DIRECTING

. 1. Ayesha Ltd. Assured their employees that in spite of recession no worker will be retrenched from
the job.
(i) Name and explain the type of incentive offered to the employees.
(ii) Explain one more incentive of the same category.
Ans. (i) Job security
(ii) Explain one more incentive of the same category.
Employee‟s recognition.
Organizational climate.
Q. 2. Blue Birds Ltd. Offers to its employees issue of shares at a price which is less than the market
price.
(i) Name and explain the type of incentive offered to the employees.
(ii) Explain one more incentive of the same category.
Ans. (i) Co-partnership/Stock option.
(ii) Other incentives: (a) Pay and allowance, (b) Bonus.
Q. 3. ABC Ltd. Is not able to achieve its objective on analyzing, they found that employees were not
given their best, so he decided to announce an incentive plain, which offers various incentives to
employee workers at different level for achieving their target.
(i) Which element of directing is used by manager?
(ii) Suggest incentive suitable for:
Employees operating at lower level.
Employees operating at higher level.
Ans. (i) Motivation is missing.
(ii) (a) Lower level: offer monetary incentives.
(b) Higher level: non-monetary incentive.

Q. 4. Mr. John faced lot of problems regarding the policy on teaching. He directly consulted the
principal about his problem ignoring the Headmistress who is immediate superior of Mr. John as he
feels more free to communicate with principal.
(i) Name the pattern of communication followed by Mr. John.
(ii) State any other two patters.
Ans. (i) Mr. John is following inverted „V‟ pattern.
(ii) Other two pattern:
Wheel pattern, (b) Chain pattern.
Q. 5. Is directing required at planning stage? Name the element of directing function under which:
(i) the superiors oversee the activities of their subordinates.
(ii) the superiors assure the subordinates that their needs will be taken care of.
(iii) the superior attempts to influence the behavior of people at work towards the realization of
specified goals.
(iv) the superior share information with the subordinates in order to reach common understanding. (3
Marks)
Ans. No, directing is not required at planning stage since it is an executive function. It initiates action
in the organization while other functions of management (planning, organizing, staffing and
controlling) just prepare a setting for action.
Supervision (ii) Motivation (iii) Leadership (iv) Communication.
Q. 6. Amit and Mikki are working in the same organization but in different departments. One day at
lunch time Mikki informed Amit that due to computerization some people are going to be retrenched
from the organization.
Name which type of communication is this. State any two limitations of this type of communication. (3
Marks)
Ans. Informal Communication
Limitations:
The grapevine/informal communication spreads rapidly and sometimes gets distorted. It is very
difficult to detect the source of such communication.
It also leads to generate rumours. People‟s behavior is affected by rumours and informal discussion
and sometimes may hamper work environment.
Q. 7. You are working at the middle level of management. Your superior, a top management personnel,
sent a message for you which you received and well understood. Is the communication process
complete? Give reason. (3 Marks)

Ans. No, the communication process is not complete unless and until feedback is given to the superior.
Feedback includes all those actions of the receiver indicating that he has received and understood the
message of sender. So, I must respond to communication to improve its effectiveness, e. g., by giving a
reply to letter, giving reactions to the message, etc.
Q. 8. Rakesh is working under his superior Neeraj. He always communicates useful ideas and
suggestions to his superior regarding reduction of cost, improvement in the product, etc. Neeraj
implements his suggestions and has always found favourable results, but he never appreciates Rakesh
for his suggestions. Now Rakesh decided not to communicate any suggestion or idea to Neeraj.
Identify the factor which acts as a communication barrier. (1 Marks)
Ans. Lack of proper incentives (Personal Barriers to Communication)
Q.9. Ankur is working as a production manager in an organization. His subordinate Saurabh discussed
with hi a method o production which will reduce the cost of production. But due to some domestic
problems and Ankur‟s mind being pre-occupied he is not in a position to understand the message.
Saurabh got disappointed by this. Identify the factor which acts as a communication barrier. (1 Marks)
Ans. Lack of attention (Psychological/Emotional Barriers to Communication)
Q.10. Rajat a Sales Manager, achieved his sales target one moth in advance. This achievement as
displayed on the notice board and the CEO of the Company awarded a certificate for the best
performance to him. Name the incentive provided to Rajat. (1 Marks)
Ans. The incentive provided to Rajat is – „Recognition‟.

