CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.

2 1

Chapter 1 — The logarithmic function 2

3
f 361.5 = 36 2
Exercise 1.2 – Review of index laws 3
1 a x3 × x4 = x7 = (√36)
b x7 ÷ x2 = x5 = 63
5
c (x2 ) = x10
2 1 = 216
d (x−3 ) = x−6 = 1
x6 9 2 9
4
x ×x 5 g =√
e = x6 ( 49 ) 49
x3
2 3 5 3
(x ) × x x6+5 =
f 2
= 10 7
5
(x ) x 2 2
=x 27 3 3 27
h = √
( 64 ) ( 64 )
5x2 y4 × 4x5 y 20x7 y5
g = 2
22 x3 y2 4x3 y2 3
=
(4)
= 5x4 y3
9
3x3 y5 × 10xy4 30x4 y9 =
h 2 6
= 16
5x y 5x2 y6
3 −3
−
= 6x2 y3 243 5 243 5
i = √
2 43 2 ( 32 ) ( 32 )
(2xy ) × 5 (x y) 8x3 y6 × 5x8 y2
i = 3
−3
4x5 y3 × 3x2 y3 12x7 y6 =
(2)
40x11 y8
= 2
3
12x7 y6 =
10x4 y2 (3)
= 8
3 =
2 5
27
2 3 3
(3 x y) × 2 (xy ) 81x6 y2 × 2x5 y15 3 −3
j = 256
−
4 256
4x y × 3x y
4 2 5 12x9 y3 j = √
4

11 17 ( 81 ) ( 81 )
27x y
= −3
2x9 y3 4
=
27x2 y14 (3)
= 3
2 3
=
2 3
2 (4)
2 a 27 3 = (√27)
27
=
= 32 64
=9 3 a 3x−3 y2 × (x2 y)
−4
3 4
3
b 16 4 = (√16) = 3x−3 y2 × x−8 y−4
= 23 = 3x−11 y−2
=8 3
=
−3 −3 x11 y2
c 25 2 = (√25) −1
b x4 y−1 × (x−2 y3 )
1
= 3 = x4 y−1 × x2 y−3
5
1 = x6 y−4
=
125 x6
−3
=
5
−3 y4
d 100 000 5 = (√100 000)
1
1 2 3 2
1 c 2x 2 y 3 × 9x 2 y2
= 3 ( )
10
1 2 3
1 = 2x 2 y 3 × 3x 4 y1
=
1000 5 5
4
= 6x 4 y 3
0.25
e 81 = (√81)
=3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
2 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.2

1 3 1 2 1 2
−
d 5x 3 y 4 × 8 3 x 3 y 2
− c 2n−1 × 3n × 6n+1
( ) = 2n−1 × 3n × 2n+1 × 3n+1
1 3 2 4
−
= 5x 3 y 4 × 8 3 x 3 × y−1 = 2n−1+n+1 × 3n+n+1
−
1 = 22n × 32n+1
= 5x1 y 4 ×4
d 2n × 3n+1 × 9n
20x n
= 1 = 2n × 3n+1 × (32 )
y4 = 2n × 33n+1
3 5
1 −
2 −
1
−
1 2 32 × 2−3
e x−2 y 2 × 9x 5y 2 e 3
× 16
( ) ( ) 92
3 5 1 5
= x3 y
−
4 × 92 x 2 y
− −
4 32 × 2−3
= 3 × 24
5 3
= 243x 2 y−2 = 3−1 × 21
5
243x 2 2
= =
y2 3
1 1
1 2
−
1 −
2 2 1 2 52 × 3−1 27
f 16 2 x5 y 4 × 4x 5 y 2 f ÷
( ) ( ) 125 × 9−2 5
−
1 1 1 1 52 × 3−1 5
= 4x 5 y8 × 2x 5 y 4 = 3 ×
3
5 × 3−4 33
= 8x0 y 8 53 × 3−1
= 3
3 5 × 3−1
= 8y 8
=1
−2 3
⎛ 32 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 23 3 ⎞ 1
a b c ⎟ ⎜a b ⎟ 5 a x−1 + −1
g ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟ ÷ 3 ⎜ a−1 c2 ⎟ x
−
⎝ 3a 2 bc−2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 1
= +x
a−3 b4 c−2 3a2 b9 x
= −2 1 −2 4 ÷ −3 6
3 ab c a c 1 x2
= +
a−3 b4 c−2 a−3 c6 x x
= −2 −2 4 × 2 9
3 ab c 3a b 1 + x2
−6 4 4 =
a bc x
= −1 3 7 4
3 abc b (x−1 + x−2 )
2

a−9 b−3 c0 2 2
= = (x−1 ) + 2 (x−1 ) (x−2 ) + (x−2 )
3−1
= x−2 + 2x−3 + x−4
3
= 9 3 1 2 1
ab = + +
−2 1
x2 x3 x4
⎛ − 32 34 ⎞
a b ⎟ 9a−3 b 2 x2 2x 1
h ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟
÷ = 4 + 4 + 4
⎝ ab ⎠ ( 4a2 b3 ) x x x
−
3 1
−
3 1 x2 + 2x + 1
a3 b 2 92 a 2 b2 =
= −2 −4 ÷ 1 3
x4
a b
4 2 a1 b 2 (x + 1)2
3 3 =
a3 b 2
−
2ab 2 x4
= −2 −4 × 3 1 2
a b − 1 1
3a 2 b 2 or +
( x x2 )
2a4 b0
= 7 7 x+1
2
− −
3a 2 b 2 =
( x2 )
15 7
2a 2 b 2 (x + 1)2
= =
3 x4
4 a 2n × 4n+1 × 8n−1 1 1
c −1 +
= 2n × 22(n+1) × 23(n−1) x + 1 x−1 − 1
= 2n+2n+2+3n−3 1 1
= 1 + 1
= 26n−1 x
+ 1 x
− 1
1 1
b 3n × 9n−1 × 27n+1 = 1+x + 1−x
= 3n × 32(n−1) × 33(n+1) x x

