DSE CHEM MASTERY

歷屆試題合集
4. Acids & Bases

Marking Scheme

ATTENTION

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INSTRUCTIONS TO MARKERS
1. In order to maintain a uniform standard in marking, markers should adhere to the marking scheme agreed at

the markers meeting.

2. The marking scheme may not exhaust all possible answers for each question. Markers should exercise their

professional discretion and judgment in accepting alternative answers that are not in the marking scheme but

are correct and well-reasoned.

3. The following symbols are used:

/ A single slash indicates an acceptable alternative within an answer.

* Step-mark (for questions involving calculations)
Correct spelling required

4. In questions asking for a specified number of reasons or examples etc. and a candidate gives more than the

required number, the extra answers should not be marked. For instance, in a question asking candidates to

provide two examples, and if a candidate gives three answers, only the first two should be marked.

5. In cases where a candidate answers more questions than required, the answers to all questions should be

marked. However, the excess answer(s) receiving the lowest score(s) will be disregarded in the calculation of

the final mark.

6. Award zero marks for answers which are contradictory.

7. Chemical equations should be balanced except those in reaction schemes for organic synthesis. For energetics,

the chemical equations given should include the correct state symbols of the chemical species involved.

8. In the question paper, questions which assess candidates communication skills are marked with an asterisk

(*). For these questions, the mark for effective communication (1 mark per question) will be awarded if

candidates can produce answers which are easily understandable. No marks for effective communication will

be awarded if the answers produced by candidates contain a lot of irrelevant materials and/or wrong concepts

in chemistry.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.1 Reactions & Properties of Acids & Alkalis

Question 1

ANS: D

Question 2

ANS: A

Question 3

ANS: A

Question 4

ANS: B

Question 5

ANS: D

Question 6

ANS: A

Question 7

ANS: A

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Question 8

ANS: C

Question 9

ANS: B

Question 10

ANS: A

Question 11

ANS: D

Question 12

ANS: C

Question 13

ANS: A

Question 14

ANS: C

Question 15

ANS: D

Question 16

ANS: D

Question 17

ANS: A

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Question 18

ANS: C

Question 19

ANS: D

Question 20

ANS: A

Question 21

ANS: D

Question 22

ANS: D

Question 23

ANS: C

Question 24

ANS: C

Question 25

ANS: A

Question 26

ANS: C

Question 27

ANS: D

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Question 28

ANS: C

Question 29

ANS: C

Question 30

ANS: A

Question 31

ANS: A

Question 32

ANS: A

Question 33

ANS: D

Question 34

ANS: B

Question 35

ANS: A

Question 36

ANS: A

Question 37

ANS: A

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Question 38

ANS: C

Question 39

ANS: D

Question 40

ANS: B

Question 41

ANS: C

Question 42

ANS: D

Question 43

ANS: C

Question 44

ANS: C

Question 45

ANS: D

Question 46

ANS: A

Question 47

ANS: A

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Question 48

ANS: A

Question 49

ANS: B

Question 50

ANS: D

Question 51

ANS: C

Question 52

ANS: D

Question 53

ANS: B

Question 54

ANS: D

Question 55

ANS: A

Question 56

ANS: C

Question 57

ANS: B

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Question 58

ANS: B

Question 59

ANS: D

Question 60

ANS: D

Question 61

ANS: A

Question 62

ANS: C

Question 63

ANS: A

Question 64 2012 Q2

A. ✘ Sodium sulphate dissolves in water to form a clear solution but no precipitate would form when it is mixed with
𝐾! 𝐶𝑂" (𝑎𝑞).

B. ✘ Calcium sulphate does not dissolve in water.

C. ✘ Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water to form a clear solution but no precipitate would form when it is mixed
with 𝐾! 𝐶𝑂" (𝑎𝑞).

D. ✔ Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form a clear solution. When it is mixed with 𝐾! 𝐶𝑂" (𝑎𝑞), calcium
carbonate, which is a white solid. would form as precipitate.

Note: The equation of the precipitation reaction is given below.

𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾! 𝐶𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞)

ANS: D

Question 65 2012 Q19

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(1) ✓ Magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid react to give hydrogen gas.

(2) ✓ Ammonium ions in ammonium chloride and hydroxide ion in calcium hydroxide react to give ammonia gas
upon heating.

(3) ✓ When water is added, citric acid ionises while sodium hydrogen carbonate dissociates. Hydrogen ions in citric
acid and hydrogen carbonate ions in sodium hydrogen carbonate react to give carbon dioxide gas.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

(1) 𝑀𝑔(𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

(2) 𝑁𝐻$% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝐻" (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

(3) 𝐻% (𝑎𝑔) + 𝐻𝐶𝑂"& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: D

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Question 66 2012 Q20

(1) 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) contains 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞). It reacts with 𝑍𝑛!% (𝑎𝑞) in 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) to form 𝑍𝑛(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠), which is a white precipitate.
On the other hand, it does not form precipitate with 𝐶𝑎𝐵𝑟! (𝑎𝑞) since 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! is slightly soluble.

(2) In flame test, zinc ions burn with a dazzling white flame whereas calcium ions bum with a brick red flame.

(3) ✘ 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) and 𝐶𝑎𝐵𝑟! (𝑎𝑞) both give white solid after evaporating to dryness.

ANS: A

Question 67 2013 Q3

A. ✘ Ammonium carbonate is soluble in cold water. When its aqueous solution is added to sodium hydroxide
solution, there would be no reaction. When its aqueous solution is added to acidified silver nitrate solution, the
carbonate ions and the acid would react to give carbon dioxide gas. No precipitate would be formed in either case.

B. ✘ Zinc carbonate is insoluble in cold water.

C. ✘Lead(II) chloride is insoluble in cold water.

D. Magnesium chloride is soluble in cold water. When its aqueous solution is added separately to sodium hydroxide
solution and to acidified silver nitrate solution, magnesium hydroxide and silver chloride, both white solids, would
be formed respectively as precipitate.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

A: 𝐶𝑂"!& (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

D: 𝑀𝑔!% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠)
𝐴𝑔% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝐼(𝑠)

ANS: D

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Question 68 2013 Q9

A. ✘ When potassium hydroxide solution is added to iron(III) sulphate solution, iron(III) hydroxide would be formed
as precipitate. It is reddish brown instead of dirty green.

B. When potassium hydroxide solution is heated with ammonium chloride solution, the hydroxide ions and the
ammonium ions would react to form ammonia gas.

C. Water slightly ionises to give 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) and 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞). Hence, 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) exists in potassium hydroxide solution apart
from 𝐾𝐼(𝑎𝑞) and 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞), though its concentration is much lower than that of 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞).

D. Concentrated strong alkalis arc corrosive.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

A: 6𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐹𝑒! (𝑆𝑂$ )" (𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐹𝑒(𝑂𝐻)" (𝑠) + 3𝐾! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞)

B: 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻" 𝐶𝐼(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝐻" (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐾𝐶𝐼(𝑎𝑞)

C: 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) ⇌ 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: A

Question 69 2013 Q11

A. When lead(II) nitrate solution and ammonia solution are mixed, lead(II) hydroxide would be formed as
precipitate.

B. ✘ There would be no reaction when copper(II) sulphate solution and sodium nitrate solution are mixed.

C. ✘ There would be no reaction when calcium chloride solution and sodium nitrate solution are mixed.

D. ✘ When iron(II) sulphate solution and acidified potassium dichromate solution are mixed, the iron(II) ions would
be oxidised by the dichromate ions. Nevertheless, no precipitate would be formed.

Note: The equations of the reactions arc given below.

A: 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞) + 2 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) + 2 𝐻! 𝑂(𝐼)𝑃𝑏(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝐻$ 𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞)

D: 𝐹𝑒 !% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑟! 𝑂'!& (𝑎𝑞) + 14𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)6𝐹𝑒 "% (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐶𝑟 "% (𝑎𝑞) + 7 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: A

Question 70 2014 Q15

(1) ✘ Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid are both classified as irritant when dilute and corrosive when
concentrated.

(2) (See the explanation in (l).)

(3) ✘ Concentrated sulphuric acid is an oxidising agent but concentrated hydrochloric acid is not.

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ANS: B

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Question 71 2014 Q21

(1) ✔ 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) is alkaline so litmus would give a blue colour.

(2) ✔ 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ (𝑠) would dissolve in water to give 𝐶𝑢!% (𝑎𝑞) so the resultant solution would give a blue colour.

Then 𝐶𝑢!% (𝑎𝑞) would react with 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) in 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) to form 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) as a blue precipitate. If 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) is in
excess, then 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) would dissolve to form which is a blue complex ion soluble in water.

(3) ✔ 𝐾" 𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)( (𝑎𝑞) is a rust indicator. It would react with the 𝐹𝑒 !% (𝑎𝑞) in 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) and give a blue colour.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

(2): 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ (𝑠) → 𝐶𝑢!% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂$!& (𝑎𝑞)

𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) ⇌ 𝑁𝐻$% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

𝐶𝑢!% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠)

𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 4 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝐻" )!% &

$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: D

Question 72 2014 Q24

✘ 1st statement:

Sulphur dioxide is a counter example. It reacts with 𝐶𝑎𝑂(𝑠) to form calcium sulphite as salt only.

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

𝐶𝑎𝑂(𝑠) + 𝑆𝑂! (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂" (𝑠)

✘ 2nd statement:

Sulphur dioxide is a counter example. It does not contain hydrogen as one of its constituent atoms.

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

𝑆𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂"!& (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: D

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Question 73 2016 Q7

A. Acids ionise in water to give hydrogen ions.

Note: 1. The resulting hydrogen ions react with zinc to give hydrogen gas, which is a colourless gas.

2. The equation of the reaction is given below.

𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑍𝑛!% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

B. ✘ Zinc does not ionise in water.

C. ✘ Water does not react with oxalic acid to give a colourless gas.

D. ✘ Water does not react with zinc.

ANS: A

Question 74 2016 Q19

The hazard warning label indicates that Z is corrosive.

(1) ✔ Sodium may react with the moisture on the skin. This gives a large amount of heat and hence may cause skin
burns.

(2) ✘ Trichloromethane does not attack the skin.

Note: Trichloromethane is classified as harmful and irritant.

(3) ✔ Concentrated alkalis attack the skin readily.

ANS: C

Question 75 2017 Q2

A. (This is a fact to be memorised with no further explanation up to this level.)

B. (This is a fact to be memorised with no further explanation up to this level.)

C. Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution. Water in aqueous solutions slightly ionises to give hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions.

D. ✘ (See the explanation in C.)

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

𝐵: 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙& (𝑎𝑞)

𝐶: 𝐻! 𝑂 (𝑙) ⇌ 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: D

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Question 76 2017 Q17

(1) ✔ Both 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) and 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) can react with 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) to form a white precipitate.

(2) ✘ Excess 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) can form a deep blue solution with 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠), but 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) cannot.

(3) ✘ Both 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) and 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) can react with 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞).

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

(1): 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)

𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) + 4𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝐻$ 𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)

(2): 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 4𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) → [𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝐻" )$ ]!% (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

(3): 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂& 𝑁𝑎% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂 (𝑙)

𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) ⇌ 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂& 𝑁𝐻$% (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: A

Question 77 2017 Q21

(1) ✘ Neither 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) nor 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) reacts with 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞).

(2) ✓ 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) reacts with 𝐻𝐶𝐼 (𝑎𝑞) to form 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙(𝑠) as white precipitate but 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) does not react
with 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞).

