M10 – Sequences and Series 71

M10. Sequences and Series

TABLE OF CONTENTS

M10. Sequences and Series 71

M10.1 Arithmetic Progressions ....................................................................................................................................................... 72
M10.2 Geometric and Harmonic Progressions ......................................................................................................................... 76
M10.3 Summation of Series ............................................................................................................................................................... 82
Test Practice Problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Answer Key ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 95

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M10.1 Arithmetic Progressions

CONCEPTS
1. Difference between a sequence, a series and a progression
2. General term of a sequence
3. Arithmetic progression, its general term and sum to 𝑛 terms
4. Properties and selection of terms of an A.P.
5. Arithmetic mean and insertion of 𝑛 AMs between two given numbers

PRE-READING

Category Book Name (Edition) Chapter Section

REQUIRED NCERT Class XI Mathematics 9 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

SYNOPSIS
1. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A. P.)
a) Introduction
The A. P. with first term 𝑎 and common difference 𝑑 is given by: 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, … , 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
 The 𝑛th tern or general term of the A. P. is 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
 The 𝑛th term of an A. P. from the last term is 𝑎𝑛′ = 𝑙 − (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
 𝑛th term from the start +𝑛𝑡ℎ term from the end = first term + last term. i.e., 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛′ = 𝑎 + 𝑙
b) Properties
 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is an A. P., then:
i. 𝑎1 ± 𝑘, 𝑎2 ± 𝑘, 𝑎3 ± 𝑘, … , 𝑎𝑛 ± 𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅
ii. 𝑘𝑎1 , 𝑘𝑎2 , 𝑘𝑎3 , … , 𝑘𝑎𝑛 , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
iii. 1 , 2 , 3 , … , 𝑛 , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 − {0}
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

are also A. Ps
 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three consecutive terms of an A.P., then 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐
c) Selection of terms in an A.P.
i. Any three terms of an A.P. are taken as (𝑎 − 𝑑), 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑)
ii. Any four terms of an A.P. can be taken as (𝑎 − 3𝑑), (𝑎 − 𝑑), (𝑎 + 𝑑), (𝑎 + 3𝑑)
iii. Any five terms of an A.P. can be taken as (𝑎 − 2𝑑), (𝑎 − 𝑑), 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑), (𝑎 + 2𝑑)
d) Sum of 𝑛-terms of an A.P.
𝑛
 Sum, 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑],
2
𝑛
= [𝑎 + 𝑙], where 𝑙 = last term
2
 𝑛th term of an A.P. = Sum of 𝑛 terms – Sum of (𝑛 − 1) terms. i.e., 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
e) Arithmetic Mean
𝑎+𝑏
 If 𝑎, 𝐴, 𝑏 are in A. P., then 𝐴 = is called the arithmetic mean of 𝑎 and 𝑏
2

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 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛 numbers, then their A.M. is given by:

𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
𝐴=
𝑛
 If 𝑎, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , … , 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑏 are in in A. P., then 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are 𝑛 A.Ms between 𝑎 and 𝑏, where 𝐴1 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴2 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑, … , 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑 and 𝑑 =
𝑛+1
 Sum of 𝑛 A.Ms between 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑛𝐴. i.e., 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + … + 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝐴

PRE-READING EXERCISE
To test how actively you have read the text, please answer the following questions. Make sure that you don’t refer to
the textbook the first time you attempt these questions.
Q1. If 𝑎1 = 3, 𝑎2 = 9, 𝑎3 = 27, …, then the general term of this sequence is __________.
Q2. The above sequence is a/an __________ sequence (finite/infinite).
Q3. The sequence 2, 5, 8, 10 is in arithmetic progression (𝐴. 𝑃). __________ (True/False)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Q4. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in 𝐴. 𝑃., then , , are in 𝐴. 𝑃. __________ (True/False)
2 2 2

Q5. If 3 numbers are in 𝐴. 𝑃. , then the middle term is the arithmetic mean of the other two terms. __________
(True/False)

IN CLASS EXERCISE
IN CLASS EXERCISE 1
Q1. Write the general term for the following sequences:
1 2 3
I. , , ,… II. 0, 1, log 2 3 , 2, log 2 5 , … III. 1, 2, 6, 24, …
2.3 3.4 4.5

Q2. The 𝑛th term of a sequence is 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 2), then 𝑎5 =

A) 15 B) 24
C) 35 D) None of these
Q3. The 4th term in the sequence whose 𝑛th term is 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛
A) 16 B) 32
C) 8 D) None of these
Q4. If 𝑛th term in the sequence is 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛−1 5𝑛+1 , then
A) 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 B) 𝑎2 > 𝑎4
C) 𝑎3 < 𝑎4 D) None of these
Q5. Expand the following general terms and write the first 4 terms:
2
I. 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑛 + 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
II. 𝑡𝑛 = (−1)𝑛−1 cos(𝑛𝜋), 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

IN CLASS EXERCISE 2

Q6. The third term of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is 18 and 7th term is 30. Find the 17th term.

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Q7. The sum of three consecutive terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is 15 and the sum of their squares is 83, find the terms.
Q8. If 𝑝 times the 𝑝th term of an 𝐴. 𝑃. be equal to 𝑞 times the 𝑞 th term, prove that the (𝑝 + 𝑞)th term is zero.
Q9. If the sum of 𝑛 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is (𝑝𝑛 + 𝑞𝑛2 ), where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are constants, find the common difference and the
first term.
Q10. The sum of first 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 respectively. Show that:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑞 − 𝑟) + (𝑟 − 𝑝) + (𝑝 − 𝑞) = 0
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
Q11. Sum of all the integers between 100 and 200 which are not divisible by 2 is
A) 7,000 B) 7,550
C) 7, 500 D) 7,250
Q12. How many terms of the series 2 + 7 + 12 + ⋯ must be to give a sum equal to 297?
A) 10 B) 11
C) 13 D) 12
Q13. If the fourth power of the common difference of an 𝐴. 𝑃. with integer entries is added to the product of any four
consecutive terms of it, then the resulting sum is
A) an even integer B) an odd integer
C) the square of an integer D) the cube of an integer

IN CLASS EXERCISE 3
Q14. Insert 6 numbers between 3 and 24 such that the resulting sequence is an 𝐴. 𝑃.
Q15. In an 𝐴. 𝑃., the first term is 2 and the sum of the first five terms is one-fourth of the next five terms. Show that
20th term is −112.
𝑚2 2𝑚−1
Q16. The ratio of the sum of 𝑚 and 𝑛 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is . Prove that the ratio of the 𝑚th and 𝑛th term is .
𝑛2 2𝑛−1

Q17. Between 1 and 31, 𝑚 numbers have been inserted in such a way that the resulting sequence is an 𝐴. 𝑃. and the
ratio of 7th and (𝑚 − 1)th numbers is 5: 9. Find the value of 𝑚.

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1

Q1. In an 𝐴. 𝑃. if 𝑚th term is 𝑛 and the 𝑛th term is 𝑚, where 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛, find the 𝑝th term.
Q2. If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are in 𝐴. 𝑃. show that (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧)(2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧 + 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧.
Q3. If the sum of 𝑛 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is 3𝑛2 + 5𝑛 and its 𝑚th term is 164, find the value of 𝑚.
Q4. A man starts repaying a loan as first installment of Rs. 100. If he increases the installment by Rs 5 every month,
what amount he will pay in the 30th installment?
Q5. The arithmetic mean between two numbers is 𝐴 and 𝑆 is the sum of 𝑛 arithmetic means between these numbers.
Then
A) 𝑆 = 𝑛𝐴 B) 𝐴 = 𝑛𝑆
C) 𝐴 = 𝑆 D) None of these

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LEVEL 2
Q6. The number of numbers lying between 100 and 500 that are divisible by 7 but not by 21 is :
A) 57 B) 19
C) 38 D) None of these
Q7. If the first, second and last terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. are 𝑎, 𝑏 and 2𝑎 respectively, then its sum is:
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
A) B)
2(𝑏−𝑎) 𝑏−𝑎
3𝑎𝑏
C) D) None of these
2(𝑏−𝑎)