= 3n+2n−2+3n+3
= 36n+1

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.3 3

x x
= + b for t = 15, N = 500 × 20.1×15
1+x 1−x
= 500 × 21.5
x (1 − x) + x (1 + x)
= = 1414 (to the nearest whole number)
(1 + x) (1 − x)
x − x 2 + x + x2 9 Depreciating by 20% means
= 1 − 0.2 = 0.8
(1 + x) (1 − x)
Initial value is $10 000
2x
= Model = 10 000 (0.8)t
1 − x2 Answer is D
−1
d 2x (x2 − y2 ) − (x − y)−1 10 h = 10 × 0.8r
2x 1 a 10 m above ground
= 2 −
x −y 2 x − y b at r = 4
2x 1 h = 10 × 0.84
= −
(x − y) (x + y) (x − y) = 4.096
2x (x + y) = 4.10 m
= −
(x − y) (x + y) (x − y) (x + y) c 10 + 8 + 8 + 6.4 + 6.4 + 5.12 + 5.12 = 49.04 m
2x − x − y
=
(x − y) (x + y)
(x − y)
= Exercise 1.3 – Logarithmic laws and equations
(x − y) (x + y)
1 1 a log6 3 + log6 2 = log6 (3 × 2)
=
x+y = log6 6
6 a = 23 , b = 2−3 , c = 62 , d = 3−1 =1
3 2−3 b log10 5 + log10 2 = log10 (5 × 2)
a2 b (2 ) (2 )
a 1
= 1 = log10 10
c2 (62 ) 2 =1
6 −3
2 ×2
= 6
6 c log3 6 − log3 2 = log3
(2)
23
= = log3 3
6
=1
8
= 10
6 d log2 10 − log2 5 = log2
4 (5)
=
3 = log2 2
1 1
−3 −1 =1
a 3 b−1 d 23 3
( ) × (2 ) × 3−1
b = 2
e log2 32 = log2 25
c2 (62 ) = 5 log2 2
2 × 2 × 3−1
1 3
= =5
64
f log3 81 = log3 34
2 × 3−1
4
= = 4 log3 3
24 × 34
1 =4
= 1
35 g log5 = log5 5−1
1 (5)
=
243 = −1 log5 5
1 3 x = −1
7 3−x + 3x = + 1
3x 1 h log3 = log3 3−3
1 3 2x ( 27 )
= + x
3x 3 = −3 log3 3
1+3 2x = −3
= 1
3x 2 a log2 √x = log2 x 2
Answer is B 1
8 N = 500 × 20.1t = log2 x
2
a for t = 10, N = 500 × 20.1×10 1
3
= 500 × 2 b log3 √ x = log3 x 3
= 1000 1
= log3 x
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
4 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.3

1 log5 125
3
c 3 log3 √ x = 3 × log3 x 3 h
log5 25
1
= 3 × × log3 x log5 53
3 =
= log3 x log5 52
1 3
4
d 4 log4 √ x = 4 × log4 x 4 =
2
1
= 4 × × log4 x loga √x
4 i
= log4 x loga x
1
loga x 2
x4 x2 =
e log2 = log2 loga x
√ y2 (y)
1 loga x
=
5x5 x 2 loga x
f log3 = log3
√ y10 ( y2 ) 1
=
2
3 a 4 log2 12 − 4 log2 6
= 4 (log2 (12 ÷ 6)) loga x2
j
= 4 log2 2 loga x3
=4 2 loga x
=
b 3 log2 3 − 3 log2 6 3 loga x
3 2
= 3 log2 =
( 6) 3
1 4 a 5 log3 x + log3 x2 − log3 x7
= 3 log2
(2) = log3 (x5 × x2 ÷ x7 )
= 3 log2 2−1 = log3 x0
= −3 log2 2 = log3 1
= −3 =0
c 2 + log5 10 − log5 2 b 3 log2 x + log2 x3 − log2 x6
10 = log2 (x3 × x3 ÷ x6 )
= 2 + log5
(2) = log2 x0
= 2 + log5 5 = log2 1
=2+1 =0
=3 c 3 log4 x − 5 log4 x + 2 log4 x
d 2 + log5 2 − log5 10 = log4 (x3 ÷ x5 × x2 )
2 = log4 x0
= 2 + log5
( 10 ) = log4 1
1 =0
= 2 + log5
5 d 4 log6 x − 5 log6 x + log6 x
= 2 + log5 5−1 = log6 (x4 ÷ x5 × x1 )
= 2 + −1 log5 5 = log6 x0
=2−1 = log6 1
=1 =0
e 1 + log2 5
e log10 x2 + 3 log10 x − 2 log10 x
= log2 2 + log2 5
= log10 (x2 × x3 ÷ x2 )
= log2 (2 × 5)
= log10 x3
= log2 10
= 3 log10 x
f 3 + log3 2
f 4 log10 x − log10 x + log10 x2
= 3 log3 3 + log3 2
= log10 (x4 ÷ x × x2 )
= log3 33 + log3 2
= log10 x5
= log3 (27 × 2)
= 5 log10 x
= log3 54
g log5 (x + 1) + log5 (x + 1)2
log2 64
g = log5 ((x + 1) (x + 1)2 )
log2 8
log2 26 = log5 (x + 1)3
= = 3 log5 (x + 1)
log2 23
6 log2 2
=
3 log2 2
=2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.3 5

