The Place of Learning

CLASSIC
ACADEMY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
LARKANA, SINDH.

HANDOUTS OF I.T
& OFFICE AUTOMATION

BY:
Engr. Roshan Ali Shaikh
Principal
Mobile# 03003422881, 03337544844
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 074-4043334
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER & IT

WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Computer comes out from “COMPUTE” it is a Greek word that means “To Calculate”. Computer is a
machine like a man it has ability to get data through input devices then process to produce result with central
processing unit and then gives result through out devices.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
Computer is a fast and accurate electronic device that accepts data stores data process then and produce output
result with help of program. OR
Computer is an electronic automatic device for storing and processing data at very high speed according to the
instructions given to it in a variable program. It gets input through input devices, and processes those inputs
using processor and in last provides output. A digital computer can operate at the large speed of several
million instructions per second. It is made up of different parts connected together.
DATA: Raw facts and figures arte called data. In other words, the unprocessed information is called data.
INFORMATION: The processed form of data information, information is the arrangement of data in such a
number that is can provided information usual information.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: it is defined as a technology that combines Computer and with high
speed communication links, carrying video sound data and images. It is basically the study of all equipments
and methods that are used for handling the information. Now a days internet, email, ecommerce, ATM, Credit
cards, mobile communication satellite communication GPRS are the main example of information
technology.
HARDWARE: Computer hardware consists of computer component that can be physically handled.
Computer it self is hardware.
SOFTWARE: The collection of various programs is called as software or computer programs / instructions
that make hardware to work. Software is the set of instructions for computer. They are comprises of computer
programming languages, Translator, application programs, operating system programs etc.