Q8. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are in A.P., where 𝑎𝑖 > 0 for all 𝑖, then the value of
1 1 1
+ +⋯+ is
√𝑎1 + √𝑎2 √𝑎2 + √𝑎3 √𝑎𝑛−1 + √𝑎𝑛
1 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1
A) B) C) D)
√𝑎1 +√𝑎𝑛 √𝑎1 −√𝑎𝑛 √𝑎1 −√𝑎𝑛 √𝑎1 +√𝑎𝑛

Q9. Three numbers are in 𝐴. 𝑃., such that their sum is 18 and sum of their square is 158. The greatest among them is
A) 10 B) 11
C) 12 D) none of these

LEVEL 3
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑝 𝑝2 𝑎6
Q10. Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … be terms of an A.P. If = , 𝑝 ≠ 𝑞, then equals.
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑞 𝑞2 𝑎21

41 7 2 11
A) B) C) D)
11 2 7 41
17
Q11. If log 5 2, log 5 (2𝑥 − 3) and log 5 ( + 2𝑥−1 ) are in 𝐴. 𝑃., then the value of 𝑥 is
2

A) 0 B) −1
C) 3 D) None of these

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M10.2 Geometric and Harmonic Progressions

CONCEPTS
1. Geometric progression, its general term and sum of 𝑛 terms
2. Properties and selection of terms of a 𝐺. 𝑃.
3. Geometric mean and insertion 𝑛 𝐺𝑀𝑠 between two given numbers
4. Harmonic progression and mean
5. Relationship between arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean

PRE-READING

Category Book Name (Edition) Chapter Section

REQUIRED NCERT Class XI Mathematics 9 9.5 and 9.6

ADDITIONAL PRE-READING
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
A sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 of non-zero real numbers is called a harmonic progression (𝑯. 𝑷. ) if the sequence
1 1 1 1
, , ,…, is an arithmetic progression (𝑨. 𝑷. )
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛
1 1 1 1
For example, , , , … is an 𝐻. 𝑃. because 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 … is in 𝐴. 𝑃.
3 5 7 9
The 𝑛th term of an 𝐻. 𝑃. is the reciprocal of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the corresponding 𝐴. 𝑃. thus, if 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is in 𝐻. 𝑃. and
the common difference of the corresponding 𝐴. 𝑃. is 𝑑
1 1 1 1
i.e. 𝑑 = − , then 𝑎𝑛 = , where 𝑎 =
𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑎1
The harmonic mean of two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the corresponding
1 1 1 1 1 𝑎+𝑏
𝐴. 𝑃. The arithmetic mean of and is ( + ) =
𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝟐𝒂𝒃
Thus the harmonic mean of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is .
𝒂+𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃
Thus, if three numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are in H.P., we can say that 𝑐 = .
𝒂+𝒃
We typically relate questions between 𝐴. 𝑃. , 𝐺. 𝑃. and 𝐻. 𝑃. which you will see later in this chapter, hence it is essential
to know the basic rules and formulae of an 𝐻. 𝑃.

SYNOPSIS
1. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
a) Introduction
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is a G. P., then
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛
= =…= = 𝑟, ∀ 𝑛 > 1
𝑎1 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
The constant ratio, 𝑟 is called common ratio.
If 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is the common ratio of a G.P., then the G.P. can be written as 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , … , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
If 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is the common ratio of the G.P., then

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 𝑛th term from the beginning is: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑙
 𝑛th term from the end is: 𝑎𝑛′ =
𝑟 𝑛−1

b) Properties
 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is 𝑎 G.P., then
i. 𝑘𝑎1 , 𝑘𝑎2 , 𝑘𝑎3 , … , 𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
ii. 1 , 2 , 3 , … , 𝑛 , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 − {0}
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
iii. 𝑎1𝑘 , 𝑎2𝑘 , 𝑎3𝑘 , … , 𝑎𝑛𝑘 , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅
1 1 1 1
iv. , , ,…,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛

are also G.P.’s

 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are non-zero and non-negative terms of 𝑎 G.P., then log 𝑎1 , log 𝑎2 , log 𝑎3 , … , log 𝑎𝑛 are in
A. P. and vice versa.
 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three consecutive terms of 𝑎 G.P., then 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐.
c) Selection of terms in a G.P.
𝑎
 Any three terms of a G.P. can be taken as , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
 Any four terms of a G.P. can be taken as , , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑟3 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
 Any five terms of a G.P. can be taken as , , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑟2 𝑟

d) Sum of 𝑛 terms of a G.P.

𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
; if 𝑟 < 1
1−𝑟
 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
; if 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
{𝑛𝑎; if 𝑟 = 1
𝑎
 If |𝑟| < 1, 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
If |𝑟| ≥ 1, 𝑆∞ = does not exists.
e) Geometric Mean
 If 𝑎, 𝐺, 𝑏 are in G.P., then 𝐺 is called geometric mean of 𝑎 and 𝑏 and is given by 𝐺 = √𝑎𝑏
 If 𝑎, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 are in GP, then 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , … , 𝐺𝑛 are GM’s between 𝑎 and 𝑏
⇒ 𝐺1 = 𝑎𝑟, 𝐺2 = 𝑎𝑟 2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛
1
𝑏 𝑛+1
where 𝑟 = ( )
𝑎
1
 GM of 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is (𝑎1 . 𝑎2 . 𝑎3 … 𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
 Product of 𝑛 GM’s,
𝐺1 × 𝐺2 × 𝐺3 × … × 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐺 𝑛

2. HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)

a) Introduction
A sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 of non-zero number is called a Harmonic progression (H.P.), if the sequence
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
, , ,…, is an A.P.
𝒂𝟏 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑛th term of the H.P. 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑛 is same as 𝑛th term of the AP , , ,…,
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝒏

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b) Harmonic Mean
 If 𝑎, 𝐻, 𝑏 are in H.P., then 𝐻 is called the harmonic mean of 𝑎 and 𝑏 and is given by
𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝐻= .
𝒂+𝒃
 If 𝑎, 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , … , 𝐻𝑛 , 𝑏 are in H.P., then 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , … , 𝐻𝑛 are 𝑛 harmonic means between 𝑎 and 𝑏 where,
(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑏 (𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑏 (𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑏
𝐻1 = , 𝐻2 = , 𝐻3 = ,…
𝑎 + 𝑛𝑏 2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑏 3𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑏
 Harmonic mean of 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is given by
1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( + + +…+ )
𝐻 𝒏 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝒏

3. PROPERTIES OF A.M., G.M. AND H.M. BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS:

 If 𝐴, 𝐺 and 𝐻 are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of two positive numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
i. 𝐴= , 𝐺 = √𝑎𝑏, 𝐻 =
2 𝑎+𝑏
ii. 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻
iii. If 𝐴, 𝐺, 𝐻 are in GP, then 𝐺 2 = 𝐴𝐻

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. The sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, … is in geometric progression. __________ (True/False)
Q2. The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of a geometric progression is given by __________.
Q3. The geometric mean of two numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 is given by __________.
1 2
Q4. The sequence , , 1, 2 is in harmonic progression. __________ (True/False)
2 3

Q5. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … are in H.P, then the common difference 𝑑 of the corresponding 𝐴. 𝑃. is given by __________.
Q6. The harmonic mean of two numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 is given by __________.

IN CLASS EXERCISE
IN CLASS EXERCISE 1
𝑎4 1
Q1. Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑛 be a 𝐺𝑃 such that = and 𝑎2 + 𝑎5 = 216. Then, 𝑎1 =
𝑎6 4
108
A) 12 or B) 10
7
54
C) 7 or D) None of these
7

Q2. The third term of a 𝐺. 𝑃. is 4. The product of first five terms is

A) 43 B) 45
C) 44 D) None of these

Q3. In a 𝐺. 𝑃. of positive terms, any term is equal to the sum of the next two terms. Then, the common ratio of the
𝐺. 𝑃. is
√5−1 √5+1 √5+1 1−√5
A) B) C) − D)
2 2 2 2

Q4. How many terms of the G.P. 3, 32 , 33 , … are needed to give the sum of 120?

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M10 – Sequences and Series 79

Q5. The sum of first three terms of a 𝐺. 𝑃. is 16 and the sum of the next three terms is 128. Determine the first term
and the common ratio of the 𝐺. 𝑃.
Q6. You are given two options for pocket money: Rs. 1000 per day, or Re. 1 on the first day, Rs. 2 on the 2nd , Rs. 4 on
the 3rd , which restarts at Re. 1 every 2 weeks i.e. 15th day. Which is a better option?