h log4 (x − 2)3 − 2 log4 (x − 2) j loge 5 − loge x = loge 25

(x − 2)3 5
= log4 loge = loge 25
( (x − 2)2 ) (x)
= log4 (x − 2) 5
= 25
5 a loge x = loge 2 x
x=2 1
x=
5
b loge x = loge 5
x=5 6 a x = log5 (125)
c loge x + loge 3 = loge 9 = log5 (5)3
= 3 log5 (5)
loge (3x) = loge 9
=3
3x = 9
x=3 b log4 (x − 1) + 2 = log4 (x + 4)
log4 (x − 1) + 2 log4 4 = log4 (x + 4)
d loge x + loge 2 = loge 8
log4 (x − 1) + log4 42 = log4 (x + 4)
loge (2x) = loge 8
log4 (16 (x − 1)) = log4 (x + 4)
2x = 8
16 (x − 1) = x + 4
x=4
16x − 16 = x + 4
e loge x − loge 5 = loge 2
15x = 20
x
loge ( ) = loge 2 4
5 x=
x 3
=2 2
5 c 3 (log2 (x)) − 2 = 5 log2 (x)
2
x = 10 3 (log2 (x)) − 5 log2 (x) − 2 = 0
f loge x − loge 4 = loge 3 (3 log2 (x) + 1) (log2 (x) − 2) = 0
x 3 log2 (x) + 1 = 0 or log2 (x) − 2 = 0
loge ( ) = loge 3
4 1
x log2 (x) = − log2 (x) = 2
=3 3
4 −
1
x=2 3 22 = x
x = 12
x=4
g 1 + loge x = loge 6
loge e + loge x = loge 6 d log5 (4x) + log5 (x − 3) = log5 (7)
loge (ex) = loge 6 log5 (4x (x − 3)) = log5 (7)
ex = 6 4x (x − 3) = 7
2
4x − 12x − 7 = 0
6
x= (2x − 7) (2x + 1) = 0
e
7 1
x = 2.207 x= ,−
2 2
h 1 − loge x = loge 7
1
loge e − loge x = loge 7 x=− isn’t a valid solution as x > 3
2
e 7
loge ( ) = loge 7 Therefore x =
x 2
e 7 a log3 (x) = 5
=7
x 35 = x
e
x= x = 243
7
b log3 (x − 2) − log3 (5 − x) = 2
x = 0.388
x−2
i loge 4 − loge x = loge 2 log3 =2
(5 − x)
4 x−2
loge = loge 2 32 =
(x) 5−x
4 x−2
=2 9=
x 5−x
x=2 9 (5 − x) = x − 2
45 − 9x = x − 2
47 = 10x
47
x=
10

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
6 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.3

loge (12)
8 a i log7 (12) = = 1.2770 b 5 log7 (49) − 5 log7 (343)
loge (7)
= 5 (log7 (49) − log7 (343))
1 loge ( 14 )
ii log3 = = −1.2619 49
(4) loge (3) = 5 log7
( 343 )
b z = log3 (x)
1
3z = x = 5 log7
(7)
i 2x = 2 × 3z = 5 log7 (7)−1
log3 (27)
ii logx (27) = = −5 log7 (7)
log3 (x)
= −5
log3 (3)3
= 1
log3 (x) 6
c log4 √
3 log3 (3) ( 64 )
= 1
log3 (x)
= log4 ((2)−6 ) 6
3
= = log4 (2)−1
z
1
log10 (9) = log4 (4) 2
−
9 a log5 (9) =
log10 (5) 1
log10 (12) = − log4 (4)
b log 1 (12) = 2
2 log10 ( 21 ) 1
3 =−
10 a 6 = 216 2
log6 (216) = 3 16
d log4
b 28 = 256 ( 256 )
log2 (256) = 8 1
= log4
c 34 = 81 ( 16 )
log3 (81) = 4 = log4 (4)−2
d 10−4 = 0.0001 = −2 log4 (4)
log10 (0.0001) = −4 = −2
log5 (32)
e 5−3 = 0.008 e
3 log5 (16)
log5 (0.008) = −3
log2 (2)5
f 71 = 7 =
3 log2 (2)4
log7 (7) = 1 5 log2 (2)
11 a log3 (81) = x =
12 log2 (2)
3x = 81 5
=
3x = 34 12
x=4 3
6 log2 (√ x)
1 f
b log6 =x log2 (x5 )
( 216 )
1
1 6 log2 (x) 3
6x =
216 =
x −3
log2 (x)5
6 =6 2 log2 (x)
x = −3 =
5 log2 (x)
c logx (121) = 2 2
x2 = 121 =
5
x2 = 112 13 a log3 (x − 4) + log3 (x − 4)2
x = 11 = log3 (x − 4) + 2 log3 (x − 4)
d log2 (−x) = 7 = 3 log3 (x − 4)
27 = −x b log7 (2x + 3)3 − 2 log7 (2x + 3)
128 = −x = 3 log7 (2x + 3) − 2 log7 (2x + 3)
x = −128 = log7 (2x + 3)
12 a log2 (256) + log2 (64) − log2 (128)
c log5 (x)2 + log5 (x)3 − 5 log5 (x)
256 × 64
= log2 = 2 log5 (x) + 3 log5 (x) − 5 log5 (x)
( 128 )
=0
= log2 (2 × 26 )
d log4 (5x + 1) + log4 (5x + 1)3 − log4 (5x + 1)2
= log2 (2)7
= 7 log2 (2) = log4 (5x + 1) + 3 log4 (5x + 1) − 2 log4 (5x + 1)
=7 = 2 log4 (5x + 1)