(3) ✓ 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) reacts with 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) to form 𝐴𝑔! 𝑂(𝑠) as dark brown precipitate but 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) does not react with
𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞).

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

(2): 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐶𝐼 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 (𝑠) + 𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞)

(3): 2𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐴𝑔! 𝑂(𝑠) + 2𝐾𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: C

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Question 78 2018 Q6

A. ✘ Zinc ions in zinc sulphate solution would react with hydroxide ions in dilute sodium hydroxide solution to form
zinc hydroxide as white precipitate at first, and then zinc hydroxide would dissolve to form colourless solution
when dilute sodium hydroxide solution is in excess.

B. ✔ Calcium ions in calcium nitrate solution would react with hydroxide ions in dilute sodium hydroxide solution
to form calcium hydroxide as white precipitate.

C. ✘ Lead(II) ions in lead(II) nitrate solution would react with hydroxide ions in dilute sodium hydroxide solution to
form lead(II) hydroxide as white precipitate at first, and then lead(II) hydroxide would dissolve to form colourless
solution when dilute sodium hydroxide solution is in excess.

D. ✘ Iron(III) ions in iron(III) sulphate solution would react with hydroxide ions in dilute sodium hydroxide solution
to form iron(III) hydroxide as reddish brown precipitate.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

A: 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑍𝑛(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 𝑁𝑎! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞)

𝑍𝑛(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎! [𝑍𝑛(𝑂𝐻)$ ](𝑎𝑞)

B: 𝐶𝑎(𝑁𝑂" )! + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞)

C: 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑃𝑏(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞)

𝑃𝑏(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎! [𝑃𝑏(𝑂𝐻)$ (𝑎𝑞)]

D: 𝐹𝑒! (𝑆𝑂$ )" (𝑎𝑞) + 6𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐹𝑒(𝑂𝐻)" (𝑠) + 3𝑁𝑎! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: B

Question 79 2020 Q11

When water is dropped into the mixture, sodium carbonate dissociates into sodium ions and carbonate ions while citric
acid ionises to form hydrogen ions. Then carbonate ions and hydrogen ions react to form carbon dioxide gas and water
only. Carbon dioxide gas is a colourless gas.

A. ✘ If there is no citric acid powder, carbon dioxide gas would not be formed.

B. ✘ If there is no sodium carbonate powder, carbon dioxide gas would not be formed.

C. ✘ Even if there is no water, there are still carbonate ions in sodium carbonate.

D. ✔ If there is no water, then citric acid would not ionise to form hydrogen ions.

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂"!& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: D

17
Question 80 2021 Q24

ANS: B

Question 81 2022 Q7

ANS: D

Question 82 PP Q20

ANS: C

Question 83 SP Q8

ANS: D

Question 84 SP Q20

ANS: C

Question 85 2023 Q3

ANS: A

Question 86 2023 Q7

ANS: D

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1.2 Concentrations and pH

Question 87

ANS: B

Question 88

ANS: A

Question 89

ANS: C

Question 90

ANS: A

Question 91

ANS: B

Question 92

ANS: B

Question 93

ANS: B

Question 94

ANS: A

Question 95

ANS: C

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Question 96

ANS: C

Question 97

ANS: C

Question 98

ANS: B

Question 99

ANS: C

Question 100 2012 Q10

+.-!
Number of moles of 𝐶) 𝐻* 𝑂$ 𝐾 =
+!.- × ) %+.- × * %+(.- × $% "/.+

= 4.99755 × 10&" 𝑚𝑜𝑙

The concentration of the solution = (4.99755 × 10 − 3) + (250.0 × 10&" ) = 0.020 𝑀

ANS: C

Question 101 2013 Q10

X and W has the same concentration but X is a dibasic acid while W is a monobasic acid. so, X has higher concentration
of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) and smaller pH than W. W is an acid while It is an alkali. Hence. W has a smaller pH than Y. Y and Z are the same
alkali but Z is more concentrated than Y. Hence, V has a smaller Ph than Z.

ANS: C

Question 102 2014 Q6

In the resulting mixture,

Number of moles 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑂$!& (𝑎𝑞) = (0.6)(50.0 × 10&" ) ÷ (0.2)(150.0 × 10&" ) × = 0.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Concentration of 𝑆𝑂$!& (𝑎𝑞) = 0.12 + [(50.0 + 150.0) × 10 − 3] = 0.6 𝑀

ANS: C

20
Question 103 2014 Q7

Upon mixing of the pairs of aqueous solutions, neutralisation reaction would occur in A, B and C but not in D.

A: 𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐾𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

B: 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂$ (𝑠) + 2𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

C: 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) ⇌ 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂& (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻$% (𝑎𝑞)

According to the equation for B, the mole ratio of 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ to 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! is 1 : 1 .

012345 67 26849 67 :! ;<" (-.+)(!-.- A +-#$ )
In B, since = (-.+)(!-.- A +-#$) = 1 the 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞)
012345 67 26849 67 =>(<:)!

and 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑎𝑞) would just neutralise each other completely. Since BaSO4(s) is insoluble in water, the resultant
solution would not contain any mobile ions.

On the other hand, the resultant solutions in A, C and D would all contain mobile ions.

Hence, the resultant solution in B would have the lowest electrical conductivity.

ANS: B

Question 104 2014 Q13

𝑁𝑂! , 𝑆𝑂! and 𝐻𝐶𝐼 give acidic solutions while 𝑁𝐻" gives an alkaline solution after dissolved in water. Since an alkaline
solution has a higher 𝑝𝐻 than an acidic solution, 0.002 mol of 𝑁𝐻" would give a solution of the highest 𝑝𝐻.

Note: The equations of the ionisation of these gases in water are given below.

𝑁𝑂! : 2𝑁𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑂!& (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑂"& (𝑎𝑞)

𝑆𝑂! : 𝑆𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂"!& (𝑎𝑞)
𝑁𝐻" : 𝑁𝐻" (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) 𝑁𝐻$% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)
𝐻𝐶𝐼: 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) + 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙& (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: C

21
Question 105 2014 Q18

Potassium reacts with water vigorously to form potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

(1) ✔ The reaction is highly exothermic such that the potassium burns with a lilac flame.

(2) ✘ The potassium hydroxide formed is alkaline so it turns the phenolphthalein from colourless to pink.

(3) ✔ (See the explanation in (l).)

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

2𝐾(𝑠) + 2𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) → 2𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

ANS: B

Question 106 2015 Q1

A. Number of Water in aqueous solutions slightly ionises to give 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) ions and 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) ions.

B. ✘ Note that pH = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10[𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] where [𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] is the concentration of

𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)ions in 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" . The pH of an acid solution is not greater than zero when [𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] is not smaller than 1

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&"

C. ✘ Sulphur dioxide is a counter example. It is an acidic compound but it does not contain hydrogen as its
constituent elements.

D. ✘ Dilute hydrochloric acid is a counter example. It is classified as irritant instead of corrosive.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

A: 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) ⇌ 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

C: 𝑆𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) ⇌ 2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂"!& (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: A

22
Question 107 2016 Q6

Let x be the pH of the resulting mixture.

Note that 𝑝𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10[𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] where [𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] is the concentration of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) ions in 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" .

∴ [𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] in the sample and the resulting mixture are 10&!.( 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" and

10&B 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" respectively.

Since the resulting mixture is obtained by mixing 100 𝑐𝑚" of the sample with 100 𝑐𝑚" of water, [𝐻% (𝑎𝑞)] in the resulting
mixture is half of that in the sample.
+
∴ 10&B = 10&!.( ×
!

x = 2.6 + log+- 2
= 2.9

ANS: B

Question 108 2016 Q18

(1) ✔ The acid contained in vinegar, which is ethanoic acid, is a weak acid.

(2) ✘ Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water only. Vinegar contains an
acid but sugar does not contain a base.

(3) ✘ Since vinegar used in kitchen is edible, its pH should not be so low.

ANS: A

Question 109 2017 Q10

Number of moles of 𝑁𝑎" 𝑃𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) used = 0.10 × (300.0 × 10&" ) = 0.03 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Number of moles of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) used = 0.30 × (100.0 × 10&" ) = 0.03 𝑚𝑜𝑙

The equation of the reaction is given below.

2𝑁𝑎" 𝑃𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 3 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎"(𝑃𝑂$ )! (𝑠) + 6𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞)

According to the equation, the mole ratio of 𝑁𝑎" 𝑃𝑂$ to 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! is 2 : 3.

012345 67 26849 67 0>$ C<" -.-" !
Since 012345 67 26849 67 D>D8!
= -.-" = 1 > " , the limiting reagent is 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! .

According to the equation, the mole ratio of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! to 𝐶𝑎" (𝑃𝑂$ )! is 3 : 1 .

1
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 0.03 × = 0.010 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3
of calcium phosphate obtained

ANS: A

23
Question 110 2017 Q14

A. This is because oxygen gas support burning.

B. ✘ Since oxygen gas is neutral, moist pH paper exhibit green colour when it is used to test oxygen gas.

C. ✘ (Same explanation as B)

D. ✘ Since oxygen gas supports burning, when oxygen gas is tested with a burning splint, the splint burns more
vigorously.

Note: Hydrogen gas gives a 'pop' sound when tested with a burning splint.

ANS: A

Question 111 2018 Q11

A. ✘ Since 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂! 𝐻(𝑎𝑞) only slightly ionises to give 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in water, the concentration of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in Y is lower than
0.20 M.

𝑝𝐻 of 𝑌 = −log [𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in 𝑌] > −𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.2

B. ✘ Number of moles of 𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) in 𝑊 = 0.20 × (100 × 10 − 3) = 0.02 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Number of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) in 𝑍 = 0.10 × (50 × 10 − 3) = 0.005 𝑚𝑜𝑙

The equation of the reaction between W and Z is given below.

𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

According to the equation, the mole ratio of HN03 to 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 is 1 ∶ 1.

EFGHIJ KL GKMIN KL OEP -.-!
Since EFGHIJ KL GKMIN KL EQPO$ = -.--* = 4 > 1, 𝐻𝑁𝑂" is in excess.

Since 𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) is acidic, mixing W and Z gives an acidic solution.

C. ✘ Since 𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) and 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) both completely ionise to give 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in water, the concentration of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in W
and that in X are both 0.20 𝑀.

Therefore, W, X and the mixture of W and X have equal concentrations of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) and hence equal 𝑝𝐻𝑠.

D. ✔ (Continue from the explanation in A and C.)

Since the concentrations of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in X is higher than that in Y, the concentrations of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) in X is higher than
that in the mixture of X and Y and hence the 𝑝𝐻 of X is lower than that of the mixture of X and Y.

Since the 𝑃𝐻 of the mixture of W and X is equal to that of X and the 𝑝𝐻 of X is lower than that of the mixture of X
and Y, the 𝑝𝐻 of the mixture of W and X is lower than that of the mixture of X and Y.

ANS: D

24
Question 112 2019 Q4

Number of moles of

𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) reacted = 0.1 15 × (22.18 × 10&" ) = 0.0025507 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Note that 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) is a monoacidic base.

∴ Number of moles of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) reacted = 0.0025507 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Number of moles of 𝐶$ 𝐻$ 𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) reacted = 0.051 × (25.00 × 10&" ) = 0.001275 𝑚𝑜𝑙

The basicity of the acid 𝐶$ 𝐻$ 𝑂$ = 0.0025507 ÷ 0.001275 = 2

Note: 𝐶$ 𝐻$ 𝑂$ may be butenedioic acid.

