BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to bridge the spaces
1 Cross Tee
between the main beams
2 Roofing tile which has the shape of an “S” laid on its side Pantile
Clay roofing tile approximately semi cylindrical in shape laid in courses with units
3 Mission Tile
having their convex side alternately up and down
4 Groove cut into a board or panel intended to receive the edge of a connecting boar Dado
Part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the
5 Foundation Wall
structure below grade
Part of a foundation system which supports the exterior walls of a superstructure
6 Grade Beam
and beams directly on the column footing
7 Black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall Damp proofing
System of framing a building in which the studs are continuous to roof supporting
8 Balloon Framing
second
System floor joints a building on which floor joists of each storey rest on the top
of framing
9 plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor Western Framing
of each storey
An exterior security lock installed on exterior entry doors that can be activated
10 Dead Bolt
only with a key or thumb-turn
11 Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operated ma Tryolean Finish
Principal member of the truss which extends from one end to the other primarily
12 Chord
to resist bending
13 Vertical members in a railing used between a top rail and bottom rail or the stair tr Baluster
An iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which has high compressive
14 Cast Iron
strength but low tensile strength
Ferrous metal that offers great resistance to abrassion and finds important use in
15 Nickel Steel
the cutting edges of heavy digging tools
16 Commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and duct Wrought Iron
17 Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a sealed air space betwe Double Glass
18 The wall of Intramuros Fortification
19 Concrete slab should have a minimum clearance 15mm
20 Special type of plate girder consisting of tees, angles and multiple web Hybrid Girder
21 Beam that projects beyond one or both its support Cantilever Beam
22 Wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the wall Shear Wall
23 Modern method of installing wood parquet flooring on wooden boards sub-flooring Gluing / Pasting
24 Standard height of window sills for office rooms in upper floors 0.90 m
Dimension of commercial acoustic boards for aluminum T-runners used for
25 24" x 48" x 1/2"
dropped-ceiling in offices
26 Horizontal exterior roof overhang Eaves
27 Structural method used for longer span/ interval of columns Post-tensioning
Building paper
28 Humidification and condensation in exterior walls are minimized by providing: sheathing and
Corrugated metal or concrete barrier walls installed around a basement window to space filled
29 Area Wells
hold back the earth
30 Type of slab when the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than 0.50 One-Way Slab
31 Tar paper. Installed under the roof shingles Felt
32 Longitudinal beams which rest on the top chord and preferably at the joints of the t Purlins
33 The section of which the moment changes from positive to negative Inflection Point
Narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel
34 Batten
boards in the same plane
A wood or plywood piece used to fasten the ends of two members together at a Fish Plate or
35
butt joint with nails or bolts Gusset Plate
36 The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete has cured Post-tensioning
37 The boxing in of covering a joist, beam or girder to give the appearance of a larger Beam Blocking
Pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building created by the Atmospheric
38
presence of water in the soil Pressure
Window which projects outside the main line of a building and the compartment
39 Bay Window
in which it is located extends to the floor
40 Joint employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry walls Control Joints
41 Joint used for adjoining existing building to new building Expansion Joint
Joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete
42 Cold Joint
is placed against it
Joint used when vertical and horizontal surface is reinforced concrete where
43 Construction Joint
concreting was stopped and continued later
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Joint that is a straight groove which is used on concrete floors to "control" where
44 Control Joint
the concrete should crack
Joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated and joining them
45 Lap Seam
by riveting, soldering or brazing
46 Interior paint that contains a high proportion of pigment and dries to a flat/ lusterles Flat Paint
47 Filipino term for horizontal stud Trabe-Anzo
48 Filipino term for floor joist Soleras
49 Filipino term for rabbet Vaciada
50 Filipino term for plastered course Kusturada
51 Filipino term for bottom chord Tirante
52 Filipino term for purlin Reostra
53 Filipino term for eave Alero
54 Filipino term for top chord Tahilan
55 Filipino term for temper (metal work) Poleva
56 Filipino term for plumb line Hulog
57 Filipino term for projection Bolada
58 Filipino term for rafter Kilo
59 Filipino term for baseboard Rodapis
60 Filipino term for alignment Asintada
61 Filipino term for bath tub Baniera
62 Filipino term for brace Pie De Gallo
Pundido (parang
63 Filipino term for cast iron
manny)
64 Filipino term for contractor Kontratista (yeah!)
65 Filipino term for downspout Tubo de Banada
66 Filipino term for pattern Plantilya
67 Filipino term for mortar Paupo
68 A steel plate attached to both sides at each joint of a truss Gang Nail Plate
69 Climatic factor that is considered in the structural and architectural design of tall bu Lightning
70 Dry walls are customarily finished Lath and Plaster
1/4 Ø plastic hose
71 One method of leveling batterboards without the transit is the use of
filled w/ water
3-4-5 multiples
72 Manual method of squaring the corners of a building lines in building layout with the use of
steel tape measure
73 The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood Grain
74 The most common materials used for roofing of urban residential houses G.I. Sheets
75 Block or panel type insulating material used in flat roof of commercial or industrial b Corkboard
76 Standard size overlap for corrugated G.I. roofing 1 1/2 corr
77 A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc. Chase
78 Building stone of igneous origin and composed of quartz, hornblende and mica Serpentine
79 Form of brick bond which is composed of alternating courses of headers and stretch English Bond
80 Form of brick bond which is composed entirely of stretchers Running Bond
Form of brick bond which is a variation of a running bond with a full course of Common Bond /
81
headers at regular intervals American Bond
Form of brick bond in which each course is alternately composed of entirely of
82 Flemish Bond
headers or of stretchers
A notch cut in the end of a rafter to permit it to fit flat on a wall and on the top,
83 Heel Cut
doubled, exterior wall plate
A geological or ground condition considered in determining the size and type of Soil Bearing
84
foundation of the building Pressure
Aluminum Foil
85 Materials excellent as vapor barrier in the roofing system of residential buildings
Sheets
Reinforced
86 The chief structural materials, used for tall buildings Concrete and High
Grade Steel
Material that holds less moisture, is very light, less water absorptive capacity and Asbestos-Cement
87
is very good in sidings of dwelling units Shingles
88 The finished frame surrounding a door Door Jamb
A door lock with a spring bolt controlled by one or both knobs and dead bolt
89 Knob Bolt
controlled by a key
Door consisting of two separate leaves, one above the other, this leaves may
90 Dutch Door
operate independently or together
91 A twisting force Torsion
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

The appearance concrete makes when rocks in the concrete are visible and
92 where there are void areas in the foundation wall, especially around concrete Honey Combs
foundation windows
93 A barrier or diaphragm formed to prevent the movement of soil to stabilize foundat Sheet Piling
94 Refers to the term stone-cut Wood Siding
95 Standard concrete mix for beams, girders, slabs, stairs and columns AA
96 Chord splice connectors for trusses Split-Ring
97 A specialized fastener used to pull on to hold mitered joints together Clamp Nail
98 Most waterproofed type of mortar joints for wall Weathered
99 Rafters laid diagonally from corner of a plate or girts to the ridge Hip Rafter
The horizontal boards nailed to corner post to assist in the accurate layout of
100 Batter Boards
foundation and excavation lines
Columns in which a concrete core is reinforced with a steel or cast-iron core
101 Composite Column
designed to support a part of load
Spirit Level / Bar
102 Instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check
level
A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of
interconnected laterally supported so as to or without the aids of horizontal
103 Space Frame
diaphragms or floor-bracing system function as a complete self-contained unit
with
104 The metal latch plate in a door frame into which a doorknob plunger latches Keeper
105 The appropriate painting material type for wood surfaces Zinc Chromate
106 Coating of commercially made corrugated G.I. sheets, ga. 26, having standard corr Aluminum Coating
107 Wood flooring finishing material 7 & 6 Wood Planks
108 A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the surface inward Chalking
109 Time required for the removal of a form works of a concrete footing 24 hours
110 Wall partition wooden framing Studs
111 The appropriate paint material for G.I. sheet roofing Acrylic Latex Paint
112 The paint finishing material of long-span pre-painted roofing sheet Acrylic Paint
113 Hardware used to fasten corrugated asbestos cement roofing sheet on a steel purli L Hook Bolt
114 Hardware used to fasten an asphalt strip roof shingle on wooden sheets/planks Staple Wire
115 A type of concrete floor which has no beam Flat Slab
116 Tool used for guiding and testing the work to a vertical and horizontal position Level Tool
117 Tool for testing and for framing work Steel Square
118 Vertical surface on face of a stair step Riser
The complete records of test conduction (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be
119 preserved and made available for inspection during the progress of construction 2 years
and after completion of the projects for a period of not less than
120 Nominal 1" - 2" thk members connecting opposite roof rafters to stiffen the roof stru Collar Beam
121 Thickness of a wood plank 2" to 5"
122 Distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight Run
A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting and Portable Hand
123
curving on solid wood Router
124 A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete Aggregate
125 The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system Girder
126 A wall supporting no load other than its own weight Nonbearing Wall
127 A wall that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight Load Bearing Wall
128 A wall that holds back on earth embankment Retaining Wall
A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without the benefit of
129 Bearing Wall
a complete vertical load carrying space frame
130 A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor Floating Wall
131 It is designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall Shear Wall
132 The occupancy load which either partially or fully in place or may not be present at a Live Load
133 Distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks Effective Length
134 The most important component to determine the strength of a concrete mix Cement
135 The total of all the tread widths in a stair Total Run
A pit in a basement floor made to collect water into which a pump is placed to
136 Sump Pit
pump the liquid to the sewer pipe
137 The pre-construction of components as a part of a whole Prefabrication
138 An opening in the roof for admitting light Skylight
139 Wood coming out from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad leaves Softwood
140 A kind of brick used for high temperature Firebrick
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as guide

141 Plaster Ground
and support for finish trim around openings and near the base of the wall
142 Distance between two structural supports Span
143 Scientific name for wood Xylem
144 A small member which divides the glass or openings of sash or doors Muntin
145 Roof that has four sloping sides Hip Roof
146 Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion Rip-rap
147 A tough used for carrying off water Moat
148 The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete Stripping
149 A structural member spanning from truss-to-truss or supporting rafters Purlin
A threaded steel bent inserted of masonry construction for securing wood or
150 Anchor Bolt
metal plates to concrete construction
A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or
151 Lintel
window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the opening
152 The placing of glass in windows or doors Glazing
153 Another word for handmill on a stair construction Banister
154 A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials Lap Joint
The most common type of hinge where one leaf attaches to the door's edge, the
155 Butt Hinge
other to its jamb
156 Lumber that still contains moisture or sap Green Lumber
157 The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof Valley
158 A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters Facia
159 A large heavy nail Spike
160 Underwater watertight chamber to allow construction work to be done Caisson
Smooth on four
161
Lumber specification S4S sides
162 The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof or bridge truss Chord
163 Strips of hardwood, usually 2x2” laid over a concrete slab floor Wood Saddle
164 Miter square is a guiding and testing tool that has a permanent blade set 45
165 A beveled metal tongue operated by a spring-loaded knob or lever Latch
166 A wall that serves two (2) dwelling units, known also as party wall Common Wall
167 The hardware on a door to accommodate the knob and lockset keyhole Escutcheon
The material used for the process of making watertight the roof intersection and
168 Flashing
other exposed areas on the exterior of a building
169 A short wood bracket or cantilever that supports an overhang portion of a roof Lookout
170 The term to describe the putting up of the skeleton of the building Formworks
171 Wedge-shaped stone of an arch Keystone
172 Fireproof door with metal covering Kalomein Door
173 The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a mantel or horizontal Corbel
174 Lumber that is not squared or finished Milled Lumber
A round steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry use to hold down
175 machinery, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes, beams plates and engine Foundation Bolt
heads
Simplest type of fiber carpet weaving where pile forms as the wrap yarns loop
176 Velvet
over removable “wires” inserted consecutively across the loom
A pretreatment of poured concrete such as walls beams and columns where a thin
layer of lean cement grout mixed with masonry spoon to the surface to give a
177 Scratch Coat
“tooth” for excellent plaster adhesion flexible base additives is splattered by
tampico brush or
A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining the natural Polyurethane Floor
178
wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish and topcoat wood flooring Coating
179 A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles diagonally Scarf
A type of terazzo floor described by its physical appearance whereby the stone or
180 Standard Terazzo
pebble is intentionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed
181 An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line Outrigger
A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90 degrees to 180 degrees
182 Pivoted Window
about the header and sill or about the side jamb
183 Used to fill a joint with mastic or asphalt plastic cement to prevent leaks Caulking
184 Type of joint is used to install a glass into a lite of a French window Rabbet
Water-mixed product with a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in new masonry s Masonry
185
Neutralizer
186 A crosswise groove at the end of a board Notch
Shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass to allow natural light Figured Wired
187
Glass
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

The act of excavating or filling of earth or any sound material or combination

188 Grading
thereof, in preparation for a finishing surface such as paving
189 Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing point Monopost
One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and Ceiling Joist or
190
supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls Roof Joist
A floor finish commercially size 1” x 12” x 12” utilizing clay and fired in traditional
191 Vigan Tiles
manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay shade patterns
Steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such
192 Tendon
elements, used to impart prestress to concrete
193 The upper member of a column, pilaster, door cornice, molding, or fireplace Cap
194 A trim board that is installed beneath a window sill Apron
195 A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches wide by 12 inches l Boardfoot
196 Frames of wood or metal enclosing part (or all) of a window sash Casement
The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against a basement
197 Backfill
or crawl space foundation wall
Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional support for
198 drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets, cabinets, and Backing
towel bars
199 Window with hinges on one of the vertical sides and swings open like a normal door Casement Window
200 Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters Barge
201 Window space projecting outward from the walls of a building Bay Window
202 Bonding together two or more layers of materials Laminating
Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a
203 Mudsill
foundation, sometimes called sill plate
204 Small-diameter, pre-drilled hole that guides a nail or screw Pilot Hole
205 A joist that runs around the perimeter of the floor joists and home Rim Joist
In a building frame, a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud
206 Cripple stud
above a door opening or below a window sill
207 Carpentry joint by 2 uneven timbers, each of which is notched at the place where t Cogged joint
A step usually lowest in a flight, having one or both ends rounded to a semi-cricle
208 Bull-nosed step
and projecting beyond the face of the stair string/s
209 A massive concrete wall that resists overturning by virtue of its own weight Gravity wall
210 In masonry, a hard stone or brick used to reinforce an external corner of a wall Quoin
211 A type of half lapped joint used to resist tension Scarf joint
212 One of a number of short vertical member often circular in section to support a stair Baluster
213 The arrangement and design of window in a building Fenestration
214 What concrete block that is used in making a corner of an anchor wall Fig. A-1
215 Lateral ties used for 36mm main bars for column is 12mm
216 Portion of a beam where bending moment changes from positive to negative Inflection point
217 A brick laid on its edge so that its end is visible Rowlock
A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to butting pieces in
218 Scab
order splice them together
219 Diagonal bracing in pairs between adjacent floor joist to prevent the joist fro twistin Cross bridging
220 A bar used to hold the reinforcement on a beam Web
221 A small finishing nail is called Brad
222 A roof wherein the four sides are sloping towards the center terminating at a point Pyramid roof
223 A metal sheet used to connect girder and floor joist at the same level Stirrup
224 A slender structural unit introduced onto the ground to transmit load to undergroun Pile
225 Brick set on end with the narrow side showing is called Soldier
226 Finely divided solid particles added to the vehicle to contribute color and durability Pigment
227 End lapping of corrugated G.I. roofing sheets 30cm
228 Inclined structural member that supports the steps of a stair Carriage
229 Structural steel shape having unsymmetrical balance Channel
230 Hooked end of a 12mm stirrups 6cm
231 Which among the concrete block is the header block Fig B-2
232 A device used as a guide of the hand saw in cutting object to form a milter joint Miter box
Plastic hose w/
233
The best and accurate tool for guiding the work in establishing a horizontal level water
234 Minimum thickness of suspended R.C. slab 100mm
235 Total board foot of 10 pcs. 2"x2"x12' 40 bd.ft.
236 Which among the brick work is a common flemish bond Fig. C-3
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

237 Xyladecor is a product of Boysen

238 Wall that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight Load bearing wall
239 The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks Effective length
240 The amount of space measured in cubic units. Volume
241 A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete Stirrups
242 The most important component to determine the strength of concrete Cement
243 Another term for plaster board Gypsum board
244 The face or front of a building Façade
245 An opening in the roof for admitting light Skylight
246 Wood coming from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad leaves Soft wood
247 A kind of brick used for high temperature Fire brick
A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as guide
248 Plaster ground
and support for finish trim around opening and near the base of the wall
249 The distance between two structural supports Span
250 Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion Rip-rap
251 Hammer is a _______________. Striking tool
252 Which among the finger joint is the hidden dove tail Fig. D-2
253 The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete Stripping
254 A structural member spanning fron truss to truss or supporting rafters Purlins
255 Steel bent inserted in masonry construction for scouring wood or plates to concrete Anchor bolts
A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or
256 window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the opening opening to Lintel
bear the weight of the walls above the opening
257 The placing of glass in windows and doors Glazing
258 A rejected building material because of its below standard grade Cull
259 A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials Lap joint
260 Lumber that still contains moisture or sap Green lumber
261 The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof Valley
262 A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is part of the cornice Fascia
263 A large heavy nail is referred to as Spike
264 What is the scientific name of wood Xylem
265 A wall that holds back on earth embankment Retaining wall
266 The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof or bridge truss Chord
267 Strips of hardwood usually 2"x2" laid over a concrete slab floor Sleeper
268 A vertical structural member which acts as a supporting element in a wall or partiti Stud
269 Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operated ma Tyrolean finish
270 Curing of concrete or mortar without the gain or loss of heat during the curing perio Adiabatic curing
271 A floor tile composed principally of polyvinyl chloride Vinyl tile
272 The permanent deformation of a materials under a sustained load Creep
273 The vertical face of a stair Riser
274 Groove extended along the edge or face of the wood member being cut parallel to g Plough
275 The stressing of unbonded tendons after concrete has cured Post-tensioning
276 A brick whose face has been hacked to resemble roughly hacked stone Ashlar brick
277 A type of tape used in finishing joints between gypsum board Perforated tape
278 Employed to reduce restraint by accomodating movement of masonry walls Control joint
279 A window sash which opens inward and is hinged at the bottom Hopper
280 Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric pattern Parquet
281 Anchor bolts and strap are molded out of Wrought iron
282 Common hardware fastener for truss braces Lag screw
283 Sealer type of washer for G.I. roofing sheets Lead
284 Trade name for anti-termite surface application on wood Solignum
285 Retarders or accelerators concrete setting Admixture
286 Coated with zinc Galvanized
287 Technical term for earthquake Seismic
288 Vertical frame of paneled door Stile
289 Fascia between floor and wall Baseboard
290 Cement, sand, and water Mortar
291 Filipino term for framework Balangkas
292 Filipino term for bottom chord Barakilan
293 Filipino term for collar Sinturon
294 Filipino term for plastered course Kusturada
295 Filipino term for purlins Reostra
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

296 Filipino term for wainscoating tiles Asolehos

297 Filipino term for wrought iron strap Platsuela
298 Filipino term for ceiling joist Kostilyahe
299 Filipino term for door fillet Batidora
300 Filipino term for girder Guililan
301 Filipino term for masonry fill Lastilyas
302 Filipino term for downspout Tubo de banada
303 Filipino term for cabinet hinge Espolon
304 Filipino term for brace Pie de gallo
305 Filipino term for bathtub Baniera
306 Filipino term for temper (metal work) SUBAN
Horizonatal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center of the knob or
307 BACKSET
lock cylinder
308 A principal member of a truss CHORD
309 Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operatingn TYROLEAN FINISH
310 A roofing tile which has the shape of "S" laid on its side PANTILE
311 A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and du WROUGHT IRON
312 Joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete is COLD JOINT
313 Has high compressive strength but low tensile strength CAST IRON
314 Horizontal surfaces on which the stone units lie on course BED
That part of the foundation for a building which forms the permanent retaining
315 FOUNDATION WALL
wall of the structure below grade
316 The boxing in or covering a joist beam or girder to give appearance of a larger bea BEAM BLOCKING
A system of framing building in which floor joist of each storey rest on the top
317 plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor WESTERN FRAMING
of each storey
HYDROSTATIC
318 Pressure equivalent to that exerted on a surface by a column of a water at a given
PRESSURE
319 Fashion tone ceiling tiles manufacturer ACI INSULATION
JACINTO COLOR
320 Pre painted longspan roofing manufacturer
STEEL
THERMAL
321 Combination of aluminum foil, installed beneath the ceiling under G.I. Roofing
INSULATION
ELECTROLYTIC
322 Anodizing gives aluminum oxide coating by means of this
ACTION
HIGH TENSILE
323 Use of aluminum sheets is not allow in this material
STRENGTH
324 A brand name of asbestos roofing PLACA ROMANA
325 Anchor bolts and column straps are made of this STEEL
326 Tradename for plastic materials FORMICA
327 First group of wood used as shoring TANGUILE
328 Minimum thickness of footing according to NBC 250mm
329 A passageway of a chimney FLUE
330 A defects in softwood consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resin PITCH POCKET
331 Lumber defects caused by broken twigs KNOTS
They are used for unpainted surfaces or those to be repainted after most of the
332 PRIMER SEALER
original paint has been removed
333 Concrete mixed ideal for road pavement and waterproof structure AA
Lumber defects due to the effects of fungi MOLDS AND
334
STAINS
335 To coat steel or iron by immersing in a bath of zinc GALVANIZING
336 A boring bit having a conical shaped cutter to accommodate the head of the screw COUNTERSINK
337 A metal plate attached to the face of a door, around the shaft for the door knob ROSE
338 The process of marking wood, metal bricks using pointed material SCRIBE
339 A brand of liquid solution of pigment in suitable vehicle of oil, organic solvent or wa DAVIES
A building material made of fused silica with alkaline bases, drawn up with a
340 GLASS
metal bar from a tank
341 A low wall around a chalet type house ZOCALO
342 Common hardware fastener for truss braces LAG SCREW
A material which provides a seal as a result of pressure between he faces of a joint COMPRESSION
343
SEAL
344 The cross bar of a panic exit device; serves as a push bar to actuate the panic hard CRASH BAR
345 Rock volume to collect water in retaining wall BLEEDER MASS
346 A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the stud in a stud partition SOLEPLATE
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