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.3 7

14 a log3 (7) = 1.7712 g 2 log5 (x) − log5 (2x − 3) = log5 x − 2

b log2
1
= −6.9189 log5 (x)2 − log5 (2x − 3) = log5 (x − 2)
( 121 )
x2
15 If n = log5 (x) then 5n = x. log5 = log5 (x − 2)
( 2x − 3 )
a 5x = 5 × 5n = 5n+1
x2
b log5 (5x2 ) = log5 (5 × (5n )2 ) =x−2
2x − 3
= log5 (5 × 52n )
= log5 (5)2n+1 x2 = (x − 2) (2x − 3)
= (2n + 1) log5 (5) x2 = 2x2 − 7x + 6
= 2n + 1 0 = x2 − 7x + 6
c logx (625) 0 = (x − 1)(x − 6)
log5 (625) x=1 x=6
= x ≠ 1, as x > 2
log5 (x)
log5 (54 ) x=6
= h log10 (2x) − log10 (x − 1) = 1
n
4 2x
= log10 =1
n (x − 1)
2x
16 a loge (2x − 1) = −3 10 =
x−1
e−3 = 2x − 1
−3
e + 1 = 2x 10 (x − 1) = 2x
10x − 10 = 2x
1 −3
x= e + 1) 10x − 2x = 10
2(
8x = 10
1
b loge =3 5
(x) x=
4
loge (x)−1 = 3
− loge (x) = 3 i log3 (x) + 2 log3 (4) − log3 (2) = log3 (10)
loge (x) = −3 log3 (x) + log3 (4)2 − log3 (2) = log3 (10)
x = e−3 log3 (16x) − log3 (2) = log3 (10)

c log3 (4x − 1) = 3 16x

log3 = log3 (10)
( 2 )
33 = 4x − 1
27 + 1 = 4x 8x = 10
28 = 4x 5
x=
x=7 4
d log10 (x) − log10 (3) = log10 (5) j (log10 (x)) (log10 (x)2 ) − 5 log10 (x) + 3 = 0
x (log10 (x)) (2 log10 (x)) − 5 log10 (x) + 3 = 0
log10 ( ) = log10 (5) 2
3 2 (log10 (x)) − 5 log10 (x) + 3 = 0
x Let a = log10 (x)
=5
3
2a2 − 5a + 3 = 0
x = 15 (2a − 3) (a − 1) = 0
e 3 log10 (x) + 2 = 5 log10 (x) Substitute back for a = log10 (x)
2 = 5 log10 (x) − 3 log10 (x) (2 log10 (x) − 3) (log10 (x) − 1) = 0
2 = 2 log10 (x) 2 log10 (x) − 3 = 0 or log10 (x) − 1 = 0
1 = log10 (x) 2 log10 (x) = 3 log10 (x) = 1
x = 10 3
log10 (x) = 101 = x
f log10 (x2 ) − log10 (x + 2) = log10 (x + 3) 2
x2 3
log10 = log10 (x + 3) x = 10 2 x = 10
(x + 2)
2
x2 k (log3 (x)) = log3 (x) + 2
=x+3 2
x+2 (log3 (x)) − log3 (x) − 2 = 0
x2 = (x + 3) (x + 2) (log3 (x) − 2) (log3 (x) + 1) = 0
x2 = x2 + 5x + 6 log3 (x) − 2 = 0 or log10 (x) + 1 = 0
0 = 5x + 6 log3 (x) = 2 log3 (x) = −1
6 32 = x 3−1 = x
x=−
5 1
x=9 x=
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
8 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.4

⎛ ⎞
l log6 (x − 3) + log6 (x + 2) = 1 100n2 100 (10y )2 ⎟
log10 = log10 ⎜⎜ 1⎟
log6 (x − 3)(x + 2) = 1 ( m5√n ) ⎝ (10x )5 (10y ) 2 ⎠
6 = (x − 3)(x + 2)
6 = x2 − x − 6 102 × 102y
= log10 y
0 = x2 − x − 12 ( 105x × 10 2 )
0 = (x − 4)(x + 3) ⎛ 2 3y
⎞
⎜ 10 × 10 2 ⎟
x − 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 = log10 ⎜ ⎟
105x
x=4 x = −3 ⎝ ⎠
3y
But x > 3, ∴ x = 4 2+ −5x
= log10 10 2
17 a log10 (y) = 2 log10 2 − 3 log10 (x) ( )
log10 (y) = log10 22 − log10 (x)3 3y
= 2+ − 5x log10 (10)
4 ( 2 )
log10 (y) = log10 3y
( x3 )
=2+ − 5x
4 2
y=
x3 19 8 logx (4) = log2 (x)
b log4 (y) = −2 + 2 log4 (x) 8 log2 (4) log2 (x)
=
log4 (y) = 2 log4 (x) − 2 log4 (4) log2 (x) log2 (2)
log4 (y) = log4 (x)2 − log4 (42 ) 8 log2 (4) × log2 (2) = [log2 (x)]
2

2
x2 8 log2 (22 ) × log2 (2) = [log2 (x)]
log4 (y) = log4 2
( 16 ) 16 log2 (2) × log2 (2) = [log2 (x)]
2
x2 16 = [log2 (x)]
y=
16 log2 (x) = ±4
c log9 (3xy) = 1.5 x = 24 , 2−4
3 1
log9 (3xy) = log9 9 = 16,
2 16
3 20 a e2x − 3 = loge (2x + 1)
log9 (3xy) = log9 (32 ) 2
Solve using CAS
log9 (3xy) = log9 33 x = −0.463, 0.675
3xy = 27 b x2 − 1 = loge (x)
xy = 9 Solve using CAS
9 x = 0.451, 1
y=
x 21 (3 log3 (x)) (5 log3 (x)) = 11 log3 (x) − 2
Solve using CAS
2x
d log8 + 2 = log8 (2) x = 1.5518, 1.4422
(y)
2x
log8 + 2 log8 (8) = log8 (2)
(y)
Exercise 1.4 – Logarithmic scales
2x
log8 + log8 (8)2 = log8 (2) I
(y) 1 L = 10 log10
( 10−12 )
128x
log8 = log8 (2) When L = 130 dB,
( y )
128x I
=2 130 = 10 log10
( 10−12 )
y
y = 64x 13 = log10 (I × 1012 )
13 = log10 (I) + log10 (10)12
18 a 3 logm (x) = 3 + logm (27)
13 = log10 (I) + 12 log10 (10)
3 logm (x) = 3 logm (m) + logm (3)3
13 = log10 (I) + 12
3 logm (x) = 3 logm (m) + 3 logm (3)
13 − 12 = log10 (I)
logm (x) = logm (m) + logm (3)
1 = log10 (I)
logm (x) = logm (3m)
I = 10
x = 3m
Intensity is 10 watt/m2 .
b If x = log10 (m) and y = log10 (n) then E
10x = m and 10y = n 2 M = 0.67 log10
(K)
If M = 5.5 and E = 1013 then