IN CLASS EXERCISE 2
8 8
Q7. Find the 10th term of the series: 8, , …
3 5

Q8. The 𝑚 term of an 𝐻. 𝑃. is 𝑛 and 𝑛 term is 𝑚. Find the (𝑚 + 𝑛)th and (𝑚𝑛)th terms of 𝐻. 𝑃.
th th

Q9. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 and 𝑎3 in 𝐻. 𝑃. then the expression 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 𝑎3 is equal to

A) 3(𝑎1 − 𝑎3 ) B) 2(𝑎1 − 𝑎3 ) C) 3𝑎1 𝑎3 D) 2𝑎1 𝑎3
Q10. Three numbers form an increasing 𝐺. 𝑃. If the middle number is doubled, then the new numbers are in 𝐴. 𝑃. The
common ration of the 𝐺. 𝑃. is
A) 2 − √3 B) 2 + √3 C) √3 − 2 D) 3 + √2
𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛
Q11. If is a 𝐺. 𝑀. between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then the value of 𝑛 is
𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑏𝑛−1

A) 0 B) 1
1
C) D) none of these
2

IN CLASS EXERCISE 3
Q12. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in an 𝐴. 𝑃., 𝑥 is the 𝐺. 𝑀. of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑦 is the 𝐺. 𝑀. of 𝑏, 𝑐, show that 𝑏 2 is the 𝐴. 𝑀. of 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2
Q13. If one 𝐴. 𝑀. 𝑎 and two 𝐺. 𝑀. 𝑝 and 𝑞 are inserted between any two positive numbers, then the value of 𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 is
2𝑝𝑞
A) B) 2𝑎𝑝𝑞
𝑎
2 2
C) 2𝑎𝑝 𝑞 D) None of these
Q14. Insert three numbers between 1 and 256 so that the resulting sequence is a 𝐺. 𝑃.
Q15. Express 1.41414141 … as a rational number.
Q16. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are in 𝐺. 𝑃., then prove that:
I. 𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑑 are also in 𝐺. 𝑃. II. (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑑 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 − 𝑑)2
Q17. If the roots of the cubic equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 are in 𝐺. 𝑃., then
A) 𝑐 3 𝑎 = 𝑏 3 𝑑 B) 𝑐𝑎3 = 𝑏𝑑 3 C) 𝑎3 𝑏 = 𝑐 3 𝑑 D) 𝑎𝑏 3 = 𝑐𝑑 3

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1

Q1. How many terms of the series: √3, 3, 3√3, … add up to 39 + 13√3 ?
1 16
Q2. The 5th term of a 𝐺. 𝑃. is and the 9th term is . Find the 4th term. Also find the sum of first 10 terms of the 𝐺. 𝑃.
3 243

Q3. If the 1st and the 𝑛th term of a 𝐺. 𝑃. are 𝑎 and 𝑏, respectively, and if 𝑃 is the product of 𝑛 terms, then prove that
𝑃2 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 .

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M10 – Sequences and Series 80

Q4. If the 𝐴. 𝑀. of two numbers exceeds the 𝐺. 𝑀. by 10 and their 𝐻. 𝑀. by 16, find the numbers.
Q5. The first and second term of a 𝐺. 𝑃. are 𝑥 −4 and 𝑥 𝑛 respectively. If 𝑥 52 is the eighth term of the same progression,
then 𝑛 is equal to
A) 13 B) 4
C) 5 D) 3
𝑎4 1
Q6. Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 be a 𝐺. 𝑃. such that = and 𝑎2 + 𝑎5 = 216. Then 𝑎1 =
𝑎6 4
108
A) 12 or B) 10
7
54
C) 7 or D) none of these
7
𝐴1 +𝐴2
Q7. If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 be two 𝐴. 𝑀. and 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 be two 𝐺. 𝑀. between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then is equal to
𝐺1 ⋅𝐺2
𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑎𝑏
A) B)
2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
C) D)
𝑎𝑏 √𝑎𝑏

LEVEL 2
Q8. If 𝐴 and 𝐺 be 𝐴. 𝑀. and 𝐺. 𝑀., respectively between two positive numbers, then prove that the numbers are 𝐴 ±
√(𝐴 + 𝐺)(𝐴 − 𝐺).
1 1 1
Q9. If 𝑥 > 1, 𝑦 > 1, 𝑧 > 1 are in G.P., then , , are in
1+ln 𝑥 1+ln 𝑦 1+ln 𝑧

A) 𝐴. 𝑃. B) 𝐻. 𝑃.
C) 𝐺. 𝑃. D) None of these
1 1 1
Q10. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in 𝐴. 𝑃., then , , are in:
√𝑏+√𝑐 √𝑐+√𝑎 √𝑎+√𝑏

A) 𝐴. 𝑃. B) 𝐺. 𝑃.
C) 𝐻. 𝑃. D) none of these
Q11. If 𝑎 is the 𝐴. 𝑀. of 𝑏 and 𝑐 and the two geometric means 𝐺1 and 𝐺2 are inserted between 𝑏 and 𝑐 such that 𝐺13 +
𝐺23 = 𝜆 𝑎𝑏𝑐, then 𝜆 =
A) 1 B) 2
1
C) D) 3
2
1 1 1
Q12. The following consecutive terms , , of a series are in:
1+√𝑥 1−𝑥 1−√𝑥

A) 𝐻. 𝑃. B) 𝐺. 𝑃.
C) 𝐴. 𝑃. D) 𝐴. 𝑃. , 𝐺𝑃.
Q13. If 5 𝐴. 𝑀. are inserted between 4 and 70, then what is the largest number out of the 5 means
A) 50 B) 45
C) 59 D) 79
Q14. If one geometric mean 𝐺 and two arithmetic means 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are inserted between two given quantities, then
(2𝐴1 − 𝐴2 )(2𝐴2 − 𝐴1 ) =
A) 2𝐺 B) 𝐺
C) 𝐺 2 D) 𝐺 3

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LEVEL 3
Q15. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑝 are distinct real numbers such that
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )𝑝2 − 2𝑝(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑) + (𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 ) ≤ 0, Then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are in
A) 𝐴. 𝑃. B) 𝐺. 𝑃. C) 𝐻. 𝑃. D) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐𝑑
1 1 1 1
Q16. If + = + , then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in:
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑎 𝑐

A) 𝐴. 𝑃. B) 𝐺. 𝑃.
C) 𝐻. 𝑃. D) None of these

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M10 – Sequences and Series 82

M10.3 Summation of Series

CONCEPTS
1. Expression for the 𝑛th term of any series
2. Sum of first 𝑛, square of first 𝑛 and cube of first 𝑛 natural numbers
3. Sum up to 𝑛 terms of any general series whose 𝑛th term is given
4. Principle of telescoping to compute sum of certain series
5. 𝑛th term of Arithmetico – Geometric sequences and sum of their terms

PRE-READING

Category Book Name (Edition) Chapter Section

REQUIRED NCERT Class XI Mathematics 9 9.7

Telescoping
The method of telescoping is used to evaluate the sum of large sequences, in which majority of terms will cancel out due
to sign differences, and the resultant sum will be easily computed.
Some of these sequences can be easily identified, especially trigonometric sequences where values start repeating every
360∘ , but some sequences are not that evident.
1 1 1 1
For instance, the sequence + + + + ⋯ is a telescoping series, which when added upto n terms has
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
only 2 terms, all other terms cancel out. The concept of partial fractions will help you identify the terms that will cancel
out.

