CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS DRUGS?
• WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?
• TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
• CAUSES OF DRUG ADDICTION
• HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
• PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
• DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
• STUDY(QUESTIONARY)
• TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
• SCENARIO OF DRUG ABUSE
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of the world. More

than millions of the individual are struggling against addiction.

It takes away the happiness of the people by avoiding them to

get what they want and many of the people were also notable

to take correct decision .According to the recent studies it has

been found that adolescent is more vulnerable to addiction.

Addiction is that type of diseases whose rehabilitation is very

difficult. As we know prevention is better than cure so we can

prevent ourself from getting addicted by not living under peer

pressure. If we also get addicted ,we should immediately take

the help of specialist for rehab. Psychological dependence occurs

when a user relies on a drug for a feeling of well-being. Tolerance,

where larger doses are needed to produce the desired effect, is

another related phenomenon. Abused substances include anabolic

steroids (used by some athletes to accelerate muscular

development), psychotropic agents (which affect the user’s mental

state), and alcohol.

WHAT IS DRUGS?

Drugs are chemical substances that affect the functioning of living

organisms. They can have both beneficial and harmful effects. In
medicine, drugs are used for treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of
diseases, as well as to promote overall well-being. These substances
can be obtained from various sources, including medicinal plants
and chemical synthesis. The field of pharmacology studies all aspects
of drugs, including their mechanisms of action, properties,
metabolism, therapeutic uses, and potential toxicity11223344.

Drugs produce harmful as well as beneficial effects, and decisions

about when and how to use them therapeutically always involve
the balancing of benefits and risks. Drugs approved for human use
are divided into those available only with a prescription and those
that can be bought freely over the counter. The availability of drugs
for medical use is regulated by law. Drug treatment is the most
frequently used type of therapeutic intervention in medicine.
WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?

Drug abuse refers to the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of

drugs for nonmedical purposes despite social, psychological, and
physical problems that may arise from such use. Abused substances
include anabolic steroids (used by some athletes to accelerate
muscular development), psychotropic agents (which affect the user’s
mental state), and alcohol. The major problem arising from drug
consumption is dependence, which can be physical or psychological.
Physical dependence becomes apparent when drug intake is
decreased or stopped, leading to withdrawal symptoms.
Psychological dependence occurs when a user relies on a drug for a
feeling of well-being. Tolerance, where larger doses are needed to
produce the desired effect, is another related phenomenon.
TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE

Substance misuse can involve various legal and illegal substances,

each with its own impact on physical and mental health. Here’s a
comprehensive overview:

1.Alcohol:
• Widely consumed, alcohol can lead to dependence, liver
damage, impaired judgment, and addiction.
• Chronic alcohol misuse affects relationships, work, and overall
well-being.

2.Stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine):

• These drugs increase alertness, energy, and focus.
• However, they can cause addiction, paranoia, heart problems,
and severe health issues.

3.Cannabis (marijuana):
• Legal in some places, cannabis misuse can lead to memory
impairment, anxiety, and dependency.
• It affects mood, perception, and cognitive function.

4.Inhalants (solvents, aerosol sprays, nitrites, gases):

• Inhaling these substances can cause hallucinations, dizziness,
and organ damage.
• Commonly misused by adolescents.
5.Hallucinogens (LSD, mescaline, PCP, DMT):
• Alter perception and mood.
• Can lead to dangerous behavior and long-lasting effects.

6.Club drugs (ketamine, ecstasy, GHB, flunitrazepam):

• Used in social settings, they pose health risks.
• Ecstasy, for example, affects mood and sensory perception.

7.Depressants:
• These substances slow down the central nervous system.
• Examples include alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates.
• Effects include relaxation, sedation, and impaired
coordination.

8.Opioids:
• Derived from opium or synthetic versions.
• Includes heroin, prescription painkillers (oxycodone,
hydrocodone), and fentanyl.
• Highly addictive, with effects like pain relief, euphoria, and
respiratory depression.