Q. 11. A behavior study was done on total of 100 employees of an organization. Group A (of 50
employees) were appreciated by the manager for their work and initiative for new idea. All these
employees were given option of flexible working hours and were paid wages at a higher piece rate. On
the other hand, Group B (of remaining 50 employees) was criticized for their poor performance. Their
increments were stopped and they were paid wages at a lower piece rate.
(a) Identify and explain the feature of motivation highlighted in the above case.
(b) What type of leadership is followed by the manager? Justify your answer. (4 Marks)
Ans. Motivation can be either positive or negative. Positive motivation provides positive rewards like
increase in pay, promotion, recognition, etc. Negative motivation uses negative means like punishment,
stopping increments, threatening, etc.
Autocratic leadership style. The leader‟s following is based on the assumption that reward or
punishment both can be given depending upon the result.
Q. 12. In a company, Mr. Kshitij always explains management policies to workers and brings workers‟
problems to the notice of management. At what post does Mr. Kshitij work in this company? (1 Marks)
Ans. Mr. Kshitij is supervisor in the company as he acts as a link between workers and management.
Q. 13. Prachi is working in an MNC. She has been given an option to buy the shares of the company at
an amount less than the market price because of her performance as an incentive. Identify which
incentive is being given to her. (1 Marks)

Ans. Co-partnership/Stock option.

Q. 14. Ms. Snigdha, Production Manager and Mr. Sarthak, Marketing manager of an electronics
company are not on talking terms with each other. Because of that they do not transfer complete
information to each other.
(a) Identify the element of directing which becomes ineffective due to the behavior of the managers.
(b) Also, explain the factor which led to their such behavior. (3 Marks)
Ans. (a) Communication
Distrust (Psychological barrier)
Distrust between sender and receiver causes failure of communication.If they do not believe each
other, they cannot understand each other‟s message in its original sense.
Q. 15. Huma is working in a company on a permanent basis. As per job agreement she had to work for
8 hours a day and was free to work overtime. Huma worked overtime, due to which she fell ill and had
to take leave from her work. No one showed concern and enquired about her health. She realized
that she was fulfilling only some of her needs while some other needs still remained to be fulfilled.
(i) By quoting the lines from the above para, identify the needs of Huma which she is able to fulfil.
(ii) Also explain two other needs of Huma followed by the above needs, which still remained to be
satisfied.
Ans. „Huma is working in a company on a permanent basis‟.
According to above line Huma is able to fulfil her following needs:
(a) Physiological needs(b) Safety or Security needs
(ii) Needs of Huma which still remained to be satisfied are:
Affiliation Need: It refers to the need for affection, since to belongingness, acceptance and friendship.
Esteem Need: It refers to the need for self-respect, autonomy, status, recognition and attention.
Q. 16. Mr. Nath, a recently appointed production manager of Suntech Ltd. Has decided to produce
jute bags instead of plastic bags as these are banned by the government. He set a target of producing
1000 jute bags a day. It was reported that the employees were not able to achieve the target. After
analysis he found that employees were demotivated and not putting in their best for achieving the
target. Mr. Nath‟s beaviour is good towards the employees. His attitude is always positive. So he
announced various incentive schemes for the employees like;
Installing award or certificate for best performance.
Rewarding an employee for giving valuable suggestion.
Congratulating the employees for good performance.
Identify the functions of management highlighted in the above paragraph.
State the „incentive‟ under which the employees are motivated.
State any two values which the production manager wants to communicate to the society by his work
and behavior.
Ans. Directing and Controlling
Employee recognition programme (non-monetary incentive)
Vale:

Sensitivity of environment Good behavior towards employees.

Q. 17. NOTICE
A meeting of all supervisors is scheduled on 20th August, 2016
This notice was placed on the notice board in the reception area of XYZ Ltd. But it did not mention
clear specification regarding the time of meeting. Which barrier of communication is referred to
here? Explain any two other forms of barriers to effective communication under the same category.
(5 Marks)
Ans. Badly expressed message (Semantic barriers) – Use of wrong words, omission of needed words,
inadequate vocabulary, etc.
Symbols with different meanings: A work may have several meanings. For example, consider these
three sentences where the work „value‟ is used:
What is the value of this ring?
I value our friendship.
What is the value of learning compute skills?