ANS: B

Question 113 2019 Q5

The chemical formulae of lead(ll) nitrate, sodium chloride and lead(ll) chloride are 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 and 𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑙! respectively.

Number of moles of 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞) used = 0.50 × (25.00 × 10&" ) = 0.0125 𝑚𝑜𝑙 The equation of the reaction is given
below.

𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑙! (𝑠) + 2𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞)

According to the equation, the mole ratio of to 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 is 1 ∶ 2. Number of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) reacted = 0.0125 × 2 =
0.025 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Number of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) used = 1.00 × (50.00 × 10&" ) = 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Number of moles of unreacted 𝐶𝑙& (𝑎𝑞) = 0.05 − 0.025 = 0.025 𝑚𝑜𝑙

The concentration the mixture = 0.025 + [(25.00 + 50.00) × 10&" ] = 0.33 𝑀

Note: In the above work, it is implicitly assumed that the limiting reagent is 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂" )! Students may try to obtain this
result as an exercise.

ANS: A

Question 114 2021 Q5

ANS: B

Question 115 2021 Q16

ANS: B

25
Question 116 2022 Q10

ANS: A

Question 117 2022 Q22

ANS: D

Question 118 PP Q8

ANS: C

Question 119 PP Q13

ANS: A

Question 120 SP Q14

ANS: B

Question 121 2023 Q14

ANS: A

26
1.3 Strength of Acids & Alkalis

Question 122

ANS: D

Question 123

ANS: B

Question 124

ANS: A

Question 125

ANS: C

Question 126

ANS: B

Question 127 2012 Q4

A. ✘ 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 slightly ionises in water to give 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) whereas 𝐻𝐶𝐼 completely ionises in water to give 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞).
Hence 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is a weaker acid than 𝐻𝐶𝐼.

B. ✘ The higher the concentration of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞). the smaller the 𝑝𝐻. Since 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is a weaker acid than 𝐻𝐶𝐼. when
both acids are in 0.1 M. 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) contains a lower concentration of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) and hence has a higher 𝑝𝐻 than
𝐻𝐶𝐼(𝑎𝑞).

C. ✔ 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) contains 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) . 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) and 𝐻𝐶𝐼(𝑎𝑞) both contain HCl(aq). so, each of them undergoes
neutralization to form a salt.

D. ✘ Neither 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) nor 𝐻𝐶𝐼(𝑎𝑞) reacts with 𝐴𝑔(𝑠).

ANS: C

Question 128 2021 Q6

ANS: C

27
Question 129 PP Q24

ANS: D

Question 130 2023 Q22

ANS: A

Question 131 2023 Q23

ANS: B

28
1.4 Salt Preparation & Neutralization

Question 132

ANS: C

Question 133

ANS: C

Question 134

ANS: A

Question 135

ANS: C

Question 136

ANS: B

Question 137

ANS: C

Question 138

ANS: C

Question 139

ANS: C

Question 140

ANS: A

29
Question 141

ANS: C

Question 142

ANS: A

Question 143

ANS: D

Question 144

ANS: A

Question 145

ANS: D

Question 146

ANS: C

Question 147

ANS: B

Question 148

ANS: B

Question 149 2013 Q8

A. ✘ When barium carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid. the barium sulphate formed would wrap the unreacted
barium carbonate and the reaction would stop soon. As a result, pure barium sulphate could not be obtained.

B. ✘ (Same explanation as A.)

30
C. When hydrochloric acid is added to barium carbonate. barium chloride solution would be formed. When sodium
sulphate solution is added to the resultant solution, the barium ions and the sulphate ions would react to form
barium sulphate as precipitate.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂" ( 𝑠) + 2 𝐻% (𝑎𝑔) → 𝐵𝑎!% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

𝐵𝑎!% (𝑎𝑔) + 𝑆𝑂$!& (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂$ (𝑠)

D. ✘ Since a concentrated acid is used, this reaction route is not preferred though feasible due to safety concern.

ANS: A

Question 150 2014 Q4

A. Zinc sulphate can be prepared from the reaction of zinc metal with dilute sulphuric acid.

B. Iron(II) chloride can be prepared from the reaction of iron metal with dilute hydrochloric acid.

C. Calcium chloride can be prepared from the reaction of calcium metal with dilute hydrochloric acid.

D. ✘ If copper(II) sulphate can be prepared from the reaction of a metal with a dilute acid, then copper(II) ions and
sulphate ions are derived from the metal and the dilute acid respectively. Hence, the metal and the dilute acid
should be copper metal and dilute sulphuric acid respectively. However, these two species do not react.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

A: 𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

B: 𝐹𝑒(𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

C: 𝐶𝑎(𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

ANS: D

31
Question 151 2015 Q9

Since sulphuric acid is in excess, the limiting reagent is calcium nitrate.

Number of moles of the calcium nitrate used = 1.0 × (10.0 × 10&" ) = 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶𝑎(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂$ (𝑠) + 2𝐻𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞)

According to the equation, the mole ratio of calcium nitrate to calcium sulphate is 1:1

∴ Number of moles of the calcium sulphate obtained = 0.01 mol

Theoretical mass of the calcium sulphate obtained = 0.01 × (40.1 + 32. 1 16.0 × 4) = 1 .362 𝑔

ANS: B

Question 152 2016 Q8

A. ✓ 𝐶𝑢𝑂(𝑠) and 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) react to form 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) and 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) only.

By using 𝐶𝑢𝑂(𝑠) in excess, the resulting mixture would contain water, 𝐶𝑢𝑂(𝑠) and 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) only. 𝐶𝑢𝑂(𝑠) could be
removed by filtration, and then copper(II) sulphate crystal could be obtained by crystallisation.

B. ✘ 𝐶𝑢𝑂(𝑠) and 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) do not react.

C. ✘ Cu(s) and 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) do not react.

D. ✘ Cu(s) and 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) do not react.

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

A: 𝐶𝑢𝑂(𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: A

32
Question 153 2017 Q6

A. Magnesium metal and dilute sulphuric acid react to form magnesium sulphate and hydrogen gas only.

Note that hydrogen gas would escape into the air. By using magnesium metal in excess, the resulting mixture
would contain water, magnesium metal and magnesium sulphate only. Since magnesium metal is insoluble in
water, it could be removed by filtration.

B. Magnesium oxide and dilute sulphuric acid react to form magnesium sulphate and water only.

By using magnesium oxide in excess, the resulting mixture would contain water, magnesium oxide and
magnesium sulphate only. Since magnesium oxide is insoluble in water, it could be removed by filtration.

C. ✘ Magnesium nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid do not react.

Since hydrogen ions and nitrate ions are soluble in water, It IS difficult to remove them.

D. Magnesium carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid react to form magnesium sulphate, carbon dioxide gas and
water only.

Note that carbon dioxide gas would escape into the air. By using magnesium carbonate in excess, the resulting
mixture would contain water, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulphate only. Since magnesium carbonate
is insoluble in water, it could be removed by filtration.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

A: 𝑀𝑔(𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! (𝑔)

B: 𝑀𝑔𝑂(𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

D: 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂$ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: C

Question 154 2017 Q19

(1) (This is a fact to be memorised with no further explanation up to this level.)

(2) Copper(II) sulphate dissociates into copper(II) ions and sulphate ions in water. Copper(II) ions and sulphate ions
are blue and colourless respectively in water.

(3) Hydrated copper(II) sulphate decomposes to give anhydrous copper(II) sulphate and water upon heating.

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

(3): 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ . 5𝐻! 𝑂(𝑠) → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ (𝑠) + 5𝐻! 𝑂(𝑔)

ANS: D

33
Question 155 2018 Q24

✘ 1st statement:

Since 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) and 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) are both monoacidic bases, to completely neutralise 1 mole of 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞), the number of moles
of 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) needed is equal to the number of moles of 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) needed.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻"(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝐻$ 𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)

𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐾𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

✔ 2nd statement:

This is because 𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) only slightly ionises to give 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) in water while 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) completely dissociates to give
𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞) in water.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

𝑁𝐻" (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙) ⇌ 𝑁𝐻$% (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾 % (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻& (𝑎𝑞)

ANS: C

Question 156 2019 Q20

(1) ✔ This is because aqueous calcium hydroxide is basic.

(2) ✔ Aqueous calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to give a milky solution but it does not react with carbon
monoxide.

(3) ✔ Sulphur dioxide reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide to form calcium sulphite as precipitate.

Note: The equations of the reactions are given below.

(1): 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎!% (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

(2): 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

(3): 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂! (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂" (𝑠) + 𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: D

34
Question 157 2020 Q18

(1) ✔ 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) and HCl(aq) react to form copper(II) chloride, carbon dioxide gas and water only.

Note that carbon dioxide gas would escape into the air. By using 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) in excess, the resulting mixture would
contain water, 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) and copper(II) chloride only. Since 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) is insoluble in water, it could be removed by
filtration. Then copper(II) chloride crystals could be obtained by crystallisation.

(2) ✘ 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑠) dissolves but 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂" )! (𝑎𝑞) and 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) do not react.

Since 𝑁𝑎% (𝑎𝑞) and 𝑁𝑂"& (𝑎𝑞) are soluble in water, it is difficult to remove them.

(3) ✘ 𝐶𝑢(𝑠) and 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) do not react.

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

(1): 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂! (𝑔) + 2𝐻! 𝑂(𝑙)

ANS: A

Question 158 2021 Q13

ANS: A

Question 159 PP Q9

ANS: B

Question 160 PP Q19

ANS: D

Question 161 2023 Q12

ANS: B

35
1.5 Volumetric Analysis

Question 162

ANS: B

Question 163

ANS: C

Question 164

ANS: C

Question 165

ANS: B

Question 166

ANS: A

Question 167

ANS: B

Question 168

ANS: A

Question 169

ANS: A

Question 170

ANS: C

36
Question 171

ANS: A

Question 172

ANS: D

Question 173

ANS: C

37
Question 174 2014 Q12

Before neutralisation completes, the temperature of the mixture increases since heat is released when 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) and
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) neutralise. After neutralisation completes, the temperature of the mixture decreases since the newly added
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) has a lower temperature than the mixture. In both situations, the data points can be fitted with a straight line.

The temperature rise is the greatest when neutralisation just completes, which is indicated by the point of intersection
of the two lines.

From the graph, the greatest temperature rise = 32.0 − 25.4 = 6.6°C

Note: The equation of the reaction is given below.

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂 (𝑙)

ANS: D

Question 175 2015 Q8

A pipette is used to measure and transfer a specific volume, like 25.0 𝑐𝑚" , of solution accurately.

A conical flask is used to contain the solution to be titrated. It allows gentle swirling without spilling out the solution due
to its conical shape.

ANS: D

38
Question 176 2019 Q21

(1) ✘ This may crack the apparatus.

(2) ✘ There is no graduation mark indicating 20.00 cm of liquid.

Note: The graduation mark on the apparatus indicates 25.00 𝑐𝑚" of liquid.

(3) ✘ There would be distilled water remaining on the inner surface of the apparatus. This may affect the
concentration of acid.

Note: The apparatus should first be rinsed by distilled water and then by acid, then immediately followed by
the transfer of acid.

Note: The apparatus is a pipette.

ANS: D

Question 177 2020 Q16

Note that the burette reading should be read at the bottom of the meniscus. The final burette reading is 27.40 𝑐𝑚" .