One of the outer structural member of a frame; as at the outer edge of a door or
347 STILE
a window sash
348 A tradename for for anti-termite surface application on wood SOLIGNUM
349 A roofing material having a galvanized steel as base with acrylic overglazedd COLOROOF
350 Concrete with low cement content LEAN
351 Pre-casted custom designed architectural panel with specially designed waterproof j FLOOR PANEL
A barrier or diaphragms formed to prevent the movement of the soil, to stabilize
352 SHEET PILE
the foundations
353 A fireproof door with metal covering KALAMEIN
Comes from decidous or broadleaf trees and are typically used for flooring, stairs,
354 HARDWOOD
paneling, furniture and interior form
The evergreens and are used for general construction relatively soft and easy to
355 SOFTWOOD
cut and work
356 Used for posts, girder, jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks YACAL
357 Finest wood for furniture TINDALO
358 Used for paneling and plywood veneer DAO
359 Tanguile like for framing chests, jewel boxes, stair frames KAMAGONG
360 Philippine mahogany for framing chests, stair, frame WHITE LAUAN
361 Used for framing joist, truss APITONG
362 Most expensive used for furniture and paneling, flooring, door pnels, stairs NARRA
363 The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, s TANGUILE
364 Used for paneling ALMACIGA
The hard cross grained mass of wood formed in a trunk at the place where a
365 KNOTS
branch joins a trunk
A crack due to natural causes occuring in timber; includes ring shakes, cup
366 SHAKES
shakes heart shakes, star shakes and wind shakes
367 A defects in softwoods; consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resi PITCHPOCKETS
368 A cracks that extends completely throug a piece of wood or veneer SPLIT
A small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and across the rings, usually
369 CHECK
caused by shinkage during drying
370 Distortion in shape of parallel plane surface WARP
A round edge or bark along an edge at a corner of a piece of lumber; usually
371 WANE
caused by sawing too near the surface of the lag
The decay of seasoned wood caused by fungi of a type capable of carrying water
372 DRY ROT
into the wood they infest
373 1 inch x 12 inches x 1 foot of length 1 BOARD FOOT
BOARD FOOT
374 Thickness x Width x Length / 12
FORMULA
375 1" TO 1 1/2" thk and wider BOARDS
2" to 4" thk DIMENSION
376
LUMBER
377 5" x 5" and larger TIMBERS
A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finishes on both
378 PLYBOARD
sides with a thin layer of wood, glued together with industrial glues
379 Hip roof support JACK RAFTER
380 Another term for plaster board GYPSUM BOARD
A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as a guide
381 TRIMMING GUARD
and support for finish trims around openings and near the base of the wall
382 Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion RIPRAP
383 Strips or hardwods usually 2" x 2" laid over a concrete slab floor SLEEPERS
384 Steel window section for muntins Z BAR
A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill-up the gap of marble slabs
385 POLYMER
during installatiuon of floor or wall finishes
386 A type of handless lockset key operatd to give double security DEAD BOLT LOCK
387 Admixture that impart color on concrete TRUSCON
PRE-TENSIONED
388 Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of the concrete
CONCRETE
389 Subjecting reinforcement bars, tendons to tension on a stress bed prior to concrete PRE STRESSING
390 The soil or rock directly beneath the footing FOUNDATION BED
391 Minimum time required for removing the form for sides of beams and girders 3 DAYS
392 To improve the water repellant qualities of cement in concrete mixing SAHARA
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

393 A paint defects causes by applying a finish coat over too damp a base coat BLISTERING
394 A type of concrete floor which has no beam FLAT SLAB
395 A 2" to 5" thick piece of lumber WOOD PLANK
396 A flat glass sheet possesing high quality polished, smooth surface FLOAT GLASS
397 A protein; the chief nitrogenous ingredient of milk CASEIN
A type of roofing materials made from semi solid mixture of complex
398 hydrocarbons derived from coal of petroleum and before installation dissolved in ASPHALTIC
solvent, emulsified, heated to liquid
The tradename for flouroplastic which is transparent to opaque in character and
399 TEFLON
is used primarily for electrical fixture and pipe sealing
400 The chemical reaction between cement and water which produces hardened cemen HYDRATION
401 The process of striking the concrete in order to bring the surface to the required gr SCREEDING
Temporary structure used to support a permanent structure during its erection
402 FALSEWORK
and until its become self supporting
403 An excavation whose length greatly exceeds its width TRENCH
A type of steel that develops a protective oxide coat on its surface upon exposure WEATHERING
404
to the elements so that the painting is not required for protection STEEL
A pattern bond with alternate strechers and headers in each with headers
405 FLEMISH BOND
centered over stretchers in the course below
Such as barite, magnitite and steel punching and is used primarily for nuclear HEAVYWEIGHT
406
radiation shielding CONCRETE
A type of scaffold which has one line of standard to support the outside of the
407 PUTLOG SCAFFOLD
scaffold deck, while the inside edge is supported from the wall being built
408 A portland cement specification ASTM C 150
A clad aluminium sheet used for standrad corrugated, ribbed or V-beam section
409 ALCLAD
and various embossed pattrens for industrial roofing and curtain wall sheets
410 A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the surfaces inward CHALKING
411 Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns PARQUET
A special coating system with high gloss shine while maintaining the natural wood POLYURETHANE
412
qualities, maintenance free, used to finish topcoat and wood flooring FLOOR COATING
A type of plastic rigid to flexible, translucent to opaque and is used in insulation,
413 PVC
siding, wood imitation, flooring and piping
414 The paint materials used for sealing, filling, correcting surface defects on wood surf GLAZING PUTTY
A type of cement that provides 190% of type I strength after one day curing and
TYPE III HIGH
415 also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement during first
EARLY STRENGTH
seven days
The process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to
416 BATCHING
concrete mixing
417 Minimum slump recommended for mass concrete 2 to 5 INCHES
418 The placing of concrete using pneumatic pressure of dry mix concrete or mortars SHOTCRETE
A standing position of brick construction having length and height as the exposed
419 SOLDIERS
surface
A process employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic VACUUM
420
concrete after the concrete has been placed and screen DEWATERING
An electrolytic process in which the aluminum is emmersed in a specific acid
421 solution through which a direct current is passed between the aluminum and the ANODIZING
solution
The substance in the paint which gives continuity and provides adhesion to the
422 VEHICLES
surface or subtrite
423 A more substantial framework progressively built up as tall building rises up STAGING
424 No. 5 designation of a bar 16mm
A water tight structure or chamber within which work is carried on in building
425 CAISSON
foundation or structures below water level
A wood defect that is a small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and
426 CHECKS
across the rings, usually caused by shrinkage during drying
Bolts w/c incorporate torque control groove so that the stem breaks under a specifi TENSION SET
427
BOLTS
428 A soil condition where the soil material is in the natural state before the disturbamn BANK
The process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil
429 COMPACTION
particles closer together, thereby expelling the air from the void spaces
A special form of cast in place concrete pile in which an enlarged based is formed
430 BULB PILE
during driving
431 A beam usually distributed horizontal forces to footings TIE BEAM
A type of glass produced by heating annealed glass almost to the melting point
432 TEMPERED GLASS
and then chilling it rapidly which is 3 to 5 times stronger than ordinary glass
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A type of paint that produces a very smooth and glossy surface and sometimes
433 DUCO
referred to as pigmented lacquer
434 A horizontal layer of mortar on which bricks are laid BED JOINT
Walls made up of two masonry wythes separated by an air space 2" (50mm) or
435 CAVITY WALL
more in width and tied together by metal ties
A type of soft formwork with no shoring along its span and is supported instead of
436 FLYING FORM
trusses frames along its span and shoring on both ends
437 Class AA concrete mixture ratio 1: 1 1/2 : 3
438 A column usually reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface PIER
A defect in lumber which is round edge or bank along an edge at a corner of a
439 WANE
piece of lumber, usually caused by sawing too near the surface
A liquid component of a paint to increase its fluidity, they volatize or evaporated
440 SOLVENTS
during drying and not became part of the film
441 A plate usually wood used to anchor a stair to concrete KICKER PLATE
442 A type of settlement that cause the grade slab to bend upward due to wet soil expa EXPANSIVE SOIL
HEAVING
443 A special type of paint made with varnish as the vehicle, applied in wood and metal ENAMEL
Whitish powder that forms on the surface of bricks or stone walls due to
444 EFFLORESCENCE
evaporation of moisture or containing salts
The most widely used type of building brick which is made of natural sand and KILN BURNED
445
clay or shale BRICKS
446 A vertical joints between brick wythes COLLAR JOINT
A paint defect coat by soft undercoat, forming shallow cracks at closely spaced
447 CHECKING
but irregular interval
448 It is not a vehicle of paint EMULSIFIERS
449 A double unit glass INSULATING GLASS
A pattern consisting of stretcher or running bond six or seven courses with a
450 COMMON BOND
course of headers laid perpendicular to the stretcher course
Additive used to ensure that all particles of cement and water are mixed
451 DISPERSAL AGENT
thoroughly in a concrete setting
Flouropolymers, powder coatings, siliconized acrylics and polyesters are these LAMINATED
452
types of coatings for aluminium COATING
A process of coating steel products by immersing them in a bath of motten zinc
453 ANODIZING
after cleaning them
Another term used for ASTM A572 high strength low alloy. It is a structural steel WEATHERING
454
which uses a natural form of oxidation for protective coating STEEL
A rigid frame which is done by welding together its two spanning members, both
TWO HINGED
455 are connected homogenously to the fastened conventionally to the concrete
FRAME
pedestalvertical column members
Steel plate under the end of a beam used to distribute the end reaction where the
456 BEARING PLATE
beam rests on a masonry or concrete support
Used as a dry sheet to protect wood sheating from dripping asphalt, usually
457 composed of combination of felted papers, shredded wood fibers and asphalt TARRED FELTS
saturated
A type of surfacing in built-up roof where a flood coat of bitumens is applied over GRAVEL
458
the top ply and a layer of aggregate is applied while the flood coat is hot SURFACING
459 Unitary roofing materials which are similar to shingles except that they are split out SHAKES

PAINT DEFECTS
An incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks into the large segments,
1 the edges of which breakaway from the Usually due to repeated application of ALLIGATORING
new coats over old coatssurface while the center remains attached.
Discoloration of coating caused by solube color in the underlying surface, may be
2 BLEEDING
prevented by applying an impermeable undercoating
Formation of blisters or pustules in coating, may be due to underlying spots of
3 BLISTERING
grease, the sun during the process of drying
4 Progressive powdering from the surface inward CHALKING
5 Loss of luster, due to insufficient or defective undercoat, improper filling of wood DEADENING
6 Clouding of the laquer film through precipitation of moisture in the film MOISTURE BLUSH
7 Constant temperature and constant low humidity in the finishing will help
Rough appearance resembles very closely the peel of the orange, improper
8 ORANGE PEEL
surface
Indicatecleaning
imperfect attachment to the surface; due to dampness, greasy surface
9 PEELING
and moisture
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

As it called, changes in atmospheric conditions during application over sweating

10 PINHOLING
or incompletely dried undercoats, spots of grease or soap
Irregularities of surface due to uneven flow of varnish or paint, too much varnish,
11 RUNS AND SAGS
inc brushing
Adhesive property of incompletely dried coating, it is caused especially in the
12 TACKINESS
refinishing of old work, over unclean or greasy surface
13 Due to applications of few heavy coats for more thin ones, due to cold weather WRINKLING
14 The loss of color of a paint film through exposure to sunlight and weather FADING

STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAIN OR DEFORMED ROUND STEEL BARS

1 What is the standard weight of 8mm hot weld deformed bar 0.396 KILO
2 What is the standard weight of 10mm hot weld deformed bar 0.616 KILO
3 What is the standard weight of 12mm hot weld deformed bar 0.888 KILO
4 What is the standard weight of 16mm hot weld deformed bar 1.580 KILOS
5 What is the standard weight of 20mm hot weld deformed bar 2.466 KILOS
6 What is the standard weight of 25mm hot weld deformed bar 3.854 KILOS
7 What is the standard weight of 28mm hot weld deformed bar 4.834 KILOS
8 What is the standard weight of 32mm hot weld deformed bar 6.314 KILOS
9 What is the standard weight of 36mm hot weld deformed bar 7.992 KIOS
10 What is the standard weight of 40mm hot weld deformed bar 9.866 KILOS

5 TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

1 Is used for general concrete construction where the special properties are specified TYPE I
Is for use in general concrete construction exposed to moderate surlfate action or
2 TYPE II
where moderate heat of hydration is required
3 is used where high early strength is required TYPE III
4 is used where low heat of hydration is required TYPE IV
5 is for use when high sulfate resistance is required TYPE V

TYPES OF DOORS
This is workhose of metal windows available in many combination of fixed and
operating sash. Usually, the lowest light out for maximum comfort will project in PROJECTED
and the upper ends projects
Another version of the projected sash, this window provides an integral grill
permitting ventilations but restricting the size of an object that can pass through SECURITY
the window
Operating sash for ease of operation DOUBLE HUNG
It provide flush interior and exterior wall surfaces without the need for counter-
SLIDING
balancing hardware intrinsic in the double hung window
A larger amount of light than ventilation is desired COMBINATION
Vertically proportioned sash that swing outward, somewhat like a door CASEMENT
It offers 100% ventilation combined with a degree of rain protection not
AWNING
attainable with casement sash
An awning window which is reduced in to an operating louver, with a profound
JALOUSIE
effect on appearance and ability to provide weatherstripping
Popular in multi-storey, AC commercial building. They usually rotate90deg up to
PIVOTED
180deg

TYPES OF HINGES
A movable joint used to attached, support and turn a door about a pivot HINGE
Two rectangular metal plate which are joined with a pin BUTT HINGE
A hinge containing one or more spring, when the door is open the hinge returns SPRING HINGE
it to the open position automatically
The axle or pin about which a window or door rotates PIVOT HINGE

TYPES OF HINGES ACCORDING TO APPLICATIONS

A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without morti FULL SURFACE
Having one leaf mortised into the dge of the door and the other surface mounted
FULL MORTISE
on the door frame
A hinge, one plate of which is mortised in the door leaf, the other being surface
HALF MORTISE
mounted on the jamb leaf
A hinge which is applied to the surface of a door leaf and to a mortise jamb leaf HALF SURFACE
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
Structural elements that carry or support the superstructure of the building FOUNDATIONS
Foundaion w/c transfers load to the earth at the base of column or wall of SHALLOW
substructure FOUNDATION
DEEP
Transfer the load at a point far below the substructure
FOUNDATIONS

TYPES OF COLUMN FOOTING

A combined footing of prismatic shape, which supports two or more columns in a
CONTINUOUS
row
MAT / RAFT
Large footing extending a wide area
FOUNDATION
Intended to transmit structural loads through the upper zone of poor soil to a
PILE FOUNDATION
depth where the earth is capable of providing the desired support
Uses wide flange or I beam; A series of steel beams, bolted together and placed
GRILLAGE FOOTING
over a footing used to distribute a concentrated column over the top of footing
COMBINED
A footing which supports more than one column load
FOOTING

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
A footing which is especially wide, usually of reinforced concrete SPREAD FOOTING
A foundation cut in series of steps in a sloping bearing stratum to prevent sliding BENCH
when subject to the bearing load FOUNDATION
An arch in which intrados below the springing line use to distribute concentrated
INVERTED ARCH
loads in foundations
CAISSON'S
A watertight structure or chamber within which work is carried on in building
FOUNDATION
foundations or structures below water level
MAT/RAFT
A continuous foundation under a full extent of the structure
FOUNDATION
A footing having a tie beam to another footing to balance a structural load not CANTILIVER
symmetrically located with respect to the footing FOOTING
A series of steel beam bolted together and placed over a footing used to
GRILLAGE FOOTING
distribute a concentrated column load over the top of the footing
A system of piles, pile caps and straps that transfers the structural load to the
PILE FOUNDATION
bearing stratum into which the piles are driven
MIXING OF CONCRETE
About 10% of the mixing water is placed in the drum before drying materials are a DRUM MIXING
READY MIXED CONCRETE
Concrete is mixed completely in the truck mixer 1 1/2-3 minutes mixing TRANSIT MIXED
Concrete is mixed in a stationary mixer and delivered in the truck agitator CENTRAL MIXED
Concrete is mixed partially in a stationary mixer and mixing is completely in the tr SHRINK MIXED
PLACING OF CONCRETE
Concrete must be placed in position properly compacted within WHAT minutes
30 to 60 MINUTES
after adding water, then cement setting will start
MIXING OF CONCRETE
It shall be continued for at least WHAT minutes, after all the materials are in the dr 1 1/2 MINUTES
CURING OF CONCRETE
Concrete (other than high early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in a
FIRST 7
moist condition for at least the WHAT days after placement
High early strength shall be maintained above 10 C and in a moist condition for at
FIRST 3
least the WHAT days
HANDLING OF CONCRETE
General purpose concrete 16 to 20 L of water
Load bearing 4" CHB 28 to 32 L of water
Non load bearing 4" CHB 36 to 40 L of water
Cement mortar 16 to 20L of water
Stacking of cement bags
Maintain a clearance of WHAT feet (minimum) beteween G.I. Roofing and cement b 4 FEET
REBAR LIMITATIONS FOR FOOTINGS
Minimum bar size of footing NO. 5 or 16mm
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

1 1/3 times the size

Spacing of rebars is WHAT of times the size of aggregate or 25mm of aggreagates or
25mm
REBAR LIMITATIONS FOR FOOTINGS
Minimum size of column rebar NO. 5 or 16mm
Minimum number of column rebar for square/rectangular coulumns 4 PIECES
Sizes of column ties NO. 2 or NO. 4
BENDING AND BENDING POINTS OF REBAR
Beams and girders which require bent bars from face of the support for END span L/7
Beams and girders which require bent bars from face of the support for INTERIOR s L/5
Angle of inclination of bent bars from the horizontal 45degrees
12TIMES BAR
Column rebars to be embedded to footing should have an anchorage is DIAMETER or
305mm
Distance of column rebars should be continued uninterrupted above the floor line L/4
If rebars are to be spliced by welding, it should be cut at these distances from 102mm, 152mm,
each point of cut 254mm
SPLICING OF REBARS
Splices at point of maximum tensile stress (bottom, center bars, at midspan) Or it IT SHOULD BE
should be lapped or welded AVOIDED
SIZES OF LAP SPLICES
24 times bar diameter 276MPa
30 times bar diameter 345MPa
36 times bar diameter 414MPa
BUT NOT LESS THAN 305mm
Both ENDS of BOTTOM bars should be BENT UPWARDS at this ANGLE 15 degrees
Aluminum-Concrete reactions ELECTROLYTIC
REACTION
THEY SHALL NOT BE LARGER in outside diameter than 1/3 THE OVERALL
THICKNESS OF SLAB, WALL OR BEAM which they are EMBEDDED
TOOLS FOR PLACING CONCRETE
Or "STRIKE OFF" It is the first finishing tool after the concrete is placed and is used
STRAIGHT EDGE
to strike off the concrete surface to proper grade
JITTER BUG after the concrete has been struck off, it can be used to compact
HAND TAMPER
concrete in flatwork construction
A long flat rectangular piece of wood or aluminum from 3" to 4" wide with handle
DARBY
on top, used to float the surface of concrete slab immediately
A tool or machine used to smooth uniformed surfaces of freshly placed concrete BULL FLOAT
A finishing tool used on the edges of fresh concrete or plaster to provide a rounded EDGER
JOINTER OR
A metal tool used to cut a joint partly through fresh concrete
GROOVER
THREE COAT PLASTER
First coat SCRATCH COAT
Second coat BROWN COAT
Third coat FINISH COAT
A proportioned mixture of silaceous material and cement which after being
MORTAR
prepared in plastic state with water hardens into a stone-like mass
Refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical or either geometrical cross section
POST
vertically placed to support a building
A vertical structure used to support a building made of stone, concrete, steel or
COLUMN
combination of the above materials

COLUMN CLASSIFICATION TO TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

SQUARED TIED
Minimum of 6pcs. of 16mm diam. Reinforcing bar SPIRAL COLUMN
COMPOSITE
Spiral column combined with WF steel column COLUMN
COMBINED
COLUMN
A steel column used as a support for girders and beams LALLY COLUMN
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
Such an expansion joint, between two adjacent structures which are not in physical ISOLATION JOINT
CONTROL JOINT W/
A grooved which is formed in a masonry structure to regulate the location and
DOWEL
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A joint formed by the insertion of the tounge of one member into the T&G CONTROL
corresponding groove of another JOINT
BUTT-TYPE
Used for floor of 5" thick and greater
CONSTRUCTION
THERMAL
Used of heat to prevent contractions
EXPANSION
PRE STRESSING OF CONCRETE
PRE-COMPRESSING
Process using hydraulic jacks on fixed abutments
METHOD
SELF CONTAINED
Done by tying jacks based together with wires located at end of a beam
METHOD
Strands are stretch between massive elements BOND FRICTION
Steel is heated by means of electric power; cooling THERMAL
PRESSING
VOLUMETRIC
Used of expanding cement restrained by steel strands
EXPANSION
SITE CASTS
Is used chiefly with two way flat plate structures, almost eliminates formwork by
LIFT SLAB
casting the slabs of the building in a stack on the ground, then using hydraulic
CONSTRUCTION
jacks to lift the slabs up the columns to their final position
Is fabricated in large sections supported on deep metal trusses; the sections are FLYING
moved from one floor to the next by crane, eliminating much of the labor FORMWORK
Useful for tall wall structures such as elevator shafts; stairwells and storage soils.
A ring of formwork is oulled steadly upward by jacks supported on a vertical SLIP FORMING
reinforcing bars, while workers add concrete
Is a floor slab cast on the ground and reinforced concrete wall panels are poured TILT-UP
over it in a horizontal position, then tilted into positions and grouted together CONSTRUCTION
(Pneumatically placed concrete) is sprayed into placed from a hose by a stream of
SHOTCRETE
compressed air and can be deposited without formwork ven on vertical surfaces
The concrete is formed in thin sections as thin as 2 1/2" or a large shell THIN SHELLS
Concrete or mortar which is pumped through a hose and projected at high velocity SHOTCRETE
A construction method relying primarily on the used of standardized manufactured PRE-FABRICATED
components STRUCTURE
A method of concrete building construction in which floor and roof slabs are castat
LIFT SLAB
ground level and then raised into sa position by jacking
CLASIFICATION OF PILES
A pile which carries a vertical load BEARING PILE
A pile that transfer its loads to the soil through friction with the earth surrounding it FRICTION PILE
A pile driven at an inclination to the vertical to provide resistance to horizontal forc BATTER PILE
One of a number of piles, interlocked with similar units, to form a barrier to retain
SHEET PILE
soil or to keep water out of foundation
A heavy square timber which is driven vertically downward to guide steel sheet
GUIDE PILE
piling; used for the construction of coffer dams, caissons

FLOOR SYSTEMS
A horizontal beam supporting a floor joist GIRDER
A wood member placed on top of the foundation wall in wood frame construction SILL
Any joist which carries a floor FLOOR JOIST
A short beam, joist or rafter supported by a wall at one end and by the header at th TAILPIECE
A wood strip nailed to the lower side of a girder to provide a bearing surface for jois LEDGER STRIP
In concealed construction, a material or member which fills or seals the open DRAFTSTOP /
construction to prevent or retard the spread of fire FIRESTOP
A short transverse joist that supports the end of the cut-off joist at stairwell holes HEDGER
A beam joist or rafter supporting one end of a header at the edge of the opening
TRIMMER
in the floor or roof frame