Wrong perception by the receiver leads to communication problems.

Faulty translations: Sometimes, the communications originally drafted in one language (say, English)
need to be translated to the language understandable to workers (say, Hindi). If the translator is not
proficient with both the languages, communication becomes ineffective.

Q. 18. Mr. Sandeep is the marketing manager of a company manufacturing designer clothes. One day,
in the morning while leaving home he had a quarrel with a person in his neighbourhood on some
issue. That person is a criminal who could abuse his family members. Mr. Sandeep, on that day, is very
worried and angry too on the behavior of the neighood person. On that day, a meeting was held by a
team of marketing and design experts to ensure that whatever is produced is according to market
demand and tastes and fashion of the customers. But Mr. Sandeep could not pay attention to the
discussion between them.
(a) Identify the type of barriers to communication mentioned in the above para. Justify your answer.
(b) Explain any two such barriers to communication.
Ans.
Psychological barriers.
These are related to the state of mind of both sender and receiver of communication.For example, a
worried person cannot communicate properly and an angry receiver cannot understand the real
meaning of message.
„Mr. Sandeep is very worried and angry on that day.So he could not pay attention to the discussion in
the meeting.‟
Psychological barriers to communication: Lack of attention: the pre-occupied mind of receiver and the
resulting non-listening of message acts as a major psychological barrier.
Premature evaluation: Sometimes people form a judgement before the sender completes his message,
which causes failure of communication.
Q. 19. Mrs. Rajlaxmi is working as the Human Resource Cosultant in a firm manufacturing cosmetic,
which is facing a problem of high employee urnover. The CED of the company has invited suggestions
from her for retaining the talented employees & reducing the employee turnover. Mrs. Rajlaxmi
recommends that the good employees be rewarded in a way that it creates a feeling of ownership
among the employees and at the same time makes them contribute towards the growth of the
organization.
(a) Identify the incentive and explain its type, which has been suggested by Mrs. Rajlaxmi to the CEO
of the company.
(b) Also explain any two other incentives of the same type.
Ans.
Financial incentive.
Co-Partnership/Stock Option
Other financial incentives:
Pay and allowances: For every employee, salary is the basic financial incentive. It includes basic pay,
dearness allowance and other allowance. Pay hike and increments improve performance level of
employees.
Profit sharing: Employees are given a share in the profits of the organization. This motives them to
improve their performance and contributes to increase in profits of the organization.
Q. 20. Mr. Bhuvan is the marketing manager of the company manufacturing designer clothes. One day
in the morning while leaving home, he had a quarrel with the person in the neighbourhood. That
person abused his family and threaten to harm the family. Mr. Bhuvan got very upset and worried. On
the same day a meeting was organized in the office to finalise the design according to market demand
and taste the fashion of the customers. Mr. Bhuvan could not pay attention to the discussion as he
was thinking about the quarrel only.
(a) Identify the type of barrier to communication mention in the above para.
(b) State any other two barriers of same category.
Ans.
Psychological barrier Lack of attention.
(i)Premature evaluation
(ii) Loss by poor retention.
Q. 21. Rajiv is working as Personal Manager in a company. The specialty of the company is that financial
position of all the employees is good. The employees working here are honest punctual and
hardworking. The CEO of the company asked him to suggest a method of motivation. The CEO asked
him to suggest a method which is happily accepted by all the employees.
Rajiv spoke to many employees in this connection. Some employees suggested give more importance
to individual autonomy, another suggested good performance should be appreciated another group
suggested to award, certificate, trophies to recognize the good performance. Mr. Rajiv mixed all and
suggested a method of motivation to CEO. The CEO happily accepted that and it was immediately
implemented. With in few days the company‟s growth rate appeared to have become fast.
Identify the functions of management indicate in the above paragraph.
Which motivation methods were suggested by different group of
employees.
Which motivation method combine all the above stated and was suggested by personal manager.
Ans.
Directing.
(i) Recognition
(ii) Autonomy
Organizational climate.
(i) Ethical behavior
(ii) Motivating employees
(iii) Taking Suggestions from employing.
Q. 22. Pramod was a supervisor at a „Annapurna Aata‟ factory. The factory was producing 200
quintals of Aata every day. His job was to make sure that the work goes on smoothly and there was
no interruption in production. He was a good leader who would give orders only after consulting his
subordinates and work out the policies with the acceptance of the group.