Partial Fractions
𝑃(𝑥)
Let be a rational function where the degree of 𝑃 is less than the degree of 𝑄. Then we can express this rational
𝑄(𝑥)
function as a sum of partial fractions i.e.
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴
= 𝐹1 (𝑥) + 𝐹2 (𝑥) + 𝐹3 (𝑥) + 𝐹4 (𝑥) … where 𝐹1 (𝑥), 𝐹2 (𝑥) … 𝐹𝑛 (𝑥) are rational functions of the form or
𝑄(𝑥) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑘
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
in which the denominators are factors of the denominator 𝑄(𝑥).
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑘
2

The following rules will help determine the partial fractions to be inserted:
Original Function Partial Fractions
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ 2
+
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+ 2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
+ +
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒)2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 (𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒)2

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M10 – Sequences and Series 83

Once we have established the form of the partial fraction decomposition we can solve for the constants in the
numerators by combining the fractions in the decomposition using 𝑄(𝑥) as a common denominator. By equating the
coefficients in the numerator of each side, we obtain equations that can be used to solve for the constants.
Examples: Find the constants of the partial fraction decompositions for the following fractions:
3𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵
1. (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
= +
𝑥+2 𝑥−1
∴ 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) = 3𝑥 + 5 (by comparing numerators)
⟹ (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 + (2𝐵 − 𝐴) = 3𝑥 + 5
⟹ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3 and 2𝐵 − 𝐴 = 5 (by comparing coefficients)
8 1
⟹ 𝐵 = and 𝐴 =
3 3
3 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
2. (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥+2)
= (𝑥2 +
+1) 𝑥+2
𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶 = 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 3
2
(By comparing numerators)
⟹ (𝐴 + 𝐶) = 0; (2𝐴 + 𝐵) = 0; (2𝐵 + 1) = 3 (By comparing coefficients)
1 1
⟹ 𝐵 = 1; 𝐴 = − ; 𝐶 =
2 2

Arithmetico-Geometric Progression (𝑨. 𝑮. 𝑷. )

A sequence, in which each term is the product of the corresponding terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. and a 𝐺. 𝑃., is called an Arithmetico-
Geometric Progression.
Consider an arithmetic progression with first term 𝑎 and common difference 𝑑. Its terms are 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑…
Also the terms of the geometric progression whose first term and common ratio are 1 and 𝑟 respectively would be
1, 𝑟, 𝑟 2 , 𝑟 3 …
Thus, the 𝐴. 𝐺. 𝑃. for the above two sequences would be 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝑟, (𝑎 + 2𝑑)𝑟 2 …
Its 𝑛th term would be [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]𝑟 𝑛−1
The series corresponding to the above sequence is called an arithmetico-geometric series.
 Calculating sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetico-Geometric Progression:
Let 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝑟 + (𝑎 + 2𝑑)𝑟 2 + (𝑎 + 3𝑑)𝑟 3 + ⋯ + [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]𝑟 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 2𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + 3𝑑𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 4 + 4𝑑𝑟 4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑟 𝑛−1 (1)
⇒ 𝑟. 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + 2𝑑𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 4 + 3𝑑𝑟 4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑟 𝑛 (2)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑟 ⋅ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑑𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑟 𝑛−1 − 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑟 𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 (1 − 𝑟) = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑟 𝑛−1 − [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]𝑟 𝑛
1 − 𝑟 𝑛−1
∴ 𝑆𝑛 (1 − 𝑟) = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 [ ] − [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]𝑟 𝑛
1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑑𝑟(1 − 𝑟 𝑛−1 ) [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]𝑟 𝑛
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = + − , (𝑟 ≠ 1)
1−𝑟 (1 − 𝑟)2 1−𝑟
This is the formula for the sum of 𝑛 terms of an arithmetico-geometric progression, but since it is too complex and
long to remember, we apply the whole method explained above in problems on the sum of arithmetico-geometric
sequences. In short, this method involves three steps:
1. Write the sum of the arithmetico-geometric sequence as a series
2. Multiply the above equation with 𝑟, the common ratio
3. Subtract the above two equations

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 M10 – Sequences and Series 84

An example:
Question: Find the sum of the following arithmetico-geometric sequence:
… , 2, 5𝑥, 8𝑥 2 , 11𝑥 3 , … upto 𝑛 terms
Solution:
The given arithmetico-geometric sequence is formed from the arithmetic sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, … and the geometric
sequence 1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 …
Therefore for the above arithmetico-geometric sequence,
First term of arithmetic sequence, 𝑎 = 2
Common difference of arithmetic sequence, 𝑑 = 3
First term of geometric sequence = 1
Common ratio of geometric sequence, 𝑟 = 𝑥
𝑛th term of the above arithmetico-geometric sequence is: 𝑇𝑛 = (𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)𝑟 𝑛−1
Substituting the values of 𝑎, 𝑑 and 𝑟, we get
𝑇𝑛 = (2 + (𝑛 − 1)3)𝑥 𝑛−1
Simplifying, we get 𝑇𝑛 = (3𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−1
Now we can write the sum of the arithmetico-geometric sequence as
𝑆𝑛 = 2 + 5𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 3 + ⋯ + (3𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−1
Multiplying the above sum by common ratio 𝑟 i.e. 𝑥,
𝑥𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 4 + ⋯ + (3𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛
Subtracting the above two equations,
(1 − 𝑥)𝑆𝑛 = 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 3𝑥 𝑛−1 − (3𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛
In the above equation, the terms ranging from 3𝑥 to 3𝑥 𝑛−1 form a geometric series, therefore we can write the above
equation as,
3𝑥(1 − 𝑥 𝑛−1 )
(1 − 𝑥)𝑆𝑛 = 2 + − (3𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛
1−𝑥
2 3𝑥(1 − 𝑥 𝑛−1 ) (3𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛
Dividing both sides by (1 − 𝑥), we obtain 𝑆𝑛 = + −
1−𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2 1−𝑥

SYNOPSIS
SUM TO 𝑛 TERMS OF SPECIAL SERIES
i. Sum of first 𝑛 natural numbers,
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
i.e., 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 =
𝟐
ii. Sum of the squares of first 𝑛 natural numbers,
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
i.e., 12 + 22 + 32 + … + 𝑛2 =
𝟔
iii. Sum of the cubes of first 𝑛 natural numbers,
𝟐
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
i.e., 13 + 23 + 33 + … + 𝑛3 = [ ]
𝟐

PRE-READING EXERCISE
To test how actively you have read the text, please answer the following questions. Make sure that you don’t refer to
the textbook the first time you attempt these questions.
Q1. The sigma notation for the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛 is __________.

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M10 – Sequences and Series 85

Q2. Expand the sigma notation into a series ∑𝑛𝑖=0(2𝑖 + 1).

Q3. Represent the sum of cubes of first 𝑛 natural numbers in sigma notation.
Q4. The general term of the sequence 2.3, 4.9, 6.27, … is __________.
4 7 10
Q5. The general term of the sequence 1 , , , , … is __________.
5 52 53

IN CLASS EXERCISE
IN CLASS EXERCISE 1
Q1. Find the general term for each of the following sequences:
1 1 1 1
I. + + + + ⋯ up to 𝑛 terms
2.4 3.5 4.6 5.7
1 2 3
II. + + + ⋯ up to 𝑛 terms
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
III. 5 + 11 + 19 + 29 + 41 + ⋯ up to 𝑛 terms
Q2. Find the sum of 𝑛 terms of the series whose 𝑛th term is 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 4).
Q3. Derive the formula for the sum of an 𝐴. 𝑃. by using the summation of general term of an 𝐴. 𝑃.
Q4. Find the sum of (3 × 8) + (6 × 11) + (9 × 14) + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms.
Q5. The sum of the series 112 + 122 + 132 + ⋯ + 252 is
A) 5525 B) 5140 C) 5410 D) 5040
1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4
Q6. The sum of the series 1 + + + + ⋯ up to 20 terms is
2 3 4

A) 115 B) 460 C) 120 D) 1500

Q7. The sum of the series 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ up to 𝑛 terms is
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
A) (4𝑛2 + 1) B) (4𝑛2 − 1) C) (4𝑛2 + 2) D) (4𝑛2 − 1)
3 3 3 4

IN CLASS EXERCISE 2
Q8. Decompose the following fractions into their respective partial fractions-
3𝑥+5
I.
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
3𝑥
II. (𝑥−1)2
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+9
III.
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥−2)

Q9. Find the sum of the following series up to 𝑛 terms-

1 1 1
I. + + +⋯
1×2 2×3 3×4
1 1 1 1
II. + + + +⋯
2⋅4 3⋅5 4⋅6 5⋅7

IN CLASS EXERCISE 3
Q10. Compute the sum of the following series up to 𝑛 terms
I. 1 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 3 + ⋯
4 7 10
II. 1 + + + +⋯
5 52 53

M10.3
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M10 – Sequences and Series 86

Q11. The sum of series 𝑎 − (𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) − (𝑎 + 3𝑑) + ⋯ up to (2𝑛 + 1) terms is

A) −𝑛𝑑 B) 𝑎 + 2𝑛𝑑 C) 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑 D) 2𝑛𝑑