The volume of the reagent used in the titration = 27.40 → 4.80 = 22.60 𝑐𝑚"

ANS: C

Question 178 2022 Q4

ANS: B

Question 179 SP Q16

ANS: A

Question 180 SP Q17

ANS: A

Question 181 SP Q18

ANS: C

39
 LONG QUESTION
2.1 Reactions and Properties of Acid & Base

Question 182

Mark

(a) Group II/Group IIA/Group 2/Group two 1

(Do NOT accept alkaline-earth metal.)

(b) (i) 𝑋 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑋𝐶𝑙! + 𝐻! 1

or 𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙! + 𝐻!

(DO NOT accept ionic equations; disregard state symbol.; accept any form of balanced
equation

e.g. 2𝑀𝑔 + 4𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙! + 2𝐻)

(ii) 1+1

Accept

Do not accept

(c) The metal dissolves in the acid / (colourless)gas evolves / effervescence / vigorous reaction. 1

(d) Y > X > Z / Y, X, Z / Z < X < Y 1

Z is the least reactive because it does not react with water or hydrochloric acid/Z is less 1
reactive than X because z does not react with dilute 𝐻𝐶𝑙 while X does.

40
 Y is more reactive than X because it reacts with (cold) water but X does not / Y is the most 1
reactive because it reacts with (cold) water but X and 2 do not.

(e) (i) Sulphur dioxide/𝑆𝑂! : 1

It turns acidified (potassium) dichromate solution (from orange) to green / acidified

(potassium) permanganate (from purple) to colourless.
RSP"#
[Accept and 𝐶𝑟! 𝑂'!& O %&award 0 mark if the original colour of 𝐶𝑟! 𝑂'!& / 𝑀𝑛𝑂$& ; is wrong.]
O%

(ii) (Reddish brown) Solid/ (reddish brown) metal / reddish brown copper deposits; (Do NOT 1+1
accept copper is formed.)

The blue colour of the solution fades/disappears/become paler;

metal X dissolves;

a (colourless) gas evolves/effervescence (Do NOT accept hydrogen evolves).

(Any TWO of the above.)

Question 183

Mark

(i) Citric acid/vitamin C (ascorbic acid) when dissolves in water gives 𝑯% (𝒂𝒒) which resets with 1
calcium carbonate

to give gas (𝐶𝑂! ) bubbles. 1

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" + 2𝐻% → 𝐶𝑎!% + 𝐶𝑂! + 𝐻! 𝑂 1

(DO NOT accept 𝐶𝑂"!& + 2𝐻% → 𝐶𝑂! + 𝐻! 𝑂)

(ii) (1) Formula mass of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" = 40 + 12 + 16 × 3 = 100 1

1 mole of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" gives l mole of 𝐶𝑂!

No. of moles of 𝐶𝑂! evolved

= No. of moles of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" present

(!*× +-#$
= +--
= 6.25 × 10&"

Theoretical volume of gas = 6.25 × 10&" × 24 𝑑𝑚" 1*

= 150 𝑐𝑚" (0.15 𝑑𝑚" ) 1

(Deduct 1 mark for wrong/no units)

(2) Some of the 𝐶𝑂! produced dissolved in water / 𝐶𝑂! is (fairly) soluble in water. 1

(iii) (Keep) out of moisture(water)/(keep) in a dry place 1

41
 Reason : The amount of active ingredients will decrease/the tablet will lose function/the 1
active ingredients of the tablet will react in the presence of water.

Or, (Keep) out of heat/(keep) in a tool place (1)

Reason : at high temperatures , vitamin C deteriorates/ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" undergoes (1)

decomposition/the amount of active ingredients will decrease/the tablet will lose
function.

(The warning statement and the reason must match each other.)

Question 184

Mark

(i) A is 2M ammonia / 2 M 𝑵𝑯𝟑 1

Ammonia ionizes in water 10 give 𝑶𝑯& which nuns red locus paper blue/

ammonia solution is alkaline 1

(ii) B is 2M nitric acid / 2 M 𝐻𝑁𝑂" 1

3𝐶𝑢 + 8𝐻𝑁𝑂" → 3𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂" )! + 2𝑁𝑂 + 4𝐻! 𝑂 1

Or 3𝐶𝑢 + 8𝐻% + 2𝑁𝑂"& → 3𝐶𝑢% + 2𝑁𝑂 + 4𝐻! 𝑂 (1)

2𝑁𝑂 + 𝑂! → 2𝑁𝑂! 1

If 𝐶𝑢 + 4𝐻𝑁𝑂" → 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂" )! + 2𝑁𝑂! + 2𝐻! 𝑂 (1)

Or 𝐶𝑢 + 4𝐻% + 2𝑁𝑂"& → 𝐶𝑢!% + 2𝑁𝑂! + 2𝐻! 𝑂 (1)

(iii) (1) Add a piece of pH paper / a few drops of universal indicator to the reagent 1

(2) 𝐻𝐶𝑙 will give lower off / a deeper red colour because 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ionizes to a 1

greater extent than 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 / 𝐻𝐶𝐼 is a stronger acid / 𝐻𝐶𝐼 has a higher concentration of 𝐻% 1

Or (1) Add a niece of 𝑀𝑔 ribbon/𝑍𝑛 granules/𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" (𝑠) to the reagent (1)

(2) 𝐻𝐶𝑙 will give gas bubbles at a faster rate (1)

Because 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ionizes to a greater extent than 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻/𝐻𝐶𝑙 is a stronger acid/ 𝐻𝐶𝐼 has a (1)
higher concentration of 𝐻%

Or (1) Add 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂" (𝑎𝑞) / 𝑃𝑏 (𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂)! (𝑎𝑞) to'the reagent (1)

(2) 𝐻𝐶𝐼 will give a white precipitate while 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 not, because (1)

𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙/𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑙! is insoluble in water (1)

42
Or (1) Allow the vapour of the reagent to react with 𝑁𝐻" (𝑔) (1)

(2) 𝐻𝐶𝐼 will give dense white fume while 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 not because (1)

𝑁𝐻$ 𝐶𝐼(𝑠) is formed when 𝐻𝐶𝐼(g) reacts with 𝑁𝐻" (𝑔) (1)

Or (1) Measure the electrical conductivity of the solutions (1)

(2) 𝐻𝐶𝐼 has a higher conductivity because 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ionizes to a greater extent than (1)

𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 / 𝐻𝐶𝑙 is a stronger acid/ 𝐻𝐶𝐼 has a higher concentration of 𝐻% (1)

Or (1) Measure the pH of the solutions with a pH meter

(2) 𝐻𝐶𝐼 has A lower pH because 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ionizes to a greater extent than 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 / (1)

𝐻𝐶𝐼 is a stronger acid / 𝐻𝐶𝑙 has a higher concentration of 𝐻% (1)

Or (1) Warm the reagent with ethanol in the presence of a few drops of c. 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ (1)

(2) 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 gives a pleasant smell while 𝐻𝐶𝑙 not (1)

An ester is formed, when 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 reacts with 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝐻! 𝑂𝐻 (1)

(1 mark for a correct test 1 mark for observation ; 1 mark for explanation. Accept any
reasonable answer.)

Question 185

Mark

(i) 𝑪𝒖𝑪𝑶𝟑 . 𝑪𝒖(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟑𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 1

Or, 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂3. 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)2 + 4𝐻% → 2𝐶𝑢! % + 𝐶𝑂! + 3𝐻! 𝑂 (1)

Or, 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! (1)

Or, 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂" + 2𝐻% → 𝐶𝑢!% + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! (1)

(ii) To ensure that all the sulphuric acid has been used up / malachite is in excess 1

(iii) 3

(Award 0 mark for this part if the set-up is not workable.)

(1 mark for showing the filter funnel filter

43
 1 mark for showing the collection of the filtrate;

1 mark for labelling filter paper residue)

(iv) No of moles of 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ used = 2 × 50 × 10&" . 1*

= 0.1

No. of moles of 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ . 5𝐻! 𝑂 produced = 0.1

Formula mass of 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ . 5𝐻! 𝑂

= 63.5 + 32.1 + 4 × 16.0 + 5 × (2 × 1.0 + 16.0) 1*

= 249.6

Theoretical mass of 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ . 5𝐻! 𝑂

= 0.1 × 249.6
= 24.96 𝑔 1
(Also accept 25.0 g and 25 g; deduct 1 mark for wrong/no unit)

44
Question 186

Mark

(i) (1) sugar chars/turns black/brown 1

misty fumes (steam)/heat is evolved 1

𝐶+! 𝐻!! 𝑂++ → 12𝐶 + 11𝐻! 𝑂 1

(2) dehydration/dehydrating 1

(ii) (1) 𝐶 + 2𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ → 𝐶𝑂! + 2𝑆𝑂! + 2𝐻! 𝑂 1

(2) oxidation/oxidizing 1

(3) The experiment should be carried out in a fume cupboard 1

because the experiment produces sulphur dioxide which is a toxic gas 1

Or, wearing safety spectacles/safety goggle/face shield (1)

because concentrated sulpauric acid is corrosive (1)

(Award I mark only for wearing gloves because concentrated sulpauric acid is corrosive)

(iii) hazard warning label : 1

corrosive: (1)

(The label should show the corrosive property of 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ , on skin and/or on materials such as
metal or wooden surface.)

or oxidizing (1)

45
Question 187

Mark

Effervescence/(colourless) gas bubbles/magnesium carbonate dissolves/beat evolves 1

𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂" + 2𝐻𝑁𝑂" 𝑀𝑔(𝑁𝑂" )! + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! 1

or 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂" + 2𝐻% 𝑀𝑔!% + 𝐶𝑂! + 𝐻! 𝑂 (1)

(Do NOT accept 2𝐻% + 𝐶𝑂32 − 𝐶𝑂! + 𝐻! 𝑂)

Question 188

Mark

(i) reactivity : Y < Z <X 1

Y is the least reactive because only the oxide of Y decomposes on heating; the oxides of X sad Z are 1
stable to heat

X is the most reactive metal because only X can rem with water / Y and Z do not react with water 1
(-.-
(ii) No. of moles of 𝑂! produced = 1
!$---
&"
= 2.5 𝑥 10 (1)
+.-)
Formula mass of 𝑌𝑂 = 1
!.* × +-#$ × !

= 216 (1)

relative atomic mass of 𝑌 = 216 − 16 1

= 200

(0 marks for the answer if it carries a unit.)

46
Question 189

Mark

(i) Copper (II) oxide / 𝑪𝒖𝑶 1

(ii) Any TWO of the following: 2

Effervescence / gas bubbles / misty fumes (1)

Liquid in tube A Wins blue / green (1)

Copper wire dissolves. (1)

Equation : 1

𝐶𝑢 + 2𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ + 2𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂!

or. 𝐶𝑢 + 4𝐻% + 𝑆𝑂$!& → 𝐶𝑢!% + 2𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂! (1)

(iii) Blue litmus solution turns 1

because 𝑆𝑂! dissolves In water to give an acidic solution 1

(iv) To absorb excess 𝑆𝑂! / prevent 𝑆𝑂! to escape into air 1

because 𝑆𝑂! is toxic / harmful to the respiratory system 1

Question 190

Mark

(i) (1) † nitrogen monoxide / nitrogen(II) oxide / nitric oxide 1

(2) 4𝑁𝐻" + 5𝑂! → 4𝑁𝑂 + 6𝐻! 𝑂 1

(ii) Yes,

because O ,N, of nitrogen inert-acts (changes) auto +2 to +4 1,1

or, O, N of oxygen decreases (changes) from 0 to 2. (1,1)

(iii) Passing nitrogen dioxide and air (oxygen) into watch 1

(iv) nitrogenous fertilizer / herbicide / insecticide / explosive 1

(Accept other correct use of 𝑁𝐻$ 𝑁𝑂" .)