Identify and describe the leadership style being adopted by Pramod.

Ans. Democratic style of leadership.
A democratic leader favours decision making by the group. This improves the attitude of the
employees towards their jobs and the organization thereby increasing their morale.

Using this style is of mutual benefit – it allows them (subordinates) to become part of the team and
helps leaders (seniors) to make better decisions.
Q. 23. Neeraj, a sales representative of „Omida Ltd‟ has changed seven jobs in the last one year. He is
a hard working person but is not able to finalise deals with the customer due to his inadequate
vocabulary and omission of needed words. Sometimes he uses wrong words because of which
intended meaning is not conveyed. All this created a mis-understanding between him and his cliens.
(a) Identify the communication barrier discussed above.
(b) State the category of this communication barrier.
(c) Explain any other communication barrier of the same category.
Ans.
Badly expressed message
Semantic barrier, which arises from problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and decoding
of message into words or impressions.
Technical jargon; Specialists use technical language or jargon while explaining to the workings, e.g.,
tariff, quotas, etc. therefore, they may not understand the actual meaning of many such words.
Q. 24. Smita had been working as an assistant manager with „Johnson Enterprises‟ for the last ten
years. She was very popular amongst her colleagues because of her commitment and dedication
towards the work. When the manager senior to her retired, all her colleagues thought that now Smita
would be promoted. But to everyone‟s surprise the vacant post was filled by an outsider, Mrs. Rita.
Smita felt demoralized and her performance started declining. She would abstain herself often and
could not meet her targets.
Mrs. Rita was a good leader, who would not only instruct her subordinates but would also guide and
inspire them. She noticed Smita‟s hebaviour and felt that her performance could be improved. She
started involving Smita in decision making-issues related to the organization and made her a part of
high level joint-management committed. Smita was now punctual in office and her performance
started improving.
Identify the function of management being performed by Rita.
Name the element of the above function of management which helped Rita to improve Smita;s
behavior.
State any three features of the element identified in (ii)
above. Ans.
Directing
Motivation
Features of motivation:

Motivation is an internal feeling: The urge, desires, aspirations or needs of people, which are internal,
influence human behavior.
Motivation produces goal-directed behavior: For example, if the employee is interested in promotion,
it helps to produce a behavior to improve performance. Motivation can be either positive or negative:
Positive motivation provides positive rewards like increase in pay, promotion, recognition, etc.
negative motivation uses negative means like punishment, stopping increments, threatening, etc.
Q. 25. Rahim was working in an enterprise on daily wages basis. It was difficult for him to fulfill the
basic needs of his family. His daughter fell ill. He had no money for his daughter‟s treatment. To meet
the expenses of her treatment, he participated in a cycle race and won the prize money. The cycle
company offered him a permanent pensionable job which he happily accepted.
(i) By quoting the lines from the above para identify the needs of Rahim that are satisfied by the offer
of cycle company.
(ii) Also, explain two other needs of Rahim followed by above that are still to be satisfied.
Ans.
Needs of Rahim that are satisfied by the offer of cycle company are Physiological and safety/security
needs.
„The cycle company offered him a permanent pensionable job‟.
The other needs followed by the above stated needs that are still to be satisfied are:
Affiliation/Belongingness needs: These needs refer to the need for affection, sense of belonging,
acceptance and friendship.
Esteem needs: These needs refer to the need for self-respect, autonomy status, recognition, etc.
Q. 26.Y Ltd. Is a bank functioning in India. It is planning to diversify into insurance business. Lately, the
government of India has allowed the private sector to gain entry in the insurance business. Previously,
it was the prerogative of LIC and GIC to do insurance business. But now with liberalization of the
economy and to make the field competitive other companies have been given licences to start
insurance business under the regulation of „Insurance regulatory and development Authority‟.

Y Ltd. Plans to recruit high quality employees and agents and exercise effective direction to capture a
substantial part of life and non-life insurance business.
Identify how the company can supervise its employees and agents effectively.
What financial and non-financial incentives can the company use for employees and agents separately
to motivate them?