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.4 9

1013 If I = 500;
5.5 = 0.67 log10
( K ) 500
L = 10 log10
1013 ( 10−12 )
8.2090 = log10
( K ) L = 10 log10 (5 × 102 × 1012 )
13
10 L = 10 log10 (5 × 1014 )
108.2090 =
K L = 10 log10 (5) + 10 log10 (10)14
1013 L = 10 log10 (5) + (10 × 14) log10 (10)
K=
108.2090 L = 10 log10 (5) + 140
K = 104.7910 = 61 808.012 L = 146.9897 dB
Thus K = 61 808 A 500 watt amplifier is 146.9897 − 133.0103 = 13.98 dB
E louder than the 20 watt amplifier.
3 M = 0.67 log10 I
(K) 6 L = 10 log10
When M = 6.3, ( 10−12 )
E6.3 When I = 104 ,
6.3 = 0.67 log10
( K ) 104
L = 10 log10
6.3 E6.3 ( 10−12 )
= log10
0.67 ( K ) L = 10 log10 (104 × 1012 )
E6.3 L = 10 log10 (10)16
9.403 = log10
( K ) L = 160 log10 (10) = 160 dB
E6.3 Loudness is 160 dB
109.403 =
K 7 pH = − log10 [H+ ]
When H+ = 0.001,
252 911 074K = E6.3
pH = − log10 [0.001]
When M = 6.4,
E6.4 pH = − log10 (10)−3
6.4 = 0.67 log10
( K ) pH = 3 log10 (10) = 3
6.4 E6.4 Lemon juice has a pH of 3 which is acidic.
= log10 8 a pH = − log10 [H+ ]
0.67 ( K )
When pH = 0,
E6.4
9.5522 = log10 0 = − log10 [H+ ]
( K )
E6.4 0 = log10 [H+ ]
109.5522 = 100 = [H+ ]
K
1 mole/litre = [H+ ]
3566 471 895K = E6.4
b pH = − log10 [H+ ]
E6.4 ∶E6.3 = 3566 471 895K∶252 911 074K
When pH = 4,
= 1.4101∶1
4 = − log10 [H+ ]
6.4 earthquake is 1.41 times bigger than the 6.3 earthquake.
E −4 = log10 [H+ ]
4 M = 0.67 log10 10−4 = [H+ ]
(K)
When M = 9 and E = 1017 0.0001 moles/litre = [H+ ]
1017 c pH = − log10 [H+ ]
9 = 0.67 log10
( K ) When pH = 8,
13.4328 = log10 (10)17 − log10 (K) 8 = − log10 [H+ ]
log10 (K) = 17 log10 (10) − 13.4328 −8 = log10 [H+ ]
log10 (K) = 17 − 13.4328 10−8 = [H+ ]
log10 (K) = 3.5672 10−8 moles/litre = [H+ ]
103.5672 = K d pH = − log10 [H+ ]
K = 3691.17 When pH = 12,
I I 12 = − log10 [H+ ]
5 L = 10 log10 = 10 log10
( I0 ) ( 10−12 ) −12 = log10 [H+ ]
If I = 20; 10−12 = [H+ ]
20 10 moles/litre = [H+ ]
−12
L = 10 log10
( 10−12 )
9 a pH = − log10 [H+ ]
L = 10 log10 (20 × 1012 ) +
[H ] = 0.0 000 158 moles/litre
L = 10 log10 (2 × 1013 ) pH = − log10 (0.0 000 158)
L = 10 log10 (2) + 10 log10 (1013 ) pH = 4.8
L = 10 log10 (2) + (13 × 10) log10 (10) The hair conditioner has a pH of 4.8 which is acidic.
L = 10 log10 (2) + 130
L = 133.0103 dB

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
10 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.5

b pH = − log10 [H+ ] I
13 L = 10 log10
+ ( 10−12 )
[H ] = 0.00 000 275 moles/litre 0.22 Rifle:
pH = − log10 (0.00 000 275) I = (2.5 × 1013 ) I0 = 2.5 × 1013 × 10−12 = 2.5 × 10
pH = 5.56 2.5 × 10
L = 10 log10
The shampoo has a pH of 5.56 which is acidic. ( 10−12 )
10 a N (t) = 0.5N0
L = 10 (log10 (2.5 × 10) − log10 (10)−12 )
0.5N0 = N0 e−mt
L = 10 (log10 (2.5) + log10 (10) + 12 log10 (10))
1
= e−mt L = 10 (log10 (2.5) + 13)
2
L = 133.98
1 The loudness of the gunshot is about 133.98 dB so ear
loge = −mt
(2) protection should be worn.
loge (2)−1 = −mt 14 M = 0.67 log10
E
− loge (2) = −mt (K)
San Francisco: MSF = 8.3
loge (2) = mt ESF
loge (2) 8.3 = 0.67 log10
( K )
t= as required
m ESF
12.3881 = log10
b N (t) = 0.3N0 ( K )
When t = 5750 years, ESF
loge (2) 1012.3881 =
K
5750 =
m South America: MSA = 4ESF
5750m = loge (2) 4ESF
MSA = 0.67 log10
( K )
loge (2) ESF
m= = 0.000 121 Substitute 1012.3881 =
5750 K
0.3N0 = N0 e−0.000121t MSA = 0.67 log10 (4 × 1012.3881 )
0.3 = e−0.000121t = 8.7
loge (0.3) = −0.000121t Magnitude of the South American earthquake was 8.7.
loge (0.3)
=t
−0.000121 Exercise 1.5 – Indicial equations
t = 9987.55 1 a 32x+1 × 272−x = 81
2−x
The skeleton is 9988 years old. 32x+1 × (33 ) = 34
b1 32x+1 × 36−3x = 34
11 m2 − m1 = 2.5 log10
( b2 )
37−x = 34
Sirius: m1 = −1.5 and b1 = −30.3
Venus: m2 = −4.4 and b2 = ? Equating indices
−30.3 7−x=4
−4.4 − (−1.5) = 2.5 log10
( b2 ) x=3
−30.3 b 102x−1 − 5 = 0
−2.9 = 2.5 log10
( b2 ) 102x−1 = 5
−2.9 −30.3 log10 (5) = 2x − 1
= log10
2.5 ( b2 ) log10 (5) + 1 = 2x
−30.3 1 1
−1.16 = log10 x= log10 (5) +
( b2 ) 2 2
−30.3 c (4x − 16) (4x + 3) = 0
10−1.16 =
b2
4x − 16 = 0 or 4x + 3 = 0
−30.3
b2 = −1.16 4x = 16 4x = −3
10 x 2
4 =4 No solution
−30.3
b2 = x=2
0.0692
d 2 (102x ) − 7 (10x ) + 3 = 0
= −437.9683
Brightness of Venus is −437.97. 2 (10x )2 − 7 (10x ) + 3 = 0
f2 (2 (10)x − 1) ((10)x − 3) = 0
12 n = 1200 log10
( f1 ) 2(10)x − 1 = 0 or (10)x − 3 = 0
f1 = 256, f2 = 512 1
10x = 10x = 3
512 2
n = 1200 log10
( 256 ) 1
x = log10 x = log10 (3)
n = 361 cents (2)