TYPES OF SOFTWARES
 System Software
System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide and
maintain a platform for running application software.
 Application Software
Application software, also known as software application it is computer software designed to help the
user to perform a singular or multiple related specific tasks. Typical examples are word processors,
spreadsheets, media players and database applications.
INPUT DEVICES: It is the process of entertaining data into a computer. An input device is hardware that
translates given information into a form that a computer understands. Examples of Input Devices: Keyboard,
Mouse, Scanner, Digitizer, Light pen.
OUTPUT DEVICES: Any form of data generated by a computer is output, it may be an on screen image,
printed material or write operation to disks etc. output devices is a hardware that accepts and converts
computer signals in a form understandable to the operator or devices. Example: Monitor, Printer, Speaker,
Image setter, Projectors etc.
STORAGE DEVICES: A device that can accept data, hold them and deliver them on demand at a later time
is a storage device. EXAMPLE: Hard Disk, Compact Disk, USB Flash Drives.
HARD DISK: It is a magnetic recording device that can store huge amount of data. it is also called as
Winchester disk. Hard disks provide faster access to data than floppy disk and are capable of storing much
more information.
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory): It is small, portable, round, medium for electronically
recording, storing and playing back audio video text and other information in digital form. This storage types
uses the laser (optical) techniques to read and write data. It has different storage capacity.
FLASH DRIVE: A type of storage devices which is small in size but huge in capacity for data storage and
portability to access anywhere for storage purpose
MEASUREMENT UNITS OF STORAGE / DATA
BIT Binary Digital, Smallest unit of Memory.
BYTE 8 Bits, one word
1 KILOBYTE (KB) 1024-Bytes
1 MEGA BYTE (MB) 1024-KBs (1048576 bytes)
1 GEGA BYTE (GB) 1024-MBs (1073741824 bytes)
1 TERA BYTE (TB) 1024-GBs (1099511627776 bytes)
PRINTERS: A peripheral device that allows the computer users to produce paper copies of the information
processes by the computer (Hard Copy).
1. Impact Printers (Dot Matrix Printers)
2. Non Impact Printers (Quiet/ Laser Printers)
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
A CPU executes program instructions that cause data to be read, stored or otherwise processed. Micro
computer have either 8,16 and 32 bit instructions. This is also some time known as brain of computer. CPU
consists of three parts.
a. Control Unit (CU) 2. Memory Unit (MU) 3. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
CONTROL UNIT (CU) : The control unit supervises all other units of the computer it selects the
appropriate / suitable IO-devices and causes data to flow between this devices and the memory unit. It fetches
the proper computer instruction from the memory unit and root data from memory unit to the arithmetic and
logic unit and back to the memory unit.
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU) : The arithmetic unit is where the arithmetic operations such as
multiplications, division, addition and subtraction of two memory areas and logical decisions are performed.
MEMORY UNIT (MU) : The memory unit of CPU is the place where the computers programs and data are
sorted during processing. It is a random access storage device consisting of thousands upon thousands storage
location, each of which can be directly reached the control unit. Each storage location is distinguished by a
unique number called its address.
During a processing procedure, different data may be stored in any given storage location, but address of the
storage location is always fixed.
Types of Memory
RAM: Random Access Memory (Temporary Memory) … Volatile
ROM: Read Only Memory (Permanent Memory)…. Non-Volatile
OPERATING SYSTEM : An operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to supervise the
entire operations of computer. Its prime object is to control the resources of computer such as Hardware,
Software, and Data Manipulation.
Types of Operating Systems:
1. Single User Operating System (DOS)
2. Multi-User Operating System (Windows, Linux, Unix, XENIX)
DESKTOP: A very front screen of windows operating system where user place the most frequent used
programs.
TASK BAR: It is a bar displayed on a full edge of a GUI desktop that is used to launch and monitor running
applications. It includes start menu button, Quick Launch bar, taskbar buttons, and notification area.
RECYCLE BIN: In the Microsoft Windows operating systems, the Recycle Bin is a holding area for files
and folders that are held before final deletion from a storage device.
MY DOCUMENT: It is the folder in Microsoft windows where users’ store their documents.
MY COMPUTER: An icon present on Windows desktop that enables users to view drives, folders, and files.
INTERNET EXPLORER: A web browser developed by Microsoft, this is a program that allows you to
view different websites.
CONTROL PANEL:The tool in the operating system which allows most or all of the settings to be changed
through a user interface.
SCREEN SAVER : A screen saver is used to protect the quality of a computer monitor. If a computer is left
idle for a certain length of time, the screen save displays a picture or moving graphical image.
FOLDER: Folder in Microsoft windows is a container where you can store files.
FILE: A computer file is a block of information stored with a particular name.
CPU Central Processing Unit
GUI Graphical User Interface
ALU Arithmetic & Logical Unit
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
USB Universal Serial Bus
CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
DVD Digital Versatile Disk
DOS Disk Operating System
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
 WORD
Word used for Text or word processing Extension DOC (document)
CTRL+ A To select the entire document CTRL+ 1 Single-space lines
CTRL+ B Bold text CTRL+ 2 Double-space lines
CTRL+ C Copy text or graphics CTRL+ 5 Set 1.5-line spacing
CTRL+ D Font options ALT+ F3 Create AutoText
CTRL+ E Center a paragraph ALT+ F4 Quit Word
CTRL+ F Find text ALT+ F8 Run a macro
CTRL+ G Goto a page or other location F1 Help Office Assistant
CTRL+ H Replace text F2 Move text or graphics
CTRL+ I Apply italic formatting F3 Insert an AutoText entry
CTRL+ J Justify a paragraph F4 Repeat the last action
CTRL+ K Hyperlink F5 Go To command (Edit menu)
CTRL+ L Left align a paragraph F6 Go to next pane or frame
CTRL+ M Indent F7 Spelling command
CTRL+ N Create a new document F8 Extend a selection
CTRL+ O Open a document F9 Update selected fields
CTRL+ P Print document F10 Activate the menu bar
CTRL+ Q Quit/Exit F11 Go to the next field
CTRL+ R Align Right F12 Save As
CTRL+ S Save a document SHIFT+ F7 Thesaurus
CTRL+ T Tab SHIFT+ F3 Change the case of letters
CTRL+ U Underline CTRL+ SHIFT+ A Format letters as all capitals
CTRL+ V Paste the Clipboard contents CTRL+ SHIFT+ K Format letters as small capitals
CTRL+ W Close a document CTRL+ = Apply subscript formatting
CTRL+ X Cut selected text CTRL+ SHIFT+ + Apply superscript formatting
CTRL+ Y Redo or repeat an action SHIFT+ END To the end of a line
CTRL+ Z Undo the last action SHIFT+ HOME To the beginning of a line
CTRL+ ] Increase font size by 1 point CTRL+ SHIFT+ P Change the font size
CTRL+ [ Decrease font size by 1 point CTRL + Delete Delete word right
CTRL+ SHIFT+ F Change the font CTRL+ SHIFT+ W Underline words not spaces
CTRL+ SHIFT+ D Double-underline text ALT+ F10 Maximize the program window
EXCEL
Excel used for Accounting/Calculation Extension of Excel XLS
Total Rows 65535 Total Columns 256 (Last Columns IV)
F2 Edit the active cell CTRL+ 6 Alternate between objects
F9 Calculate all open sheets CTRL+ 7 Show/hide the Standard toolbar
SHIFT+ F9 Calculate the active worksheet CTRL+ 8 Display or hide outline symbols
= (equal sign) Start a formula CTRL+ 9 Hide selected rows
CTRL+ ; Enter the date CTRL+ SHIFT+( Unhide selected rows
CTRL+ SHIFT+ : Enter the time CTRL+ 0 (zero) Hide selected columns
CTRL+ SPACEBAR Select the entire column CTRL+ SHIFT+) Unhide selected columns
SHIFT+ SPACEBAR Select the entire row ALT+ 6 Switch between
SHIFT+ PG Down Selection down one screen ALT+ 7 Show the Tools menu
SHIFT+ Page Up Selection up one screen F11 or ALT + F1 Create a chart
POWERPOINT
Powerpoint used For presentation Extension PPT
Total Layouts 27 E Erase on-screen annotations
F5 Run slide presentation Ctrl + M Insert a new slide
<number>+ENTER Go to slide <number> A or = Show/Hide Pointer
ESC, CTRL+BREAK,
B or PERIOD Display a black screen End a slide show
or HYPHEN
W or COMMA Display a white screen CTRL+ Shift+ H Ungroup
S or = Stop or restart slide show CTRL+ Shift+ J Regroup
CTRL+ Shift+ G Group