How can the company ensure that higher order needs i.e., esteem and self actualization as specified by
Maslow are met?
How can the company follow formal communication system?
How can informal communication help to supplement formal communication?
Ans. The company will appoint supervisors who will provide on the job training to the employees and
agents. They will maintain group unity and ensure that the company gets enough insurance business.
To the employees, the company can give pay and allowances, bonus, retirement benefits, perquisites
(e.g., car allowance),recognisation, promotion, job security etc. to motivate them for higher
performance.
To the agents, the company can give the following incentives:

Profit sharing
Stock option (i.e., giving company‟s share at a price less than market price)
Productivity linked salary (i.e., higher salary for getting more insurance business)
Participation in decision – making.

By giving recognition, autonomy status, etc. and providing growth and self-fulfillment opportunities,
the company ensures that higher order needs-esteem and self actualization needs are met.
The company can follow formal communication system by ensuring that all communication flows
through official channels designed in the organization chart (i.e., through Scalar chain).
Information communication network (i.e., grapevine) can be used by the company to transmit
information to know he reactions of the employees and agents to the company‟s decisions and policies.
Grapevine channels can carry insurance market information rapidly.
Q. 27. Prateek is working in a multinational company in Noida. He was running a temperature for the
last many days. When his blood was tested, he was found to be positive for malaria. He was admitted
in a hospital and a blood transfusion was advised by the doctors as his condition was very serious.
One of his colleagues sent a text message to his superior, Mr. B. Chatterjee. Mr. B. Chatterjee
immediately sent a text message to the employees of the organization requesting them to donate
blood for Prateek. When the General Manager came t o know about it, he ordered for fumigation in
the company premises and cleaning the surroundings.
From the above paragraph, quote lines that indicate formal and informal communication.
State any two features of informal communication.
Identify any two values that are being communicated to society in the above case.
Ans.
(i) Informal communication: “One of his colleagues sent a text message to his superior, Mr. B.
Chatterjee. Mr. B. Chatterjee immediately sent a text message to the employees of the organization
requesting them to donate blood for Prateek.”
(ii) Formal communication: “When the general manager came to know about it, he ordered for
fumigation in the company premises and cleaning surroundings.”
The features of informal communication are as follows:
The grapevine/informal communication spreads very fast and sometimes gets distorted. It is very
difficult to detect the source of such communication.
The two values that are being communicated to the society are:

Humanity
Cleanliness
Q. 28. Roshan is the chief of „Khidmat‟ restaurant located in the city of Bangaluru. The place is known
for its exquisite Mughlai cuisine especially mutton briyani and kababs. All the food is prepared under
Roshan‟s purview. The various activities in the kitchen are initiated in accordance to his instructions.
He is very clear and specific in issuing instructions to his subordinates in order to ensure smooth
working of the department. He personally oversees the method followed by the chefs for preparation
of each dish. He misses no opportunity to praise his subordinates for their good work. All his team
members feel very happy and satisfied under his direction. He provides constant guidance to them in
order to improve upon its taste and presentation and also encourages them to innovate and be more
creative in their work.
In the above context:
Identify the various elements of directing mentioned in the above paragraph by quoting lines from the
paragraph.
Describe briefly any two points to highlight the importance of directing as a function of management.
Ans.
The various elements of directing mentioned in the above paragraph are as follows:
Communication: „He is very clear and specific in issuing instructions to his subordinates in order to
ensure smooth working of the department.”

Supervision: “He personally oversees the method followed by the chefs for preparation of each dish.”
Leadership: “He provides constant guidance to them in order to improve upon its taste and
presentation and also encourages them to innovate and be more creative in their work.”
Motivation: “He misses no opportunity to praise his subordinates for their good work.”
The importance of directing as a function of management is described below:
Initiates action: Directing helps to initiate action by people in the organization towards attainment of
desired objectives. It is the first execution function of management.
Integrates employees’ efforts: Directing seeks to integrate the individual efforts of employees in the
organization towards the realization of the organizational goals.
Helps to realize their potential: Directing provides effective guidance, motivation and leadership to the
employees so as to enable them to realize their potential and capabilities. (any two)
Q. 29. Neeraj has been working as a sewing machine operator in an export house for the past ten
years. His basic work is to seam the parts of a garment together, and attach buttons, hooks, zippers,
and accessories to produce clothing. Considering the fact that Neeraj is an experienced operator, he is
well versed with the fundamentals of industrial production and possesses good communication skills.
The plant superintendent in the factory recommends Neeraj‟s name to the production manager for
the post of supervisor which will fall vacant after a month on the retirement of the present supervisor.
Consequently, Neeraj is assigned the post of supervisor and his salary is increased accordingly.
Moreover, as per the policy of the export house, he is offered free medical aid and education to his
two children.
In the context of the above case:
Identify the type of source of recruitment used by the export house to fill up the post of supervisor.
Give any two advantages of using this source.