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.5 11

1
2 a 2x+3 − =0 4 a 16 × 22x+3 = 8−2x
64
24 × 22x+3 = 23(−2x)
1
2x+3 = 22x+3+4 = 2−6x
64
2x + 7 = −6x
2x+3 = 2−6
8x = −7
Equating indices
7
x + 3 = −6 x=−
8
x = −9
b 22x − 9 = 0 b 2 × 3x+1 = 4
22x = 9 3x+1 = 2
log2 (9) = 2x log3 (2) = x + 1
1 x = log3 (2) − 1
x= log2 (9) 10
2 c 2 (5x ) − 12 = −
5x
c 3e2x − 5ex − 2 = 0
2 (5x )2 − 12 (5x ) + 10 = 0
3 (ex )2 − 5ex − 2 = 0
(5x )2 − 6 (5x ) + 5 = 0
(3ex + 1) (ex − 2) = 0
(5x − 1) (5x − 5) = 0
3ex + 1 = 0 or ex − 2 = 0
5x − 1 = 0 or 5x − 5 = 0
3ex = −1 ex = 2
5x = 1 5x = 5
No solution x = loge (2)
5x = 50 5x = 51
d e2x − 5ex = 0
x=0 x=1
ex (ex − 5) = 0
ex = 0 or ex − 5 = 0 d 4x+1 = 31−x
No solution ex = 5 loge (4)x+1 = loge (3)1−x
x = loge (5) (x + 1) loge (4) = (1 − x) loge (3)
x loge (4) + loge (4) = loge (3) − x loge (3)
3 a 72x−1 = 5
x loge (4) + x loge (3) = loge (3) − loge (4)
log7 (5) = 2x − 1
log7 (5) + 1 = 2x 3
x (loge (4) + loge (3)) = loge
(4)
1 1
x= log7 (5) + loge ( 43 )
2 2
x=
b (3x − 9) (3x − 1) = 0 loge (4) + loge (3)
loge ( 34 )
3x − 9 = 0 or 3x − 1 = 0 x=
x
3 =9 3x = 1 loge (12)
x 2 5 a 2 (2x−1 − 3) + 4 = 0
3 =3 3x = 30
2 (2x−1 − 3) = −4
x=2 x=0
2x−1 − 3 = −2
c 25x − 5x − 6 = 0
2x−1 = 1
(52 )x − 5x − 6 = 0
2x−1 = 20
(5x )2 − 5x − 6 = 0
x−1=0
(5x − 3)(5x + 2) = 0
x=1
5x − 3 = 0 or 5x + 2 = 0
b 2 (51−2x ) − 3 = 7
5x = 3 5x = −2
2 (51−2x ) = 10
log5 (3) = x No solution
51−2x = 5
d 6 (92x ) − 19 (9x ) + 10 = 0
51−2x = 51
6 (9x )2 − 19 (9x ) + 10 = 0
1 − 2x = 1
(3 (9x ) − 2) (2 (9x ) − 5) = 0
0 = 2x
3(9x ) − 2 = 0 or 2(9x ) − 5 = 0 x=0
3(9x ) = 2 2(9x ) = 5 −1 1
6 a x − 1
2 5 1 − 1+x−1
(9x ) = (9x ) =
3 2 1
= x−1 − 1
2 5 1 − 1+ 1
x = log9 x = log9
(3) (2) x
1
= x−1 − 1
1 − x+1
x

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
12 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.5