*
(v) No. of moles of 𝑁𝐻$ 𝑁𝑂" = (+$×!%$%+(×") 1

= 0.0625 (1)

No. of moles of 𝑁𝐻" required = 0.0625

47
 Volume of 𝑁𝐻" , required = 0.0625 × 24 𝑑𝑚" 1*

= 1.5 𝑑𝑚" 1

Question 191

Mark

(i) Calcium hydroxide / 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 1

(ii) 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)! (𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) → 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙! (𝑠) + 2𝐻! 𝑂(𝑔/𝑙) 1+1

(1 mark for balanced equation: 1 mark for state symbols if the formulae are correct.)

(iii) Molten magnesium chloride contains mobile ions 1

Question 192

(i) 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍 + 𝑪𝒂𝑶 → 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑

(ii) The water vapour produced will condense near the mouth of the test tube.

The test tube will crack when the cold water flows back to the hot test tube.

(iii) (II)

Ammonia is less dense than air and is very soluble in water

(iv) Formula mass of 𝑁𝐻$ 𝐶𝑙 = 14 + 4 + 35.5

= 53.5
+
Theoretical volume of 𝑁𝐻" (𝑔) = × 24
*".*

= 0.45 dm"

Question 193

(i) The reaction is reversible.

(ii) as a catalyst

(iii) No.

Air contains about 20% of oxygen.

48
 A mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is explosive.

or, At elevated temperatures, 𝑁! reacts with 𝑂! to give nitrogen oxides. This makes the purification of 𝑁𝐻"
complicated.

(iv) Separate 𝑁𝐻" from the gas mixture. Pass the unreacted 𝑁! and 𝐻! back to the reaction chamber.

49
Question 194

Mark

(i) 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 . 𝟓𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟓𝑯𝟐 𝑶 1

Observation : Upon heating, the blue crystals turn white. 1

(ii) If the test tube is held with its mouth pointing upwards, the water condensed on the upper part of 1
the test tube will flow back to the but test tube. The tube will crack.

Question 195

Mark

(a) 𝒁𝒏 + 𝟐𝑯% → 𝒁𝒏𝟐% + 𝑯𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒁𝒏 + 𝟐𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝒁𝒏𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 1

(b) No further gas evolved 1

(c) To wash away 𝑍𝑛!% / 𝐶𝑙& / 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙! / 𝐻𝐶𝐼 /acid left behind 1

(d) Copper will be oxidised / become copper (II) oxide / copper reacts with oxygen (on air) 1

(e) Percentage of zinc by mass In the sample 1

= (2.00 − 1.75)2.00 × 100%

= 12.5% 2

Question 196

Mark

(a) Colourless bubbles / gas evolve / magnesium dissolves. 1

𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐻𝐶𝐼 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝐼! + 𝐻! 𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐻% 𝑀𝑔!% + 𝐻! 1

(b) The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is exothermic 1 Increases the 1
temperature.

Solubility of carbon dioxide in the carbonated water decreases so that more carbon dioxide gas 1
evolves.

Should be different. / Answer in (ii) < (i).

Some 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ dissolved in the solution and did not crystallise out. / 1

Some 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ lost during filtration.

50
Question 197

Chemical Knowledge 6 marks

Observation

Principle Process 1 M 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ 1 M 𝐻𝑁𝑂"

Redox Add 𝑍𝑛 No brown evolved Brown gas evolved

Precipitation Add 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙! (𝑎𝑞) /𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙! (act) etc. While precipitate No white precipitate

Basicity Titrate with 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) More 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) needed to reach the end point for 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$
than 𝐻𝑁𝑂"

Effective Communication 3 marks

51
Question 198

Mark

(a) Corrosive 1

(b) (i) 1

(ii) Polyethene lining is inert. / does not react with acid. 1

It can prevent acid from reacting with the steel storage tank. 1

(c) Mass of 𝐻𝐶𝐼 = 57000000 × 0.38 = 21660000 𝑔

No. of mole of 𝐻𝐶𝐼 = 21660000 1(1 + 35.5) − 593424.7 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Molarity of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 593424.7 / 50000

= 11.868 (𝑀) (𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 11.86 − 11.90) 2

Question 199

Mark

(a) chars / turns black / turns brown / swells up / steam / white fumes 1

𝐶( 𝐻+! 𝑂( → 6𝐶 + 6𝐻! 𝑂 1

(b) (i) copper dissolves I blue solution / colourless gas / choking smell 1

𝐶𝑢 + 2𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ + 𝑆𝑂! + 2 𝐻! 𝑂 𝑂𝑅 1

𝐶𝑢 + 2𝐻% + 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ → 𝐶𝑢!% + 𝑆𝑂! + 2 𝐻! 𝑂 OR

𝐶𝑢 + 4𝐻% + 𝑆𝑂$!& → 𝐶𝑢!% + 𝑆𝑂! + 2𝐻! 𝑂

(ii) Let the test tube cool down. 1

Put the whole test tube in a tank of water with mouth of the tube pointing downward and 1
then clean it.

52
Question 200

Mark

(a) Limewater turns milky and then turns clear again. 1

𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! + 𝐶𝑂! → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" + 𝐻! 𝑂 1

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂! + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! → 𝐶𝑎(𝐻𝐶𝑂" )! 1

(b) No. Sodium carbonate is soluble in water. 1

(c) No. The percentage of carbon dioxide in air is very low and similar observations would not be made 1
in a short period of time. OR

Yes. Air contains a low percentage of carbon dioxide and similar observations would be made in a
sufficiently long period of time.

(d) 𝑁𝑎! 𝐶𝑂! + 2 𝐻% → 2 𝑁𝑎% + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! 1

Question 201 2016 Q9*

Mark

Dissolve the solids separately in water. 1

Add aqueous ammonia / NaOH(aq) to each of the solutions obtained until excess. 1

White precipitate formed initially for all of them. But only the precipitate of ZnSO$ dissolves in excess aqueous 1
ammonia / NaOH(aq).

Heat respectively the two remaining solids in a test tube and place a piece of dry CoCl! paper in the mouth of
1
the tube.
1
Only MgSO$ . 7H! O can turn dry CoCl! paper from blue to pink.
1
Communication mark

53
Question 202 SP Q8

Mark

(a) Zinc granules dissolve/ a (colourless) gas is produced/ solution gets warm 1

Zn + 2HCI → ZnCl! + H! 1

or Zn + 2H% → Zn!% + H! (1)

(b) Green precipitate is formed. The green colour of the solution becomes paler 1

(colourless).

FeSO$ + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)! + Na! SO$ 1

or Fe!% + 2OH& → Fe(OH)! (1)

54
2.2 Concentrations & pH

Question 203

Mark

(a) Using Ph paper/universal indicator/pH meter 1

(b) pH : 1 M sulphuric acid < 1 M hydrochloric acid < 1 M ethanoic acid 1

ethanoic acid is a weak acid/ undergoes incomplete ionization ∴ it has the highest pH 1

or, both hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are strong acids/undergo complete (1)
ionization

sulphuric acid is dibasic while hydrochloric acid is monobasic ∴ 1 M 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ contains a higher 1
concentration of 𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) ions than 1M 𝐻𝐶𝐼
%

(1 mask fur the correct order; 2 marks for the explanation. The order and the explanation should
he marked separately.)

(c) B because it is alkaline. Solution C has a pH which is too high and may cause the hair to look 1

duller/teel coarser/break more easily. 1

or. C because it is alkaline. The higher pH of C will make the curls more permanent (1,1)

Question 204

Mark

False. Dilution of concentrated 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 is a highly exothermic process The heat evolved 1

may cause the acid to splash nut. 1

Question 205

Mark

(a) Emulsify / Dissolve the oil in the coating. 1

(b) (i) oxidation / redox 1

(ii) Toxic / Poisonous chlorine gas is evolved. 1

(iii) Molarity of salami hypochlorite = 0.5 + (1 + 49) 1

55
 = 0.01 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" ) 1

Question 206

Mark

The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the lower is the pH.

Concentration : The more concentrated an acid is, normally the more concentrated is the hydrogen ions.

Strength : A strong acid has a higher degree of ionisation / dissociation in water to give hydrogen ions.
Correct examples of strong acid and weak acid (e.g. 1 M 𝐻𝐶𝐼 and 1 M 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻)

Basicity : An acid with a higher basicity normally gives a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Correct
examples of acids with different basicity (e.g. 1 M 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ ., and 1 M 𝐻𝐶𝐼)

Effective Communication 3

Question 207 2017 Q2 C

Mark

(1.0 × 10&) × 1000) ÷ 207.2 1*

= 4.83 × 10&) (mol dm&" ) 1

(Accept 4.8, 4.83, 4.826. Not accept 4.830)

(Accept answer without an unit. but NOT accept answer with an incorrect unit.)

56
Question 208 2018 Q2

Mark

(a) Set-up for preparation - boiling tube with reagents and HEAT (with stopper) 1

(Accept beating the reagents in a flask)

Upward delivery of ammonia gas (without stopper) 1

(Accept collecting the gas with a gas syringe)

(b) (i) Ammonia is soluble in water Ammonia reacts with water to form aqueous ammonia. 1

As all ammonia dissolves, the atmospheric pressure forces the water in the trough to inject into 1
the flask through the glass tubing / the pressure inside the flask is reduced.

(ii) The water in the flask turns from colourless to pink. 1

It is because aqueous ammonia is alkaline. 1

Question 209 2019 Q3 B

Mark

Gas X may be ammonia/ NH" . 1

NH" (aq) + H! O (l) ⇌ NH$% (aq) + OH& (aq) 1

(State symbols not required) (Ignore incorrect state symbols)

(Accept single arrow)

OH& (aq) turns phenolphthalein pink./ 1

Ammonia/ the gas/ the solution is alkaline, and it turns phenolphthalein pink.

57
Question 210 2020 Q2

Mark

(a) It is because for the last three points in the graph, the amount of M(NO" )/ MW% added is in excess. 1

Also accept: all HCl/ Cl& / acid has been used up; but NOT accept:" The reaction is completed.

(b) (i) 1

volume of 𝐌(NO" )W (aq) = 18 cm" (17.5 − 18.5 cm" ) ... accept max. 1 d.p. 1

(Note: Correct answer but it is NOT obtained from the graph = 0 mark)

(ii) (18/100) × 0.5 = 0.009 mol (0.00875 − 0.00925 mol) 1

(for finding no. of moles, accept answer with no unit, but NOT accept answer with wrong unit)

(c) No. of moles of Cl& : (50/1000) × 0.36 = 0.018 mol 1

Ratio of MW% : Cl& = 0.009: 0.018 = 1: 2 1

The empirical formula of the metal chloride is 𝐌Cl! .

M would be lead/ Pb because the ratio of Pb to Cl in its empirical formula is 1: 2 while the ratio of 1
Ag to Cl is 1: 1.

58
2.3 Strength of Acids & Alkalis

Question 211 2015 Q5*

Mark

• Equation: NH" + H! O ⇌ NH$% + OH& (state symbols not required) 1

(Accept if NH" + H! O → NH$% + OH& , but no communication mark)

• Explanation: Ammonia ionises/ dissociates slightly in water. The ionisation/ dissociation 1

of ammonia in water is incomplete.