STANDARD HOOKS
180-deg bend plus WHAT db extension but not less than 65mm at free end of bar 4db
90-deg bend plus WHAT db extension, at free end of bar 12db
FOR STIRRUPS AND TIE HOOKS
16mm bar and smaller, 90-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar 6db
20mm and 25mm bar, 90-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar 12db
25mm bar and smaller, 135-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar 6db
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall be less than WHAT for 16mm
4db
bar and smaller
For bar larger than 16mm are the following:
10mm to 25mm 6db
28mm to 32mm 8db
36mm 10db
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
Between parallel bars in a layer shall be WHAT db but not less than WHAT distance db; 25mm
Parallel layers two or more reinforcement, distance is not less than WHAT distance 25mm
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
1.5db nor 40mm
between longitudinal bars shall be not less than WHAT db nor WHAT SIZE
In walls and slabs other than joist, primary flexural reinforcement shall space not
3x or 450mm
more than WHAT TIMES the wall or slab thickness OF WHAT distance
MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET AND PARTIAL PENETRATION WELDS
To 6 inclusive 3
Over 6 to 12 4.5
Over 12 to 20 6
Over 20 7.5
Over 40 to 60 9
Over 60 to 150 12
Over 150 16
WELDS
MAXIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS
Along edges of the material 6mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the
material 6mm thick or more; not greater than the thickness of the material minus MINUS 1.5mm
WHAT
LENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
Minimum effective length of a fillet weld; not less than WHAT times the nominal 4 x ONE FOURTH or
size, or not exceed WHAT of its effective length 1/4
The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall
200mm
not exceed WHAT
LAP JOINTS
The minimum amount of lap joint shall be WHAT times the thickness of the thinner
5x;25mm
part, but not less than WHAT
INTERMITTENT FILLET WELDS
The effective length shall not be less than WHAT the weld size, with minimum of W 4x;40mm
END RETURN OF FILLET WELDS
Size of fillet welds terminating at ends or sides; be returned continuously around
the corners for a distance of not less than WHAT times the nominal size of the 2x
weld
PLUGS AND SLOT WELDS
Diameter of holes shall not be less than the thickness containing it plus WHAT mm
8mm or 2 1/4 x
nor greater than WHAT times the thickness of the weld metal
The minimum center to center spacing of plug welds shall be WHAT times the
4x
diameter of the hole
The length for the slot shall not exceed WHAT times the thickness of the weld 10x
The width of the slot shall not less than its thickness plus WHAT mm or greater than 8mm or 2 1/4 x
WHAT times the thickness of the weld
Transverse to their length is WHAT times the width of the slot 4x
Center to center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be WHAT the length of the 2x
The thickness of plug or slot welds 16mm or less in thickness shall be WHAT to the
EQUAL
to the thickness of the material
In over 16mm; it should be at least WHAT of the thickness of the material not less 1/2 the thickness
ALUMINIZED
BACKING & TAPE
Roof insulation under purlins
G.I. STRAP LINER
G.I. TIE WIRE
ALUMINIZED
BACKING
Roof insulation over purlins RUBBER CEMENT
(RUGBY)
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

G.I. WIRE WITH

STOPPER PLAIN
Roof deck Insulation
WHITE TAPE or
WIRE MESH
Damp Proofing / Moisture Barrier ASPHALT
NON FLAMMABLE
ALUMINUM
BACKING
Acoustical Installation
MECHANICAL CLIP
or EXPANDABLE
WIRE MESH

1999 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

3/16' x 1/2"
An alternative fastening material that can be used for metal on ceiling joist other
ALUMINUM
than metal screws
BLIND RIVETS
A masonry finish using pure cement mixed wit flexible synthetic latex based
CEMENT TEXTURED
additive like Plexibond to a tacky to give a remarkable finishconsistency then
FINISH
applied by an applicator roller
A paint defect that occurs on inferior brands where the paints contains soluble
pigments thus softens and dissolves by water or by chemical after sufficient WRINKLING
drying
What is the standard weight of a 25mm diameter hot rolled weldable deformed or
3.853 KILOS
plain steel bar per meter length
A recommended method of joint by steel deck manufacturers SEAM LOCK
It does not comprise in the tie rod system of a steel deck scaffold SWIVEL PIPE
CLAMP
A paint defect by discoloration of coat caused by soluble color in the underlying sur BLEEDING
#16 EXPANDED
Glass block reinforcement in a spaced of 7/16" gap to accept it and the binder
METAL LATH
System of measurement when utilising modular systems of construction and MODULAR
technology COORDINATION
MAIN/CROSS TEE
A wood ceiling joist substitute for drop ceiling usually made of aluminium or pre- AND WALL
painted GI used to hang lightweight boards such as fiber glass boards ANGLE
SUSPENSION
SYSTEM
Used to install brick plaqueta on to a scratch coat of a masonry wall in an evenly 3/4" THK CEMENT
distributed manner GROUT
What is the standard weight of a 16mm diameter hot rolled weldable deformed or
1.578 KILOS
plain steel bar per meter length
What is not a brand of ceramic tiles PIEDRA TILES
3/4" LAYER OF
A ceramic tile is installed into a masonry wall over rough plaster by a uniform
CEMENT MORTAR
PRESTRESS
CONCRETE
Floor system by Jackbuilt
T-BEAM FLOOR
SYSTEM
In lockset, this is the safest door lock recommended for main entry doors MORTISE LOCKSET
Wood end joint requiring tensile strength SCARF
Natural coating which brings the natural beauty of wood OIL WOOD STAIN
1/5 SIDE FORMS
Coarse aggregates standard sizes 1/3 DEPTH SLABS
3/4 CLEAR SPACING
Mortise and tenon wood construction joint where tounge and grooves meet
BLIND AND STUB
halfway making the connection clean of joint traces
An accessory of tie rod scaffold system FORM CLAMP
UNIFORM 10mm
Installation of Piedra tiles over mortar bed THK CEMENT
PLASTER
A door type used between a dining and kitchen to allow a server to see through VISION DOOR
Vertical location of a ground surface often used as a reference point with respect
BENCHMARK
to the vertical height
SCREW WITH
Method of fastening jamb to concrete or masonry
EXPANSION
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Not a wood parquet geometric design HEPTAGON

A highly trained labor used to prepare rough to finish plastering, lay concrete
FINISHING MASON
hollow blocks, install tiles and pebble washout
A kind of masonry finish which utilise a chamfer wood block out, usually 1"x1"
CURDOROY or
distance at 2" o.c. which serves a s form when removes gives design line texture
TOOL FINISH
is added by chisel
A system of mass production and industrilisation by prefabrication of furniture and MODULAR SYSTEM
A type of glass use in constructing vision door which must be shutter proof to be
LAMINATED
accident free
A construction technique in color reproduction applying the Munsell color
HUE SCALE
principle-SECONDARY COLOR LIKE ORANGE TURN TO BE YELLOW
A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles diagonally PLAIN MITER
Steel window section for muntins Z-BAR
SHIMS, BEARING
PLATE,
Basic parts of stressing anchor STRESSING
WASHER,
BOTTOM PLATE
A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill up the gap of marble slabs
POLYMER
during installation of floor or wall finishes
A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finish on both
PLYBOARD
sides with a thin layer of wood, glued together
CROSS BRACE
MUST BE INSTALL
What is wrong with the installation of steel scaffold
IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTION
75mm WIDE
PRESSURE
In air condittioning duct, what type of strap is used to insure that there is no air SENSITIVE
gap is left ALUMINIZED DUCT
TAPE STRAP AT
600mm
WOOD O.C.
LATHE
Woodwork equipment to form the different wood mouldings for balusters and
MACHINE or
newel posts
TORNO

Method recommended by manufacturers to join the steel deck and

Steel deck that can be used for two slab CONDECK
ALUMINUM PIPES &
CONDUITS AT R.C.
SHALL BE SECURED
It precludes good construction practice for pipes and conduits embedded in
NOT BY TIE WIRES
concrete
BUT MUST BE
EFFECTIVELLY
COVERED
A construction technique in color reproduction applying the Munsell color
CHROMA SCALE
principle-HAS A DEGREE OF ITS COLORFULNESS or INTENSITY
A type of handless lockset key operated to give double security DEAD BOLT LOCK
A chemical agent apply on marble floor to make it shinny
INSTALL
POLYETHELYNE
FOAM W/ ALUM.
FOIL BARRIER
A type of insulation recommended in air conditioning duct warp ADHERE BY
INDUSTRIAL
ADHESIVE TO
GALVANIZED AIR
DUCT
REVERSE THE
To secure the steel purlins properly to the steel cleat considering the axial,
LOCATION OF THE
torsion and shear stresses present at the joint
"Z" PURLINS
Minimum concrete cover for 20mm and larger for shell and folded plate members
20 mm
for cast in place
SPACE TO INSTALL
The purpose of inverted channel shape at bottom edge of metal door CONCEAL DOOR
CLOSER
Structural member in steel truss framing to counter act compression in roof PURLIN SAG RODS
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

1998 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

A concrete flooring and finish which transform ordinary plain concrete into an STUCCO FLOORING
elegant decorative surface FINISH
Concrete hollow block laying ASINTADA
CARPETS
Is made of inserting face yarns or tufts through premanufactured backing by used TUFTED
Simplest type of all carpet weaves. Pile is form as loom loops over wires inserted
VELVET
across loom. Pile height is determined by height of wire inserted
The loom is highly specialized and nearly as versatile as hand weaving. Color
AXMINSTER
combinations and designs are limited only by the number of tufts in the carpet
The loom operates like a velvet loom, except that it has a Jacquard mechanism
WILTON
with up to six color frames
This process produces complete carpet by imbedding pile yarns and adhering
FUSHION
backing to a viscous vinyl face that hardens after the curing
The process resembles weaving in that the face and back are made
simultaneously. Backing and pile yarns are looped togeher with a stitching yarns KNITTED
with three sets of needles
A pretreatment of poured concrete such as wall, beams and column where a thin
layer of cement grout mixed with flexible base additives is splattered by tampico SCRATCH COAT
brush or masonry spoon on to the
Local species of wood used for studding, cabinet and flush door framing TANGUILE
A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining the natural POLYURETHANE
wood qualities, maintenance free to finish and topcoat wood flooring FLOOR COATING
A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry consistency of mortar mix is
SANDBLASTING
spray by mechanical or pneumatic means. It is left to dry to give rustic finish
Terrazo floor described by its physical appearance, the stone or pebble is
RUSTIC TERRAZO
intentionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed
A type of window where the sash rotates 90 degrees to 180 degrees about the
PIVOTED
header or the sill or sides of the jamb
A door hinge at the left and the door leaf swings inside the room to the left LEFT HAND
A water mixed product, mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in new
MASONRY
masonry surface. Without this mixture will cause the subsequent painting to be
NEUTRALIZER
defective
Indicates imperfect adhesion of the film to the surface, with the film getting strip
PEELING
off in relatively large pieces due to application on damp or greasy surface

TERMS TO REMEMBERS
A threaded rod instead of masonry construction for anchoring the sill plate to the f ANCHOR BOLT
The finish board immediately below a window sill. Also the part of the driveway
APRON
that leads directly into the garage
A series of arches supported by a row of columns ARCADE
A curved structure that will support itself by mutual pressure and the weight
ARCH
above its curved opening
A recessed area below grade around foundation to allow light and ventilation into
AREAWAY
a basement window or doorway
A facing of squared stones ASHLAR
A concrete flooring and finish which transform ordinary plain concrete into an
elegant and decorative textured surface. plastic to create the look and finish of
stone, slate or brick.This is by adding dust- on-color pigments to the concrete to IMPRESSO CRETE
give a fast color and imprinted with a patented pattern and texture while the
concrete is still
An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and flushed with the
INSET or INTERIOR
cabinet sidings
A type of wood end joint where both woods are cut at equal angles diagonally SCARF

TYPES OF TERRAZO
A type of terrazo floor described by its physical appearance whereby the stone or
RUSTIC TERRAZO
pebble is intenionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed
The most common type; relatively small chip sizes STANDARD
TERRAZO
VENETIAN
Larger chips with smaller chip filling the spaces between
TERRAZO
Random fractured slab of marble up to approximately 15" greatest dimension 3/8 PALLADIANA
to 1" thk with smaller chips filling the space TERRAZO
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90deg to 180deg about the
PIVOTED
header and sill or about the side jambs
KEEP THE CEMENT
To prevent plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate must be rough end and
PLASTER AS THIN
the cement plaster should be..
AS POSSIBLE
It is not a brand of house paint ICI DULUX
Type of joint used to install in the glass of a French window RABBET
An equipment uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside of the ceramic EDGE STRIP
tile during installation TROWEL
A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass to allow
SMOKED GLASS
the natural light only
Is the act of excavating or filling an earth or any sound material or combination
GRADING
thereof in preparation for a finishing surface such as pavings
A floor finish commercially size 1"x1"x12" utilizing clay and fired in traditional
VIGAN TILES
manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay shade patterns
Standard distance measure from the center of the drain hole of a water closet to a
305 mm
finish wall
A beam that supports smaller beams in floor system GIRDER BEAM
A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or
LINTEL BEAM
window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the opening
Pre-construction of components as part of the whole PRE FABRICATION
Wood defects are heart shakes, cup shakes, star shakes KNOTS
UNDRESSED
Lumber that is not squared or finished
LUMBER
XYLADECOR
CUPRINOL
WOOD PRESERVATIVE BRAND NAMES SOLIGNUM
ALDRITE
MAPECON

SINGLE DOOR
hinges on left; open inward LEFT HAND
hinges on right; open inward RIGHT HAND
hinges on left; open outward LEFT HAND
REVERSE
RIGHT HAND
hinges on right; open outward
REVERSE
STRETCHER
HEADER
SOLDIER
VARIED BRICKS POSITIONS
ROWLOCK
SHINER
SAILOR
RABBET
DADO
RABBET AND DADO RABBET & DADO
STOPPED DADO
DOVETAIL DADO
THROUGH SINGLE
THROUGH
MULTIPLE
STOPPED LAP
DOVETAIL
HALF LAP
LAP
BLIND MITER
FULL OR THROUGH
BLIND AND STUB
SHIP OR OPEN
HALF BLIND
MORTISE AND TENON HAUNCH
HAUNCH BLIND
KEYED
PINNED BLIND
WEDGE
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

MIDDLE LAP
CROSS LAP
LAP JOINT
END LAP
MITER HALF LAP
SQUARED SPLICE
HALF LAP
FINGER
END JOINTS
LAP
SPLICE
SCARF
BUTT
SHIPLAP
FILLET
TOUNGE AND
GROOVE
BUTTERFLY
EDGE JOINT
DOWEL
BATTEN
BACK BATTEN
SPLINE
BUTTERFLY SPLINE
CONSTRUCTION TERMS
filipino english
POSTE HALIGE
GUILILAN GIRDER
SULERAS JOIST
SAHIG, SUELO FLOORING
SEPO GIRT
BIGA BEAM
BARAKILAN BOTTOM CHORD
REOSTRA PURLIN
SENEPA FASCIA BOARD
KOSTILYAHE CEILING JOIST
TABIKE SIDING (EXTERNAL)
PILARETE STUD (VERTICAL)
PABALAGBAG STUD (HORIZONTAL)
PASAMANO WINDOW SILL
SUMBRERO WINDOW HEAD
WINDOW
HAMBA
JAMB / DOOR JAMB
SINTURON COLLAR PLATE
HARDINERA STRINGER (OPEN)
MADRE (de escalera) STRINGER (CLOSED)
BAYTANG TREAD
TAKIP (SILIPAN) RISER
GABAY HANDRAIL
MULDURA MOULDING
SIBE EAVE
BOLADA PROJECTION
BALANGKAS FRAME WORK
KANAL GUTTER
ALULOD CONDUCTOR
PLANCHUELA W. I. STRAP
PIERNO BOLT
PLANCHA SCAFFOLDING
ESTAKA STAKE
KUSTURADA PLASTERED COURSE
PALITADA STUCCO OR PLASTER
REBOCADA SCRATCH COAT
PICKWORK (on
PIKETA
masonry)
MONYEKA VARNISH FINISH
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BIENTO SPACING OF GAP

CONCRETE SLAB
LARGA MASA
(rough)
ASINTADA ALIGNMENT
HULOG PLUMB LINE
BALDOSA CEMENT TILE
LADRILYO CEMENT BRICK
BATIDORA DOOR FILLET
KANAL GROOVE
HASPE GOOD GRAIN
PATTERN /
PLANTILYA
SCHEDULE
BISAGRA HINGE
DE BANDEHA PANELED DOOR
ESCOMBRO EARTHFILL
LASTILYAS MASONRY FILL
LIYABE ADOBE ANCHOR
HINANG SOLDER
ESTANYO NICOLITE BAR
SUBAN, SUBUHAL TEMPER (metal work)
PIE DE GALLO DIAGONAL BRACE
PUNSOL NAIL SETTER
POLEYA WIRING KNOB
ESPOLON CABINET HINGE
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1

The amount of heat which is absorbed or evolved in changing the state of a substance
Latent Heat
without changing its temperature.
A system of devices, usually installed below ground level, to scatter or spray water
Lawn Sprinkler System
droplets over a lawn, golf course, or the like.
Minimum width of a septic tank. 90 cms.
Minimum length of a septic tank. 1.50 mts.
Minimum liquid depth for a septic tank. 60 cms.
Maximum liquid depth for septic tank. 1.80 mts.
Minimum capacity, in cubic meters, of the secondary compartment of a septic tank. 1 cum.
Minimum dimension of a manhole access to a septic tank. 508 mm.
Minimum length of the secondary compartment of a septic tank with a capacity of more t 1.50 mts.
Wooden septic tanks are allowed, true or false. 0
Minimum distance of a water supply well from a septic tank. 15.20 mts.
Minimum distance of a water supply well from a seepage pit or cesspool. 45.70 mts.
Minimum distance of a water supply well from a disposal field. 30.50 mts.
Minimum Gauge of galvanized sheet used for downspouts. 26
Minimum height of a water seal for each fixture trap. 51 mm.
Maximum height of a water seal for each fixture trap. 102 mm.
Maximum length of the tailpiece from any fixture. 60 cms.
Minimum extension of the VSTR above the roof. 15 cms.
Minimum extension of the VSTR above an openable window, door opening, air intake, or v 0.90 mtr.
Minimum trap diameter for a bathtub 38 mm. (11/2")
Minimum trap diameter for a shower stall. 51 mm. (2")
Required number of water closets for females for an auditorium serving 16-35. 3
Required number of water closets for males for an auditorium serving 16-35. 2
Required number of urinals for an auditorium serving 10-50. 1
Required number of water closets for females for a theater serving 51-100. 4
Classifications of copper pipes. Rigid and Flexible
A rough or sharp edge left on metal by a cutting tool. Burr
Two types of passenger elevator. Electric and Hydraulic
Minimum elevator width of single slide door elevator for small commercial or residential b 0.60 mtr.
A device that is basically a double throw switch of generally 3-pole connection that will
Automatic Transfer
automatically transfer the power from the standby generator to the building circuitry
Switch (ATS)
during electrical power failure.
Moisture resistant,
TW in electrical wire specification means. in wet and dry
location
Another name for passenger elevator. Lift
The minimum face to face distance between elevators in three and four car grouping. 2 mts.
Collection line of a plumbing system is sometimes referred to as. House Drain
Maximum height of a dumbwaiter. 1.20 mts.
A type of lighting that provides illumination to special objects like sculptures, flower arr Specific Lighting
Moisture and Heat
Resistant- Cross-
XHHN in wire specification means.
Linked
Thermosetting
Standard length of an electrical metal conduit. 10' / 3 Meters
An assembly consisting of a pulley wheel, side plates, shaft, and bearings over which a
Sheave
cable or roped is passed.
The other type of flame detector other than the ultraviolet type. Infra Red
Pvt. Automatic
PABX or PBX means.
Branch Exchange
Farad is the unit capacity of a ________________. Capacitor
Another name for distribution panel. Power Panel
Type of plastic pipe other than polyvinyl chloride and polybutylene. Polyethylene
Standard size of wire for a circuit line. No. 12
Standard size of wire for a switch line. No. 14
A device for converting alternating current to direct current. Rectifier
Another name for a Rectifier. D.C. Generator
A controller sensitive to the degree of moisture in the air. Humidistat
Another name for Humidistat. Hygrostat
Consist of a flyball or flyweight device designed to stop an elevator. Governor
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1

A stop valve placed in the service pipe close to the connection at the water main. Corporation Stop
A vent with a function to provide circulation if air between drainage and vent system. Relief Vent
Flange used on a pipe to cover a hole or opening in a floor or wall which the pipe pass. Escutcheon
Length along the centerline of the pipe and fitting. Developed Length
A valve used in a flush tank controlling the flushing of fixture. Flush Valve
Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution. Sewage
Component of fire extinguisher. Carbon Monoxide
Interrelationship between value of voltage and current with the same frequency. Phase
Descriptive of any material such as synthetic resin which hardens when heated or
Thermosetting
cured, and does not soften when reheated.
An Instrument which responds to changes in temperature, and directly or indirectly cont Thermostat
Thin sheets that are used for controlling heat in drywall construction. Rigid Board Insulation
Conveys storm water and terminates into a natural drainage such as lakes or rivers. Storm Sewer
A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, a generator of alterna Alternator
Freon in air-con must be compressed and liquified in order to absorb _________. Heat
Standard size of a wet standpipe outlet for each floor. 1 1/2" (38mm)
A type of pipe fitting for a Yoke Vent. 1/8 Bend
A device installed on an electric water heater used to detect the working temperature to Thermostat
Minimum size of trap or branch for a bidet. 1 1/2"
Minimum fixture supply pipe diameter for tank type water closet. 3/8"
True or false, 1 3/4" diameter is 'not' a commercial size of G.I. Pipe for water supply. 1
True or false, 3" diameter is 'not' a commercial size of G.I. Pipe for water supply. 0
Term applied to the interconnection of the same fixtures in one soil or waste branch wit Battery of Fixtures
A single vent that ventilates multiple traps in the case of a back to back vent. Common Vent
Minimum size of a standpipe for a building in which the highest outlet is 23 meters or
4" (102mm)
less from the fire service connection.
Minimum size of a wet standpipe for a riser of more than 15 meters from the source. 4" (102mm)
Single lever valves used in kitchen sink and lavatory faucets or at shower valves works
Ball Valve
by the principle of a ________________.
Treats hard water. Zeolite
Minimum height of a branch vent above the fixture it is venting. 6" (150mm)
Minimum wire size in square millimeter for a branch circuit with a 30 ampere rating
5.5 sqmm
using Type THW stranded copper conductor in a raceway.
Standard frequency of power supplied by the local power utility company like Meralco. 60 Cycles
The overhead service conductors from the last pole or other aerial support to and
Service Drop
including splices, if any, connecting to the service entrance conductors at the building.
Unit of loudness level. Phon
The process of dissipating sound energy by converting it to heat. Sound Absorption
Distance sound travels during each cycle of vibration. Wavelength
The reduction in the intensity or in the sound pressure level of sound which is
Sound Attenuation
transmitted from one point to another.
Unit of sound absorption equivalent to 1 square foot of perfectly absorptive material. Sabin
Acoustical phenomenon which causes sound wave to be bent or scattered around. Sound Diffraction
Minimum sound pressure level that is capable of being detected by the human ear. Threshold of Audibility
Fluctuation in pressure, a particle displacement in an elastic medium. Sound
Sound sensation in a single frequency. Pure Tone
Wave produced by a pure tone. Sine Wave
Synonymous with a lighting fixture. Luminaire
The luminous intensity of light is expressed in ___________. Candela
It refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome. Plumbarius
In Latin, it means 'lead'. Plumbum
A specially designed system of waste piping embodying the horizontal wet venting of
Combination Waste
one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a common waste and vent pipe
and Vent system
adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow line of the drain.
Vertical flow of air used to separate different functions of spaces. Air curtain
Type of lighting dealing with relatively large area lighting. General Lighting
During elevator emergency, to rescue passengers, this part of the elevator is used to
Outside Door Latch
open the doors from the outside.
A device which extends across at least 1/2 the width of each door leaf which will open if
Panic Bar
subjected to pressure.
Sanitary sewage from buildings shall be discharged directly to the nearest ______________Sanitary Sewer Main
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1

