective aperture of antenna is given by

7. Bean Area
The Bean area of antenna is given by

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8. (a). What is meant by Front to back ratio?

It Is defined as the ratio of the power radiated in a desired direction to

the power radiated in opposite direction.

(b). An antenna receives a maximum power of 2µW from a radio station.

Calculate the maximum effective area if the antenna is located in the
far field
station where E=50mV/m.

Solution: Given data

| |

The average power is given by

| |

The maximum effective aperture is given by

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9. a). An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72Ω, and a loss resistance

is 8Ω if the power gain of 16. Calculate the directivity of the antenna
and the length of half wave dipole at 30MHz.
Solution: Given data

Radiation resistance, Ω

Loss resistance, Ω

Power gain,

Antenna efficiency, is given by

The directivity is given by,

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10. Derive the expression for radiation Parameters of a Quarter wave

monopole antenna.
The Quarter wave monopole consists of single vertical leg erected on the
perfect ground i.e., perfect conductor. The length of the leg of the Quarter
wave monopole is ‫ ג‬/4 in the free space.

Fig: Quarter wave monopole

The current distribution of antenna is given by

The magnetic field component of antenna is given by is given by

| |

The electric field component for radiation field con be calculated as

| |
| |

But, | | | |

| |

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| |

1. Average Power radiated

The Average Power radiated of is given by

| | | |

2. Power Radiated
The Power Radiated of antenna is given by
∬

[∫ ]∫

[ ] ∫

( )
[ ] ∫

[ ] ∫

By using trapezoidal rule, we get

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3. Radiation Intensity
The Radiation Intensity of antenna is given by

If , then
( )

4. Radiation resistance
The Radiation resistance of antenna is given by

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5. Directivity
The Directivity of antenna is given by

6. Effective aperture
The Effective aperture of antenna is given by

7. Bean Area
The Bean area of antenna is given by

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