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1
Q1. Find the sum of first 𝑛 odd numbers.
Q2. Using the sum of the first 𝑛 odd numbers to be 𝑛2 , find the sum of first 𝑛 even numbers

LEVEL 2
Q3. Find the sum of 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms
Q4. Find the sum of 0.6 + 0. 66 + 0. 666 + ⋯ up to 𝑛 terms

LEVEL 3
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33
Q5. Find the sum of the following series up to 𝑛 terms: + + +⋯
1 1+3 1+3+5

Q6. Find the sum to 𝑛 terms of the series: 5 + 11 + 19 + 29 + 41 …

14 24 34
Q7. Find the sum of + + + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms.
1.3 3.5 5.7

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M10 – Sequences and Series 87

Test Practice Problems

Purpose: To practice a mixed bag of questions in a speed based format similar to what you will face in entrance
examinations. In most entrance examinations, you will get not more than 3 minutes to attempt a question. Hence,
you need to be able to attempt a question in less than 3 minutes, and at the end of 3 minutes skip the question and
move to the next one.
Approach:
 Attempt the Test Practice Problems only when you have the stipulated time available at a stretch.
 Start a timer and attempt the section as a test.
 DO NOT look at the answer key / solutions after each question.
 DO NOT guess a question if you do not know it. Competitive examinations have negative marking.
 Solve as much as possible within the stipulated time, and then fill the OMR provided at the end of the TPP.
 Fill the table at the end of the TPP and evaluate the number of attempts, and accuracy of attempts, which will
help you evaluate your preparedness level for the chapter.

TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS – 1

No. of questions: 30 Total time: 90 Minutes Time per question: 3 Minutes

Q1. Four numbers form a geometric progression in which the third term is greater than the first term by 9, and the
second term is greater than the 4th by 18. Find the value of common ratio.
A) −1 B) −2 C) −3 D) −4
𝑆3𝑛
Q2. Let 𝑆𝑛 denote the sum of first 𝑛 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. if 𝑆2𝑛 = 3𝑆𝑛 then the ratio is equal to
𝑆𝑛

A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10
Q3. A tennis ball is dropped from a height of 10 𝑚. Each time, it bounces back to half the original height. Find the total
distance it travels.
A) 10 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30
Q4. The first term of an infinite 𝐺. 𝑃. is 1 and any term is the sum of all that follow it. Find the common ratio of the
infinite 𝐺. 𝑃.
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
2 4 8 16

Q5. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … is an 𝐴. 𝑃. such that 𝑎1 + 𝑎5 + 𝑎10 + 𝑎15 + 𝑎20 + 𝑎24 = 225 then 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎23 + 𝑎24 is
equal to
A) 909 B) 75 C) 750 D) 900
2 12
Q6. If the first two terms of an 𝐻. 𝑃. are and respectively. Then the largest term is
5 23

A) 5th term B) 6th term C) 4th term D) 7th term

Q7. In a 𝐺. 𝑃. of positive terms, any term is equal to the sum of the next two terms. Then, the common ratio of the
𝐺. 𝑃. is
√5−1 √5+1 √5+1 1−√5
A) B) C) − D)
2 2 2 2

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M10 – Sequences and Series 88

Q8. There are four numbers of which the first three are in 𝐺. 𝑃. and the last three are in 𝐴. 𝑃., whose common
difference is 6. If the first number and the last number are equal, then the common ratio of the first three numbers
that are in G.P. is
1 1
A) 1 B) − C) D) 2
2 2

Q9. Find the sum of 12 + (12 + 22 ) + (12 + 22 + 32 ) + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms.

𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) 𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
A) B)
12 12
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)2
C) D) None of these
12

Q10. Let the sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 … , 𝑎𝑛 , form an 𝐴. 𝑃. then, 𝑎12 − 𝑎22 + 𝑎32 − 𝑎42 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛−1
2 2
− 𝑎2𝑛 is equal to
𝑛 2𝑛
A) (𝑎12 − 𝑎2𝑛
2
) B) 2
(𝑎2𝑛 − 𝑎12 )
2𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑛
C) (𝑎12 + 𝑎2𝑛
2
) D) None of these
𝑛+1

Q11. The number of common terms to the two sequences 17, 21, 25, … , 417 and 16, 21, 26, … 466 is
A) 21 B) 19 C) 20 D) 91
Q12. The sum of 𝑛 terms of 1.32 + 3.52 + 5.72 + ⋯
1 1
A) 𝑛(6𝑛3 + 16𝑛2 + 9𝑛 − 4) B) 𝑛(16𝑛3 + 6𝑛2 + 9𝑛 − 4)
3 3
1 1
C) 𝑛(6𝑛3 − 16𝑛2 + 9𝑛 − 4) D) 𝑛(16𝑛3 − 6𝑛2 + 9𝑛 − 4)
3 3

Q13. The largest value of the positive integer 𝑘 for which 𝑛𝑘 + 1 divides 1 + 𝑛 + 𝑛2 + ⋯ + 𝑛127 is
A) 8 B) 16 C) 32 D) 64
Q14. If 𝑛 is an odd integer greater than or equal to 1 then the value of 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3 + (𝑛 − 2)3 − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 13 , is
(𝑛+1)2 (2𝑛−1) (𝑛−1)2 (2𝑛−1)
A) B)
4 4
(𝑛+1)2 (2𝑛+1)
C) D) none of these
4
1 1 1
Q15. Value of + + + ⋯ 𝑛 terms, is equal to:
√3+√7 √7+√11 √11+√15
1 1
A) (√4𝑛 + 3 − √3) B) (√4𝑛 + 3 + √3)
4 4
1 1
C) (√4𝑛 + 3 − √3) D) (√4𝑛 + 3 + √3)
2 2
1 1 1
Q16. Value of 1 + + +⋯+ is equal to:
1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+⋯+𝑛
2𝑛 3𝑛
A) A)
𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
4𝑛
B) C) None of these
3𝑛+1

1 12 +22 12 +22 +32

Q17. Find the value of + + + ⋯upto 𝑛 terms
2 3 4
𝑛(𝑛+1)(4𝑛+5) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(4𝑛+5) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(4𝑛+5)
A) B) C) D)
36 36 26 6
1 1 1 𝜋4 1 1 1
Q18. It is given that + + + ⋯ to ∞ = . Then + + + ⋯ to ∞ is equal to:
14 24 34 90 14 34 54
𝜋4 𝜋4
A) B)
96 45
89𝜋4
C) D) None of these
90

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M10 – Sequences and Series 89

1
Q19. If ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝐼(𝑟) = (3𝑛 − 1). Then ∑𝑛𝑟=1 is equal to:
𝐼(𝑟)

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
A) 2(1 − ( ) ) B) (1 − ( ) )
3 3
3 1 𝑛
C) (1 − ( ) ) D) None of these
4 3
1
Q20. Let 𝑆𝑘 = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑖=0 (𝑘+1)𝑖 . Then ∑𝑘=1 𝑘𝑆𝑘 equals

𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛+2) 𝑛(𝑛+3)

A) B) C) D)
2 2 2 2

Q21. The third term of a geometric progression is 4. The product of the first five terms is
A) 43 B) 45
C) 44 D) None of these
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
Q22. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in 𝐺𝑃, then the equations 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓 = 0 have a common root, if, , ,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
are in
A) 𝐴𝑃 B) 𝐺𝑃
C) 𝐻𝑃 D) None of these
Q23. In a triangle the lengths of the two larger sides are 10 and 9, respectively. If the angles are in 𝐴. 𝑃., then the length
of the third side can be
A) √19 B) 3√3
C) 5 D) None of these
Q24. The product of 𝑛 positive numbers is unity, then their sum is
A) a positive integer B) divisible by 𝑛
1
C) equal to 𝑛 + D) never less than 𝑛
𝑛

Q25. The five geometric means between 3 and 192 are

A) 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 B) 6, 12, 24, 48, 86
C) 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 D) 12, 24, 36, 48, 96