• Method: Measure the pH/ electrical conductivity/ enthalpy change of neutralisation/ 1

temperature change in neutralisation of both NH" (aq) and NaOH (aq).

• Observation: pH/ electrical conductivity/ enthalpy change of neutralisation/ temperature 1

rise in neutralisation of NH" (aq)is lower than that of NaOH (aq).

• Fair comparison between NH" (aq) and NaOH (aq) 1

pH measurement - same concentration of NH" (aq)and NaOH (aq)

electrical conductivity measurement - same concentration of NH" (aq)and NaOH (aq)

enthalpy change of neutralisation - same amount/ known amount of NH" (aq)and NaOH (aq)

determine the temperature rise in neutralisation - same volume and concentration of NH" (aq)

and NaOH (aq)

• Communication mark 1

(chemical knowledge = 0 to 3, communication mark = 0

chemical knowledge = 4 to 5, communication mark = 0 or 1

incomplete answer/ difficult to understand, communication mark = 0

59
Question 212 SP Q1

Mark

(a) False. The high melting point of NaCl is due to the strong electrostatic attraction 1

between (sodium ions and chloride) ions/ the presence of strong ionic bonds. The

low melting point of CH$ is not due to the existence of covalent bonding between C 1

and H atoms but due to the weak van der Waals ' forces between the molecules/ weak

intermolecular forces.

(b) False. Dilution of concentrated H! SO$ is a highly exothermic process. The heat 1

evolved may cause the acid to splash out. 1

(c) False. A is a stronger acid than B ' only means the degree of ionization of A is larger 1

than that of B. However, the pH of an acid solution depends on both the degree of

ionisation and its concentration. As such, the stronger acid A may have a higher pH 1

than the weaker acid B if the concentration of acid B is higher than that of A by an

adequate amount.

60
2.4 Salt & Neutralization

Question 213

Mark

Titrate ammonia solution with (dilute) sulphuric acid until the end-point is reached. 1+1

Or, Add (dilute) sulphuric acid to ammonia solution in mole ratio of 1 : 2 (1+1)

Evaporate excess water/heat to obtain a saturated solution. 1+1

Cool slowly/ add small crystals of ammonium sulphate the saturated solution to obtain large crystals of 1
ammonium sulphate.

Filter/decant the saturated solution to obtain the crystals. 1

Or, hang a small crystal of ammonium Sulphate in the saturated (1)

solution as seed to obtain large crystals. (1)

Effective communication 3

61
Question 214

Mark

(i) (1) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 → 𝑵𝒂𝑵𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 1

(2) (1 mark for a diagram showing the set-up for the titration experiment. 2 mark for labelling 1+2
the apparatus and reagents)

(Criteria for marking the labels : 2 marks for all four labels ; 1 mark tot three labels /two labels
of which one should be a reagent.)

(3) from pink/purple/red to colourless 1

(4) Add dilute nitric and to I M sodium hydroxide solution in the same volume ratio as that in the 1
titration result. without adding the indicator

Or repeat the titration procedure without adding the indicator (1)

(ii) (1) Formula mass or 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂" = 23 + 14 + 16 × 3 1

= 85
+$
% 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 = × 𝐼00%
)*

= 16.5% 1

(2) Nitrogen is used in plants to produce amino acids / proteins / cytoplasm/chlorophyll/ 1

nucleotide

62
Question 215

Mark

The reaction between conc. NaOH and vinegar is (highly) exothermic and in 1

large quantity and thus will cause of the skin. 1

(DO NOT accept damage, hurt/corrosion to skin)

Proper treatment : Wash the hand with (large amount of) water/add plenty of water/pour onto the hand. 1

(Add some water , no mark)

Question 216

Mark

(a) Nitrogen is required for the formation of amino acids / proteins / chlorophyll. 1

(b) Nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and oxygen 1/0

Or N, H, P and O (1/0)

(c) (i) Formula mass of (𝑁𝐻$ )𝑆𝑂$ = (14 + 4) × 2 + 32 + 16 × 4 1

= 132 (1)
+$ ×!
% by Malt of N =
+"!

= 212 1
(Accept 21, 21.2 and 21.21)

(ii) Calcium hydroxide / calcium oxide / calcium carbonate 1

(Accept formula and common name.)

Calcium hydroxide / calcium oxide / calcium carbonate reacts with 𝐻% in soil (neutralizes 1
acid in soil)

or, 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)! /𝐶𝑎𝑂/𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" is not very soluble in water. It will not make the coil too alkaline. (1)

Alternative answer:

Ammonia solution (1)

Ammonia reacts with Win soil (neutralizes acid in soil). (1)

Or. Ammonia is a weak alkali. It will not increase the soil pH to a neat extent. (1)

63
Question 217

Mark

(a) (i) Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive (1)

(ii) Use calcium hydroxide instead. (1)

(b) (i) Copper cannot displace 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) from 𝐻𝐶𝐼(𝑎𝑞). (1)

(ii) Add 𝑍𝑛/𝑀𝑔/𝐹𝑒 to HCI(aq). (1)

(c) (i) When water is added to concentrated 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ a lot of heat is produced. The heat can cause (1)
splashing out of the corrosive acid solution.

(ii) Add concentrated 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ to water slowly and stir the mixture. (1)

Question 218

Mark

(a) (i) (1) 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒖𝑶 → 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶/𝟐𝑯% + 𝑪𝒖𝑶 → 𝑪𝒖𝟐% + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 1

(2) To make sure that all the sulphuric acid has been reacted. / 1

To make sure that the product is not contaminated with sulphuric acid.

(ii) filtration / filtering 1

(iii) The solubility of 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ decreases when temperature of the solution drops. 1

(iv) (1) Anhydrous 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ / 𝐶𝑢𝑂 will be obtained. OR 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ will be decomposed. OR The water of 1
crystallisation will be removed.

(2) Absorb the water by filter paper / place it in a desiccator. 1

(b) (i) No. of moles of copper(II) sulphate = No. of moles of sulphuric acid

= 1 × 0.15
= 0.15 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒) 1

(ii) Molar mass of 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ . 5𝐻! 0 = 249.6 𝑔

No. of moles of 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂$ . 5𝐻! 0 = 16.2 / 249.6 = 0.065 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒) 1

64
Question 219 2012 Q6*

Mark

• Dissolve solid lead(II) nitrate in water, 1

• Then mix with (excess) sulphuric acid / K ! SO$ / Na! SO$ solution. (Also accept other example of soluble 1
sulphates) (Remark: if the candidate considered PbSO$ as soluble salt 0 mark for this part)

• Filter the mixture to obtain the residue (PbSO$ ), wash it with deionised water and then dry in oven. 1

• Communication Mark 1

(Chemical knowledge = 0 or 1 no communication mark

Chemical knowledge = 2 or 3 for easily understandable complete sentences, communication mark =

1, otherwise = 0)

Question 220 2019 Q10*

Mark

• Dissolve the sample in (distilled) water/ Add water to the sample. 1

• Add excess Zn (s) to the sample solution. 1

• Filter to collect ZnSO$ (aq)/ filtrate/ solution 1

/ Filter off the solid/ Cu (s) and excess Zn (s)/ Cu (s)/ Zn (s)

• Evaporate the filtrate, allow ZnSO$ solid crystallises out/ collect crystals and then dry (with 1

filter paper/ in a desiccator)

/ Heat (to concentrate/ saturate) the filtrate, cool down to allow crystallisation/ collect crystals And then
dry

/ Set the filtrate aside to allow crystallisation/ collect crystals and then dry

(Do not accept " heat to dryness ", " put the filtrate into an oven ", " dry the crystals in an oven ")

• Communication mark 1

(Chemical knowledge = 0 to 2, communication mark = 0

Chemical knowledge = 3 to 4, communication mark = 0 or 1

Incomplete answer or difficult to understand, communication mark = 0)

• Need to indicate excess Zn (s) has been used at least once in the answer to give a complete

65
 answer.

66
Question 221 PP Q1

Mark

(a) (i) ZnO + H! SO$ → ZnSO$ + H! O 1

or, ZnO + 2H% → Zn!% + H! O (1)

(ii) Unreacted ZnO (s) can be seen. 1

(iii) To ensure that the product is not contaminated with sulphuric acid. 1

or, The unreacted ZnO (s) can be removed by filtration, but it is difficult to remove the (1)

excess H! SO$ (aq).

(b) Remove a drop of the solution with a glass rod, and see whether any solid forms when the drop 1
cools.

(Accept other correct answers.)

(c) Washing with distilled water can remove the water - soluble impurities. 1

Using a small amount of water/ cold water helps reduce loss of the salt. 1

(d) Any ONE of the following: 1

drying the crystals between filter papers (1)

putting the crystals in a desiccator. (1)

(DO NOT accept methods which involve strong heating.)

(e) Zn/ Zn(OH)! / ZnCO" 1

67
Question 222 2023 Q9

Chemical knowledge Mark

§ Add excess solid magnesium carbonate to dilute sulphuric acid, then filter/decant the 1
mixture.
Or
Add solid magnesium carbonate to dilute sulphuric acid, then filter/decn to remove the
unreacted solid magnesium carbonate.

§ Heat the solution until it becomes saturated/more concentrated.

§ Cool the saturated solution slowly/at room conditions to obtain the crystals.

Or

§ Evaporate/Set aside the solution

§ For a long time to obtain the crystals.

(If only mention use crystallization , award 1 mark only.)

§ Filter (the mixture to obtain crystals/solid residue),

wash with a small amount of cool (deionized)water, and then
dry by filter paper/in a desiccator/in an oven/by gentle heating.

Communication mar 1

68
2.5 Volumetric Analysis

Question 223

Mark

(i) (1) Volumetric flask 1

(2) To save chemicals 1

or, the concentration of the titrant should be comparable to that of the titrate (1)

(ii) from colourless to pink/purple/red

(iii) (1) titration 1 : volume used = 23.90 — 3 00 = 20.90 𝑐𝑚"

titration 2 : volume used = 23.60 — 3.50 = 20.10 𝑐𝑚"

titration 3 : volume used = 23.10 — 3.10 = 20.00 𝑐𝑚"

titration 4 : volume used = 23.60 — 3.40 = 20.20 𝑐𝑚"

The result of titration 1 is inaccurate and is discarded. 1

The reasonable average for the volume of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 used

= (20.10 + 20.00 + 20.20)/3 (1)

= 20.10 𝑐𝑚" 1
(Also accept 20.1 cm3; 0 marks for missing out the unit.)

(2) 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂! 𝐻 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂! 𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻! 𝑂 1*

or, 1 mol of 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂! 𝐻 requires I mol of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 for complete neutralization (1*)

concentration of 𝐶𝐻" 𝐶𝑂! 𝐻 in vinegar

-.+× !-.+
= !*.-
× 10 1*

= 0.804 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" ) (𝑜𝑟 0.80 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" ) 1

(iv) The low pH of vinegar can prevent/inhibit the growth of bacteria/ micro-organisms/germs.

(Also accept vinegar cm kill bacteria.) 1

69
Question 224

Mark

(i) An acid which undergoes partial/incomplete ionization in water 1

(Accept other equivalent answers)

(ii) 1

(Also accept full equation.)

