MODULE 3

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Integral Calculus: Beta and Gamma functions–interrelation-evaluation of
integrals using gamma and beta functions; error function-properties.
Multiple Integrals- Double integrals – Change of order of integration –
Double integrals in polar coordinates – Area enclosed by plane curves,
evaluation of triple integrals-change of variables between Cartesian and
cylindrical and spherical polar co-ordinates.

Beta and Gamma Function

To evaluate certain definite integral which are either difficult or impossible to evaluate by
various known methods of integration, we use Beta and Gamma function.
Definition:

𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚, 𝑛 > 0)

is called Beta function.

Γ(𝑛) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑛 > 0)

is called Gamma function.

Alternative Forms:
/

𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Γ(𝑛) = 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Properties:
1. 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚)
2. Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
Γ(𝑛) = (𝑛 − 1)Γ(𝑛 − 1), 𝑛 ≠ 1
3. Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛! if 𝑛 is positive integer.
(𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
4. Γ(𝑛) = ( )
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.

1
Relationship between Beta and Gamma Function
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)

1. Prove that 𝚪(𝟏/ 𝟐)= √𝝅

( ) ( )
Proof: w.k.t 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ( )

Put 𝑚 = 𝑛 =

1 1 Γ Γ
𝛽 , =
2 2 Γ +

Γ
=
Γ(1)

𝛽 , = Γ − − − −(1), (since, Γ(1) = 1)

/
Consider, 𝛽 , = 2∫ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
/
= 2∫ (1)(1)𝑑𝜃
/
= 2[𝜃] =2 −0 =𝜋

Hence, (1) gives Γ = 𝜋.

Therefore, we get Γ = √𝜋.

Problems using Gamma Function

/
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

=∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
=Γ =Γ +1
= Γ (since, Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛))

2
 = Γ +1 = Γ = √π

/
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 √ 𝑑𝑥
/
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 √ 𝑑𝑥 ------- (1)

Put, 𝑡 = √𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡 . Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡.
If, 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑥 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑡 = ∞
Therefore, the equation (1) becomes

/
𝐼= 𝑒 (𝑡 ) 2𝑡𝑑𝑡

/ /
=2 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

5 3
=2 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2Γ = 2Γ + 1
2 2
3 3
=2× Γ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛))
2 2
1 1 1 3
= 3Γ +1 =3× Γ = √π
2 2 2 2

3. Evaluate ∫ −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑡 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ⇒ −𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

𝑒 =𝑒
𝑒 = 𝑥 ---------- (1)
Then −𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
If 𝑥 = 0, equation (1) becomes 𝑒 =0⇒𝑡=∞
If 𝑥 = 1, equation (1) becomes 𝑒 = 1 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0.

Therefore, 𝐼 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

3
 = Γ = Γ +1 = Γ ( because Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛))

= √π

So, ∫ −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 = √π

Practice Problems

1. Evaluate∫ 𝑥 log 𝑑𝑥.

2. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Problems using beta function

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 using beta function.

Solution. Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5 3 Γ Γ Γ Γ
=𝛽 , = =
2 2 Γ + Γ(4)

Γ +1 Γ +1 Γ Γ
= =
Γ(4) Γ(4)

Γ +1 √π Γ √π
= =
3! 6
√π√π 𝜋
= =3 .
6 48

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution. Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ----------(1) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 4 × 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

= 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
If 𝑥 = 0, (1) ⇒ 0 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, i.e., 𝜃 = 0.
If 𝑥 = 4, (1)⇒ 4 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, i.e., 𝜃 = .
4
 Therefore, 𝐼 = ∫ (4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) (4 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

= (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) [4(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)] 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

= 8𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

= 2048 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃

1 4+1 6+1
= 2048 𝛽 ,
2 2 2

5 7 Γ Γ
= 1024𝛽 , = 1024
2 2 Γ +

Γ +1 Γ +1 Γ Γ
= 1024 = 1024
Γ Γ(6)

Γ Γ Γ Γ
= 1024 = 1024
5! 120
Γ Γ +1 √π Γ
= 1024 = 1024
120 120
√ √
= 128 = 12𝜋.

3. Evaluate ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
√
Solution: 𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝜃
√

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃

1 +1 +1 1
= 𝛽 , = 𝛽 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

5
 1 3 1 1Γ Γ
= 𝛽 , =
2 4 4 2 Γ +

1Γ Γ 1Γ Γ
= =
2 Γ(1) 2 0!

1Γ Γ 1 3 1
= = Γ Γ
2 1 2 4 4
1 𝜋 3 1
= 𝜋√2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, Γ Γ = 𝜋√2)
2 √2 4 4

4. Prove that ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ =
√ √ √

Proof: Let 𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√

Put 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ------------- (1)

1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2

If 𝑥 = 0, from (1), we get 0 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ⇒ 𝜃 = 0

If 𝑥 = 1, from (1), we get 1 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ⇒ 𝜃 =

( )
Therefore, 𝐼 =∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√

= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

√

= ∫ cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑𝜃

11 +1 0+1 1 3 1
= 𝛽 , = 𝛽 ,
22 2 2 4 4 2

Consider 𝐼 = ∫
√

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ------------ (2)

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃

If 𝑥 = 0, from (2), we get 0 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) ⇒ 𝜃 = 0