Identify the types of financial incentives offered to Neeraj by quoting lines from the paragraph.
Ans.
The internal source of recruitment has been used by the export house to fill up the post of supervisor
through promotion. The two advantages of using internal source of recruitment are stated below.
Employees are motivated to improve their performance: When employees are promoted internally
from within an organization, it has a positive impact on their commitment and loyalty and they tend
remain satisfied with their jobs. Also, it may lead to a chain of promotion at lower levels in the
organization.
As a result, it motivates the employees to improve their performance through learning and practice.
Internal recruitment simplifies the process of selection and placement: The candidates can be appraised
more perfectly and economically as that are already working in the organization. As the candidates are
already known to the organization, it is considered to be a more reliable method of recruitment.
The types of financial incentives offered to Neeraj are as follows:

Pay and allowances: “his salary is increased accordingly.”

Perquisites: “as per the policy of the export house, he is offered free medical aid and education to his
two children.”
Q. 30. Sunidhi has started a designer studio in the basement of her residence after completing her
masters in fashion designing. She has appointed ten employees to take care of the various aspects of
the work. She interacts regularly with each employee to tell exactly what is expected of him/.her and
what he/she needs to do to be regarded as a good performer. At the same time she allows a free work
environment wherein the employees openly chit chat with each other in order to fulfil their social and
emotional needs. Sometimes, these interactions also lead to spreading rumours which are not
authentic. In the context of the above case:
Name and explain the two types of communication being referred to in the above
paragraph. How does effective communication increases managerial efficiency?
Ans.

The two types of communication being referred to in the above paragraph are formal communication
and informal communication.
Formal communication: The communication that flows through official channels designed in the
organization structure is called formal communication. This communication may take place between a
subordinate and superior or among same team employees or managers. Usually a written record of
such communications is maintained, recorded and filed in the office. Formal communication may be
further classified as – Vertical and Horizontal.

Informal communication: Informal communication is the type of communication that takes place
without following the formal lines of communication. It is generally referred to as the „grapevine‟
because it spreads throughout the organization with its branches going out in all directions in utter
disregard to the levels of authority. The informal communication arises out of needs of employees to
exchange their views, which cannot be done through formal channels.
Effective communication increases managerial efficiency by lubricating the working of the entire
organization through quick and effective performance of managerial functions. It enables the
management to express the goals and targets, issue instructions, allocate jobs and responsibilities and
look after the performance of subordinates.
Q. 31. Gagan has joined as a Managing Director of True Help Ltd., a company engaged in the
business of providing road side assistance to the vehicle owners. He was previously working
in an automobile company. As a part of the joining incentive, the company has allotted him
400 shares of the company. In context of the above case:
Identify the type of source of recruitment used by True Help Ltd. to fill up the post of
Managing Director.
Identify the type of financial incentive offered to Gagan. Also, state any one other method that
can be used to offer financial incentives to the employees.
Ans.
External source of recruitment has been used by True Help Ltd. to fill up the post of
Managing Director.

Co-partnership/ Stock option is the type of financial incentive offered to Gagan.

The other method that can be used to offer financial incentives to the employees is Bonus.
Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages/ salary to the employees.
Q. 32. Mr. Naresh is working as a Production Manager in Vohra Ltd. His subordinates are mostly
engineers and qualified technicians.

As a manager, he is very strict, does not listen to any suggestions or feedbacks given by his
subordinates. He expects them to following his instructions without any questions and does
not allow them to give suggestions. What leadership style does the manager follow?
Is such a leadership style beneficial for the company?
Explain. State any one value being overlooked by him? (4
marks)
Ans.
Autocratic leadership
This leadership style is effective in getting productivity in many situations like in a factory
where the supervisor is responsible for production on time and has to ensure labour
productivity. Quick decision-making is also facilitated.
Value overlooked:

Respect for other‟s

opinion Initiative