Receptacles intended to receive and discharge water, water-carried waste into a

Fixture
drainage system with which they are connected.
Telecommunication
The simplest type of building automation system.
System
Standard size of an outlet for a dry standpipe located at each floor. 2 1/2" (64mm)
A vent pipe connected to a vent stack. Circuit Vent
A vent pipe connected to a stack vent. Loop Vent
Instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure. Barometer
Bets type of fire detection that can detect fire during the incipient stage. Ionization
Condensing unit is a part of a ___________. Refrigeration
A fire detector installed in a fire alarm system which uses low melting point solders or Fixed Temperature
Metal that expands when exposed to heat to detect a fire. Heat Detector
A faucet fitted with a nozzle curving downward used as a draw-off tap. Bibbcock
Heat rating for a fixed temperature heat detector. 135-197˚F
Reference in measuring the depth of a trap seal of a trap. Top Dip to Crown Weir
A pipe fitting shaped like 'S'. Double Bend
Minimum size of trap and waste branch for a shower stall. 2"
Minimum size of trap and waste branch for a pedestal urinal. 3"
Ratio of water closets for male population for elementary and secondary school. (1:30)
Ratio of water closets for female population for elementary and secondary school. (1:25)
Ratio of urinals for elementary school. (1:75)
Ratio of water closets for female population for Principal Worship Places. (1:75)
Minimum required number of water closets for female for office and public buildings
4
serving 55 occupants for employees.
Where there is exposure to skin contamination due to poisonous materials, what is the
(1:5)
ratio of lavatory to number of occupants.
Minimum head of water, in meters, required for each section of plumbing for water test. 3
How many days, at least, shall be given before any plumbing work inspection is done
3
after written notice for inspection.
Minimum time, in minutes, required for water to stay in the system or pipes for a water
15 minutes
test without any leaks to satisfy said testing.
Atmospheric
Consist of a body, a checking member, and an atmospheric opening.
Vacuum Breaker
Minimum lead content in percent for pipes and fittings safe for humans. 8%
Minimum vertical distance from the bottom of water pipes to the top of sewer or drain
300 mm
pipe if laid in the same trench on top of the other.
Minimum distance of water pipings from any regulating equipment, water heater,
300 mm
conditioning tanks, and similar equipment requiring union fittings.
Maximum spacing of pipe supports at intervals. 4'
Equivalent of 1/6 bend in degrees. 60˚
True or false, 60˚ branches or offsets may be used only when installed in a true vertical p 1
Cleanouts may be omitted on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 meters in length unless
1
such line is serving sinks or urinals, true or false.
Minimum clearance in front of any cleanout in meters for pipes 51mm or less in diameter0.305 mtr. / 305 mm
Minimum clearance in front of any cleanout in meters for pipes larger than 51 mm. Dia. 0.45 mtr. / 450 mm
Maximum distance of any underfloor cleanout from any access door, crawl space, or craw 6.10 mts.
Maximum length of a tailpiece. 600 mm
Minimum length of any branch requiring separate venting. 4.60 mts.
True or false, no galvanized wrought iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be used
1
underground and shall be kept at least 15 cms above ground.
Minimum extension of a vent stack through roof above the roof. 150 mm / 15 cms.
Minimum extension of a vent stack through roof above any other vertical surface. 300 mm
Minimum vertical distance of VSTR from above of any openable window or opening. 0.90 mtr.
Minimum vertical extension of VSTR from any roofdeck where it is protruded. 2.10 mts.
Minimum horizontal distance of any VSTR from a roofdeck used for other purposes aside
3.00 mts.
from protection from weather.
Minimum number of stories served by a waste stack requiring a parallel ventstack. 10
The rate of flow of light through a surface. Luminous Flux
The luminous intensity of any surface in a given direction per unit of projected area. Luminance
A unit of illumination equivalent to 1 lumen per square foot. Foot-Candle
A unit of illumination equivalent to 1 lumen per square meter. Lux
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1

Type of lighting system where 90-100% of light output is directed to the ceiling and uppe Indirect Lighting
The material used for filament in an incandescent bulb. Tungsten
The equivalent of filament in a fluorescent lamp. Cathode
An automatic device used for converting high, fluctuating inlet water pressure to a Pressure
lower constant pressure. Regulating Valve
An air-operated device used to open or close a damper or valve. Air Motor
In theater stage house, a weight usually of iron or sand used to balance suspended scener Counterweight
On elevators, a gear-driven machine having a drum to which the wire ropes that hoist
Winding-Drum Machine
the car are fastened, and on which they wind.
Vertical tracks that serves as a guide for the car and the counterweight. Guiderails
Under NBC, the clearance between the underside of the car and the bottom of the pit
600 mm
shall not be less than __________.
Under NBC, the minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight rope. 30 mm
Under NBC, the minimum width between balusters in an escalator. 558 mm
Under NBC, the maximum rated speed of an escalator along the angle of travel. 38 Meters/Min
The effective room temperature in air-conditioning. 68-74 ˚F
A private telephone system that interconnects with public telephone systems. PABX
Resistance in alternating current system. Impedance
The reciprocal of conductance. Resistance
The rate of flow of sound energy Sound Intensity
Lighting used primarily to draw attention to particular points of interest. Accent Lighting
A means of producing light from gaseous discharge. Fluorescense
High-Pressure-
A type of High-Intensity-Discharge lamp (HID).
Sodium (HPS)
Sound system input device that reacts to and converts variable sound pressure into
Microphone
variable electrical current.
A rate of rise type detector. Thermal Detector
Light originating from sources not facing each other, as from windows in adjacent walls. Cross Light
The process of removing calcium and magnesium deposits in water. Softening
A lighting unit consisting of one or more electrical lamps. Luminaire
A louvered construction divided into cell-like areas and used for redirecting the light
Eggcrate
emitted by an overhead source.
A graph used in air-conditioning and showing the properties of air-system mixtures. Psychrometric Chart
Heat that raises air temperature. Sensible Heat
The transmission of heat energy from one place to another by circulatory movement of a Convection
A lamp designed to project and diffuse a uniform level of illumination over a large area. Floodlight
Limit Controls and
In boilers, they function only when exceeds prescribed unsafe operating conditions.
Interlocks
What type of sound absorbent is best for lower band frequencies. Porous Absorbents
The bending of sound wave when traveling forward changes direction as it passes
Refraction
through different densities.
True or false, number of fixture unit is one parameter in sizing a drainage pipe. 1
Water distribution system which constantly relay its pressure from the main water pipe
Upfeed System /
applied only if the highest fixture is supplied continuously with the flow rate and
Direct Method
minimum required working pressure.
What combination of pipe fittings is installed at the base of a soil stack? Wye and 1/8 Bend
What is the rating index of an air-conditioning/refrigeration system which rates the unit Energy Efficiency
for the number of BTU's of heat removed per watt of electrical input energy? Rating (EER)
What mechanical equipment, coupled with a central air-conditioning system, is used to
Fan Coil Unit
to dehumidify and cool the air stream injected to a conditioned space.
A rigid metal housing for a group of heavy conductors insulated from each other and
Busway
the enclosure, also called Busduct.
A heavy conductor, usually in the form of a solid copper bar, used for collecting,
Bus
carrying, and distributing large electric currents, also called a busbar.
An approved assembly of insulated conductors with fitting and conductor terminations
incompletely enclosed ventilated protective metal housing where the assembly is Busway
designed to carry fault current
A type of perimeter detector which detects object in heat range of body temperature. Passive Infrared
A type of perimeter detector which detects interruption of light beam. Light Beam
A type of perimeter detector which detects change in sound wave pattern. Ultrasonic
Women's urinal fixture. Washdown
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1

True or false, brass and cast iron body cleanouts shall not be used as a reducer or
1
adapter.
A box with a blank cover which serves the purpose of joining one different runs of
raceways or cables and provided with sufficient space for connection and branching of Pull Box
the enclosed conductors.
A type of water closet that is least efficient, subject to clogging, noisy, and use a simple
Washdown (WD)
washout action through a small irregular passageway.
This type of water closet is similar to that of the siphon-jet except that it has a smaller
Reverse Trap (RT)
trap passageway and smaller water surface area, moderately noisy.
A type of water closet that is noisy but highly efficient. Strong jet into up leg forces
Blowout (BO)
contents out. Use only with flush valve, requires higher pressure.
Water closet that is quiet, extremely sanitary, water is directed through the rim. It
Siphon Vortex (SV)
scours bowl, folds over into jet; siphon.
A water closet that is sanitary, efficient, and very quiet. Water enters through the rim
Siphon Jet (SJ)
and through the down leg.
A toilet bowl similar to the siphon-jet, but having the flushing water directed to the rim
Siphon Vortex (SV)
to create circular motion or vortex which scours the bowl.
A toilet bowl in which the flushing water enters through the rim and a siphonic action
Siphon Jet (SJ)
initiated by a water jet draws the contents of the bowl through the trapway.
A water closet similar to that of the siphon jet but with a smaller water surface and trap Reverse Trap (RT)
This type of water closet is prohibited by some health codes. Washdown (WD)
The concussion and banging noise that results when a volume of water moving in a pipe
Water Hammer
suddenly stops or loses momentum.
The length of a pipeline measured along the centerline of the pipe and pipe fittings. Developed Length
A shutoff valve closed by lowering a wedge-shaped gate across the passage. Gate Valve
A valve closed by a disk seating on an opening in an internal wall. Globe Valve
Liquid sewage that has been treated in a septic tank or sewage treatment plant. Effluent
The centerline of pipe. Spring Line
The interior top surface of a pipe. Crown
The interior bottom surface of a pipe. Invert
A type of perimeter detector which is subject to false alarm from aircraft radar and from
movement outside building through window, wood doors, and the like. It uses radio Microwave
waves.
Passive Infrared
This type of perimeter detector uses both the Passive infrared and Ultrasonic or Microwa with Ultrasonic (or
Microwave)
This type of perimeter detector detects a change in capacitance of the area covered, cau
Proximity / Capacitance

Color code for pipes containing acid. Black

A high intensity discharge lamp in which the light is produced by the radiation from a
Metal Halide Lamp
mixture of a metallic vapor, similar to that of a mercury lamp in construction.
A type of lamp popular for lighting commercial interiors, uses argon gas to ease
Mercury Lamp
starting, it produces light by means of an electric discharge in mercury vapor.
A type of lamp which produces light by means of the reaction of halogen additive in the
Tungsten Halogen Lamp
bulb reacts with chemically with tungsten.
High-Pressure-
A type of lamp generally used for roadways and sidewalks, uses sodium gas.
Sodium (HPS)
Building with fire alarm and suppression system. Intelligent Building
This shows the vertical relationships of all panels, feeders, switches, switchboards, and
major components are shown up to, but not including, branch circuiting, it is an Riser Diagram
electrical version of a vertical section taken through the building.
In elevator, it detects the obstacles during the door closing, and reopens the door if
Safety Shoe
there is something. Photocell can be used together with this.
It prevents passengers from falling into the hoistway when they try to get out of the car
Fascia Plate
which is stopped between the floors.
In elevator, it makes the buzzer alarm when the car is overloaded and the door remains
Weighing Device
open until overloading is eliminated.
In elevator, it protects the equipment from over current. Circuit Breaker
In elevator, these prevent the excessive car travel at the highest and lowest floor. Limit Switches
Handrail Guard
In escalators, these stop the escalator if a foreign object becomes wedged at the guard.
Switches
In escalators, this is located at the bottom truss of the escalator and provided with on
and off positions to stop or prevents the escalator from starting during maintenance Disconnect Switch
service.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1

This device, in escalators, is provided at the drive unit location to protect against Mechanical
accidental movement of the escalator during inspection of the drives or during general Maintenance
maintenance. Locking Device
Current Overload
This device, in escalators, stops the escalator automatically if an abnormal current is sup
Safety Switch
This switch cuts off all current supply to the escalator for inspection, maintenance, or
Knife Switch
repairs.
In a lightning protection system, the combination of a metal rod and its brace or
Air Terminal
footing, on the upper part of a structure.
One of the earlier plastic to be developed in 1938, a du pont trade name for the white,
Teflon
soft, waxy, and non-adhesive polymer of tetrafluoroethylene.
The number of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillations expressed in hertz of cycles
Frequency
per second.
Of a partition, the number of decibels by which sound is reduced in transmission
through it; a measure of the sound insulation value of the partition, the higher the Transmission Loss
number, the greater the insulation value.
The cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of ice at 32 oF (0 oC) melts to water at the same
Ton of Refrigeration
temperature in 24 hrs. (equivalent to 12,000 Btu/hr)
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

ACOUSTICS
SCIENCE & TREATMENT OF SOUND
1. Source
THREE (3) ELEMENTS OF SOUNDS 2. Transmission path
3. Receiver
Best for lower band frequency POROUS ABSORBENT

The repetition of a sound produced by the reflection of sound waves from an

obstructing surface, loud enough and to be perceived as distinct from the ECHO
sourcereceived late enough

The intensification and prolongation of sound produced by sympathetic

RESONANCE
vibration. The State existing in a system which is set into oscillation.
Unit of loudness level PHON
Process of dissipating sound energy by converting it into heat SOUND ABSORPTION
Fluctuation in pressure, particle displacement in elastic medium. A sensation
SOUND
felt by the brain resulting from the distance of molecules in the air
unit of absorption equivalent to 1 sq ft of perfectly absorptive material SABIN
expressed in hertz Frequency
unit of sound. unit of loudness of sound Decibel
unpleasant or unwanted sound Noise
reverberation tie Decay time
the Si unit of frequency Hertz

CHARACTER OF SOUND
full circuit of particle 1. Cycle
number of times a cycle is repeated. rate of repetition of a periodic
2. Frequency
phenomenon
maximum displacement 3. Amplitude
speed of sound 4. Velocity
distance 5. Wavelength
one energy one frequency 6. Pure tone
many pre tones 7. Musical Tone
rate of flow at sound energy 8. Intensity

QUALITY OF SOUND
the prolonging of sound 1. Reverberation
repetition of sound, with magnitude and delay. Delayed sound heard a fraction
2. Echo
of a second after the direction of sound is heard
rapid succession of echoes caused by the reflection of sound waves back and
3. Flutter
forth between two parallel surfaces
reflection of sound from a curved surface 4. Creep/ Crawl
5. Sound Foci
sound is everywhere 6. Diffusion
when traveling forward in a straight path, it changes direction as it passes
7. Refraction
through different density and causes sound bendwave to
acoustic phenomenon which causes sound wave to bend 8. Diffraction
sound waves reflected from a concave surface 9. Focusing
What is a repetitious reflective sound due to parallel walls? flutter
What is the study of reactions of humans to audible sound? psycho acoustics
study of sound generated by equipment electro acoustics
What is the distance between two similar points in succession waves traveling
wavelength
in one cycle?
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

What is the amount of sound energy produced by the source? magnitude

at speed of sound normal temperature and pressure velocity
What is the reflected sound that gathers in a central portion of the room? sound foci
study of effects on environment upon audible sound environmental acoustics
simplest kind of sound composed entirely of sound waves of a single frequency pure tone
What is the persistence of sound after the source of sound has stopped? reverberation
characterized by very small amounts of absorption live room
one characterized by large amounts of absorption dead room

Electrical
What is a utilization equipment which is generally industrial built in? appliances
a generator of alternating current alternator
device used to measure rate of flow of electricity ammeter
device for storing electric energy capacitor
What is a surface, material, device, or object that scatters light or sound from a
diffuser
source?
controls intensity of light dimmer
device used to transform AC to DC rectifier
device that indicates light intensity in Footcandle illumeter
What is a flexible armored conduit used to encase electrical wiring? greenfield
controls the flow of current to the distribution elements regulator
cap that receives the service drop entrance cap
box used for maintaining light control devices utility box
What is an electromagnetic force flowing between the positive and negative
flux
terminals?
electromotive force voltage
number of AC that flow in a conductor phase
rate or measure of power used or consumed watt
What is an electric device having a resistance which can be adjusted? rheostat
controls the flow of current to the distribution elements regulator
instrument used to measure the resistance of a conductor ohmmeter
materials that resist the flow of electric current insulator
What is the unit for quantity of electricity? coulomb
unit of resistance ohm
unit of electromotive force volts
unit of candlepower candela

Furniture Design
What do you call the study that deals with human measurements? anthropometrics
deals with space planning in relationship with man’s activities ergonometrics
human factor engineering ergonomics
is a process by which woodworks are manufactured and produced carpentry
Which Philippine furniture is specifically designed for giving birth? butaca
is a modified church pew kapiya
is an exquisite chest drawers comoda
is a wooden sofa that features a cabinet compartment below the seat gallinera
Which Philippine furniture is usually used to store pillows and mats? almario
refers to a wardrobe with mirror attached to the door aparador
is used to store food and utensils paminggalan
is a daybed diban
What is escritoire? a writing desk
arm chair with closed arms is called bergere
hanging or standing shelves is called the etagere
crowning ornament on furniture is called finial
Who designed the “Barcelona Chair”? Ludwig Mies van de Rohe
designed the adjustable chaise lounge Le Corbusier
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

designed the cantilevered chair Alvar Aalto

designed the cesca cantilevered chair Marcel Bruer
It is a chair made of molded fiberglass rest on a cast aluminum pedestal tulip chair
is made of nylon stretch fabric over urethane foam chaise
is made of tubular steel frame cobered with rubber webbing and pre-foamed
ribbon chair
latex foam
is made of reinforced molded fiberglass gyro chair

Materials and resources

In fabric construction, what kind of weave requires an intricate series of hole-
jacquard weave
punched cards that tell the machine which threads to drop?
are those in which 2 or more thread pass over or under set of threads, skipping
twill weaves
at regular intervals to produce irregular effect
are produced by loops of tuffs of yarn that stand out from the surface of the
pile weaves
fabric
has a few interlacing and long floats satin weave
In general finishes, what do you call the finishing process applied to fabrics for
gassing
the purpose of removing fuzz of protruding fibers?
is the process of closing the weave and creating a heavy and compact
beetling
appearance
is a wool finishing process to prevent creases of other forms of uneven
crabbing
shrinkage in later stages of finishing
is a finish applied to wool fabrics, it is a pre-shrinking process fulling
In special finishes, what do you call the finish that is given to loosely
slip-resistant finish
constructed fabric or fabric with low thread count?
is a mechanical finish of subjecting the surface of a fabric to a brushing
napping
process to raise the fiber ends
is a chemical treatment designed to make a fabric bacteria resistant antiseptic finish
also known as wash and wear, it dries smoothly and need a little or no ironing
drip-dry finish
after washing
In fabric design, it is a kind of applied design in which the block is pressed
block printing
down firmly by hand on the fabric until the color and design are transferred.
is a machine counterpart of block printing, designs are engraved on rollers roller printing
is method of fabric painting in which the design is cut on a cardboard wood or
stencil painting
metal then color is applied, penetrating only the cut portions
is another method of fabric design wherein the color is removed from the fabric
discharge printing
using chemicals, thus, creating design
It is a kind of shade that consist of two rows of lightweight fabric seamed to fall
Austrian shades
into deep scallops.
have a flat surface when extended down, drawn upward by a cord and the
roman shades
surface overlaps in horizontal folds
are factory manufactured and can be insulated, also called accordion shades pleated fabric shades
have smaller pleats and are usually made of a heavy polyester fabric honeycombed shades
What do you call the horizontal bars separating the glass pane? mullions
is the fittings into the wall casing
is the wide molding covering the casing and the framing frame
are the vertical bars separating the glass pane muntins

Mechanical
What is also known as a synthetic chemical refrigerant? freon
gas used as refrigerant with water ammonia
an air compartment or chamber plenum
liquid which is discharged as a waste effluent
A material which stops the transfer of heat is also known as? insulation
device used only to add humidity in the air humidifier
heat is transferred through materials conduction
a process which refrigerant from liquid to gas evaporator
What is a cooling or heating element which is made of pipe or tubing? coil
device used to vary the volume of air passing a duct damper
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

device to control the thermostat relay

It is a platform or car for hoisting or lowering passenger or freight. elevator
stops car and grips counterweight in case of emergency governor
where the endless belt of steps pass around during operation of an escalator sprocket assembly
device to control the thermostat relay
What is a closed vessel in which liquid is heated or vaporized? boiler
pipe fitting with outside threads use for connecting pipes closed nipple
vessel where vapor is liquefied by removal of heat condenser
device used to vary the volume of air passing aduct damper
It consists of DC motors and the shaft of which is connected directly to the
gearless traction
brake wheel and driving sheave.
the art and practice of heating and cooling with water hydronics
stops car and grips counterweight in case of emergency governor
steel wires used to compensate cars and counterweights hoistropes

Sanitary
The receptacle in which liquid is retained for deposition of sediment is called? catch basin
pipe for wastewater drain
lowest portion of a trap dip
liquid waste effluent
These are vertical pipes which receive discharge from water closets. soil stack
vertical pipe used for the storage of water standpipe
receptacle for organic discharge septic tank
accumulated or settled solid waste sludge
It is a loud thumping noise that results from a sudden stoppage of the flow in
water hammer
water lines.
backflow due to negative pressure back siphonage
a flange used on a pipe to cover a hole escutcheon
end of a pipe that fits into a bell spigot
What do you call a vertical pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing
vent stack
circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system?
vertical pipes which receive discharge from water closets soil stack
gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects fumigant
vertical pipe used for the storage of water standpipe
It automatically closes to prevent the flow of fluid in a reverse direction. check valve
pipe fitting used for connecting pipes closed nipple
reservoir for liquid cistern
valve for controlling the flushing of fixtures flush valve
It is the method of rendering a pipe fitting waterproof by using oakum or lead caulking
process of injecting chlorine gas into the water disinfections
a flange used on a pipe to
escutcheon
cover a hole
gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects fumigant