1
= x−1 − x ex − 4 = 0 or ex − 8 = 0
1 − x+1
ex = 4 ex = 8
1
= x−1 − x+1−x
loge (4) = x loge (8) = x
x+1 loge (2)2 = x loge (23 ) = x
1
= x−1 − 1
2 loge (2) = x 3 loge (2) = x
x+1 c e2x − 4 = 2ex
1
= − (x + 1) e2x − 2ex − 4 = 0
x
1 2 ±√(−2)2 − 4 (1) (−4)
= −x−1 ex =
x 2
2
b 23−4x × 3−4x+3 × 6x = 1 2 ±√20
2 ex =
23−4x × 3−4x+3 × (2 × 3)x = 1 2
2 2
23−4x × 3−4x+3 × 2x × 3x = 1 2 ± 2√5
2
−4x+3 2
−4x+3
ex =
2x × 3x =1 2
2
6x −4x+3 = 60 ex = 1 ±√5
2
x − 4x + 3 = 0 x = loge (1 ±√5)
(x − 1) (x − 3) = 0
Therefore x = loge (1 +√5) as 1 −√5 ≯ 0
x − 1 = 0 or x−3=0
−5
x=1 x=3 d ex − 12 =
ex
7 a ex−2 − 2 = 7 e2x − 12ex + 5 = 0
ex−2 = 9 12 ±√144 − 4 (1) (5)
loge (9) = x − 2 ex =
2
loge (9) + 2 = x
12 ±√144 − 20
loge (3)2 + 2 = x ex =
2
x = 2 loge (3) + 2
x 12 ±√124
b e4 + 1 = 3 ex =
2
x
e4 = 2 12 ± 2√31
x ex =
loge (2) = 2
4
ex = 6 ±√31
x = 4 loge (2)
x = loge (6 ±√31)
c e2x = 3ex
9 y = m (10)nx
e − 3ex = 0
2x
When
e (ex − 3) = 0
x
x = 2, y = 20; 20 = m (10)2n ........................ (1)
ex = 0 or ex − 3 = 0 When
No solution ex = 3 x = 4, y = 200; 200 = m (10)4n .................... (2)
x = loge (3) (2) ÷ (1)
2 200 m (10)4n
d ex + 2 = 4 =
2
20 m (10)2n
ex = 2
10 = 102n
x2 = loge (2)
log10 (10) = 2n
x = ±√loge (2)
1 = 2n
8 a e2x = ex + 12
1
2x
e − e − 12 = 0 x n=
2
(ex )2 − (ex ) − 12 = 0 1
(ex − 4) (ex + 3) = 0 Substitute n = into (1)
2
ex − 4 = 0 or ex + 3 = 0
1
x 2
e =4 ex = −3 20 = m (10) ( 2 )
loge (4) = x loge (−3) = x
2 loge (2) = x No solution 20 = 10m
b ex = 12 − 32e−x m=2
x −x
e − 12 + 32e = 0 10 a 2x < 0.3
(ex )2 − 12 (ex ) + 32 = 0 log2 (0.3) < x
(ex − 4) (ex − 8) = 0 −1.737 > x
x < −1.737

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.6 13

b (0.4)x < 2 c 20 × 100.04t > 30

log0.4 (2) < x 100.04t > 1.5
0.04t
−0.756 < x log10 10 > log10 1.5
x > −0.756 0.04t > log10 1.5
2
11 (log3 (4m)) = 25n2 log10 1.5
t>
log3 (4m) = ±5n 0.04
3−5n = 4m or 35n = 4m t > 4.4 years
1 35n after 5 years.
m= m=
4 × 35n 4 14 y = ae−kx
12 a e m−kx
= 2n When
x = 2, y = 3.033 so 3.033 = ae−2k .................... (1)
m − kx = loge (2n)
When
−kx = loge (2n) − m
x = 6, y = 1.1157 so 1.1157 = ae−6k ................. (2)
loge (2n) − m 3.033 ae−2k
x= (1) ÷ (2) = −6k
−k 1.1157 ae
m − loge (2n) 2.7185 = e4k
= , k ∈ R\ {0} , n ∈ R+
k loge (2.7185) = 4k
b 8mx × 42n = 16 1
loge (2.7185) = k
2 × 22(2n) = 24
3mx
4
23mx+4n = 24 k = 0.25
3mx + 4n = 4 Substitute k = 0.25 into (1)
3mx = 4 − 4n 3.033 = ae−2(0.25)
4 − 4n 3.033 = ae−0.5
x= , m ∈ R\ {0}
3m 3.033
=a
mx
c 2e = 5 + 4e −mx e−0.5
2 (emx )2 − 5emx − 4 = 0 a=5
5 ± √(−5)2 − 4 (2) (−4) 15 A = Pert
emx =
2 (2) When
t = 5, A = $12 840.25 12 840.25 = Pe5r ..................... (1)
5 ±√25 + 32
emx = When
4 t = 7, A = $14 190.66 14 190.66 = Pe7r .................... (2)
5 ±√57 14 190.66 Pe7r
emx = (2) ÷ (1) =
4 12 840.25 Pe5r
5 +√57 mx 1.1052 = e2r
emx = ,e >0 loge (1.1052) = 2r
4
1
5 +√57 loge (1.1052) = r
mx = loge 2
( 4 )
0.05 = r
1 5 +√57
x= loge , m ∈ R\ {0} r = 5%
m ( 4 )
Substitute r − 0.05 into (1)
13 D = A × 100.04t 12 840.25 = Pe5(0.05)
a If A = 20, D = 20 × 100.04t 12 840.25
b 25 = 20 × 100.04t =P
e0.25
25 P = $10 000
= 100.04t
20
100.04t = 1.25
log10 100.04t = log10 1.25 Exercise 1.6 – Logarithmic graphs
0.04t log10 10 = log10 1.25 1 a Graph cuts y axis when x = 0,
0.04t = log10 1.25 y = loge (4) = 1.386
log10 1.25 Domain = (−4, ∞) and Range = R
t=
0.04
t = 2.423 years
t = 2 years 5 months

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
14 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.6

y y
y = loge (x + 4)
y = –loge (x – 4)

(–3, 0) (0, loge (4))

(5, 0)
0 x x
0
(6, –loge (2))

x = –4
x=4
b Graph cuts x axis when y = 0,
loge (x) + 2 = 0 2 a y = log3 (x + 2) − 3
loge (x) = −2 Graph cuts the x axis where y = 0,
log3 (x + 2) − 3 = 0
e−2 = x
log3 (x + 2) = 3
0.1353 = x
When x = 2, 33 = x + 2
y = loge (2) + 2 = 2.69 27 = x + 2
Domain = (0, ∞) and Range = R 25 = x
y Domain = (−2, ∞) and Range = R
y
y = loge (x) + 2

y = log3 (x + 2) –3
(1, 2)

x (25, 0)
0 (e–2, 0)
0 x

(0, log3 (2) –3)

x=0
x = –2
c Graph cuts x axis when y = 0,
4 loge (x) = 0 b y = 3 log5 (2 − x)
Graph cuts the x axis where y = 0,
loge (x) = 0
3 log3 (2 − x) = 0
e0 = x
log3 (2 − x) = 0
1=x
30 = 2 − x
When x = 2,
y = 4 loge (2) x=2−1
Domain = (0, ∞) and Range = R x=1
y Domain = (−∞, 1) and Range = R
y

y = 4 loge (x) y = 3log5 (2 – x)