(iii) (1) no. of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 used = 0.30 × 10 × 10! 1*

molarity of citric acid in orange juice

-."-×+-×+-#$
=
"×!.*
× 1000 1*

= 0.04 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" (1)

concentration of citric acid in afloat juice

= 0.04 192 1*

= 7.68 𝑔 𝑑𝑚&" 1
(Award 0 marks for mower if it bears a wrong unit.)

(2) citric acid is the only substance in orange Juice which reacts with 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1

(3) Use the pipette to transfer 25.0 𝑐𝑚" of the 1.20 M 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 to the 100 𝑐𝑚" volumetric flask. 1,1

Add (distilled) wale, to the volumetric flask until the graduation mark is reached. 1

(1 mark for proper use of the pipette to transfer liquid to volumetric flask:

1 mark for choosing the 100 𝑐𝑚" volumetric flask/indicating the correct volume ratio:

1 mark for a correct description of how in make up the solution in the volumetric flask.)

70
Question 225

(i) 𝑵𝒊𝟐% + 𝟐 𝑶𝑯& → 𝑵𝒊(𝑶𝑯)𝟐

(ii) yellow to orange

(iii) (1) 𝐻% + 𝑂𝐻& → 𝐻! 𝑂

1 mole of 𝐻% reacts with 1 mole of 𝑂𝐻&

No. of moles of 𝑂𝐻& in the filtrate

= 0.251 × 18.5 × 10&"

= 4.64 × 10&"

(2) No. of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 used

= 0.503 × 25 × 10&"
= 0.0126

(3) No. of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 that has reacted with 𝑁𝑖 !%

= 0.012575 – 4.6435 × 10&"

= 7.93 × 10&"
𝑁𝑖 !% + 2𝑂𝐻& → 𝑁𝑖(𝑂𝐻)!

Concentration of 𝑁𝑖 !% ions
'./"× +-#$
= ! × !*×+-#$

= 0.159 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&"

(iv) To remove, as far as possible, 𝑂𝐻& ions which adhered on the surface of the residue.

71
Question 226

(a) (i) Transfer the solution to a 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 volumetric flask. All washings should also be transferred
to the volumetric flask.

Add distilled water to the flask until the bottom of the meniscus reaches the mark of the flask.

(ii) colourless to pink

(iii) (1) No. of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 used

= 0.100 × 25.7 × 10&"

= 2.57 × 10&"

(2) No. of moles of winnable hydrogen in 1.15 g of solid acid

= 2.57 × 10&" × 10

No. of moles of solid acid used

+.+*
=
/-

Basicity of solid acid

!.() × &,#$

= &.&(
/-

= 2.01

= 2 (n is an integer)

(b) (i) The volume of liquid in the beaker increases.

Cone. 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ absorbs water from the atmosphere.

(ii) A white solid forms and heat is evolved.

Urea and methanal undergo polymerization condensation to give a thermosetting plastic (urea-
methanal).

Conc. 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂$ acts as a catalyst.

72
Question 227

Mark

(a) Use a burette to contain HCI (aq). 1

Rinse the burette with distilled water (deionised water) and then with the 0.18 M hydrochloric 1
acid.

Add the indicator to the flask, and then the acid from the burette until the indicator changes 1
from yellow to orange.
1
(b) (i) (20.10 + 19.90 + 20.00)
3
= 20.00 𝑐𝑚" 1

(ii) 𝐶𝑂"!& + 2𝐻% 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂!

No. of moles of 𝐻% (𝑎𝑞) 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 0.18 × 20 × 10&"

= 3.6 × 10&"

No. of mules of 𝑁𝑎! 𝐶𝑂" in 25.0 𝑐𝑚" of diluted solution

".( × +-#$
=
!
1

No of moles 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎! 𝐶𝑂" in 2.0 g of the sample

".(× +-#$ × +-
= !
1

= 0.018

Mass of 𝑁𝑎! 𝐶𝑂" = 0.018 (23 × 2 + 12 + 16 × 3) 1

= 1.908 𝑔

Percentage by mass of 𝑁𝑎! 𝐶𝑂" in the sample

+./-)
= !

= 95.4 (%) 1

(c) Use a pH meter / pH sensor

(d) 𝑁𝑎! 𝐶𝑂" , is used to remove hardness in fresh water. 𝑀𝑔!% or 𝐶𝑎!% ions in hard water react 1
with

𝐶𝑂"!& to form insoluble metal carbonates. 1

73
Question 228

Mark

(a) 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 of the acid is transferred into a 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 volumetric flask using a pipette. 1

Distilled water is added up to the graduation mark. 1

(b) § No. of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.0176 × 0.025 = 4.40 × 10&$ 3

§ No. of moles of 𝐻" 𝑃𝑂$ in 25.0 𝑐𝑚" of the dil. soln. = 4.40 × 10&$ / 2 = 2.20 × 10&$

§ Molarity of the original phosphoric acid = 2.20 × 10&$ × 10/(10/1000)

= 0.22𝑀

(c) Neutralization is a quick process.

As titration proceeds, concentration of acid decreases, less chance of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 to contact with 1
the acid / rate of reaction decreases.

(d) (i) A solution of known concentration. 1

(ii) Not appropriate. Solid sodium hydroxide absorbs water/𝐶𝑂! readily in air. 1

74
Question 229

Mark

(a) 𝑨𝒍(𝑶𝑯)𝟑 + 𝟑𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝑨𝒍𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝟑𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑶𝑹 1

𝑨𝒍(𝑶𝑯)𝟑 + 𝟑𝑯% → 𝑨𝒍𝟑% + 𝟑𝑯𝟐 𝑶

(b) Pour all the solution obtained from Step Ito a (250 𝑐𝑚" ) volumetric flask. 1

Rinse all the solution left in the beaker by distilled water and transfer the washing to the 1
volumetric flask.

Add distilled water to the mark of the volumetric flask and shake the volumetric flask 1
thoroughly.

(c) methyl orange: from red to orange / yellow OR 1+1

phenolphthalein: from colourless to pink

(d) (i) No. of moles of excess hydrochloric acid

= No. of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.20 × (20.8/1000)

= 4.16 × 10&" 1

(ii) The amount of excess hydrochloric acid in the solution of Step 1:

4.16 × 10&" × (250/25) = 0.0416 𝑚𝑜𝑙

No. of moles of hydrochloric acid reacts with aluminium hydroxide:

0.05 × 1.0 − 0.0416 = 0.0084

No. of moles of aluminium hydroxide in the tablet:

0.0084 /3
= 2.8 × 10&" 2

75
Question 230

Mark

(a) Pipette 1

(b) Wash with deionised / distilled water. 1

Then rinse with 0.50 M sulphuric acid. 1

(c) 𝐻% + 𝑂𝐻& → 𝐻! 𝑂 1

(d) As neutralisation is exothermic, temperature of the solution rose when sulphuric acid was added 1
Into sodium hydroxide solution.

When the sodium hydroxide was just ioniz reacted, the temperature reached a maximum value. 1

After that, the addition of excess cold sulphuric acid lowered the temperature of the reaction 1
mixture.

(e) No. of mole of sodium hydroxide = 2 × 0.5 × (15 × 10&" ) 1

= 1.5 × 10&!

Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution = 1.5 × 10&! (25.00 × 10&" ) 1

= 0.60 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&"

76
Question 231

Mark

(i) 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 → 𝑪𝒂(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 1

Or 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" + 2𝐻% → 𝐶𝑎!% + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! (1)

Evolution of 𝐶𝑂! stops/ Test the pH of the solution using pH paper, the pH should be less 1
than 7.

(ii) Diagram 1,1

(1 mark for the diagram; 1 mark for labelling the funnel and filter paper)

(iii) 𝐶𝑎!% + 𝑆𝑂$!& → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂$ 1

(iv) To remove any soluble impurities ( or appropriate example). 1

+-.*!
(v) (1) no. of mole of 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂$ = 1
$- % "! % +( × $

= 0.0774 (1)

Mass of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" in the sample of calcite

= 0.0774 × (40 + 12 + 16 × 3) 1*

= 7.74 𝑔
'.'$
% by mass of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" = './) × 100

= 97.0 1
(Accept answers from 96.5 to 97.0)

(2) The sample does not contain ions which form insoluble sulphate, e.g. 𝐵𝑎!% , 𝑆𝑟 !% 1

Or, There is no loss of 𝐶𝑎!% ions during the experiment (1)

Or, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂" is the only calcium-containing compound present in the sample (1)

77
Question 232

Mark

(i) (1) distilled water / deionized water 1

(2) distilled water / deionized water 1

(ii) † pipette 1

(iii) 𝑁𝐻" + 𝐻𝐶𝐼 → 𝑁𝐻$% + 𝐶𝑙&

No. of moles of 𝐻𝐶𝐼 used = 0.23 × 28.7 × 10&" 1

= 6.60 × 10&"

concentration of 𝑁𝐻3 in glass cleaner

(.(- × +-#$ !*-
=
!* × +-#$
×
!*
1*

= 2.64 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" 1

(Accept 2.6,2.64 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.640 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚&" )

Question 233 2012 Q7

Mark

(a) NH$% + OH& → NH" + H! O (Neglect physical state) 1

(NOT Accept: NH$ NO" + OH& → NH" + NO&

" + H! O)

(b) The KOH is (very) corrosive. / NH$ NO" is explosive / NH$ NO" is flammable / HCI is corrosive. 1

(Should specify the chemical; NOT Accept harmful / toxic / poisonous; NOT Accept HCl Fume is
corrosive as dilute HCl is involved.)

(c) Prevent sucking back as NH" (g) is veg soluble. (Accept prevent HCl sucking upwards or similar 1
descriptions) Increase the surface area for dissolving NH" (g)

(d) (i) pipette ( ) 1

(ii) Changes from red to orange. (NOT Accept red to yellow) 1

(iii) Number of moles of HCI(aq) remained in the beaker :

= 0.100 × 0.04100 × (100.00 ÷ 25.00) = 0.0164

Number of moles of NH" (g) produced 1*

= 0.0485 – 0.0164 = 0.0321

Percentage by mass of NH$ NO" in the fertilizer 1*

= (0.0321 × 80) / 3.150 × 100% = 81.5% / 81.5

78
 (Accept 81.52% / 82.5% / 82.54%)

(e) Flame test gives a lilac / purple / light purple flame.(Not Accept deep purple and violet 1

Question 234 2013 Q4

Mark

(a) Ethanedioic acid 1

(Do not accept "oxalic acid")

(b) H! C! O$ (aq) ⇌ C! O!& % !& %

$ (aq) + 2H (aq) / H! C! O$ (aq) ⇌ HC! O$ (aq) + H (aq) 1

H! C! O$ is a weak acid. It undergoes incomplete ionisation in water. (1)

1
As pH= -log10 [H+(aq)] and [H" O% (aq)] in 0.05 M is less than 0.1 M, its pH is

thus greater than 1.

(c) NaOH(s) is deliquescent/ hygroscopic /absorbs water from the atmosphere. 1

Or, NaOH(s) reacts with CO! (g) in the atmosphere.

∴The mass of NaOH(s) cannot be accurately determined by weighing. (1)

(d) (i) From colourless to pink / purple / red 1

(ii) concentration of NaOH(aq) . 1*

-.-*×!*×!
(If the mole ratio of reactants is correct 1.2, award step mark)
+'.!-

= 0.145 mol dm&" (M) (Unit is optional) 1

(Also accept 0.15 mol dm&" )

(e) (i) Rinsing the conical flask with H! C! O$ (aq): Some H% (aq) ions/acid/H! C! O$ (aq) the flask, and 1
more alkali (as revealed from the burette reading) than actually required is used to reach the
titration end point.