6
 If 𝑥 = 1, from (2), we get 1 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) ⇒ 𝜃 =

Therefore, 𝐼 =∫
√

= ∫ 𝑑𝜃= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√

= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√

= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 (since, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

√
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√

Put 2𝜃 = 𝑢 ⇒ 2𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑢 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 =

If 𝜃 = 0, 𝑢 = 0 and 𝜃 = , 𝑢 = 2 =

√ √
= ∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑑𝑢
√

= 𝛽 , = 𝛽 ,
√ √

Therefore, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ = 𝛽 , 𝛽 ,
√ √ √

1 3 1 1 1
= 𝛽 , 𝛽 ,
16√2 4 2 4 2

=
√

1 𝛤 𝛤 𝛤 𝛤
=
16√2 𝛤 𝛤

1 √𝜋𝛤 √𝜋 𝜋 𝛤
= =
16√2 𝛤 +1 16√2 𝛤

4𝜋 𝜋
= =
16√2 4√2

7
 Multi Variable Calculus (Integration)
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a continuous and a single valued function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 over the region of
integration 𝑅 and be enclosed by the surface 𝑆.
Then the double integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over 𝑅 is defined by

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Note:
I. ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 represents area of the region 𝑅 in Cartesian form.
II. ∬ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 represents area of the region 𝑅 in polar form.

Similarly, the triple integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over the region 𝑉 is defined by

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

III. ∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 is volume of a solid.

Problems:

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑦
= 𝑥 [𝑦] +𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

(𝑥 )
= 𝑥 [𝑥 − 0] + 𝑥 − 0 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑥 𝑥 5 5 0 0 5 5
= + = + − + = + .
6 3×8 6 24 6 24 6 24

8
Hence

5 5
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = +
6 24

Example 2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

x
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4

1−𝑦 1
= 𝑦 − 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 1−𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4 4

1 1
= 𝑦[(1 − 𝑦 ) ]𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦[(𝑦 + 1 − 2𝑦 )]𝑑𝑦
4 4

1 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= [(𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2𝑦 )]𝑑𝑦 = + −2
4 4 6 2 4

1 1 1 1 0 0 0
= + −2 − + −
4 6 2 4 6 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
= + −2 =
4 6 2 4 24

Hence ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = .

3. Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑅 is the region bounded by the coordinate axes and the line
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
Solution: Coordinate axes
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
9
And straight line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
Now, fix constant limits for 𝑥.
i.e 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1 − 𝑥 (lower part 𝑦 = 0 to upper part 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥)

𝐼 = ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

=∫ 𝑥 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

=∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (0, 1)

𝑥+𝑦 =1
( )
=∫ 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑅

= ∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
(0, 0) (1, 0) 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= ∫ 𝑥(1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = + −

( )
= + − − + − = + −

𝐼= .

4. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Solution: 𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑧
= 𝑥 𝑧+𝑦 𝑧+ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3

10
 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑥 [𝑎 − (−𝑎)] + 𝑦 [𝑎 − (−𝑎)] + − − 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3 3
2𝑎
= 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3
2𝑎𝑦 2𝑎 𝑦
= 2𝑎𝑥 𝑦 + + 𝑑𝑥
3 3

𝑏 𝑏 2𝑎
= 2𝑎𝑥 [𝑏 − (−𝑏)] + 2𝑎 − − + [𝑏 − (−𝑏)] 𝑑𝑥
3 3 3
2𝑏 2𝑎
= 2𝑎𝑥 . 2𝑏 + 2𝑎. + . 2𝑏 𝑑𝑥
3 3

4𝑎𝑏 4𝑎 𝑏 4𝑎𝑏𝑥 4𝑎𝑏 𝑥 4𝑎 𝑏𝑥

= 4𝑎𝑏𝑥 + + 𝑑𝑥 = + +
3 3 3 3 3

𝑐 𝑐 4𝑎𝑏 4𝑎 𝑏
= 4𝑎𝑏 − − + [𝑐 − (−𝑐)] + [𝑐 − (−𝑐)]
3 3 3 3
2𝑐 4𝑎𝑏 4𝑎 𝑏 8𝑎𝑏𝑐 8𝑎𝑏 𝑐 8𝑎 𝑏𝑐
= 4𝑎𝑏. + . 2𝑐 + 2𝑐 = + +
3 3 3 3 3 3
( )
=
( )
Thus, 𝐼= .

5. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 [𝑒 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

( )
= 𝑒 [𝑒 − 1]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 −𝑒 ]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑒
= [𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 ]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 [𝑒 ] 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
= { [𝑒 − 1] − 𝑒 [𝑒 − 1]}𝑑𝑥 = [ − −𝑒 + 𝑒 ]𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

𝑒 3 𝑒 3𝑒
= − 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑒
2 2 8 4
11
 𝑒 3𝑒 𝑒 3𝑒
= − +𝑒 −[ − +𝑒 ]
8 4 8 4
𝑒 3𝑒 1 3 𝑒 3𝑒 3
= − +𝑒 − + −1= − +𝑒 −
8 4 8 4 8 4 8
Thus, 𝐼 = [𝑒 − 6𝑒 + 8𝑒 − 3]

-----------------------------*************END**********------------------------------------------
--

12