Structural
What is known as the deformation in which parallel planes slide relative to each
shear
other so as to remain parallel?
periodic reversal of stresses fatigue
elongation of material subject to axial force strain
deformation that accompanies bending of a beam deflection
A column that is subjected to both direct axial stress and bending stress is
eccentrically loaded
known as?
state of a body in which the forces acting on it are equally balanced equilibrium
projected beyond it supports cantilevered
concrete column whose load capacity must be reduced, according to code
long column
requirements, because of its slenderness
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

What is known as an imaginary line in a beam, shaft, or other bending, where

neutral axis
there is no tension nor compression and where no deformation takes place?
bending magnitude wherever the shear passes through zero maximum moment
the product of the force and lever arms which tends to twist the body torque
unit stress at which deformation increases without any increase in the load yield point
Unit stress in a bar just before it breaks is called? ultimate strength
tendency of one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent
vertical shear
part
unit stress at which deformation increases without any increase in the load yield point
in the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working
working stress
loads by codes and specifications
It is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a given point or axis moment
a deformation in which parallel planes slide relative to each other so as to
shear
remain parallel
ratio of the force applied to a structure to the corresponding displacement stiffness
state of rest or motion inertia
It is a method of concrete building construction in which floor (and roof) slabs
lift slab
are cast usually at ground level and then raised into position by jacking.
concrete floor system which has no beam flatslab
distortion of the board in which the face convex or concave across the board cupping
kiln drying seasoning

SOUND ACOUSTICS TERMINOLOGY

The science that studies the waves that are conducted through matter due to
the motion of the matter. Usually air is the material that most people think of
when it comes to acoustic waves. But acoustic waves exist in all matter. Acoustics
Architectural acoustics, is the study of acoustics when the air is contained in a
room. Church acoustics is a sub-division of architectural acoustics..
Pressure fluctuations in the air that are heard when an acoustic wave passes
by. They are usually caused by objects in the air that quickly change position or
a stream of air that quickly changes position. Sound escapes away from the
Sound (waves)
sound source as an expanding spherical wave that travels at the speed of 1130
feet per second, traveling about 1 1/8th of a foot each one thousandths of a
second (millisecond)..
The measure of the strength of sound. Units are decibels (dB) and usually
measured with a dB meter. The threshold of quiet sound is zero dB and the
onset of painful sound is 100 dB. Conversations are at 50 dB, whispers at 30 dB Sound Level
and shouting is 70 dB. When the sound strength of something doubles, it
increases by 3 dB, or halved, it drops by 3 dB.
The apparent strength of the sound to the listener. A change in 1 dB is just
barely noticed as a change in loudness. Something twice as loud is actually 10
Loudness
dB stronger, (10 times stronger). Something half as loud is 10 dB weaker,
(1/10th as strong).
The part of a sound wave that travels directly along the line of sight path Direct Sound (direct
between the speaker or sound source and the listener. The dry or actual sound. signal)

Sound waves that strike a surface and bounce off are reflected sounds. They
bounce off the wall, changing directions but keeping the same angle off the Reflections
wall as they had when they approached the wall.
Reflections that are heard within 1/20 of a second of the direct sound are called
early reflections. Early reflections cannot be distinguished from direct signals,
they merge with the direct sound to form one composite sound. This combining Early Reflections
effect can cause the sound of the direct signal to change in tonal
characteristics and apparent direction.
A distinct reflection that arrives at the listener later than 1/20th of a second
after the direct sound is heard. The listener can identify from where an echo Late reflections (Echoes)
comes. An echo does not change the tonal characteristics of the direct sound.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

This type of echo is most easily heard as one claps their hands out in front of
them, while standing in a hallway. The sound "zings" and it's tone depends on
how many times a second the reflection passes by the listener's head. In a hall
Flutter Echo
8' wide, the clap will expand out, hit the wall and return 143 times a second
and the zing will sound like a 143 Hz buzzy tone. Not a real sound, just a
pseudo-tone.
For sound in a large room, reverberation begins at about 1/5 second following
the direct sound. It is due to the accumulation of many reflections,
compounding one upon the other, so much that the sound no longer seems Reverberation
composed of echoes but rather just a sound of noise, a din of chaos that has no
discrete direction and no discrete timing.
Reflections off of a non flat surface that causes the sound wave to become
more quickly disorganized than if off a flat surface is a diffusive surface.
Diffusion decreases the time it takes for echoes to become converted to
Diffusion
reverberation. The beautiful gothic churches of the old world have very
diffusive or sound scattering surfaces. That is part of the sonic beauty of those
spaces.
The dying out of sound. Usually referring to the steady decline in the loudness
Decay
of the reverberation.

The time (in seconds) it takes for reverberation to change from very loud to
imperceptibly quiet, a total sound level difference of 60 dB. For a living room Decay Rate (RT-60)
the RT-60 might be 1 second but in a gym, it might be 4 seconds.
The loss of sound energy that occurs when the sound wave strikes a fibrous
surface. The fibers provide acoustic friction for the sound wave. The wave does
Absorption
not slow down due to the friction, it keeps it's same speed but it does lose
energy and get quieter.
(Noise Reduction Coefficient) A rating for absorption. It gives the % efficiency
for a surface to absorb sound. If a surface is 30% absorptive, then only 70% of NRC Rating
the incident sound is reflected back into the room.

The unwanted, undesirable and usually interfering sounds present in a listening

Noise (Background Noise)
space, typically due to an air conditioner or other conversations.

The strength of the background noise, measured in dB. It is difficult to

Noise Floor
understand what is being said in a room with a high noise floor.

The difference in sound level (dB) between the desired sound and the noise Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N
floor. ratio)
The clarity of a sound, particularly a message conveyed by sound, such that it
can be easily and completely understood. A slurred sound may be well heard
but the message it carries may still not be well understood, it is inarticulate.
Also, a clear and distinct sound may be drowned out by a nearby louder noise, Articulation
rendering the message not understandable, inarticulate. Echoes also cause
articulation problems. Articulation is most often measured in some form of a
desired signal to unwanted noise ratio.
A measure of the clarity of sound based on the comprehension of the message
being conveyed by sound. A "cat, bat, tat, rat... type of recognition test. The Intelligibility
conversational version of Articulation.

The condition of sound in which there is an abundance of treble range

reflections giving the feeling of "brightness" or "liveliness" to the sound. Sound Bright/Lively
in a tile bathroom or kitchen is bright. Too much can seem harsh and irritating.

The condition of sound in a room when there is a lack of reflections and a lack
Dark/Dead
of reverberance. Too much can seem lack-luster and uneasy feeling.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

The condition of sound in a room when the lower frequencies, particularly the
Boomy
male voice range is excessively reverberant.

The study and science of how the human comprehends and makes sense out of
the sounds they hear. The difference between an early reflection and a late
Psychoacoustics
(echo) reflection, is an example of psychoacoustics. The blending of the early
reflections with the direct sound is another.

The science and practice of amplifying or otherwise improving how well a

Audiology
person hears sound.

A single sound pulse as from a fire cracker has sound energy but no tone.
Tones are sounds that come from voices or instruments which have a repetitive
Frequency (Hertz, Hz,
pressure pulse characteristic. The number of repeat times per second that a
cps)
sound has is called it's frequency. It's unit of measurement is cycles per second
(cps) also called Hz (Hertz). Similar to pitch in musical terms.

The sound level measured at different frequencies. Most tones are composed of
more than one frequency, a combination of frequencies, as in a musical chord.
The sound spectrum would measure the strength of each frequency and display Sound Spectrum
that graph as a plot of Sound Level vs. Frequency, also known as a sound
spectrum. The "color" of sound is used as emphasis in the spectrum.

The shift in emphasis of a complex sound within it's spectral range. A neutral
color is the preferred natural sound but sometimes sound can have a warm
Sonic Color
color, an emphasis on lower frequencies or a cold color, an emphasis on higher
frequencies or a nasal color, an emphasis on midrange frequencies.

Sound whose frequency range is above that of human hearing, above 20,000
Ultrasonics
Hz.
Sound whose frequency range is below that of human hearing, below 20 Hz. Infrasonics

Sound that exists within a limited frequency range, between a lower set
frequency and a set upper frequency. The difference between the lower and
upper frequency is specified to be equal to the lower frequency. The octave Octave
sequence for the note "C" starts at 31 Hz and continues thru 63 Hz, 125 Hz,
250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1k Hz, 2k Hz, 4k Hz, 8k Hz and ends at 16k Hz. (k = thousand).
The process of defining the desirable condition of sound in an acoustic space. It
integrates the direct, early and late reflections with the reverberation, including
a sense of timing and direction for each into an appropriate and desirable
acoustic condition for the listener. It combines both the art and science of
sound. It requires an understanding of the purpose to be served by each Voicing
acoustic space. As an art form, it recognizes the aesthetic side of sound, the
impression that most people prefer to have of each particular type of sound
that exists in some particular place. As a science, it is based on
psychoacoustics.
An acoustical engineer who is trained and experienced in voicing rooms. Acoustician

One formally educated, experienced in the science and practice of acoustics. Acoustical Engineer

Someone trained in setting up microphones and speakers. Sound Engineer

Someone trained and experienced in installing acoustic tiles and wall panels. Acoustic Contractor

Someone, not formally trained, experienced in providing acoustical services. Acoustic Consultant
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

Someone, not formally trained, who prepares blueprints for acoustic projects. Acoustic Designer

One who envisions and directs the way sound plays out of a stage.. Sound Designer

Auditorium Acoustics 101:

Let's start with the basics. The architect designs a great looking and
comfortable auditorium. The sound contractor installs a great looking sound
system. The people attend the grand opening and are impressed with what
they see, but they have gathered for more than a dazzling display of
architecture, lighting, electronics, carpets, glass, surface textures and paint.
The Quieter, the Better
They have come to be in an auditorium, a place to hear and, moreover, a place
to listen to and learn from the lecture or, as the case may be, the sermon. The
outer beauty of an auditorium is recognized by how it looks, but the inner more
lasting beauty of the auditorium is truly known by how it sounds. And with this
we mark the beginning of our journey into auditorium acoustics.
A sound wave starts at the loud speaker, which is suspended high overhead in
the front of the hall. Seated way below, are the many people who came to hear
that sound. The greater the size of the audience, the farther from the speaker
they have to sit. An audience of 1,000 people would occupy about 8,000
square feet of floor space. A member of that audience typically might be
seated some 50 feet away from the loudspeaker. The sound wave emitted by
the loudspeaker spreads out in the shape of an expanding quarter sphere. By
the time this wave reaches the audience, it has expanded out to a radius of
about 50 feet. It has spread out over a quarter sphere surface area of 7,850
square feet or about 1.13 million square inches.
Each ear of a person collects about one square inch of sound, funneling it down
into the eardrum. A person in the audience of an auditorium collects about two
square inches of the sound wave, that's just about 0.00017 percent of the total
sound emitted by the central cluster loud speaker. This tiny fraction of sound is
called the "direct sound" because it goes directly from the loud speaker to the
Lots of sound, but little is
listeners' ears. (Figure-1).
heard
If 1,000 people are in the audience, their combined ears collect only 0.17
percent of the direct sound emitted by the loud speaker. The rest of the sound,
the other 99.83 percent of the sound, is called "indirect sound". What happens
to all this indirect sound is what auditorium acoustics is all about. If the indirect
sound is neglected or mishandled, the auditorium will sound bad, and if it is
well handled, the auditorium will sound good.
To recap, auditorium design or renovation can be understood to involve three
consecutive areas of expertise. The architect designs a building that is
attractive, comfortable and allows people to see what is going on. The sound
contractor supplies a sound system to the auditorium that makes a direct
sound loud enough so people can hear what is going on. However, nearly all of
the sound generated by the sound equipment misses its intended target, the
ears of the people. Picking up and handling the stray sound is the responsibility
of the acoustical engineer. How it is collected and processed makes all the
difference between a good- and a bad-sounding auditorium.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

The auditorium is meant for understanding speech. It should be kept quiet so

the people can hear and understand what is being said. Speech heard in the
auditorium should be comfortably loud and crystal clear. Noise destroys sonic
clarity. We have all seen photos taken in a fog. The general clatter in a hall
from air conditioning to feet shuffling through the aisles can create a
continuous din, a noise floor that seems to white
The ability to hear and understand depends on the "signal to noise" ratio. We
want as much direct signal as is comfortable to receive and as little noise as
possible. It would seem that if the noise is a little too loud then simply turning
up the volume of the direct signal, the loudspeaker, should solve the problem.
This doesn't work very well. Loud sound is uncomfortable. Loud sound does
improve the fairly constant background noise to signal ratio. Loud sound does
not improve the acoustic noise to signal ratio because the loudness of the
acoustic noise depends directly on the loudness of the loudspeaker.
out, haze over and block out the detain in an otherwise perfectly fine Noise blocks our ability to
presentation. We have also seen photos taken on a clear day but blurred by a hear
moving camera. Similarly, noise such as echo and reverberation can act as a
blurring agent that makes it difficult to even make out what sound is actually
there. These are the two kinds of noise. The fairly continuous din of extraneous
noise is called "background" noise. The echo and reverberation of sound
emitted from the loudspeaker is called "acoustic" noise. (Figure-2).
Also there is a context factor. People expect to hear a conversational style
lecture at conversational sound levels (60 dB-A), a quiet voice at quiet voice
levels (40 dB-A) and a raised voice at a raised voice level (70 dB-A). Cranking
up the sound throws the presentation off, whereby the loudness is out of
context with the lecturer's action --it's simply not natural.
For good intelligibility, there will be at least 20 dB between the quietest parts
of the desirable signal and the background noise --since the more quiet parts of
speech are easily in the 40 dB-A range and less. Background noise levels in a
good auditorium will be as low as 20 dB-A. Also, there should be at least 10 dB
between the signal and the acoustic background noise.
Background noise is all the sounds one hears when the lecturer is not saying
something. There are three types of background noise. Just sit and listen in
most any meeting space and you can distinguish operational system noise,
intruding outside noise and self-generated audience noise. In order to achieve
a strong signal to background noise, the background noise has to be reduced to
as quiet as possible.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

The operating system includes all things that operate in order to accommodate
the occupancy of the auditorium. Here we have the noise from systems that
handle electricity, water and air in the building. They include the hum of
lighting ballasts, the hiss and hum of the sound system, overhead circulation
fan motor hum, video projector fans, air-conditioning noise and water pipes,
both fresh water and wastewater. (Figure-3). Other systems sounds include the
more intermittent operation of a dishwasher, garbage disposal, refrigerators,
space heaters, toilet, faucet shut-off, watering, water hammer and thermal
expansion and utility devices such as the copy machine, coke machine and
cold water drinking fountain. The air-conditioning system is usually a strong
contributor of noise, piping turbulent air and fan noise into the room through
every air supply and return opening.

Intruding outside noise is conducted into the auditorium through the windows,
doors, room and walls of the building. Traffic noise penetrates inside, in from
the street and down from overhead planes. Parking-lot noise --driving, starting,
door slamming and sidewalk conversations --contribute to intruding noise. Rain
and wind can cause noise by hammering and scraping on the building. Outdoor
stationary equipment such as heat exchangers and sprinklers cause noise. Background noise
Even HVAC units mounted on the rooftop generate noise that can come in
through the roof and upper windows, let alone shake the structural beams of
the building. Activities in other parts of the building get into the auditorium by
passing directly through the walls but also by simply traveling in the air, down
corridors, under doors and through air-conditioning ductwork, room to room.

Self-generated audience noise also raises the noise within the auditorium. Here
we have the rustle of paper, books, coats and clothes, shoe scuffing, candy
wrappers, kids talking and parents hushing, coughing and sneezing, baby
shouts, whining and eventually crying. Noise is generated even when people
breathe and when they make little noises of agreement and appreciation and
whisper to each other. To illustrate, a person trying to stand absolutely still,
breathing as shallowly as possible still generates enough noise to register 20
dB-A at a distance of 10 feet.
There is a symbiotic effect of background noise. Some noise begets more
noise. The quiet of a library provides testimony to this effect. It starts quiet and
stays quiet all day. When the background noise is at a raised level, people feel
that they too can make a little noise and no one will notice. But multiple this by
1,000 people and we have a significant increase in people-generated noise.
This then results in a further raised noise floor and, once again, it seems easy
for people to make just a little more noise. This spiraling effect can create a
very noisy auditorium, full of disruption and inattention. An auditorium whose
background noise level starts in the low 20 dB-A range stays quiet when the
audience arrives.
Sound expands away from the loud speaker. Most of what is created is not
directly heard but goes past the audience and begins reflecting around the hall.
If a reflection is strong and we know where it comes from, it is called an echo. If
we hear many reflections at one time from seemingly no special direction, it is
called reverberation.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

Generally, any echo is bad. In addition, and to put it simply, loud reverberation
is bad. But quiet reverberation can be interesting, if it is in limited doses. Both
reverberation and echoes degrade the perception of timing in the material
being presented. Strong echoes are disorienting to the timing aspect of speech
or music, like trying to be coordinated in a disco strobe dance floor. It is not
unusual for echoes to bother the performer more than anyone else in the
auditorium. Echoes usually bounce off the back wall of the auditorium and
because the person on stage is farthest from the back wall, the echo for the
performer is the most delayed. And it is most important that the performer
does not suffer disorientation due to echoes. We cannot forget Pavarotti
walking off the stage of a large hall filled with people because the echo was so
strong that he couldn't sing --but certainly, as we understand acoustics, we can
understand and forgive.
Reverberation is the ongoing part of sound in a large hall that gradually decays
away, a totally chaotic lingering presence of a previous direct sound, a sonic
afterglow, a remembrance. Loud reverberation upsets the timing of sequential
sonic events by blurring everything together. It is especially detrimental to
speech and music in small hard-surfaced rooms. However, it can also be great
personal fun, as in singing in the shower, but, in this case, the singer and the
listener are one and there are no concerns for improving the communication.
Quiet reverberation can contribute to the feeling that a larger-than-life
experience is taking place. It adds a dramatic flair of importance to speech. It is
an essential accompanist to acoustic music sources as orchestra, ensemble,
choir and organ. Reverberation generally ruins the presentation of modern
electronic bands.

There are three aspects of reverberation to be understood. Onset time delay is

the time between the direct signal is heard and the reverberation begins to be
heard. The second is how loud the reverberation becomes. The third is how
long the reverberation lasts or can be heard; the "reverb time" is officially the
number of seconds it takes for sound to die down a full 60 dB. Reverberation in
Acoustic noise, echoes
an auditorium that is used for speech, lectures and talks should have one-third
and reverberation
second onset time delay, be at least 10 dB-A quieter than the direct signal and
have a reverb time die out within 1.25 seconds.

If reverberation builds up too quickly it competes with the clear perception of

the sequence of sounds that make up speech. A short reverberation onset time
will fill the essential quiet moment that exists between and delineates
sequential sonic events. The introduction of each new sound is blurred by the
upwelling presence of the old sound. Speaking more slowly can help this
situation, but forced slow speaking is a stopgap measure at best. Acoustically
slurred speech is very difficult to understand. The time delay for the onset of
reverberation should be about one-third of a second. Background noise is best
if kept at least 20dB below the sound levels of speech. People speak at a rate
of about three separate sounds per second. Some languages speak more
slowly and others more quickly; auditorium acoustics have to be designed for
the kind of speech that takes place in them.
The loudness of the reverberation is important, at least 10 dB-A below the level
of direct speech will create reasonably clear speech. (Figure-4). A reverb level
of 10 dB-A below the direct signal is very desirable. The loudness of the reverb
changes the feeling of the auditorium. A warm, cozy, personal chatauqua style
auditorium will have a large difference between direct and reverb levels, as
much as 18 dB-A. A cold, impersonal, more political rally sounding auditorium
will have a lower difference, possible as little as 5 dB-A.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

Finally the length of time the reverberation remains audible is to be adjusted.

Generally large rooms for speech are allowed reverb times of 1.5 seconds.
Smaller auditoriums and more intimate sounding rooms should have reverb
times as low as 0.9 seconds. The personal, conversational chatauqua style
auditorium, growing popular in the world of broadcast TV church worship, will
have reverb times as low as 0.7 seconds.

These three reverb factors are generally the same for auditoriums used for
speech, plays and modern music. More traditional music tends to sound better
with longer reverb onset delay times, louder reverb levels and longer reverb
decay times. Some auditoriums are built to support a varied venue, from
speech and plays to operas and symphonies. They have adjustable acoustics:
reflecting and absorbing panels that are moved, exposed or hidden to
independently adjust the three factors of reverberation.

The auditorium is a purpose-built hall, built for audition, listening. Before it can
be designed, the architect has to understand what the large hall is to be used
for. Before the sound contractor can specify the sound system, the purpose of
the hall must be understood. Before the acoustical engineer can bring a voice
An old saying: Look
to the auditorium, the feeling and style of presentations intended for the hall
before you leap
has to be understood. Voicing the auditorium means deciding what to do with
99 percent of the sound, generated by the loudspeakers but not directly heard
by the audience. A bright and beautiful looking auditorium will attract people.
But the quiet, good-sounding auditorium will keep them coming back.