(Do not accept the concentration of H% (aq) increases.)

(ii) NaOH(aq) clinging onto the stem of funnel may fall into the burette. The volume of alkali used 1
(as revealed from the burette reading) is smaller than what is expected.

79
Question 235 2014 Q7

Mark

(a) Mass of HCl present in 1000 cm3 of the concentrated acid = 1180 × 36% = 425 g 1*

Formula mass of HCl = 36.5

Concentration = 425 / 36.5 = 11.6 mol dm-3 (M) (Accept 11.5 − 11 644, 12, not accept 12.0) 1 1
(Accept answer without unit) (NOT accept wrong unit) (accept maximum 3 decimal places)

(b) (i) § Weigh accurately the amount of sodium carbonate needed and dissolve it using deionised 1
water / distilled water. (accept using "a known amount of sodium carbonate"; not accept
if state "water" only)

§ Transfer all the solution made to a volumetric flask. add deionised water to the 1
graduation mark of the flask, and mix the content thoroughly.

+-
(ii) No. of mole of present in 'he diluted acid = 1.06 × ¢ £× 2 1*
+---

= 0.0212

Concentration of the acid in the bottle = 0.0212 / (20.30/1000) × 10 1*

= 10.4 mol dm&" (M) 1

(Accept answer without unit) (NOT accept wrong unit)

(accept maximum 3 decimal places)

(c) Some HCI escaped / vaporised from the concentrated acid as HCl(g) 1

/ (Concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile.)

80
Question 236 2016 Q6

Mark

(a) 1

(b) (i) volumetric flask 1

(ii) Number of moles of NaOH(aq) = 0.123 × 0.01845 3

Number of moles of citric add reacting with NaOH(aq) = 0.123 × 0.01845 ÷ 3

Number of moles of citric acid in the sample = 0.123 × 0.01845 ÷ 3 × 10

Percentage by mass of citric acid in the solid sample

(0.123 × 0.01845 ÷ 3 × 10 × 192.0 ÷ 1.65) × 100%

= 88.0 %

(c) (i) Colourless gas bubbles form. / Effervescence occurs. 1

(ii) H% + NaHCO" → H! O + CO! + Na% 1

81
Question 237 2017 Q1

Mark

(a) The metallic bond/ electrostatic attraction (Not accept: giant metallic bond/ metallic bond) 1

between delocalised electrons/ sea of electrons and metal ions/ barium ions/ Ba!% . 1

(Not accept: free electrons/ electrons/ outermost electrons)

(Or diagram with correct labels)

(For diagram:

(1) The barium ions should be labelled as Ba!% " or " 2+ "

(2) Clearly indicates sea of electrons, or delocalised electrons between metal

ions.

(3) Clearly indicate metallic bond/ electrostatic attraction between sea of electrons/ delocalised
electrons and metal ions.)

(b) (i) The gas (ammonia) is less dense than air. 1

(Should be answered in terms of density. Not accept: The gas is lighter than air.)

(Not accept incorrect description of gas such as ammonium, NH$ , NH$% , HCl, etc.)

(ii) The gas (ammonia) is soluble (in water). 1

(Accept: The gas will be absorbed by water/ The gas will react with water.)

(Not accept: The gas is slightly soluble in water.)

(c) (i) White solid forms/ White precipitate forms/ Heat evolves/ Temperature rises/ White 1

ppt forms

(Accept: Milky mixture forms/ Cloudy mixture/ White suspension forms.

(ii) (1) When H! SO$ (aq) is added to it, BaSO$ (s) (and H! O (l)) are formed, the concentration 1

/ number of mobile ions in the mixture decreases/ [ Ba!% ] and [ OH& ] decrease.

(2) Excess H% (aq) and SO!&

$ (aq) ions are introduced into the solution./ 1

The concentrations/ amounts/ numbers of H% and SO!&

$ (aq)ions in the solution

increase./

The concentration/ amounts/ numbers of (mobile) ions increases when H! SO$ (aq) is in

excess.

(Accept only H% or SO!&

$ (aq is mentioned in the answer.)

82
83
Question 238 2017 Q6 A , B

Mark

(a) oxidising and corrosive 1

(b) (i) The reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and NaOH (aq) is highly exothermic./ 1

Concentrated NaOH is corrosive./ Avoid to fill the burette more than once./ Use less chemicals.

Do not accept answer like " splashed out " without mentioning of " highly exothermic. "

(ii) red to orange 1

Do not accept " red to yellow ".

(iii) No. of moles of NaOH used = 0.189 × 22.20 × 10&" = 4.20 × 10&" 1*

Concentration of the concentrated H₂SO4

= 4.20 × 10&" ÷ (2 × 25 × 10&" ) × (1000 ÷ 5) 1*

= 16.8 (mol dm&" ) 1

Correct Unit.

Accept 16.76, 16.78, 16.783, 16.784, 16.80 (mol dm&" ).

Do not accept 16.7832 mol dm&" .

Question 239 2018 Q7

Mark

(a) conical flask 1

(b) yellow to orange (Do not accept red) 1

(c) Number of moles of B$ O!&

' (aq) = 0.125 × 0.01898 × 1/2 = 1.187 × 10
&"
1*

(201.2 + 18 n) = 0.452 /1.137 × 10&" 1*

n = 10 1

(d) (i) Solutions with accurately known concentrations. 1

(ii) It can be used to determine the concentration of another reagent / number of water of 1
crystallization / molar mass, etc. via titration / to prepare a calibration curve.

84
Question 240 2019 Q4

Mark

(a) (i) • To dissolve the solid by adding deionised/ distilled water to the solid in a beaker. 1

• Transfer the solution with rinsing (with deionised/ distilled water) into a 250.0 cm" volumetric 1
flask and add deionised/ distilled water to the graduation mark of the flask. Shake thoroughly.

(ii) molarity of the standard solution = (1.12/ 204.1) ÷ 0.2500 1*

= 0.022 (M) 1
(Also accept 0.02195, 0.02196, 0.0220; Not accept 0.02192, 0.0210)

(Accept max. 4 significant figures, i.e. 0.02195)

(Accept answer without an unit, but NOT accept answer with an incorrect unit.)

(b) • If it ionises completely in water, [ H% (aq) ] = 0.06 (mol dm&" ) then the pH will be 1.22. 1

• However the actual pH (3.3) is higher than 1.22, therefore the −COOH in potassium 1

hydrogenphthalate only ionises partly in water.

(Also accept:

• The [ H% (aq)]in pH 3.30 solution is 0.0005 (mol dm&" ).

• However the actual [ H% (aq) ] (0.0005 mol dm&" ) is lower than 0.06 mol dm&" , therefore

the −COOH in potassium hydrogenphthalate only ionises partly in water.)

85
Question 241 2020 Q4

Mark

(a) To increase the surface area of eggshell for increasing the reaction rate. 1

(b) To dissolve organic substances in eggshell. 1

(c) To speed up the reaction between the CaCO" in the sample with HCl (aq)./ 1

To shorten the time needed for the reaction./

To ensure that the reaction is complete.

(d) phenolphthalein (correct spelling) 1

(e) No. of moles of CaCO" in the sample 1*

= (0.200 × 25.00 − 0.102 × 16.85) × 10&" × ½ = 1.64 × 10&" mol

% by mass of CaCO" in the sample 1*

= (1.64 × 10&" × 100.1 ÷ 0.204) × 100 %

= 80.5 % (80.4 − 80.5 %) ... accept answer with max. 3 d.p. 1

(Remark: mass of CaCO" in the sample = 1.64 × 10&" mol × 100.1 g mol&+ = 0.164 g
-.+($
% by mass of CaCO" in the sample = -.!-$ × 100 % = 80.4 %)

86
Question 242 2021 Q7

Mark

(a) Steps: 1+1

(1) Dissolve the anhydrous sodium carbonate solid in a sufficient amount (less than 250 cm" ) of
deionised / distilled water in a clean beaker.

(2) Transfer the solution into a 250 cm" volumetric flask (with a filter funnel).

(3) Rinse the beaker / filter funnel with deionised / distilled water several times and transfer all the
washings into the volumetric flask.

(4) Make up to the graduation mark with deionised / distilled water.

(Correct steps (2) and (4): 1 mark, correct step (3): 1 mark.)

Dissolve the anhydrous sodium carbonate solid directly in a 250 cm" volumetric flask, Make up to (1)
the graduation mark with deionised / distilled water.

(b) From yellow to orange / yellowish orange / orange red 1

(Not accept: "red")

(c) After discarding the third set of data, the reasonable average volume of HCI(aq) used 1

= (27.25 + 27.30 − 27.25) ÷ 3

27.27 cm" (Correct unit)

(d) Na! CO" (aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO! (8) + H! O(l)

∴ Mole ratio of Na! CO" (aq) to HCl(aq)= 1 : 2

Number of moles of HCl = 0.1038 x 25.0 x 10-3 x 2 = 0.00519 (1*)

/ Number of mole of HCl = (2.750 106.0) x 2 = 0.005189 1*

Concentration of HCl(aq) in g dm&" = 0.00519 ÷ (27.27 × 10&" ) × 36.5 1

= 6.947 (No unit / correct unit)

(Accept: 6.93 6.95, and with 3-4 significant figures only)

87
Question 243 2022 Q3

Mark

(a) 𝐍𝐚𝐇𝐂𝐎𝟑 (𝐬) + 𝐇𝐂𝐥(𝐚𝐪) → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝐚𝐪) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐥) / 1

𝐍𝐚𝐇𝐂𝐎𝟑 (𝐬) + 𝐇% (𝐚𝐪) → 𝐍𝐚% (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐥)

(State symbols not required)(Ignore incorrect state symbols)

(b) no. of moles of HCl(aq) used = 0.644 × 0.0252 = 0.01623 1*

no. of moles of NaHCO" (s) in the antacid sample = no. of moles of HCl(aq) used = 0.01623

percentage by mass of NaHCO" (s) in the antacid sample

84 0.01623 ÷ 1.52 100% = 89.7% (Accept: 89.5 89.7%) 1

(c) (i) methyl orange 1

From yellow to orange / yellowish orange / orange red 1

(Not accept: red)

(ii) pH meter / data-logger connected with a pH sensor 1

(d) No gas is given out from the reaction between Mg(OH)! (s) and stomach acid, or while CO! / gas is 1
given out from NaHCO" (s) and leads to uncomfortable feeling in stomach.

88
Question 244 PP Q4

Mark

(a) Dissolve 1.14 g of M! CO" (s) in some distilled water/ deionised water in a beaker. Transfer the solution 1
to a 100.0 cm volumetric flask.
"

Wash the beaker with distilled water/ deionised water and transfer the washings into the volumetric 1
flask.

Add distilled water/ deionised water up to the graduation mark of the volumetric flask. Shake the 1
volumetric flask to ensure its content is well mixed.

(b) No. of moles of H% (aq) used 1

= 0.085 × 25.30 × 10&"

= 2.15 × 10&"
M! CO" + 2H% → 2M% + CO! + H! O 1*
No. of moles of M! CO" in 100 cm of the solution
"

+-- +
= 2.15 × 10&" × ×!
+-

+.+$×!
Formula mass of M! CO" = 1
-.-!+*

= 106

Let x be the relative atomic mass of M 1

2x + 12 + 16 × 3 = 106
x = 23

M is likely to be Na.

89
Question 245 2023 Q4

90