Q26. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation (5 + √2)𝑥 2 − (4 + √5)𝑥 + 8 + 2√5 = 0 is
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
Q27. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are positive real numbers such that 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 2, then 𝑀 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑) satisfies the relation
A) 0 < 𝑀 ≤ 1 B) 1 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 2 C) 2 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 3 D) 3 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 4
Q28. Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be the roots of 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0 and 𝛾, 𝛿 be the roots of 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 are in 𝐺𝑃, then the
integer values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 respectively are
A) −2, −32 B) −1, 3 C) −6, 3 D) −6, −32
Q29. Let the positive numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 be in 𝐴𝑃. Then 𝑎𝑏𝑐, 𝑎𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑐𝑑, 𝑏𝑐𝑑, are
A) not in 𝐴𝑃/𝐺𝑃/𝐻𝑃 B) in 𝐴𝑃
C) in 𝐺𝑃 D) in 𝐻𝑃
3
Q30. Suppose 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in 𝐴𝑃 and 𝑎2 , 𝑏 2 , 𝑐 2 are in 𝐺𝑃. If 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = , then the value of 𝑎 is
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
A) B) C) − D) −
2√2 2√3 2 √3 2 √2

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M10 – Sequences and Series 90

TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS – 2

No. of questions: 30 Total time: 90 Minutes Time per question: 3 Minutes

Q31. An infinite 𝐺𝑃 has first term 𝑥 and sum 5, then 𝑥 belongs to

A) 𝑥 < −10 B) −10 < 𝑥 < 0 C) 0 < 𝑥 < 10 D) 𝑥 > 10
𝑘−1
Q32. Let 𝑆𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, … 100, denote the sum of the infinite geometric series whose first term is and the common
𝑘!
1 1002
ratio is . Then the value of + ∑100 2
𝑘=1 |(𝑘 − 3𝑘 + 1)𝑆𝑘 | is
𝑘 100 !

A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
Q33. The interior angles of a polygon are in arithmetic progression. The smallest angle is 120° and the common
difference is 5°. Find the number of sides of the polygon.
A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 9

Q34. Let the angles 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be in 𝐴𝑃 and let 𝑏: 𝑐 = √3: √2. Find the angle 𝐴.
A) 45𝑜 B) 60𝑜 C) 75𝑜 D) 90𝑜
Q35. If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are positive real numbers such that 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = 1, then the maximum value of (𝑝 + 𝑞) is
1 1
A) 2 B) C) D) √2
2 √2

Q36. If 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , … , 𝑆𝑛 are the sum of infinite geometric series, whose first terms are 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛 and whose common
1 1 1 1
ratios are , , , … , respectively, then find the value of 𝑆12 + 𝑆22 + 𝑆32 + ⋯ + 𝑆2𝑛−1
2
.
2 3 4 𝑛+1
1 1
A) (2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1)(4𝑛 + 1) B) (2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1)(4𝑛 + 1) − 1
6 6
1
C) (2𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1)(4𝑛 + 1) + 1 D) None of these
6

3 3 2 3 3 3 𝑛
Q37. Let 𝐴𝑛 = ( ) − ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 ( ) , 𝐵𝑛 = 1 − 𝐴𝑛 .
4 4 4 4
Find a least odd number 𝑛0 , so that 𝐵𝑛 > 𝐴𝑛 ∀ 𝑛 ≥ 𝑛0 .
A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8
1 1
Q38. Let 𝑇𝑟 be the 𝑟 th term of an 𝐴𝑃, for 𝑟 = 1, 2, … If for some positive integers 𝑚, 𝑛 we have 𝑇𝑚 = and 𝑇𝑛 = , then
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇𝑚𝑛 equals
1 1 1
A) B) + C) 1 D) 0
𝑚𝑛 𝑚 𝑛

Q39. Let 𝑇𝑟 be the 𝑟 th term of an 𝐴. 𝑃. whose first term is 𝑎 and common difference is 𝑑. If for some positive integers
1 1
𝑚 and 𝑛, 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛, 𝑇𝑚 = and 𝑇𝑛 = then 𝑎 − 𝑑 equals
𝑛 𝑚
1 1 1
A) + B) 1 C) D) 0
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛

Q40. If 𝑎𝑛 be the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an 𝐴𝑃 and if 𝑎7 = 15, then the value of the common difference that would make 𝑎2 𝑎7 𝑎12
greatest is
9
A) 9 B) C) 0 D) 18
4

Q41. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are in 𝐻. 𝑃., then the expression 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 is equal to

A) 𝑛(𝑎1 − 𝑎𝑛 ) B) (𝑛 − 1)(𝑎1 − 𝑎𝑛 )
C) 𝑛𝑎1 𝑎𝑛 D) (𝑛 − 1)𝑎1 𝑎𝑛

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M10 – Sequences and Series 91

Q42. The first two terms of a geometric progression add up to 12. The sum of the third and the fourth term is 48. If the
terms of the geometric progression are alternately positive and negative, then the first term is
A) 12 B) 4 C) −4 D) −12
Q43. Let 𝑎𝑛 be the 𝑛th term of the 𝐺. 𝑃. of positive numbers. Let ∑100
𝑛=1 𝑎2𝑛 = 𝛼 and ∑100
𝑛=1 𝑎2𝑛−1 = 𝛽, such that 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽,
then the common ratio is
𝛼 𝛽
A) B) C) √𝛼/𝛽 D) √𝛽/𝛼
𝛽 𝛼

Q44. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be in 𝐴. 𝑃. and |𝑎| < 1, |𝑏| < 1, |𝑐| < 1. If 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 + … to ∞, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + … to ∞ and 𝑧 =
1 + 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + … to ∞, then 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are in
A) 𝐴𝑃 B) 𝐺𝑃
C) 𝐻𝑃 D) none of these
2 6 10
Q45. The sum to infinity of the series 1 + + + + ⋯ is
3 32 33

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6
1⁄ 1 1
Q46. The value of 2 4 . 4 ⁄8 . 8 ⁄16 … upto ∞ is
3
A) 1 B) 2 C) D) 4
2

Q47. Sum of an infinite 𝐺. 𝑃. is 20 and sum of their squares is 100. The common ratio of the 𝐺. 𝑃. is
1 2 3 4
A) B) C) D)
5 5 5 5

Q48. A man saves ₹ 200 in each of the first three months of his service. In each of the subsequent months his saving is
₹ 40 more than the saving of the immediately previous month. His total saving from the start of the service will
be ₹ 11040 after.
A) 21 months B) 18 months C) 19 months D) 20 months
3 5 7
Q49. The sum + + + ⋯ upto 11 terms is:
12 12 +22 12 +22 +32
7 11 11 60
A) B) C) D)
2 4 2 11
1 1 1
Q50. Let 𝐺 be geometric mean of two positive numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏, and 𝑀 be the arithmetic mean of and . If : 𝐺 is 4 ∶
𝑎 𝑏 𝑀
5, then 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 can be:
A) 1: 4 B) 1: 2 C) 2: 3 D) 3: 4
th th th
Q51. If 7 term of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is 9 and 9 term of the 𝐴. 𝑃. is 7, then 20 term of the 𝐴. 𝑃. is
A) −2 B) −3 C) −4 D) −6
Q52. The number of terms of the 𝐴. 𝑃., 1, 4, 7, … that must be taken to obtain a sum of 715 is
A) 24 B) 23 C) 22 D) 21
Q53. If sum of first 20 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is equal to sum of first 30 terms of the 𝐴. 𝑃. then sum of the first 50 terms of the
𝐴. 𝑃. is
A) −1 B) 0 C) 10 D) 25
Q54. If for every 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, sum to 𝑛 terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. is 5𝑛2 + 7𝑛 then its 10th term is
A) 720 B) 570 C) 102 D) 52

T.P.P.
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M10 – Sequences and Series 92

Q55. The digits of a three digit number 𝑁 are in 𝐴. 𝑃. If sum of the digits is 15 and the number obtained by reversing
1000
the digits of the number is 594 less than the original number, then is equal to
𝑁−252

A) 5/6 B) 5/3 C) 0.06 D) 0.03

Q56. If sum of four numbers in 𝐴. 𝑃. is 28 and product of two middle terms is 45, then the product of the first and last
term is
A) 11 B) 13 C) 15 D) 17
Q57. 𝑛 arithmetic means are inserted between 3 and 17. If the ratio of first to last mean is 1 ∶ 3, then 𝑛 is equal to:
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8
Q58. Suppose (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑡ℎ term of a 𝐺. 𝑃. is 𝑝 and (𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑡ℎ term is 𝑞, then its 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is
𝑞 𝑚/𝑛 𝑞 𝑚/2𝑛 𝑝
A) √𝑝𝑞 B) 𝑝 ( ) C) 𝑝 ( ) D) √
𝑝 𝑝 𝑞