ELECTRICAL

COULUMB (C)

the Si unit of electric charge equal to the quantity of electricity transferred

along the conductor by a current of one ampere in one second

WATT (W)
the Si unit equal to one joule per second or to the power represented by a
W= V x A
current of one ampere flowing across a potential difference of one volt

an amount of power especially the power required to operate an electrical

WATTAGE
device or appliance, expressed in watts

a unit of power equal to 1,000 watts KILOWATT (kW)

a unit of energy transferred or expanded by one kilowatt in one hour a common

KILOWATT-HOUR (kWh)
unit of electric power consumption
the energy per unit charge available for conversion from a chemical,
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
mechanical or other form of energy into electrical energy or vice versa in a
(emf)
conversion devise as a battery, generator or a motor I299

the voltage difference between two points that represents the work involved in
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
the transfer of a unit charge from one point to the other
the work required to move a unit charge from a reference point to a designed
POTENTIAL
point
potential difference or electromotive force expressed in volts: analogous to
VOLTAGE
pressure in water flow
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

the Si unit of potential difference and electromotive force, defined as the

difference of electric potential between two points of a conductor carrying a
VOLT (V)
constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated between the points
is equal to one watt
the rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit per unit time measured in
CURRENT
amperes
the basic Si unit of electric current, equivalent to a flow of one coulomb per
second or to the steady current produced by one volt applied to one resistance AMPERE (A)
of one ohm
the strength of an electric current measured or expressed in amperes:
AMPERAGE
analogous to the rate of water flow
the opposition of a conductor to the flow of current, causing some of the
RESISTANCE (R)
electric energy to be transformed into heat and usually measured in ohms
the Si unit of electrical resistance, equal to the resistance of a conductor in
OHM
which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere
that law that for any circuit the electric current is directly proportional to the
OHM’S LAW I= V/R
voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance
the principle that the rate of production of heat by direct current is directly
JOULE’S LAW
proportional to the resistance of the circuit and to the square of the current
the resistance per unit length of a substance with a cross sectional area. Also
RESISTIVITY
called specific resistance
a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct electric current, equal to the
CONDUCTIVITY
reciprocal of the resistivity of the substance. Also called specific conductance.
the complete path of an electric current including the source of electric energy CIRCUIT

an arrangement of components in an electric circuit in which the same current

SERIES
flows through each component in turn without branching
the arrangement of components in an electric circuit in which all positive
terminals are connected to a second conductor, the same voltage being PARALLEL
applied to each component
a group of two or more cells connected together to produce electric current BATTERY

a device for converting chemical into electric energy usually consisting of a

CELL
receptacle with electrodes in an electrolyte. Also called electric cell
a non metallic conducting medium in which current is carried by the movement
ELECTROLYTE
of ions
a conductor through which a current enters or leaves a non metallic medium ELECTRODE

the negative terminal of a primary cell or storage battery ANODE

the positive terminal of a primary cell or storage battery CATHODE

a machine that converts mechanical energy into electric energy GENERATOR

a generator fro producing alternating current ALTERNATOR

a machine that converts electric power into mechanical energy ELECTRIC MOTOR
the main current- carrying winding of a motor or generator in which
ARMATURE
electromotive force is induced
an electric current in one direction only having a magnitude that does not vary
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
or varies only slightly
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

an electric current that reverses direction at regularly recurring intervals, ALTERNATING CURRENT
having a magnitude that varies in a sinusoidal manner (AC)
a unit of electric measurement equal to the product of one volt and one
ampere, equivalent to one watt for direct current system and a unit of apparent VOLT AMPERE (VA)
power for alternating current systems
an electric device consisting of two or more winding wound on the same core,
which employs the principle of mutual induction to convert variations of
TRANSFORMER
alternating current in a primary circuit into variations of voltage and current in
a secondary circuit

STEP-
UP
TRANS
FORME
R
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- a
transfor
mer seconda
having ry,
fewer serving
turns in to
the transfor
primary m low
winding voltage
than in to high
the voltage

STEP-
DOWN
TRANS
FORME
R

LINE
VOLTA
GE
- the
voltage
supplie
d by a
power
line,
measur
ed at
the
point of
use

SERVIC
E
CONDU
CTOR

- any of
several
conduct
ors
extendi the
ng from service
a main equipm
power transfor ent of a
line or mer to building

SERVIC
E
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- the
supply
of
utilities,
as
water,
gas and
electrici
ty,
require
d or
demand by the
ed public

HIGH
VOLAT
GE
-
operate
d on
power
by or
transmit
ting
high
voltage

SUBST
ATION
- an
auxiliar
y power
station
where
electric AC or
al where
current voltage
is is
convert stepped
ed, as up or
from DC to down

SERVIC
E DROP
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- the
overhea
d
portion
of
service
conduct
ors
extendi
ng from pole to
the a
nearest utility building

SERVIC
E
LATER
AL

- the
undergr
ound
portion
of
service
conduct line or
ors transfor
extendi mer to
ng from a
a main power building

LINE
DROP

- the
decreas
e in
voltage
betwee
n two by
points resistan
on a ce or
power leakage
line, along
usually caused the line

SERVIC
E
ENTRA
NCE
CONDU
CTOR
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- the
portion
of a
service
conduct
or lateral
extendi to the
ng from service
a equipm
service ent of a
drop or service building

WATT-
HOUR
METER

- a
meter
for
measuri
ng and
recordin
g the
quality consum
of ed with
electric respect
power to time

TRANS
FORME
R
VAULT
- a fire- building
rated , usually
room located
housing on
a grade
transfor or
mer and below
auxiliar ground
y and
equipm ventilat directly outside
ent for large ed to the air

SWITC
HGEAR
ROOM
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- a room
containi
ng the
service
equipm
ent for
a large
building

SERVIC
E
EQUIP
MENT

- the
equipm
ent power conduct
necessa supply ors and
ry for to a usually seconda
controlli building consisti ry
ng, , ng of a switch,
meterin located main fuses
g, and near the disconn and
protecti entranc ect circuit
ng the e of the switch breaker
electric service and s

STAND
BY
GENER
ATOR
- a
generat
or for
providin
g
emerge
ncy
power called
during a emerge
power ncy
outage. generat
Also or

UNINTE
RRUPTI
BLE
POWER
SUPPL
Y
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- an
emerge
ncy
system instanta
designe neously
d to upon
provide failure
power of the
automat normal
ically power
and supply

SWITC
HBOAR
D
- one or devices,
a group meterin
of g
panels instrum
on ents,
which and number
are buses of
mounte for electric
d controlli circuits
switche ng and called
s, over protecti switchg
current ng a ear

UNIT
SUBST
ATION
- a free
standin
g
enclosu transfor
re mer and
housing switchg
a ear for
disconn a
ect number
switch, of
a step- electric
down circuit

FEEDE
R
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- any of
the
conduct
ors
extendi
ng from
the distribut
service ion
equipm points
ent to in a
various building

WIRE

- a
pliable
metallic insulate
strand d with a
or dielectri
twisted c
or material
woven and
assembl used as
y of a
such conduct electrici
strands often or of ty
CONDU
CTOR
- a
substan
ce,
body or
devise
that
conduct
s heat,
sound
or
electrici
ty

INSULA
TOR
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- a
material supporti
that is ng
poor conduct
conduct ors to
or of prevent
electrici the
ty used undesir
in ed flow
operatin of
g or current

CABLE
- a
single
insulate
d
conduct
or or a
bound conduct
or ors
sheathe insulate
d d from
combin one
ation of another

ARMOR
ED
CABLE
-
electric
cable
consisti flexible,
ng of helically
two or wound
more metal
insulate wrappin
d g. Also
conduct called
ors by BX

MINER
AL
ISULAT
ED
CABLE
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- conduct
electric ors
cable embedd
consisti ed in a
ng of a highly
tubular compre
copper ssed,
sheath insulati
containi ng
ng one refracto
or more ry mineral

NON-
METAL
LIC
SHEAT
ED
CABLE
- a non-
electric metallic
cable ,
consisti moistur
ng of e
two or resistan
more t, flame
insulate retarda
d nt
conduct sheath.
ors Also ROMEX

COAXI
AL
CABLE
- a
cable
for
transmit
ting
high
frequen consisti
cy ng of an
telepho insulate
ne, d
digital conduct
or signals ing core

SHIELD
ED
CABLE
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- an
electric
cable
enclose
d within
a effects
metallic of
sheath external
in order electric
to or
reduce magneti
the c fields

CONDU
IT
- a tube,
pipe or
duct for
enclosin
g and
protecti
ng
electric
wires or
cable

RIGID
METAL
CONDU
IT
- heavy-
walled,
tubular
steel
conduit threade
s joined d hub
by with
screwin locknuts
g and
directly bushing
into a s

ELECTR
ICAL
METAL
TUBIN
G
(EMT)
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- thin-
walled,
tubular
steel
conduit
joined
by
compre
ssion or
setscre couplin
w gs

FLEXIB
LE
METAL
CONDU
IT

-
flexible, other
helically vibratin
wound g
metal equipm
conduit, ent.
used for Also
connect called
ions to Greenfi
motors eld
or conduit

RACEW
AY
- a
channel
expressl
y
designe
d to
hold
and
protect
electric
wires
and cables

SURFA
CE
RACEW
AY
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- a
raceway
designe
d to
exposed
installat
ion in
dry,
non-
hazardo corrosiv location
us, e s

MULTI-
OUTLE
T
ASSEM
BLY
- a
surface
mounte
d
raceway
designe
d to
house and a
the series
electric of
al wires recepta
for a circuit cles

DUCT
- an
enclose
d
runway
for
housing
conduct
ors or
cables

BUS
DUCT
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- a rigid
metal
housing
for a
group of
buses
insulted enclosu
from re. Also
each called
other buswa
and the y

CABLE
TRAY
- an
open
metal
framew
ork for
supporti
ng
insulate
d
electric
al
conduct

BREAK
DOWN
VOLTA
GE

- the
minimu
m
applied
voltage
at which
a given
insulato
r breaks permits
down current
and to pass

DIELEC
TRIC
STREN
GTH
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

- the causing
maximu it to
m breakdo
voltage wn,
that can usually
be express
applied ed in
to a volts or
given kilovolts
material per unit thicknes
without of s

DIELEC
TRIC
- a non-
conduct
ing
substan
ce

JUNCTI
ON
BOX
- an
enclosu
re for joined
housing togethe
and r in
protecti connect
ng ing or
electric branchi
wires or ng
cables electric
that are circuits

KNOCK
OUT

- a
panel in
a casing hammer
or box ing or
that can cutting
readily to
be provide
remove an
d, as by opening
punchin into the
g, interior
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

GROM
MET
- a
rubber
or
plastic
washer
inserted groundi
in a ng of a
hole in wire
a metal passing
part to through
prevent the hole

BUSHI
NG
- an
insulati
ng and
protecti
ve
lining
for one
or more
conduct
ors through
passing a hole

- for
lighting
outlet
and
conveni
UTILIT ence
Y BOX outlet
PULL
BOX -
to
facilitat
e
pulling

- where
OUTLE cable
T BOX ends
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

CUT
OUT
BOX -
metal
box
with
hinge &
enclosu
re.
House
or fuse
box

- used
as
support
s and
for
addition
al
protecti
INSULA on for
TOR wires

GENERAL WIRING

RHW Moisture and heat Dry and wet locations

T Thermoplastic Dry locations
TW Moisture resistant Dry and wet locations
THHN Heat resistant thermoplasti Dry locations
THW Moisture Dry and wet locations
THWN Moisture Dry and wet locations
XHHW Moisture Dry and wet locations
SA Silicone asbestos Dry locations
AVA Asbestos and varnDry locations only

CONDUIT FITTINGS:

1. elbow (long sweep)

2. tee
a. LB Condulets (angle & bended)
b. LR (angle to the right)
c. TF (tee front)

CONDUITS:

1. RIGID CONDUITS- cannot be bended

 BUILDING UTILITIES 2

metal- RSC/ EMT

non-metal- PVC

2. FLEXIBLE
metal- BX
 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

ARCHITECT’S NATIONAL CODE

THE ARCHITECT’S CODE OF ETHICS

“GISRIP” “BBCC”

G-eneral Objectives B-usiness

I-deals B-ehavior

S-uccess C-riticism

R-emuneration C-reative Endeavor

I-nterest of the Client

P-rofessional Prerogative

SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHITECTS SERVICES

The Spectrum of the Architect’s Services

UAP Doc 201 Pre-Design Services

“EPASSSSP” - NON CREATIVE – no design and construction

1 E-conomic Feasibility Studies

2 P-roject Financing

3 A-rchitectural Programming

4 S-ite Selection and Analysis*

5 S-ite Utilization and Land-Use Studies*

6 S-pace/Management Studies

7 P-romotional Services

* Must be EnP, Environmental Planner

MDPE – compensation method

Methods of Compensation
1. Percentage of Construction
2. Multiple Direct Personnel Expense MDPE
Architect = NTRMf
Consultant = NTRMf
Staff = NTRMf
------------------------------
E = Direct Cost
E + MP + RE = Project Cost; where MP (Marginal Cost = 30%), RE (Reimbursable Expense)
Project Cost + AE = Professional Fee: where AE = Architect & Engineer Fee
N–
T–
R–
Mf – Min. Fee = 2.0 – 2.5 as Multiplier
 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

3. Lump Sum/ Fixed Fee

4. Per Diem Plus Reimbursable Expense
5. Combination
6. Professional Fee and Expenses
7. Turn Key

Reimbursable Expenses
Conditions:
1. Pertinent to the Project
2. Must occur within 100 K = radius
3. Mutual agreement

Schedule of Payments:

CONTRACTOR
1. Downpayment - 20 – 50% of Project Cost
2. Progressive Billing – base on percentage of completion (not more than 1 month)
3. Final Billing/Payment - 98% Complete
4. Guarantee Bond – enforced for 1 year

ARCHITECT
1. Proposal Fee – 5%
2. Schematic Design – 15%
3. Design Dev’t - 15%
4. Contract Docs - 50%
5. Retention - 15% = Liability 10%, Supervision 5%

SPECIALIZED ALLIED SERVICES SAS

1. Proposal Fee – 5%
2. Prelim Drawings - 25%
3. Final Drawings - 50%
4. Retention - 20% = 3 months after the acceptance of the Architect

UAP Doc 202 Design Services: Regular Architectural Services

“PWSP” “SDCC” - Sequential

1. P-reliminary Design/S-chematic Design

2. W-orking Drawings/D-esign Dev’t Phase
3. S-pecifications and Other Contract Documents/C-ontract Documents*
4. P-art-Time Supervision/C-onstruction Phase*
*Under Contract Doc. Phase (Refer to UAP Doc 301 General Conditions of a Contract)

“GASSD”
1. G-eneral Conditions – Execution, Intent – satisfaction to finish the proj., Correlation
2. A-greement
3. S-pecifications
4. S-pecial Provisions
5. D-rawings

*Under Construction Phase

Important Milestones of Construction

“RERCF”
1. R-eference – Horizontal, Vertical
2. E-xcavation – min. depth .60m until stable – w/ signature of the Architect, must have a
 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

3. R-ebars
4. C-oncreting
5. F-inishes – Mock up (samples)

5 M’s of Construction
1. M-achines
2. M-oney
3. M-anpower
4. M-aterial
5. M-inutes

PROJECT CLASSIFICATION
UAP – degree of difficulty/complexity of design
FCP – risk of occurrence of Fire
NCP – use and occupancy

ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS (SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM BASIC FEE)

“SMERM” “RHEAC”
GROUP DEFINITION
S-imple (Hangars) Without partitions
M-oderate (Art Galleries) With partitions
E-xceptional (Aquariums) Requires Consultants
R-esidences Single Detached or Duplex
M-onumental Buildings (Expositions, Mausoleums,
Memorials) Requires Concepts
R-epetitive Buildings Construction of Similar Structures
H-ousing Projects Construction of several residential units
E-xtensive Detailing Design of detailed Parts of appurtenances,
special fittings, etc.
A-lterations and Additions Structures belonging to Groups 1 to 5
C-onsultations and Arbitration Technical matters, service as an expert witness

UAP Doc 203 Specialized Allied Services SAS

“PILAC”
SERVICES PARTICULARS
P-hysical Planning Must be an EnP
I-nterior Design Licensed IND
L-andscape Design Landscape Architect
A-coustic, Communication and Electronic
Engineering Services Engineer ECE
Must be an EnP
1. Physical Component
C-omprehensive Planning 2. Economic Planning
3. Socio-Cultural
4. Transport
5. Legal & Administrative

Civil works (preparation of detailed engineering drawings and specifications, roads, drainage,

STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

UAP DOC 204 Construction Services
“FC”
1. F-ull Time Supervision – Team or Individual, Quality Control, Evaluation, Records – Basic Salary if
Architect
2. 1- 1.5% Management – CM - Team or Individual, Time and Cost Control, Coordination and
C-onstruction
3*. P-roject Management – PM – 2 – 5% (Refer to UAP Doc 206 Comprehensive Architectural

Before Construction
CM
 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

PM Present – Identifies, accredits, recommends

potential contractors & suppliers

UAP Doc 205 Post-Construction Services (Maintenance and Administration)

1. BE – Building and Equipment Maintenance
If the building is Safe and habitable – will issue – Certificate of Occupancy
Good working condition and properly maintained

2. BG – Building & Grounds Administration

a. Billing of Tenants
b. Security and Janitorial Services (Monitoring)
c. Local Ordinances

Method of Compensation (BG)

a. Fixed Salary Basis – monthly
b. Percentage of Gross Rentals – 4-6%

UAP 206 Comprehensive Architectural Services (Scope from UAP Doc 201 to 205)

The Project Manager – PM – 2 - 5% of Estimated Project Cost, Combination Methods if

performs in regular Architectural Services for the same project – will compensate separately.
Basic Functions
a. Operates as a member of Owner-Architect-Engineer-Contractor
b. Contractor – men and equipment, project delivery as per contract, Owner – funds are
c. Plan, Program, Monitor activities, Adviser of material cost and Construction methods,

Detailed Functions
a. Pre-Construction Phase
b. Construction Phase

UAP 207 Design-Build Services

Method of Project Delivery
1. DBA Design-Build Services by Administration - 7% of Proj. Const. Cost
Proj. Const. Cost. in addition to Architects fee for Regular Design Services (UAP 202) 10% (if
residential proj.) + 7% = 17%
2. DBGMC Design Build by Guaranteed Maximum Cost
a. Lump Sum
b. If the cost is exceeded by not more than 10% it is divided = bet. Architect and Client.

UAP Doc 208 Selection of the Architect & Methods of Compensation

1. Direct Selection

2. Indirect
a. Referral from satisfied client
b. Recommendation form another Architect
c. Comparative Selection

3. Design Competition

Methods of Compensations (Refer to UAP Doc 201 Pre-Design Services)

UAP Doc 301 General Conditions of a Contract

1. Establishes the relationship bet:
a. Architect and Client
b. Contractor and Client
c. Architect and Contractor
 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

2. Establishes the norms of conduct

a. must have an Architect
b. must have an Engineer
c. its “Conditions”
3. Current Standards of the Practice whether in DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION
Section 1 – Definition of Documents (Glossary of Terms)

Section 2 – Laws Regulation

a. Site Conditions
b. Permits
c. Taxes
d. Royalties
e. Patents
f. Surveys

Section 3 – Equipment Materials “Quality and Quantity”

Section 4 – Premises Temporary Facilities

“TEMPACIL”*
a. Office – bedroom for Architect
b. Quarters – for staying workers
c. Warehouse – storage
d. Accessway – road ways, bridge, hoist (elevator)
e. Enclosure
f. Signage
g. Trial usage

*contractors expense

Section 5 – Protection

a. Property (work area)

b. Adjacent Property and Existing Utilities
c. Life, work, and Property during emergencies

Section 6 – Labor, Work, and Payments

Labor – characteristics/quality

No. /quality, no. of workers signed by YOU

Work – duration and deadlines; if delay P20,000 per day. Liquidated Damages = 0.01 of the

Payments

Contractor
1. Progressive Billing – partial % of Completion
2. Request for inspection (RFI)

Architect will issue (if accept)

a. Certificate of Acceptance
b. Certificate of Payment – Owner for payment – pay or not pay
c. If 65% completion – the contractor will issue of non-financial obligation (certificate)

Section 7 Relationship between Architect and Sub-Contractor

 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

5 copies of Drawings to:

a. Contractor
b. Owner
c. Office of the Building Official (OBO)
d. Fire Department
e. Site

Laws Affecting Real Estate Housing, General Design, Construction, etc.

1. PD 1096 – The National Building Code

2. PD 1185 – The Fire Code of the Philippines – Enforced by PNP Gen. Hermohenes Ebdane

3. PD 957 – The Condominium & Subdivision Buyers Protective Law

4. BP 220 – Socialized Housing Law

5. BP 344 – Law Enhancing the Mobility of the Disabled (Accessibility Law)

Laws that regulate the Practice of Architecture

1. RA 545/RA9266 – the Architecture Law

2. EO 164 – Regulating the Hiring of Foreign Consultants

3. PD 49 – Intellectual Property Law

4. PD 223 - PRC Law

5. LOI 1000 – Letter of Instructions, mandating government support only to APO

(Accredited Professional Organization)

6. RA 9283 – Copyright Law

PD – Presidential Decree

BP – Batas Pambansa

EO - Executive Order

LOI – Letter Of Instruction

RA – Republic Act

Additional Terms:

1 According to RA9266 – all projects either big or small must have a contract. LAWYER – NOTARY –

2 Contractor – pays for the Building Permit (cannot be reimbursed, not included in Estimates)

3 Architect cannot be a Contractor at the same time.

4 Contractor is profit motivated; Builder is completion motivated; Contractor holds the money;

5 2% per annum – Interest (if money is not fully collected)

6 TOR – Terms of Reference

 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

7 Building Permit – validity 120 days, valid 12 months if constructed has not commenced;
exception government structure; excepted if P15,000 proj. cost
8 Notary – to legalize document with series no., document no., etc.

9 Arbitration – can file a case after 30 days

10 Specifications – are printed documents stipulating the procedural aspects of the contract

Variance – is the minimum possible deviation from standards which is permitted to make a highly
11 beneficial housing project.