Prepared by: Engr. Roshan Ali Shaikh

 Excel Formulas

FUN NAME DESCRIPTION

Perform all kind of calculations, ie addition, subtract, multiplication and division.
SUM
=sum(number1,number2,…)
UPPER Convert text to uppercase letters. =upper(text)
LOWER Convert text to lowercase letters. =lower(text)
Capitalizes the first characters of every word and converts all others characters in to lowercase letters.
PROPER
=proper(text)
Returns the number of character at which the specific character or text first found.
SEARCH
=search(find_text,within_text,start_num)
Find any one character within another string and returns the starting number of found character.
FIND
=find(find_text,within_text,start_num)
Changes the specific characters with a different part of characters.
REPLACE
=replace(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)
CHAR Displays the character of specified code number. =char(number)
CODE Display the numerical code of first character of the string. =code(text)
CONCATENATE Joins the several text strings into on e text strings.
Compares two text strings & returns TRUE if both are same, otherwise display FALSE in result.
EXACT
=exact(text1,text2)
LEFT Display a specific part of characters from left side of text or string. =left(txt,num_chr)
LEN Returns the maximum length of characters. =len(text)
MID Display a specific part of characters, which you want. =mid(text,start_text,num_chars)
REPT Repeats the text, a given number of times. =rept(text,num_times)
TRIM Removes all other spaces except one space between the words. =trim(text)
DATE Display the numbers that represent the date. =date(year,month,day)
DAY Display only day of month from 1 to 31. =day(serial_number)
MONTH Display month only from the current date. =month(serial_num)
YEAR Display year only from the current date. =year(serial_num)
TIME Display the current time. =time(hour,minute,second)
MINUTE Display only minutes from the current time. =minute(serial_num)
SECOND Display only seconds from the current time. =second(serial_num)
HOUR Display only hour from the current time. =hour(serial_num)
NOW Display only current date and time. =now( )
ABS Returns the absolute value, an absolute value has no sign. =abs(number)
INT Display rounds a number down to the nearest integer. =int(number)
SQRT Display the square root of a number. =sqrt(number)
It depends on the different conditions, if condition is true then performing some action & if condition
IF
false then performs some other actions. =if(condition,value_if_true,value_if_false)
AVERAGE Performs average calculations. =average(number1,number2,…)
Creates a shortcut or jump to open the any other document stored in your computer.
HYPERLINK
=hyperlink(link_location,Text_name)
MAX Returns the largest value in a set of values. =max(num1,num2,…)
COUNT Counts the number of cells, which contains any kind of value. =count(value1,value2,…)
ISTEXT Returns TRUE if the value is true. =istext(value)
ISNONTEXT Returns TRUE if the value is not text. =isnontext(value)
TODAY Displays the current date only. =today()
WEEKDAY Returns the week day in numbers from the current date. =weekday(date,return_type)
WHAT IS INTERNET?
 The Internet is “The Network of Networks”
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of
networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). OR
A large number of networks interconnected physically, capable of communicating and sharing data OR
A global network of computer networks that use standard protocols to exchange information.
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of
people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public
telecommunication networks.
USES OF INTERNET
 Browsing
 EMAIL
 Chatting
 Instant Messaging
 Searching of Data.. Search Engines
 File Sharing