9.Cocaine:
• A powerful stimulant often referred to as “coke.”
• Recreational use via snorting, smoking, or injecting.
• Immediate effects include extreme euphoria and loss of touch
with reality.
Remember, seeking help is crucial if you or someone you know
struggles with substance misuse. Consult a doctor or explore online
therapy platforms for personalized treatment options.
CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

Drug addiction is a complex issue with various contributing factors.

Here are some common causes:

1.Loneliness:
• Loneliness can drive individuals to seek relief from emotional
pain.
• Drugs may initially provide comfort, but they lead to larger
problems.

2.Family History and Genetics:

• Growing up in a household with drug exposure increases the
risk.
• Genetic predisposition can play a role in addiction.

3.Peer Pressure:
• Young people often succumb to peer pressure to fit in.
• Desire for acceptance can lead to poor decisions.

4.Escape from Emotional Pain:

• People use drugs to cope with sadness, anxiety, and
heartbreak.
• Unfortunately, drugs create more pain in the long run.
5.Rebellion:
• Some use drugs as a form of rebellion against authority.
• Seeking independence or defiance can lead to addiction.
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

The history of drug abuse is long and complex. For centuries, drugs
have been used and abused worldwide, with far-reaching effects.
Throughout human civilization, drugs have been used for various
purposes, both beneficial and harmful. Here are some key points:

1.Early Beliefs and Treatment:

• In the past, addiction was often treated as a criminal offense
or a moral failing.

• Benjamin Rush, one of the Founding Fathers of America,

challenged this view. He believed that alcoholism was not
solely a matter of personal willpower but rather due to the
alcohol itself.

• In 1864, the New York State Inebriate Asylum was founded as

the first hospital dedicated to treating alcoholism as a mental
health condition.

2.Ancient Origins:
• The history of nonmedical drug consumption is ancient. People
discovered the mood-altering properties of fermented fruits
and substances like opium.

• Opium, derived from the poppy plant, has a long history of

use. It was hailed for its pain-relieving properties but also led
to dependence and addiction.
3.Opium Wars:
• In the 19th century, China faced a major opium problem. The
British East India Company exported opium from India to
China, leading to addiction and social issues.

• The Opium Wars ensued, with China attempting to curb

opium importation. Eventually, opium trade was legalized,
but the consequences persisted.

4.Founding of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA):

• In 1935, Dr. Bob Smith and Bill Wilson founded AA, a spiritually
based approach to alcohol rehabilitation.

• AA provided a supportive environment for recovering

alcoholics, emphasizing mutual aid and the Twelve Steps.

5.Other Branches:
• AA’s success inspired other groups:
o Narcotics Anonymous (NA): For drug addicts.
o Cocaine Anonymous (CA): Focused on cocaine addiction.
o Marijuana Anonymous (MA): Addressing marijuana
misuse.

6.Modern Drug Abuse Rehabilitation:

• Today, thousands of drug abuse rehabilitation programs offer
diverse treatment approaches.

• Customized care combines evidence-based methods with

holistic or experimental services.
 • The understanding of addiction as a disease has transformed
rehabilitation efforts.

7.Drug Trends:
• In the 1800s, drugs like morphine, heroin, and cocaine were
celebrated for their curative properties.

• By the mid-20th century, global efforts suppressed illicit drug

use significantly.

8.The Crack Epidemic of the 1980s:

• Explore the rise of crack cocaine in urban areas during the
1980s.

• Discuss its impact on communities, crime rates, and public

health.

9.Psychedelics in the 1960s Counterculture:

• Examine the use of psychedelics (such as LSD and psilocybin)
during the 1960s counterculture movement.

• Understand how these substances influenced art, music, and

social change.