12 Project duration is computed immediately from the receipt date of the NTP

13 Design of any religious structures is assessed professional fees

14 Competitive bidding is mandatory for public work projects

15 7 Days – affectivity of a Construction contract from receipt of Notice of Final Payment

16 Civil Code – liability of Architect for Regular Design of structures – 15 years

17 PERT – Progress Evaluation Review Technique

18 CPM – Critical Path Method

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Character: simplicity, massiveness, monumentality
Material: stone and brick
System: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plans: irregular and asymmetrical
Wall: no windows (batter wall)
Openings: doors are square headed
Roof: flat roof
Columns: interior only, 6d
: bud & bell, palm, foliated, hatthor head, osiris, polygonal
Mouldings: torus and gorge
Principal buildings:
Egyptian Tombs:

Mastaba: stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure

elements: offering chapel w/ stele (slab) serdab
(statue chamber) sarcophagus
Pyramid: square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides
elements: offering chapel mortuary chapel
elevated causeway (passageway)
valley building (embalmment)
types: step (zoser)
slope
blunt (seneferu)
Rock-cut- mountain side tombs
elements: passages
sanctuary
EGYPTIAN TEMPLES:
CULT TEMPLE:
worship of the gods
MORTUARY TEMPLE:
to honor the pharos
elements: pylon (entrance or gateway)
hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall)
hypaethral court (open to the sky court)
sanctuary
MINOR TEMPLE:
mammisi temple (carved along mountain)
OBELISK TEMPLE:
(monumental pillars, square in plan)
SPHINX:
(mythical monsters)
Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara
Pyramid of Gizeh- Cheops, Chepren, Mykerinos
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
The Great Temple of Arnak (greatest example of Egyptian temple)
Great Sphinx at Gizeh (god horus)
Egyptian Architects:
Senusurets: built the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis
Amenemhat I: founded the great temple at Karnak
Thothmes I: began the additions to the temple of Amnon Karnak
Amenophis III: built the famous Colossi of Memnon
Rameses I: began the hypostyle hall at Karnak
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Seti I: built the temple at Abu- Simber

Ptolemy II: built the pharos of Light House
Ptolemy III: founded the Great Seradeum at Alexandria
ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE
WEST ASIA

BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN

Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Material: brick
System: arch and vault
Comparative analysis:
Plan: palaces are elevated on platforms w/ room covered by vaults
Walls: are built with sun died bricks, battlement cresting
Principal buildings:
Ziggurat: holy mountains
Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat
ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
Openings: doors are semicircular headed w/ sculptured monstrers
Roof: externally appeared flat but covered by brick vaults internally
Columns: no columns
Mouldings: no mouldings
Ornaments: chiseled alabaster slab
Principal buildings:
Ziggurat: holy mountains
Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple
Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers
Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous ramp w/ fire altar
Palace: usually built by Assyrian
elements: seraglio- palace proper
harem- private family apartments
khan- service chamber
Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat
PERSIAN
(architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)
Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for roof
System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plan: open widely spaced columns
Wall: made of bricks covered w/ polychrome brickwork
Openings: windows and doors are square headed
Roof: flat roof made of timber
Columns: tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d & scroll, twin horse capital
Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian
Ornament: polychrome brickwork
Palace Platform, Persopolis
Propylaea, Xerxes
Palace of Darius
Palace of Cerces
Hypostyle Hall of Cerces
Hall of Hundred Columns
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Character: Simplicity & harmony
Purity of line
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Perfection of proportions
Refinement of details
Material: marble
System: columnar and trabaeted
Palace King Minos, Knossos
Acropolis, Athens
Propelea- gateway
Pinacotheca- paintings
Glyptotheca- sculptures
Statue of Athena Promochos
Erechtheion- unusual because of carriage porch
Mnesicles
Old Temple of Athena
Parthenon- largest
geatest example of greek architecture
archt. Ictinus
master sculptor- Callicrates
Doric temple
naos: made of gold and ivory
holds the statue of Athena
Theater of Dionysius
Temple of Nike Apteros- archt Callicrates
Ionic temple
TEMPLE- GREEK HELENIC PERIOD
1. front portico
2. crepidoma- stylobate, steriobate
3. pro naos
4. naos
5. epinaos/ posticum w/ or w/ opisthodomos
6. peroma
MEGARON- EARLY GREEK DOMESTIC UNIT
1. enclosed porch
2. megaron proper- living compartments
3. thalamus- sleeping room
· Early Period / Minoan or Mycenaean
Principal buildings:
Megaron: domestic unit
elements: enclosed porch
megaron proper
thalamus- sleeping room
Walls: 1. cyclopean
2. polygonal
3. rectangular
4. inclined blocks
Tombs:
Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut deep into the mountainside
Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular in shape
Dromos- passageway
Palaces:
Palace King Minos, Knossos
· Helenic Period- religious structures
Comparative Analysis:
(Greek Temples)
Simple & balance, symmetrical
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Rectangular
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: front portico
crepidoma- stylobate, steriobate
pronaos
naos
epinaos/ posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos
peroma- space bet the naos wall and columns
Number of columns:
Henostyle Hectastyle
Dinostyle Octostyle
Tristyle Ennastyle
Tetrastyle Decastyle
Pentastyle Dodestyle
Hexastyle
Arrangement of Columns:
Antis, Amphi-antis
Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Comparative analysis:
Wall: solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of dowels or clamps
Openings: doors, windows & colonnade are square headed
Roof: w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble slab to permit light
- lacunaria (coffer)
Column: principal external feature
Orders Introduced by Greeks:
Doric Order
Ionic order
Corinthian Order
Parts:
Entablature cornice
frieze
architrade
Column capital
shaft
base
Proportion of Greek Orders
Doric Order- favored by Greeks
Column- 4-6½ D
Tablature- ¼ height of order
Ionic Order
Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Doric Order:
Abachus
Echinus
Trachelion
Hypotrachelion
Entasis slight curvature
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Ionic Order:
Abachus
Echinus- volute
Attic base if 2 torus
Torus
Plinth
Corinthian Order:
Abachus
Cauli-coli
Acanthus leaves
Intercolumnation Spaces:
Hypnostyle: 1 ½ d
Systyle: space bet col 2d
Eustyle: space 2 1/4d
Diastyle: 3d
Areostyle: 3 ½ d
GREEK TEMPLE
1. acroterion
2. pediment
3. tympanum
4. raking cornice
5. entablature
6. triglyph
7. metope
8. crepidoma
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: acroterion
pediment
tympanum
entablature
metope
triglyph
raking cornice
crepidoma
Entablature spacing:
Monotriglyph
Ditriglyph
Polytriglyph
Mouldings: parabola
hyperbola
elipse
Basis of Shape of Mouldings:
Cyma riversa/ olgee Waterleaf & tongue
Cyma recta Antheneon or honey suckle
Ovolo Egg & dart or Egg & tongue
Atragal / bead Bead & reel
Torus Guilloche or plait
Corona Fret
Fillet cavetto escocia Plain
Sculptured reliefs- free standing statuary- single or group figures
Types: bigas - 2 horse chariot
Quadbigas- 4 horse chariot
Themenos sacred enclosure
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Acropolis, Athens
Propelea: gateway
Pinacotheca: paintings
Glyptotheca: sculptures
Statue of Athena Promochos
Erechtheon: unusual because of carriage porch
Old Temple of Athena
Parthenon: largest
greatest example of greek architecture
archt. Ictinus
master sculptor- Callicrates
Doric temple
naos- made of gold and ivory
holds the statue of Athena
Theater of Dionysius
Temple of Nike Apteros: archt Callicrates
Ionic temple
Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum: 2nd largest
archt Theron
3 naos
Atlantes figure
Temple of Artemis: archt Deinocrates
master sculptor- Scopas
Greek Theater: hallow out of hillside
2/3 of circle
elements: cavea
orchestra: complete circle at center
skene: proscenia (oration)
paracenia: width of orchestra
epicenium: background
Theater of Dionysus, Athens: prototype
largest for 30,000 people
Theater of Epidauror: most beautiful & preserved
archt Polycletos
· Helenistic Period- civic structure
Principal buildings:
Agora: town square, center of social & business life
Stoa: shed, long colonnade
Prytaneion: senate building
Bouleuterion: council palace
Audeion: smaller scale theater, used for musical
Stadium: foot race course
Hipodrome: hose chariot racing, prototype of roman circus
Palaestra: resting school
Gymnasium: place for all types of physical exercises
Tomb: mosoleum
elements: pediment
podium
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Vastness & magnificence
Olstentation & ornateness
Material: pozzolana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Comparative analysis:
Plan: assymetrical due to complexity of needs of romans
Walls: made of stone & concrete
Types: Opus quadratum
Opus incertum
Opus reticulatum
Opus testaceum
Opus mixtum
Introduction of buttresses:
Types: Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, detached
Spur buttress- attached to wall
Pinnacle- similar to spur but more pronounced
elements of arch: keystone
extrados
intrados
string course
mpost
abutment
plinth
archivault
voussoir blocks
stilting
rise
spring line
span
Roof: vaulting system
Types: semi circular/ wagon headed vault (made of bricks)
cross vault
dome/ cupula
Column:
Composite: Ionic volute w/ Corinthian
Tuscan: similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Column- 7D
Tablature- 1 3/4D
Doric Order:
Column- 8D
Tablature- 2D
Ionic Order:
Column- 9D
Tablature- 21/4d
Corinthian Order:
Column- 10D
Tablature- 2 1/2D
Mouldings: heavily decorated
Ornament: mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
opusectile: tesserae cut into shapes for wall
opuspilatum: inchevron for floor
mural paintings
accantus scroll: most popular
Principal buildings:
Forum: a central open shape used as a meeting place, market or rendevous for political demonstration.
Forum Romanum: oldest & most important
Forum of Trajan: largest forum
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome: Appolodorus of Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda): Agripa (corinthian temple)

Basilica: hall of justice & commercial exchange

Trajan’s Basilica, Appolodorus of Damascus
Thermae: palatial public bath
Balneum: private bath for family
elements:
1. main building
tepidarium- warm lounge
calidarium- hot water bath
sudotorium- hottest room
frigidarium- cooling room w/ piscana or swimming bath
unctoria- perfume & oil
2. xystus- large open space w/ landscaping , stadium from various types of athletic sports
3. outer ring of apartments- lecture room, exedrae, stores
4. hypocaust- furnace
Thermae of Caracalla
Thermae Of Diocletian
Theaters: orchestra is used by important people
skene became the stage
Theater of Marcellus, Rome: concrete
Theater Orange: partly concrete
Amphitheatre: gladitoria contests
Colloseum, Rome- vast ellipse
Archts- Vespasian
Domitian
Circus- for horse & chariot racing
elements: spina
carceres
Circus maximus, Rome: largest
Tombs
Classes:
1. Coemetera w/
Columbaria- a niche in the rock containing ashes of the dead
Loculi- recess for corpse w/c were sealed w/ a front slab
2. Monumental tombs- similar to the Greek mousoleum in form & plan
Mausoleum of Agustus, Rome
Mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)
3. Pyramidal tombs
4. Temple shaded tombs
5. Sculptured memorials- minor tombs of varied designs
6. Cenotaphs- memorial monuments to person buried elsewhere
Commemorative Monuments:
1. Triumphal arch- 3 openings, for emperors
2. Pilar of victory/ memorial column- record triumph of victorius generals
Trajan’s Column - Doric column, arch Titus
3. Rostral column- victorius campaigns done in sea victories
Palaces:
Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
Roman Houses
Villa: country house
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Insula: tenement house for workers

Domus: private house
Elements:
1. prothyrum
2. atrium- entrance court open to the sky
impluvium- water cistern
3. tablium- open saloon
4. peristyle- inner colonnaded court (open)
5. cubicula- bedrooms
6. triclina- dining room
7. oecus- reception room
8. alae- reception for conversation
9. kitchen & pantry
Aqueduct: for water supply of towns & cities
Aquaclaudia: Caligula & Claudius
Pontgard, Nimes: most manificent 25 miles long
Pons: roman bridges
Fountains:
Types: Locus/ Lacus- large basin of water
Salientes: provide water
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Vastness & magnificence
Olstentation & ornateness
Material: pozzolana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
Forum Romanum - oldest & most important
Forum of Trajan - largest forum
Temple of Venus, Rome - Appolodorus of Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda) - Agripa (corinthian temple)
Trajan’s Basilica, Rome - Appolodorus of Damascus
Thermae of Caracalla
Thermae Of Diocletian
Colloseum, Rome - vast ellipse- Archts- Vespasian, Domitian
Circus maximus, Rome - largest
Mausoleum of Agustus, Rome
Mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)
Palaces of Emeperors, Rome - by emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato - largest
Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Simplicity in design and treatment
Coarseness in execution
Material: savaged from pagan structures
Basilican plan for churches (east oriented)
System: trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- evolved from roman basilica built on site of saints burial places
elements: bell tower:
atrium: with fountain
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

narthex:
nave: sude aisles
choir: cancelli (low walls)
high altar: baldochino, crypt/ confessio/ cimborium
ambo
apse: for bishops & cardinals
Materials: Masonry & concrete
Walls: exterior- concrete w/ plain plasters
interior- mosaic
Openings: arcaded, doors & windows are span w/ semi-circular arches lintels or entablature
Roofs: Nave- timber trusses
Side aisles: semi-circular arches
Apse: side dome
Columns: 4 roman columns
Mouldings: roman mouldings are adapted, very crude
Ornament: linked to Christian religion
2 basic ornaments: mosaic
mural paintings
Example of Basilican Churches:
Basilican Church of St. Peter, Rome
Church of St. John Lateran
S. Clemente, Rome
Torcello Cathedral
S. Sabrina, Rome
Church at Qalb Louzeh
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Removed the atrium
Narthex became the entrance
Covered by dome roof- external features
Character:
Simplicity in external design
Richness in internal treatment
Material: bricks used for walls & concrete for domes
Marble for columns
System: fusion of domical construction
Classic columnar & trabaeted style
Comparative analysis:
Plan: Greek cross plan
Walls: bricks
Exterior: brick in various design
Interior: mosaic & marble
Openings: are spanned by semicircular arches or lintels
Windows: 3” thick translucent marble
Roof: dome
Types:
Simple: pendentives, dome
Compound: supported by drum
Melon shaped: with flutings
Columns: dosseret block, soffit, capitals
Mouldings: Billet moulding
Mosaic
Mural paintings
Ornaments: symbolism
Peacock- symbol of eternal life
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Endless knot- eternity

Chirho- Jesus Christ
Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia- for emperor Justinian
Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
Isodorus of Miletus
Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
Isodorus of Miletus: now a muslim mosque
St. Mark, Venice Italy: most important example of Byzantine
S. Theodore, Athens
S. Vitale, Ravenna
ROMANESQUE- “roman like art”
Character: Sober & Dignified
Material: stone & brick for Germany
System: arcuated
principle of equilibrium through vaulting system made up of rib & panel vaulting
Comparative analysis:
Plan: Latin Cross plan (west oriented)
ternal feature: towers on nave & transept, facades
Walls: supported by pilaster strips
Windows: rose or wheel windows
Roof: Rib & panel Vaulting
1. quadripartite
2. sexpartite
Column:
Mouldings: are usually in horizontal courses, deviated from roman
Ornamets: fresco paintings- principal
vegetable & animals forms
Principal buildings:
Cathedral- Greek cross plan (east oriented)
Monastery
Elements: Monastery church
Cloister court
Inner court
Common court
Countries that adapted Romanesque:

· ITALY
Central Italy: ornamental façade- rising one from another
North Italy: rose window
Pizza Cathedral:
Pizza Campanile:
Cathedral
Baptistery:
Madeleine Vezelay: earliest form of cross-pointed vault in France
Abbaye: Aux Homes, Caen Order- prototype of GOTHIC
Worms Cathedral: emperor Charlemagne
Abbey of Bomay
S. Semin, Toulousse
Autun Cathedral
Cahors Cathedral
La Ziza, Palermo
Monreale Cathedral
Lubeck Cathedral
S. Trophime, Arles
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

S. Zeno Maggiore, Venice

Trier Cathedral
· FRENCH ROMANESQUE
Southern France: Muslim influence due to pointed arch
Northern Italy: flanking towers
Madeleine Vezelay: earliest form of cross-pointed vault in France
Abbaye: Aux Homes, Caen Order- prototype of GOTHIC
· GERMAN ROMANESQUE
East & west apse
Worms Cathedral- emperor Charlemagne
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France: style ogivale
lofty & aspiry quality
structural honesty
economy in use of material
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches
Material: stone
ncipal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)
Plan: asymmetrical
Walls: rubble masonry, buttress to support walls
Roof: ribbed & paneled vaulting
Column: group column
Mouldings: 45 deg from wall
Ornaments: stained glass & figured sculpture
Countries that adapted Gothic:
· FRENCH GOTHIC
1. Primary/ Lancet Period- pointed arches & geometric tracery windows
2. Rayonnant Period- circular windows w/ wheel tracery
3. Flamboyant Period- flame like or free flowing tracery
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals:
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic Cathedral
By bishop Maurice De Sully
Finest & most characteristic French gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 130 stained galss windows
Profussion of sculptured figures in west front
Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of kings of France
500 carved statues on west facades
Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de Luzarches
Typical French cathedral
Carved woodwork on choir stalls
Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe, 157’ to the vault
1 of the wonders of medieval in France
Fortified Towns
Carcassone- 50 towers, moat & walls
Castles:
Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated location, overlooking town
Arch. Viollet- le- Duc
Cathedrals
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundation- served by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English gothic caharcteristic
2nd div- Cathedral of the Monastic Foundation- served by monks or regular clergy
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Cantherbury Cathedral- 1st Norman church

Winchester Cathedral- longest gothic cathedral in Europe
3rd div- Cathedrals of the New Foundation- served by bishops
presence of 2 chapels- lady chapel- Virgin Mary
chantry chapel- patrons are burried
Monastery
Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Foundation
Triple group of monastery
Coronation church & burial place for Eng kings
Royal Palace- parliament & Big Ben
Westminster Church- highest
Castles
Tower of London- builder Bishop Gundolf for William I
Manor House
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal Wolsey
University
University of Oxford
Cambridge University
Hall Church
St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in Germany
Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church in Northern Europe
Milan Cathedral- 2nd largest church in Europe
archt Henrich Von Gmunden
Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble found in walls & tiers of church
Santo Corce- Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest in Europe
Florence Cathedral- combination of gothic & renaissance
Arnolfo de Cambio
Famous group bldg in the world
Doge’s Palace in Italy- civic example gothic in Italy
Giovanni & Bartolome Buon
Ca D’ Oro- one of the famous palatial homes during gothic period
Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in Europe

RENAISSANCE- “rebirth of classical”

Character: Dignity & Formality achieved thru symmetry
System: Trabaeted and Arcuated
Elements: pediment, horizontal cornice, columnar arcade
Countries that adapted Rennaisance:
ITALY
FRENCH RENAISSANCE
GERMAN RENAISSANCE
SPANISH RENAISSANCE
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Brunelleschi- most famous architect in Italy
Dome of Florence Cathedral- gothic & renaissance
Palazzo Pitti- largest except for Vatican
Alberti- author of first architecture book after invention of printing
“De re Aedificatoria”
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua- prototype of later renaissance
Bramante- first Roman architect of renaissance time
Pazzo Della Cancellaria
Vatican Palace, Rome
Raphael- cousin, pupil of bramante & one of the greatest painters
Vatical Loggie
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Vignola:
Villa of Pope Julius, Rome
Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most maginificent of Roman palaces
Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of Jesuit Church in baroque style
Michael Angelo
Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest family in Italy
Capitol, Rome- mos successful civil work
Longhena
Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice- structure in the middle of canal
St. Peter’s Basilica- most famous in Italy, Renaissance period
Florence Cathedral, Italy- 138’ Renaissance
St Peter’s Basilica, Italy- 137 1/2 ‘ Renaissance
St Paul, London- 112’ Renaissance
· FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo da Vinci

Palaces
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)- Pierre Lescot
Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de L’arme
(residence of French rulers till 1879)
Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le Vau
Churches
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Dome of the Invalides (niche of Napoleon Boniparte)
· GERMAN RENAISSANCE- French style, use of bricks
Heidelber Castle
Salzberg Cathedral
Palace of Charles V. Granada- Pedro Machuca, best example
Escorial (art works)- Julian de Bautista, Julian de Herera
w/ monastery, collage, church & place
Arnolfo de Cambio
Granada Cathedral- Diego de Silde
One of the grandest cathedral in Spain
Tomb of Ferdinand & Isabela & others
· ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Elizabethan Mansion
Architects:
Inigo Jones: deciple of Italian Renaissance
characterized by the use of bricks
Banqueting House, White Hall
Queen's House, Grenwich
Sir Christopher Wren: deciple of French Renaissance
St Paul’s Cathedral- greatest masterpiece, model English
53 London churches
Grenwich Observatory & hospital
Fountain court & garden façade of Hampton Palace
· ENGLISH GOTHIC
English gothic vaulting: formerets
diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering of ribs (pendant)
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Moulding- nail head

Double cone
Dog tooth cable
Ball flower
Tablet flower
Embatled sandwich
Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:
1. bowtel- ¾ of a circle
2. pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w/c 2 faces meet in a blunt arris
3. bracket/ brace- double ogee
4. wave moulding- a slight connexity followed by hallows
5. keel moulding
6. scroll
7. casement
8. hood & label
Types of Trusses:
1. tie beam
2. trusted rafter
3. hammer beam
4. collar beam
5. aisle roof
Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals:
: 1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundation- served by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English gothic caharcteristic
: 2nd div- Cathedral of the Monastic Foundation- served by monks or regular clergy
Cantherbury Cathedral- 1st Norman church
Winchester Cathedral- longest gothic cathedral in Europe
: 3rd div- Cathedrals of the New Foundation- served by bishops
presence of 2 chapels- lady chapel- Virgin Mary
- chantry chapel- patrons are burried
Monastery:
Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Foundation
Triple group of monastery
Coronation church & burial place for Eng kings
Royal Palace- parliament & Big Ben
Westminster Church- highest
Castles:
Tower of London- builder Bishop Gundolf for William I
Manor House:
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal Wolsey
University:
University of Oxford
Cambridge University
· BELGIUM & DEUTCH GOTHIC
eastern & western apse
Principal Buildings:
Hall Church
St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in Germany
Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church in Northern Europe
· ITALIAN GOTHIC
Milan Cathedral: 2nd largest church in Europe
archt Henrich Von Gmunden
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Sienna Cathedral: stripped marble found in walls & tiers of church

Santo Corce: Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest in Europe
Florence Cathedral: combination of GOTHIC & Renaissance
Arnolfo de Cambio
Famous group bldg in the world
Doge’s Palace in Italy: civic example GOTHIC in Italy
Giovanni & Bartolome Buon
Ca D’ Oro: one of the famous palatial homes during gothic period
· SPANISH GOTHIC
influenced by Muslim art- excessive ornament found in retablo
retablo & grilles or rajas- back of altar
Civic Cathedral: largest Cathedral in Europe
Largest Church:
St. Peter’s Cathedral
Civic Cathedral
William Cathedral
Colon Cathedral
St. Pauls, London
RENAISSANCE- “re-birth of classical”
Character: Dignity & Formality achieved thru symmetry
System: Trabaeted and Arcuated
Elements: pediment, horizontal cornice, columnar arcade
Baroque- curve lines
1. twisted column/ solomonica
2. pediment
segmented
scrolled
open
swan neck
broken
Rococo
Comparative analysis:
Plans: symmetrical
Walls: often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks for Germany
Exterior wall: rustification- dado height 1.20m
ors & windows: semi circula head w/ greek entablature
Roof: semi- circular vaults
dome or drum w/ semi circular windows
Columns: classic orders
Mouldings: roman mouldings
Ornaments: fresco paintings
Exterior color effect:
sgrafitto (colored plaster)
Countries that adapted Rennaisance:
· ITALY- “ birth place of renaissance”
Florence- birthplace, typical form
Rome- typical
Venice: receded frontage, contextualization w/ environment
Brunelleschi: most famous architect in Italy
Dome of Florence Cathedral: gothic & renaissance
Palazzo Pitti: largest except for Vatican
Alberti: author of first architecture book after invention of printing
“De re Aedificatoria”
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua: prototype of later renaissance
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Bramante: first Roman architect of renaissance time