Q59. Sum to 25 terms of the series 0.5 + 0.55 + 0.555 + … is:

5 5
A) (224 − 10−25 ) B) (224 − 10−25 )
81 9
5
C) (224 − 10−24 ) D) none of these
81

Q60. The sum of three numbers in 𝐴. 𝑃. is 21. If the second number is reduced by 1 white third is increased by 1, three
resulting numbers form an increasing 𝐺. 𝑃., the common ratio of the 𝐺. 𝑃. is
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 7

TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS – 3

No. of questions: 30 Total time: 90 Minutes Time per question: 3 Minutes

Q61. If one geometric mean 𝐺 and two arithmetic means 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are inserted between two distinct positive
2𝐴1 −𝐴2 2𝐴2 −𝐴1
numbers, then ( )( ) is equal to
𝐺 𝐺

A) 0 B) 1 C) −1.5 D) −2.5
Q62. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are in 𝐴. 𝑃. such that 𝑎4 − 𝑎7 + 𝑎10 = 𝑚, then sum of the first 13 terms of the 𝐴. 𝑃. is
A) 10𝑚 B) 12𝑚 C) 13𝑚 D) 15𝑚
Q63. If (20)19 + 2(21)(20) 18
+ 3(21) 2 (20)17
+ ⋯ + 20(21)19
= 𝑘(20) 19
then 𝑘 is equal to
A) 400 B) 100 C) 441 D) 420
Q64. Three positive numbers form an increasing 𝐺. 𝑃. If the middle term in this 𝐺. 𝑃. is tripled, the new numbers are
in 𝐴. 𝑃. Then the common ratio of 𝐺. 𝑃. is:
A) 3 + 2√2 B) 2√2 − √3 C) 2 + 2√3 D) 2√2 + √3
Q65. Suppose 𝑚 arithmetic means are inserted between 1 and 31. If the ratio of the second mean to the 𝑚th mean is
1: 4, then 𝑚 is equal to
A) 7 B) 9 C) 11 D) 15
Q66. In a geometric progression the ratio of the sum of the first 5 terms to the sum of their reciprocals is 49 and sum
of the first and the third term is 35. The fifth term of the 𝐺. 𝑃. is
7 7 7
A) 7 B) C) D)
2 4 8

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M10 – Sequences and Series 93

Q67. If |𝑥| < 1, and 𝑟 th term of a series is 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑟−1 , then sum to 𝑛 terms of the series is
𝑛+(𝑛+1)𝑥−𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛−(𝑛+1)𝑥+𝑥 𝑛+1
A) (1−𝑥)2
B) (1−𝑥)2
(𝑛+1)𝑥−𝑥 𝑛+1 −𝑛 𝑛−(𝑛+1)𝑥−𝑥 𝑛+1
C) (1−𝑥)2
D) (1−𝑥)2

Q68. Sum of the series 𝑆 = 12 − 22 + 32 − 42 + ⋯ − 20082 + 20092 is

A) 2019045 B) 1005004
C) 2000506 D) none of these
Q69. The positive integer 𝑛 for which 2 × 22 + 3 × 23 + 4 × 24 + ⋯ + 𝑛 × 2𝑛 = 2𝑛+10 is
A) 510 B) 511 C) 512 D) 513
4 8 16
Q70. If 𝑥 > 0, and log 2 𝑥 + log 2 (√𝑥) + log 2 ( √𝑥 ) + log 2 ( √𝑥 ) + log 2 ( √𝑥) + ⋯ = 4 then 𝑥 equals
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
Q71. Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … 𝑎10 be in 𝐴. 𝑃. and ℎ1 , ℎ2 , … , ℎ1 be in 𝐻. 𝑃. If 𝑎1 = ℎ1 = 2 and 𝑎10 = ℎ10 = 3, then 𝑎4 ℎ7 is
A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 6
Q72. Consider an infinite geometric series with the first term 𝑎 and common ratio 𝑟. If its sum is 4 and the second term
3
is , then
4
4 3 3
A) 𝑎 = , 𝑟 = B) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 =
7 7 8
3 1 1
C) 𝑎 = , 𝑟 = D) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑟 =
2 2 4

Q73. If the first and (2𝑛 + 1)th terms of an 𝐴. 𝑃. , 𝐺. 𝑃. and 𝐻. 𝑃. are equal and their (𝑛 + 1)th terms are 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐
respectively, then
A) 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 𝑐 B) 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏 2
C) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 D) none of these
1 1 1
Q74. The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
√7+√10 √10+√13 √13+√16
1 √4+3𝑛−2
A) (√7 + 3𝑛 − √7) B)
3 3
1
C) (√10 + 3𝑛 − √10) D) None of these
3

1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1
Q75. If + + + ⋯ up to ∞ = , then value of + + + ⋯ up to ∞ is
12 22 32 6 12 32 52
𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2
A) B) C) D)
4 6 8 12
𝐻1 +𝑎 𝐻𝑛 +𝑏
Q76. If 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , … 𝐻𝑛 are 𝑛 harmonic means between 𝑎 and 𝑏(≠ 𝑎), then value of + is equal to
𝐻1 −𝑎 𝐻𝑛 −𝑏

A) 𝑛 + 1 B) 𝑛 − 1 C) 2𝑛 D) 2𝑛 + 3
𝑎
Q77. For what values of the parameter 𝑎 are there real values of 𝑥 such that 51+𝑥 + 51−𝑥 , , 25𝑥 + 25−𝑥 are three
2
consecutive terms of an 𝐴𝑃?
A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 13
(1+|cos 𝜃|+cos2 𝜃+|cos3 𝜃|+cos4 𝜃+⋯ to∞) log𝑒 4
Q78. If 𝛼 is a root of the equation 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 64 = 0 and 𝛼 = 𝑒 then how
many values of 𝜃 are possible in the interval (0, 𝜋)
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

T.P.P.
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M10 – Sequences and Series 94

1 1 1 1 𝑏
Q79. If + + + = 0, then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑎, , 𝑐 are respectively in
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑏 2

A) 𝐻. 𝑃. and 𝐴. 𝑃. B) 𝐺. 𝑃. and 𝐴. 𝑃.
C) 𝐴. 𝑃. and 𝐻. 𝑃. D) None of these
Q80. Let 𝑆 denote the set of all real values of 𝑥 such that (𝑥 2010 + 1)(1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2008 ) = 2010𝑥 2009 , then the
number of elements in 𝑆 is
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) infinite
Q81. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three unequal numbers such that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P. & 𝑏 − 𝑎, 𝑐 − 𝑏, 𝑎 are in G.P., then ratio 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 is equal
A) 1: 2: 3 B) 1: 3: 4 C) 2: 3: 4 D) 1: 2: 4
1 1 1
Q82. Sum of the series + + + ⋯ upto 2𝑛 terms is
22 −1 4 2 −1 62 −1
𝑛 1 1 4
A) B) C) D)
2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 𝑛+1 2𝑛−1
3
Q83. Suppose 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in 𝐴. 𝑃. and 𝑎2 , 𝑏 2 , 𝑐 2 are in 𝐺. 𝑃. If 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = , then the value of 𝑎 is
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
A) B) C) − D) −
2√2 2√3 2 √3 2 √2

Q84. If three positive real numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 (𝑐 > 𝑎) are in 𝐻. 𝑃.,then log(𝑎 + 𝑐) + log(𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐) is equal to
A) 2 log(𝑐 − 𝑏) B) 2 log(𝑎 + 𝑏)
C) 2 log(𝑐 − 𝑎) D) log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 + log 𝑐.
Q85. Sum to 𝑛 terms of the series 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 + 3 ∙ 5 ∙ 7 + 5 ∙ 7 ∙ 9 + ⋯ is
A) 8𝑛3 + 12𝑛2 − 2𝑛 − 3 B) 𝑛(8𝑛3 − 11𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 3)
C) 𝑛(2𝑛3 + 8𝑛2 + 7𝑛 − 2) D) none of these
Q86. In the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, the coefficients 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are in AP. If the roots of the equation are 𝑝
and 𝑞, then
A) 𝑝𝑞 + (𝑝 + 𝑞) + 1 = 0 B) 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0
𝑝
C) + (𝑝 + 𝑞) − 1 = 0 D) 𝑝𝑞 + 2(𝑝 + 𝑞) + 1 = 0
𝑞