Remember that addiction is multifaceted, and treatment

approaches continue to evolve.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Preventing and controlling drug abuse is a critical issue that requires

a multifaceted approach. Here are some key strategies:

1.Early Intervention:
Addressing risk factors and intervening early in life can prevent the
onset of drug abuse.

2.Education:
Providing accurate information about the effects of drugs and the
risks associated with their use is essential.
3.Community Support:
Engaging community resources and support systems can help
individuals resist the pressures to try drugs.

4.Counseling:
Offering counseling services can assist individuals in dealing with
stress, pressure, and disappointments that may lead to drug use.

5.Family Engagement:
Parents and family members play a crucial role in influencing a
child’s choices regarding substance use.

6.School Programs:
Implementing research-based prevention programs in schools can
significantly reduce early use of drugs.

7.Peer Support:
Encouraging peers to support each other and speak out can help
prevent drug abuse.

It’s important to remember that addiction is a complex but

treatable disease that affects brain function and behavior. The goal
of prevention and control is not only to prevent the initial use but
also to stop the progression to addiction1. If you or someone you
know is struggling with substance abuse, seeking professional help is
a vital step towards recovery.
EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

Drug abuse can have serious consequences on physical health,

mental well-being, and social relationships. Here are some of the
effects:

1.Physical Health:
• Organ Damage: Prolonged drug use can harm organs such as
the liver, heart, and lungs.

• Weakened Immune System: Drug abuse weakens the immune

system, making the body more susceptible to infections.

• Overdose: Taking excessive amounts of drugs can lead to

overdose, which can be fatal.
2.Mental Health:
• Addiction: Drug abuse can lead to addiction, where the brain
becomes dependent on the substance.

• Anxiety and Depression: Drugs can worsen mental health

conditions or trigger anxiety and depression.

• Psychosis: Some drugs cause hallucinations and paranoia.

3.Social Consequences:
Isolation: Drug abuse often leads to social withdrawal and strained
relationships.

Legal Issues: Illegal drug use can result in legal problems and
criminal charges.

Financial Strain: Addiction can drain finances due to drug

purchases.

Behavioral Changes:
• Erratic Behavior: Drug use can lead to impulsive actions and
risky behaviors.

• Neglect of Responsibilities: Individuals may neglect work,

family, and personal responsibilities.

• Loss of Control: Drug abuse impairs decision-making and self-

control.
DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION

The diagnosis of addiction, also known as substance use disorder,

involves a comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals.
Here’s a general outline of the process:

1. Initial Assessment:
A psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed alcohol and drug
counselor conducts an initial assessment to understand the
individual’s substance use patterns and history.

2. Physical Examination:
A physical exam may be performed to identify any physical
signs of addiction or related health issues.

3. Diagnostic Criteria:
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) provides criteria for diagnosing substance use
disorders. This includes a pattern of using substances despite
 negative consequences, a strong desire to use, and withdrawal
symptoms.

4. Laboratory Tests:
Blood, urine, or other lab tests can assess drug use, though
they are not diagnostic tests for addiction. They help in
confirming recent drug use.

5. Self-Reporting:
The individual’s self-report about their substance use,
including frequency, amount, and duration, is crucial for
diagnosis.

6. Collateral Information:
Information from family members or close associates can
provide additional insights into the individual’s substance use
behavior.

7. Psychological Evaluation:
Assessments to identify co-occurring mental health disorders,
which often accompany addiction, are part of the diagnostic
process.

8. Follow-Up:
Continuous monitoring and follow-up are essential to adjust
treatment plans as needed and to support recovery.

It’s important to note that addiction is a complex condition that

requires a nuanced approach to diagnosis and treatment.
DIAGNOSIS
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is
addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the
substanceis still in the blood (whether the substance has been taken
recently).
It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the
patient determine their degree of dependence by asking pertinent
questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The following questions
may help determine how dependent a patient is:

• How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?

• Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not
allowed such as in a church, school, movie theatre, library,
public transport hospital, etc.?
• If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most
(e.g.
the first one in the morning)?
• Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first few hours after
waking up, than during the rest of the day?
• If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu, do you still take drug
or
alcohol?
• Have you ever smoked more than you intended to?
STUDY(QUESTIONARY)

Case No:01 Patient Name:Santhanam

Age No:46 Type: T2DM

Gender: Male DOA: 7/11/2021

Comments:
After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally
changed. I am the first person to have diabetes in my family.
At the onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and
hunger.

Case No:02 Patient Name:Mrs Neha Das

Age No:40 Type: T1DM

Gender: Female DOA: 02/12/2015

Comments:
I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties
to tackle this disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the
common needof my family, and some time I become
unconsciousness and my familygets worried. Recently my
husband spends lotsof money for this diseasebut I didn’t get any
such result.
Case No:03 Patient Name:Subhankar.D
Age No:45 Type: T1DM

Gender: Male DOA: 06/06/2016

Comments:
I started having this disease at the age of 35, I didn’t take
much attention to it due to very busy job. I din’ took medicine
regularly or neither did any physical exercise and now I’m
suffering from this dangerous disease I have to lose my job
during urination I feel burning sensation. Now I am unable to
take care of my family.

Case No:04 Patient Name:Karan Barwan

Age No:54 Type: T2DM

Gender: Male DOA: 06/01/2016

Comments:
I am poor worker who earn few just to stay alive and to take
care of family. I don’t have much savings that I would go in a big
hospital for better cure or for medicine. Nowadays I also cannot
go towork site as I remain weak and my hand and leg shakes if I
try to do anyhard work. Due to this I cannot send my children to
school.

Case No: 05 Patient Name: Miss Rupali Nath

Age No: 33 Type: T2DM

Gender: Female DOA: 15/01/2016

Comments:
I am both working women and house wife I have no time to
care of my health I always remain busy taking care of my family
and doing stressful work at my office and due to this I had
gained my weight rapidly, presently my weight is about 93 kg
and my recent diagnosis says that I am suffering from diabetes.
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION

Treatment for addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is

comprehensive and tailored to each individual’s needs. Here are
some common treatment options:
• Detoxification: Safely managing withdrawal symptoms during
the cessation of drug use.
• Behavioral Therapies: Such as cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT), which helps modify the patient’s drug use expectations
and behaviors, and effectively manage triggers and stress.
• Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): Using medications like
methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone to manage
withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse.
• Support Groups: Peer support from groups like Narcotics
Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous can provide ongoing
encouragement and guidance.
• Inpatient or Residential Treatment: Intensive treatment in a
non-hospital setting, where patients can focus on recovery
without the distractions of everyday life.
• Outpatient Treatment Programs: Allowing patients to live at
home and maintain a regular commitment to family, work, or
school while receiving treatment.
• Dual Diagnosis: Addressing co-occurring mental health
disorders such as depression or anxiety, which may accompany
addiction.
It’s important to note that treatment is not a one-size-fits-all
solution, and often a combination of these methods is most effective.
Recovery is a long-term process and may require multiple
interventions and regular monitoring. If you or someone you know is
seeking help for addiction, it’s crucial to consult with healthcare
professionals to determine the best course of action.
SCENARIO OF DRUG ABUSE
CONCLUSION

Drug abuse poses significant health risks and societal challenges.

Combating it requires education, prevention, accessible treatment,
and strong law enforcement. Collective action is key to fostering
healthier communities.
By addressing both individual and societal factors, we can work
towards healthier communities and reduce the prevalence of drug
abuse. Drug abuse is a critical societal issue that affects individual
health and community well-being. Effective strategies to combat it
include education, prevention, treatment, and law enforcement.
Collective efforts are essential to address this challenge and support
those in recovery.

BIBILOGRAPHY

Special Thanks to the following source:

• CoPilot AI
• NCERT Biology Class 12
• Some of the patients
• Medical Websites