Pazzo Della Cancellaria
Vatican Palace, Rome
Raphael: cousin, pupil of baramnte & one of the greatest painters
Vatical Loggie
Vignola: Villa of Pope Julius, Rome
Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most maginificent of Roman palaces
Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of Jesuit Church in baroque style
Michael Angelo: Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest family in Italy
Capitol, Rome- mos successful civil work
Longhena: Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice- structure in the middle of canal
St. Peter’s Basilica: most famous in Italy, Renaissance period
Bramante: first architect, plan in form of Greek cross plan
Givliano da Sangallo: continued, after 2 yrs died
Fra Giacondo: died
Raphael: changed plan into Latin cross
Baldazar Peruzzi: went back to Greek cross plan
Antonio de Sangallo: younger, extended vestibule
Designed the campanile
Proposed central dome
Michael Angelo: change to Greek cross plan
Redesigned surrounding chapels & apses
Designed the dome
iacomo Della Porta w/ Dominico Fontona: completed the dome
Vignola: added side dome
Carlo Maderna: change into Latin cross plan & colonnade
Bernini: designed the entrance piazza containing 284 ionic columns
Panthenon, Rome- largest dome Roman
Florence Cathedral, Italy- 138’ Renaissance
St Peter’s Basilica, Italy- 137 1/2 ‘ Renaissance
St Paul, London- 112’ Renaissance
Sta Soffia, Constantinople- 107” Byzantine
· FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo da Vinci
Principal Buildings:
Palaces
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts): Pierre Lescot
Palais de Tuilleries: Philbert de L’arme
(residence of French rulers till 1879)
Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv): Le Vau
Churches
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Dome of the Invalides (niche of Napoleon Boniparte)
· GERMAN RENAISSANCE- French style, use of bricks
Heidelber Castle
Salzberg Cathedral
· SPANISH RENAISSANCE- plateresque style
- churrigueresque style (Spanish baroque)
Plateresque: fancy design by silver crafts
Churrigueresque: inspired by Jose de Churrigueresque
high baroque of Spanish renaissance
Palace of Charles V. Granada- Pedro Machuca, best example
Escorial (art works)- Julian de Bautista, Julian de Herera
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

w/ monastery, collage, church & place

Granada Cathedral- Diego de Silde
One of the grandest cathedral in Spain
Tomb of Ferdinand & Isabela & others
· ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Elizabethan Mansion
Features:
Towers
Gable roof
Parapets
Balustrade
Chimneystacks
Bay & oriel window
Topiary work- landscaping sculpture
Elements:
Great hall
Grand staircase
Long Gallery (upper floor)- most striking feature
Solar (withdrawing room)- warmest room
Architects:
Inigo Jones- deciple of Italian Renaissance
characterized by the use of bricks
Banqueting House, White Hall
Queen,s House, Grenwich
Sir Christopher Wren- deciple of French renaissance
St Paul’s Cathedral- greatest masterpiece, model English
53 London churches
Grenwich Observatory & hospital
Fountain court & garden façade of Hampton Palace
REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE- 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE
Marked by Battle of Style: conflict between GOTHIC & CLASSIC
Arts & Craft Movement: alliance of artists & factories, paved way to …
Greek Revival & Graeco Roman
Railway Buildings
Personalities
Awn Pugin
Crystal Palace: S. Joseph Paxton
Somerset House: S. W. Chambers
Bank of England: S. John Soane
Gothic Revival
Renaissance Revival
Personalities
Liver Pool Cathedral: S.G. Scott
Westminter Palace: S. Charles Barry
Central Europe
Neo Renaissance
Madeleine Paris: Vignon
Arc de Triomphe: Chalgrin
Brandenburg Gate:
High Neo Renaissance
Votive Church, Vienna: Fernstel
Neo- Baroque
Paris Opera House: Charles Garnier
Art Nouveau- organic & dynamic forms
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

curving designs
whiplash line
Victorian Architecture- Britain revival architecture

BRITAIN CENTRAL EUROPE

1830-1850 EARLY VICTORIAN 1830-1848 JULY MONARCHY
Greek Revival & Graeco Roman Neo Renaissance
Ex. Railway Buildings Ex. Vignon, Madeleine Paris
Personalities Chalgrin- Arc de Triomphe
Awn Pugin Brandenburg Gate
S. Joseph Paxton- Crystal Palace
S. W. Chambers- Somerset House
S. John Soane- Bank of England
1850-1875 HIGH VICTORIAN 1848- 1870 SECOND EMPIRE
Gothic Revival High Neo Renaissance
Ex. Fernstel- Votive Church,
Renaissance Revival
Vienna
Personalities
S.G. Scott- Liver Pool Cathedral
S. Charles Barry- Westminter Palace
1875-1901 LATE VICTORIAN 1870-1914 THIRD REPUBLIC
Romanesque, Byzantine Neo- Baroque
Baroque, Flemish, Renaissance Ex. Charles Garnier- Paris Opera
House

· ENGLAND
Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw
applied on domestic houses
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced concrete & glass after war
- Mewes & Davies
Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural Design
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
· BRITAIN
Art Nouveau: Charles Rennie Mckintosh
Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced concrete & glass after war
Mewes & Davies
Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural Design
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
Art Nouveau
France- Le Modern Style
Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm
Austria- Sezessione
Italy- Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English Style
Spain- Modernismo
Architects of Modern Period:
Britain: Wells Coates
A.D. Connel
C.A. Lucas
Edwin Maxwell Fry
B.R. Ward
F.R.S. Yorke
C. Europe: B. Lubetsrin
W. Gropius
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Serge Chermayeff
E. Mendelsohn
Marcel Breuer
German Exponents Of Arts & Crafts:
August Endel
Henri Vande Velde
Viennese Architects
Otto Wagner
J.M. Olbrich
Important architects of 1900-1916
Peter Behrens- Germany
Auguste Perret- France
Adolf Loos- Austria
Foremost architects of Modern Period
Erich Mendelson- Germany
Ragnar Ostberg- Sweden
Ivar Tengbon- Sweden
Sven Markelious- Sweden
Gunnar Asplono- Denmark
Prominent Art Nouveau Architects
Mckintosh- Scotland
Antonio Gaudi- Spain (undulating lines) Sagrada Familia
Victor Horta- Belgium
19 century Precedents of Modern Architecture
th

Crystal palace- Joseph Paxton

Halles Centralles (market)- Baltard
Bibioteque Nationale (lib)- Henry Labrouste
Pioneers of Modern Architecture
Otto Wagner- Austria
Peter Behrens- Germany
August Perret- France
Hendrik Berlage- Holland
Louis Sullivan- U.S.
19th Century Inventions:
combination of glass & steel
folded slab- introduced by Eugene Freyssinet
flat slab- by Robert Millart
laminated timber (plywood)
AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Georgian/ Colonial Architecture
White House, Washington: Mckim, Mead & White
Independence Hall, California: Andrew Hamilton
· NATIONAL PHASE

1. Post Colonial Period- 1790-1815

Departure from English architecture to French influence
Revival period in U.S.A.
Classic Revival example:
Capitol, Washington D.C.: Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe
University of Virginia: Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe
Montecillo Virginia: Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe
Plan of Washington D.C.: Charles Pierre L’ Enfant
Federal Hall, Washington D.C. Charles Pierre L’ Enfant
Washington Monument, Washington D.C.: Robert Mills
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Philadelphia Exchange: William Stricklamp

Revival of Gothic example:
Trinity Church, New York: Richard Upjan
St. Patrick’s Cathedral: James Wrenwick
2. 1 Eclectic Period- 1815-1860
st

predominant style of Greek architecture

balloon frame introduction in building construction
use of cast iron as building material
3. 2 Eclectic Period- 1860-1930
nd

most important period in architecture in U.S.A.

Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia- 1876
Worlds Columbian Exposition, Philadelphia- 1893
Predominant style:
Gothic Revival- initiated by Henry Richardson later by
Louis Sullivan
End of Gothic Revival Frank Loyd Wright
Beaux-Arts- more academic in character
St. John the Divine Cathedral, NY- Le Farge
Marshal Field Store, Chicago- Henry Richardson
Skyscraper- dominant: innovations
metal frame construction
non- load bearing curtainwall
elevator
4. 1930- Modern Period in America
Walter Gropius
Erich Mendelsohn
Mies Vander Rohe
Eliel Saarinen
Bauhaus
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE
Great Mosque Mecca
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem- holiest place
Great Mosque Cordova- capital of Islam religion in West
Giralda, Seville- most beautiful towers
Alhambra Granada- part of royal palace, most famous
Taj Mahal, Agra- most important, made of marble
Principal building: Masjid/ Mosque
3 types:
Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque- biggest
Madrasa- colligiate mosque, learning
Tomb Mosque
Characteristics of Friday Mosque:
Minaret: tower
Maqsura: screen
Dikka: reading desk
Mihrab: niche
Mimbar: palpit
Liwanit: colonnade
Fawara: fountain
Sahn: open space
stele: slab
serdab: statue chamber
thalamus: sleeping room, megaron
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

dromos: tholos passageway

peroma: space bet naos wall and column
lacunaria: coffer, ceiling
volute: spiral scroll in ionic, corinthian column
themenos: acropolis, sacred enclosure
pinacotheca: bldg that holds painting
glyptotheca: bldg that hold sculpture
Characteristics of mosque:
Dome
Colonnade:trefoil, ogee, horseshoe, lancet
Ornaments: Mnemonic inscription (text)
Superimposed ornaments- in layers
Stalactite- found in pendentives (muqarna)
3d corbels
Examples of Muslim Architecture:
Arabian Saracenic:
Great Mosque Mecca
Assyrian Saracenic:
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem- holiest place
Spanish Saracenic:
Great Mosque Cordova- capital of Islam religion in West
Giralda, Seville- most beautiful towers
Alhambra Granada- part of royal palace, most famous
Turkish Saracenic:
Taj Mahal, Agra- most important, made of marble
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Characterized by Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
Buddhist:
Stambha/ Lath- monumental pillars
Stupa/ Tope- domical sacred mound
Chaitya- Indian Buddhist temple
Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery
Hindu temple elements:
Mandapa- hall for religious dancing & music
Garbhagriha- unlighted shrine
Vimana- sanctuary
Great Stupa Sanchi- characteristic of Indian architecture
Golden Temple of Sikhs- holiest temple

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Roof characteristics
1. steep gable roof w/ spreading eaves
2. extensive use of roof tiles-
yellow, green, blue: imperial palace
red: mandarin
black or gray: citizens
3. scultural works found on roof ridges- dragon, fish
Principal buildings:
Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings)
Pagoda / Tais- houses relic of Buddha
Temples- contains statue of Buddha
Elements:
Temple proper
Dagoba
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Bell tower
Pagoda
Library
Monks dwelling
House- generally one storey
Emperor- 9 bays
Prince- 7 bays
Mandarin- 5 bays
Ordinary citizens- 3 bays
Great Wall of China- built by emperor- Si- Huang- Ti

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the triangle
Features:
Roof construction:
1 Kiruzuma/ Gabled Roof
2 Hogyo/ Pyramidal Roof
3 Shichu- Hip- Ridge Roof
4 Irimoya- Hip & Gabled Roof
Incorporation of Buddhist altar in Japanese mansion
Incorporation of stupas in monastery
Chasitsu or tea house in Japanese dwellings
Modular planning of house & palaces thru use of tatami 3’x5’

CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE- Stone Carving

Angkor Thom- founder Jayavarman
center of town Bayon (main temple 54 towers)
Angor Wat- one of architectural wonders of world
largest religious structure in the world, behive shape towers

INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE- Hindu influenced (stone carving)

Borubodur- largest budhist temple
Stupa in Java
MIYANMAR ARCHITECTURE (BURMA)
Principal buildings:
Chedi: Burmese stupa
Shwedagon pagoda, pangun
Kya- ung: Burmese monastery
Thein ordination hall for monks
Pitakat-taik: Buddhist library
NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE- Budhist
Stupa 13 tiers, symbolizes heaven
Swayambhunath Stupa, Katmandu: square base w/ eyes of Buddha
TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE
Chorten: stupa
Sakya Monastery: famous for collection of Tibetan manuscript
Potala Palace, Lhasa: palace for entertaining important people
THAI ARCHITECTURE
Wat: group of religious buildings
Bot: temple
Phra chedi: stupa w/ a round tower
Phra prang: stupa w/ elliptical tower
Pra sat royal throne hall
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Mondop: library
Sala: pavilion for resting
Kuti: monastery
Phra Pathom Chedi: most important architectural landmark in Thailand
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOTES

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Architectural Design Theory
3. Esquisse
4. Building Economics
5. Building Utilities
6. Approaches and Strategies
7. Simulated Board Exam

Ø ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
- it is the translation of an abstract solution to a real, tangible and concrete solution
- it is the optimum and better solution which must approximate the pre-set solution of the examiner
- it must involve the judicious use of design tools in developing the solution within:
a. parameters / constraints
b. circumstances
c. environmental conditions
: must be conserve
: must be protected
: must be included in the design solution

- set by the examiner. The solution must be: SAFE

S imple – provide what is needed or simply follow instruction
A ppropriate – must fit on concept
F unctional – look-out for specific use of the building
E conomical

FORMAT OF DESIGN EXAM

1. 20”x30” tracing paper – provided by PRC

2. Black ink – final drawings is in black ink

3. Pencil – for enhancing and construction line (staedler pencils)

4. College major plate type drawings

schematic
- no dimensions
- no “call-outs” such as specifications
- “fully rendered” in the used pencil shadows but not colored
- material must be drawn in full
- “no columns” unless it is part of design
- “furniture layouts” dePending on layout and instructions
- entourage and landscape are allowed but not colored

RULES
1. Individual drawing implements and drawing boards
- triangles
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOTES

- compass
- pencils
- magic, masking, scotch tapes
- rubber band
- drawing board with straight edge
- erasing shield
- scissors
- protractors
- french curve
- 2 sets of sign pens varying in points
- circular template
- optional coloring materials
- cutters
- ballpens
- erasers (different types)
- liquid paper
- scale
- watch
2. PRC will provide tracing paper with official seal
3. Drawing Grids
- preset grids, but to be shown to the proctor

4. Not allowed!
- no color
- no people or human figures
- no vehicles even triangle representation on plans
- no electronic equipment
- no scientific or programmable calculators, only simple scientific calculator is allowed
- no references

TOOLS
1. Drawing implements
2. Codes “Building Codes”
3. Building Standards
4. Vocabulary

ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTION
1. Lettering
-simple gothic, upright and all caps
-text : 4mm in height
-title : 8-10mm
-sub-titles : 6-8mm

2. Lines
-construction lines or guide lines
-final lines
-dimension lines
-masculine/feminine lines

3. Each drawing must have title and scale and north orientation
-orientation must always upward! on site development plan
-on plans refer to main entrance of structures
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOTES

Notes:
· Acconometric Drawing
- another type of aerial perspective
· Berthing
- term for parking at water

FORMAT OF THE QUESTIONAIRE

1. Title
2. Background or description of the problem
3. Requirements
a. Plate requirements – specify needed rooms or spaces
b. Drawing requirements – specify scale, needed drawings, etc
Notes:
· Marina
- luxurious facilities for water vessels
- yatch
- fine dining : luxurious eating place

· Condominium
- high-rise residential buildings
- luxurious
- with elevators to make it more luxurious than townhouse
- can be bought but original lot remains to the owner

· Townhouse
- can be bought
- horizontal residential structures
- can be leased (long term)

· Apartment
- not more than 10 units
- rented (short term payment)
- usually two storey and for rent

· Rowhouse
- can accommodate a full length of block

· Tenements
- an apartment that is not more than 4 storeys

· Apartelle
- fully furnish with equipments (such as food, beds) while apartment will be provided by the tenants

· Condotelle
- rented by other person to the owner of the room wherein the owner of the room rented it to the owner

· Hotel
- rented area provided with room and comfort room and other facilities will be common areas

· Motel
- rented area with room, comfort room and “garage” (motorist hotel)
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOTES

· Garage
- enclosed with walls, roof and door and facilities for repairs

· Carport
- with roof and columns

· Parking Slot
- compose of lines and has no enclosure at all

EXAMPLES OF TITLES ANALYSIS

· The OASIS a resort
- a mirage : an illusion of water in the desert
- located in the desert; a body of water located in the desert
- leisure activities
- having a main focus of “water element” it can be water fountain

· The HAMLET a townhouse

- hamlet : a small French village
- having no huge elements such as columns
- compose of common center area such as plaza

· The TIANGGE a flea market

- flea : “surot”
- baratillo
- huge number of stalls that is detachable

Notes:
· Assume 1-1/2 hours to finish every sheet
· Consider facing
a. reading and understanding (3 hours)
b. preliminary drawings (2hours)
c. final drawings

THINGS TO BE AWARE OF WHEN DESIGNING

1. vocabulary
2. building code
3. presentation
4. requirements
5. common sense

Notes:
· Stairs cutting line
-7th and 8th steps

THINGS TO DO IN PREPARATION FOR DESIGN EXAM

1. practice – drafting technique

2. multiple deadline – time management
3. composition
- sheets must be clean
- clear, use acceptable architectural symbols and architectural conventions
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOTES

- respect margins

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

Contrast
Dimension Proportion
Scale
Balance
Equilibrium a. Formal balance
b. Informal balance
Rhythm
Physical
Manifestation Unity
Character

CONTRAST OF LINES

· Masculine Lines – bold, dark, straight, strong lines

· Feminine Lines – soft, fragile, thin, curve lines

1. Residential : feminine; informal

2. Institutional
a. government buildings : masculine; formal
b. health care : masculine; formal
3. Industrial : masculine; formal
4. Commercial : feminine; informal
5. Recreational
a. active : masculine; formal
b. passive : feminine: informal
6. Religious : masculine; formal
7. Education : masculine; formal

UNITY
- creating unified site development plan
1. Central Theme
- creating a motif

2. Major component of buildings must dominate

- exceptional size
- strategic location
- unique shape

3. compact and coherent unit

- orientation marker, ex. sculpture
- inward orientation

4. Harmony in materials, styles, design, etc.

 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOTES

CHARACTER
- manifested external expression of internal qualities
a. function – use of the building
b. association – influence of traditional types
c. personality – character of occupants or human quality

Ø ANALYZING THE DESIGN PROBLEM

· read – understand
a. title
b. description or background
c. requirements
- plate
- drawing

· familiarize with the site

a. simply given
b. derivation / computation
- closing the traverse (protractor and calculator)
- textual

determine the area of the lot

a. formula
- regular shapes
- irregular shapes

b. “dot-grid method”
- approximate area all dots included in the site will be multiplied to the reference area of the square
c. planimeter
- use in computing the lot
d. road runner
- used in computing the length of the road

determine the buildable area (BA)

buildable area = lot area – open space
70% 30%
· open spaces
1. set backs – type of lots
2. private yards (front, side, rear)
3. road abutments
4. height of buildings
5. private open space
6. natural open spaces
a. rivers 5.00m
b. creek 3.00m
c. sea/beach front 50.00m
d. pasig river 10.00m

determine the floor area (FA)

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FA = BA x No. of storeys

saleable area (SA)

SA = FA - common area (35%)

plate requirements / components

code requirements
- BP 344 (accessibility law)

a. site development
- parking allocation (for disabled
- curb-cut-outs
- ramps (1:12)

b. structure
- comfort room
- corridor (1.50 meters)
- stairs
- fire exits
- ventilation

heights
a. naturally ventilated
b. artificially ventilated
-1 storey
-2 to 4 storeys
-5 to infinity storeys (high-rise)

structure
a. superstructure
b. substructure
- in every five floors correspond to one basement

Ø COST ESTIMATE “BULDING ECONOMICS”

levels

S – budgetary estimate
(floor area x cost parameter)

D – detailed estimate
(floor area: specific x cost parameter)

C – bill of materials
(materials x cost)

C – bid estimate
(bill of materials x margin of profit)

cost parameter/ sqm

1 storey: low cost P1.00 – P5,000.00

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2-4 storeys: mid cost P5,001.00 – P12,000.00

5-infinity: high-rise P12,001.00 – infinity

basement (1.2%) = next level

components of the estimate

a. land development cost 25% (P500/sqm)

1. earth development
2. roads and access ways
3. utilities (civil works)
4. landscaping
5. furnishings

b. structure 75%
1. structural 25% of the cost
2. utilities 15-30% of the cost
3. architectural 45-60% of the cost

BILL OF MATERIALS

1. materials x
2. labor 35-40% of x
direct cost = A
3. equipment 20% of A
4. margin of profit 30% of A
5. overhead 15% of A
(ballpen, bond papers, gas, secretary, etc.)
6. contingency 10-15% of A
(allowance, wastage) : paid by contractor
7. bonds and insurances 10-30% of A
8. miscellaneous 15-20% of A
construction cost + AE = project cost

Ø UTILITIES
1. water supply
2. waste water
3. sewage
4. electricity
5. lighting
6. mechanical
7. intelligent system

locations of utilities is outside.

a. utility company
b. users
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c. “intermediary treatment”

· horizontal

Note:

Utilities
step-down transformer : 220V to 110V
step-up transformer : 110V to 220V
water tanks

Ø RESIDENTIALS
- (informal) feminine
1. multi-storey : 4 storey and below
2. multi-family
3. utilities are shared or common areas
4. orientation:
work – west
rest – east
5. clusters
45 meters: maximum length of corridor

GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
- basically linear and rectangular in plan

1. formal (masculine)
2. multi-storey
3. linear development
4. flag pole / assembly area

Ø HOSPITAL
1. users
a. patients
b. medical practioner
c. visitors
2. activities
3. high rise
4. separate out-patient
5. philippine heart center, example

Ø RECREATIONAL
· gyms
1. users
a. players playcourts
b. officials rooms
c. spectators bleachers
2. playcourts
3. unobstructed view
- less column with the gym
track oval
1. track and field
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2. track and soccer

· swimming pool and diving pool

· bowling
usually synthetic wood was used nowadays

· golf
1. 18 holes – done by landscape architect
2. clubhouse – usually two storeys and placed on the middle
a. first floor
- dirty area
- caddy
- clean-up
b. second floor
- function room
- fine dining
- boutiques
- pro-shop

· resort
1. feature
2. amenities
3. operation system

Ø COMMERCIAL

1. one-stop-shop
- all ages accommodated

2. flagship store
- usually department store
- concessions : barbershop, boutiques, etc

3. magnet nodes
4. parking
5. theme activities

Ø ECUMENICAL

1. all religion
- no symbols of particular religion

2. celebrant’s place (altar)

- congregation

Ø EDUCATION
2. 1 teacher = 40-50 students
(1 sqm/person + circulation)
3. standard module 7m x 9m
4. flagpole / quadrangle
5. laboratories / libraries / admin / pe
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6. parking
7. canteen

Ø TERMINALS
international
Sea Ok : cargo
Land X
Air Ok

domestic
a. lounge, passenger
b. offices
c. reception
d. hygiene facilities

§ international
a. lounge, passenger
b. offices
c. reception
d. hygiene facilities
e. customs
f. immigration
§ separate people and good
§ separate in and out

Ø EXAMPLE DESIGN PROBLEM

- government building
-formal / male
-rectangular / linear (45 meter)
-multi-storey
-flagpole / assembly

· 3 branches of government
-executive : major
-legislative : vice major
-judiciary : judge

· north (type of government)

1. ilocos : bahay na bato
2. mountain province : ifugao house
3. batanes : ibatan house
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he examiner
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owed
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ded by the tenants

m rented it to the owner of building

mmon areas
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ns
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Variety
Measurements
Fixed Proportions

Gravitation

Movement
Order / Harmony
Expression
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domestic
Ok
Ok
Ok
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