Q87. Let 𝑥 be the arithmetic mean and 𝑦, 𝑧 be the two geometric means between any two positive numbers. Then value
𝑦 3 −𝑧 3
of is
𝑥𝑦𝑧

A) 2 B) 3 C) 1/2 D) 3/2
1 1 1
Q88. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three positive real numbers, then least value of the expression (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) ( + + ) is
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

A) 3 B) 3√3 C) 6 D) 9
1 1 3 5 2𝑛−1
Q89. If 𝐻𝑛 = 1 + + ⋯ + , then value of 𝑆𝑛 = 1 + + + ⋯ + is
2 𝑛 2 3 𝑛

A) 𝐻𝑛 + 𝑛 B) 2𝑛 − 𝐻𝑛 C) (𝑛 − 1) + 𝐻𝑛 D) 𝐻𝑛 + 2𝑛
Q90. In the 𝑛th row of the triangle
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
1 1
A) Last term = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) B) First term = (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 2)
2 2
1 2
C) Sum = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) D) All of the above
2

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M10 – Sequences and Series 95

Answer Key
M10.1 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
PRE-READING EXERCISE Q13. C
Q1. 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑛
IN CLASS EXERCISE 3
Q2. Infinite
Q3. False Q14. 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21
Q4. True Q15. Proof
Q5. True Q16. Proof
Q17. 14
IN CLASS EXERCISE 1
𝑛
Q1. I. 𝑡𝑛 = ,𝑛 ∈𝑁 HOMEWORK
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
II. 𝑡𝑛 = log 2 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 LEVEL 1
III. 𝑡𝑛 = 1.2.3.4 … (𝑛 − 1)𝑛 = 𝑛! , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
Q1. 𝑛+𝑚−𝑝
Q2. C Q2. Proof
Q3. A Q3. 27
Q4. B Q4. Rs. 245
4 9 16
Q5. I. 𝑒 + 1, 𝑒 + 2, 𝑒 + 3, 𝑒 +4 Q5. A
II. −1, −1, −1, −1
LEVEL 2
IN CLASS EXERCISE 2 Q6. C
Q6. 60 Q7. C
Q7. 3, 5 and 7 or 7, 5 and 3 Q8. D
Q8. Proof Q9. B
Q9. 𝑑 = 2𝑞, 𝑎 = 𝑝 + 𝑞
LEVEL 3
Q10. Proof
Q10. D
Q11. C
Q11. C
Q12. B

M10.2 GEOMETRIC AND HARMONIC PROGRESSIONS

PRE-READING EXERCISE IN CLASS EXERCISE 1
Q1. true Q1. A
Q2. 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 where 𝑎 is the first term and r is common Q2. B
ratio Q3. A
Q3. √𝑎𝑏 Q4. 4
16
Q4. true Q5. First term = ; Common ratio = 2
7
1 1 1 1
Q5. − or in general, − Q6. Option 2 (Re. 1, Rs. 2, Rs. 4 …)
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1
2𝑎𝑏
Q6.
𝑎+𝑏

Ans.
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M10 – Sequences and Series 96

IN CLASS EXERCISE 2 1 81 310 −210 81 310 −210

Q2. 𝑇4 = ± ; 𝑆10 = ( ) , or ( )
2 16 310 80 310
8
Q7. Q3. Proof
19
𝑚𝑛
Q8. 𝑇𝑚+𝑛 = ; 𝑇𝑚𝑛 = 1 Q4. 5 and 45
𝑚+𝑛
Q5. B
Q9. D
Q6. A
Q10. B
Q7. C
Q11. C

LEVEL 2
IN CLASS EXERCISE 3
Q8. Proof
Q12. Proof
Q9. B
Q13. B
Q10. A
Q14. 4, 16, 64 or −4, 16, −64
140 Q11. B
Q15.
99
Q12. C
Q16. Proof
Q13. C
Q17. A
Q14. C

HOMEWORK LEVEL 3
LEVEL 1 Q15. B
Q1. 6 Q16. C

M10.3 SUMMATION OF SERIES

PRE-READING EXERCISE Q6. A
Q7. B
Q1. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖
Q2. 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1)
IN CLASS EXERCISE 2
Q3. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 3
1 2
Q8. I. +
Q4. 2𝑛. 3𝑛 𝑥+2 𝑥+1
3 3
3𝑛−2 II. +
Q5. (𝑥−1)2 𝑥−1
5𝑛−1
2𝑥−5 1
III. −
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥−2
IN CLASS EXERCISE 1 Q9. I.
𝑛
𝑛+1
1 𝑛(5𝑛+13)
Q1. I. 𝑡𝑛 = (1+𝑛)(3+𝑛) II.
12(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑛
II. 𝑡𝑛 =
1+𝑛2 +𝑛4
III. 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1 IN CLASS EXERCISE 3
𝑛4 13𝑛3 19𝑛2 17𝑛 (1−2𝑛)𝑥 𝑛+1 +(2𝑛−1)𝑥 𝑛 −1𝑥−1
Q2. 𝑆𝑛 = + + + Q10. I.
4 6 4 6 (𝑥−1)2
𝑛 5 15 1 (3𝑛−2)
Q3. 𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) II. + (1 − )−
2 4 16 5𝑛−1 4×5𝑛−1
Q4. 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(3𝑛 + 9) Q11. C
Q5. B

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M10 – Sequences and Series 97

1 1
HOMEWORK 6𝑛 6 (10(
10𝑛
)−1)
Q4. − ( 1 )
9 9 (10−1)
LEVEL 1
Q1. 𝑛2
LEVEL 3
Q2. 𝑛2 + 𝑛
𝑛(2𝑛2 +9𝑛+13)
Q5.
24
LEVEL 2 Q6.
𝑛(𝑛+2)(𝑛+4)
3
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
Q3. Q7.
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
+
𝑛
+
𝑛
4
24 16 16(2𝑛+1)

TEST PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Mark (C) / (I) / (U) Mark (C) / (I) / (U)
Q. No. Ans. Level Q. No. Ans. Level
as appropriate as appropriate
Q1. B Medium Q25. A Easy
Q2. B Medium Q26. B Easy
Q3. D Medium Q27. A Easy
Q4. A Hard Q28. A Medium
Q5. D Medium Q29. D Easy
Q6. A Medium Q30. D Medium
Q7. A Medium Q31. C Medium
Q8. B Medium Q32. B Hard
Q9. B Medium Q33. D Hard
Q10. A Hard Q34. C Hard
Q11. C Hard Q35. D Easy
Q12. A Hard Q36. B Medium
Q13. D Medium Q37. C Hard
Q14. A Hard Q38. C Medium
Q15. A Hard Q39. D Easy
Q16. A Medium Q40. C Medium
Q17. A Hard Q41. D Hard
Q18. A Medium Q42. D Medium
Q19. C Hard Q43. A Medium
Q20. D Medium Q44. C Easy
Q21. B Easy Q45. B Hard
Q22. A Medium Q46. B Medium
Q23. D Medium Q47. C Medium
Q24. D Easy Q48. A Medium

Ans.
ynergy Learning - 11th Mathematics
M10 – Sequences and Series 98

Mark (C) / (I) / (U) Mark (C) / (I) / (U)

Q. No. Ans. Level Q. No. Ans. Level
as appropriate as appropriate
Q49. C Medium Q70. C Medium
Q50. A Hard Q71. D Medium
Q51. C Easy Q72. D Easy
Q52. C Easy Q73. B Medium
Q53. B Medium Q74. A Medium
Q54. C Easy Q75. C Medium
Q55. B Hard Q76. C Hard
Q56. B Medium Q77. C Hard
Q57. C Medium Q78. D Hard
Q58. C Hard Q79. A Hard
Q59. A Medium Q80. B Hard
Q60. A Medium Q81. A Hard
Q61. B Hard Q82. A Easy
Q62. C Medium Q83. D Medium
Q63. A Hard Q84. C Medium
Q64. A Medium Q85. C Medium
Q65. B Medium Q86. D Medium
Q66. C Medium Q87. A Medium
Q67. B Hard Q88. D Medium
Q68. A Medium Q89. B Easy
Q69. D Hard Q90. D Hard

ynergy Learning - 11th Mathematics