HISTORY OF INTERNET?
Internet was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969
and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a
1research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side
benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one
direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military
attack or other disaster. Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn who defined the "Internet Protocol" (IP) and participated
in the development of TCP?
In 1969, Tim Berners-Lee who developed HTTP to support a global hyper-text system, he called the World
Wide Web?. He developed protocols for transferring secret data of Military in circumstances of War, named
ARPA.
1971 - Ray Tomlinson of BBN writes email application; derived from two existing: an intra-machine email
program (SENDMSG) and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET)
1981 – Term “Internet” coined to mean collection of interconnected networks
1990 – Tim Berners-Lee develops hypertext system with initial versions of HTML and HTTP and first GUI
web browser called “World Wide Web”
1990 – First ISP world.std.com
1993 – Mosaic, a GUI web browser, written by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina at NCSA takes world by
storm
1995 -Traditional online dial-up systems begin to provide Internet access

HYPERTEXT DOCUMENTS…?
Programming language used to create documents displayed by Web browsers, a logical language to format
documents that can be universally understood on different computer platforms and by different Web browsers

INTRANET & EXTRANET….?

An "intranet" is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an organization.
Intranet is an Internal network within an organization / dept that uses Internet standards of HTML
Intranet is like a private internet
An "EXTRANET" is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside for specific
business or educational purposes. Intranets and extranets are communication tools designed to enable easy
information sharing within workgroups. When the Intranet is extended to external users, it is called the
extranet.
ELECTRONIC MAIL…?
More often called E-Mail. E-mail is a fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with individuals or
groups on networked computers and computers equipped for Internet access. Besides basic correspondence,
with some systems you can attach and send documents and other files
Email is a use of a computer network to send and receive messages. Commonly used email software includes
Microsoft's Outlook & Outlook Express, Eudora Light, Eudora Pro, and Simeon.
E-mail offers all the functions of paper-based services, but it is usually faster and easier to use: there is no
need to buy envelope and stamps, and no queuing in the post office.
Most popular Emails:
 Microsoft Outlook * EUDORA Light
 Simeon * AOL American Online
 Yahoo * Google (gmail)
 Hotmail * IN.COM
FTP…?
A common protocol, facilitates transferring any type of electronic files over the Web.
A service for sending messages electronically, over a computer network. It is also used to transfer files
between computers.
HTTP The protocol computers use to transmit Web documents between computers, identified by the
prefix "http://" of the URL
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to send and receive electronic mail.
TCP Used extensively to create open system networking environments.
IP IP packets contain the source and destination addresses.
POP3 Post Office Protocol enables users to download e-mail messages from a server to their own
Local disk.
CHAT…? (Messengers)
Communication between two or more people, typically in real-time. Electronic mail is generally not
considered chat, because it is not two people writing back and forth in conversation simultaneously
 Yahoo Messenger, MSN Messenger
 MIRC, ICQ

WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web (or Web) is the most popular Internet service. It allows access to the information and
services from the web servers. A web browser is needed to use the Web. OR That portion of the Internet that
uses linking HTML pages. OR
Interfaces to the World Wide Web that simplify locating web pages, downloading files, playing of audio,
playing of video, etc. OR
Hyperlinking system, also known as WWW or W3, that creates a point-and-click way of linking within
documents, linking to other documents, and extremely popular searching of the Internet.
WWW BROWSERS…?
A software application used to access the World Wide Web and view web pages.
A browser is a software program, that lets you explore the World Wide Web to find text, graphics,
sound, movies, games, chats and more
A browser helps you link to pages on websites around the world. To find a website, type in a URL
(web address) or click a link or a button in the toolbar
• Internet Explorer (Microsoft) Netscape Navigator (Netscape)
• Mozilla (Mozilla) Opera (Opera)
• Safari (Mac O.S)
SEARCH ENGINE….?
A search engine is a website that acts similar to a card catalog for the Internet. Search engines use spider
programs to index and locate desired information. The search engine program will find information on the
Internet based on the keywords that are entered by the user.
i-e Google, Yahoo, AltaVista, Mamma, Goole, MSN, ASK, Search.com etc.
 ABBREVIATIONS
Prepared by: Engr. Roshan Ali Shaikh, Principal, Classic Computers Larkana

WWW World Wide Web MIS Management Information System

LAN Local Area Network USB Universal Serial Bus
MAN Metropolitan Area Network LIPS Logical Interface Per Second

BASIC Beginners All purposes Symbolic Instruction Code RDBMS Relational Database Management System

WAN Wide Area Network ANSI American National Standards Institute

JPG Joint Photo graphics IC Integrated Circuit

GAN Global Area Network ASP Active Server Pages

HTML Hypertext Markup Language CCTV Closed Circuit Television

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol DVD Digital Video Disk

IP Internet Protocol CD Compact Disk

ZIP Zone Improvement Plan Printer Output Device

GAN Global Area Network Plotter Output Device

CAN Control Area Network Speaker Output Device

CRT Cathode Ray Tube Scanner Input Device

LCD Liquid Crystal Display Mouse Input Device

RAM Random Access Memory Microphone Input Device

ROM Read Only Memory B2B Business-to-Business E-commerce

BIT Binary Digit B2C Business-to-Consumer E-commerce
BIOS Basic Input Output System B2G Business-to-Government E-Govt
POST Power On Self-Test B2C Consumer-to-Consumer E-commerce
HDMI High Definition Media Interconnection G2G Government-to-Government E-commerce
BAT Batch File CD-ROM Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
PDF Portable Document Format DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module
CPU Central Processing Unit DSL Digital Subscriber Line
Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission Of
LASER EPROM Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory
Radiation
SMS Short Message Service
FIFO First-In, First-Out
MMS Multi Media Services HP Hewlett-Packard (Company)
BYTE 8 Bit, One word MODEM Modulator Demodulator
KB Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
Kilo Byte, 1024 Bytes SDRAM
Memory
MB Mega Bite, 1024 KB SIMM Single In-line Memory Module
GB Gega Bite, 1024 MB TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TB Tera Bite, 1024 GB WORM Write Once, Read Many

LED Light Emitting Diode BMP Bitmap Picture
VIRUS Vital Information Resource Under Siege RTF Rich Text Format
EXE Executable WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get
COM Commercial CD Capacity 700 MB
DOC Document DVD Capacity 4.7 GB
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ISP Internet Service Provider ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

MBps Megabytes Per Second CAD Computer-Aided Design