(2, 4 loge (2)) (0, 3log5 (2))

0 (1, 0) x (1, 0)
0 x

x=0
x=2
d Graph cuts the x axis where y = 0,
− loge (x − 4) = 0 c y = 2 log10 (x + 1)
loge (x − 4) = 0 Graph cuts the x axis where y = 0,
e0 = x − 4 2 log10 (x + 1) = 0
1+4=x log10 (x + 1) = 0
5=x 100 = x + 1
Domain = (4, ∞) and Range = R 0=x
Domain = (−1, ∞) and Range = R

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.6 15

y
5 a Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
y = 2 log10 (x + 1)
loge (x) + 3 = 0
loge (x) = −3
(1, 2 log10 (2)) e−3 = x
(0, 0) x 0.05 ≃ x
When x = 1, y = loge 1 + 3 = 3
y
y = loge (x) + 3

x = –1 (1, 3)
−x
d y = log2 ( )
2
Graph cuts the x axis where y = 0,
−x
log2 ( ) = 0
2 0 (e–3, 0) x
−x
20 =
2
−2 = x x=0
Domain = (−∞, 0) and Range = R b Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
y loge (x) − 5 = 0
loge (x) = 5
e5 = x
( )
x
y = log2 – –2
148.4 ≃ x
(–2, 0) When x = 1,
0 x y = loge (1) − 5 = −5
(–1, –1)
y

x=0 y = loge (x) – 5

3 y = loge (x − m) + n
0 (e5, 0) x
Vertical asymptote is x = 2 so m = 2.
y = loge (x − 2) + n
When x = e + 2, y = 3 (1, –5)
3 = loge (e + 2 − 2) + n
3 = loge (e) + n
x=0
n = 3 − loge (e)
n=2 c Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
y = loge (x − 2) + 2 loge (x) + 0.5 = 0
4 y = p loge (x − q) loge (x) = −0.5
When x = 0, y = 0 e−0.5 = x
0 = p loge (−q) ........................ (1) 0.6 ≃ x
When x = 1, y = −0.35 When x = 1, y = loge (1) + 0.5 = 0.5
−0.35 = p loge (1 − q) ............ (2) y
From (1)
0 = loge (−q)
y = loge (x) + 0.5
e0 = −q
q = −1
Substitute q = −1 into (2)
(1, 0.5)
−0.35 = p loge (1 − (−1))
−0.35 = p loge (2)
x
−0.35
loge (2)
=p
0
(e , 0)
–1
2

−7
p=
20 loge (2)

x=0

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
16 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.6

6 a Graph cuts x axis when y = 0. 7 a Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.

loge (x − 4) = 0 1
loge (x) = 0
e0 = x − 4 4
1=x−4 loge (x) = 0
5=x e0 = x
When x = 10, 1=x
y = loge (10 − 4) = loge (6) = 1.8 Graph does not cut the y axis.
y y
y = loge (x – 4)
(10, loge (6))

(1, 0)
y = –1 loge (x)
4
(1
4, – loge
4 (
0 x

(5, 0)
0 x x=0
b Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
3 loge (x) = 0
loge (x) = 0
x=4 e0 = x
b Graph cuts x axis when y = 0. 1=x
loge (x + 2) = 0 Graph does not cut the y axis.
e0 = x + 2 y
y = 3 loge (x)
1=x+2
−1 = x
When x = 0, (2, 3 loge (2))
y = loge (0 + 2) = loge (2) ≃ 0.7
y (1, 0)
0 x
y = loge (x + 2)
(0, loge (2))

(–1, 0)
0 x

x=0
c Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
6 loge (x) = 0
loge (x) = 0
e0 = x
x = –2 1=x
c Graph cuts x axis when y = 0. Graph does not cut the y axis.
loge (x + 0.5) = 0 y
e0 = x + 0.5
1 = x + 0.5 (2, 6 loge(2))
0.5 = x
y = 6 loge (x)
When x = 0,
y = loge (0 + 0.5) = loge (0.5) ≃ −0.7 (1, 0)
0 x
y
y = loge (x + 0.5)

(0.5, 0)
0 x x=0
(0, loge (0.5)) 8 a Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
loge (3x) = 0
e0 = 3x
1 = 3x
1
x = – 0.5 =x
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.6 17

Graph does not cut the y axis. y

y

y = loge (3x) (2, 1 – 2 loge(1))

(1, loge(3)) y = 1 – 2 loge (x – 1)

x (e0.5 + 1, 0)
0
( –13 , 0) 0 x

x=1
x=0 b Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
b Graph cuts x axis when y = 0. loge (2x + 4) = 0
x
loge ( ) = 0 e0 = 2x + 4
4
x 1 − 4 = 2x
e0 = 3
4 − =x
x 2
1=
4 Graph cuts the y axis where x = 0.
4=x loge (2 (0) + 4) = y
Graph does not cut the y axis. loge (4) = y
y 1.3863 = y
y

x
()
y = loge –
4
(4, 0) y = loge (2x + 4)
0 x
(0, loge (4))

( 1
1, loge –
4 ( )) 0 x
(–1.5, 0)
x=0
x = –2
c Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
c Graph cuts x axis when y = 0.
loge (4x) = 0
1 x
e0 = 4x loge ( ) + 1 = 0
2 4
1 = 4x 1 x
1 loge ( ) = −1
=x 2 4
4 x
loge ( ) = −2
Graph does not cut the y axis. 4
y x
e−2 =
4
y = loge (4x)
(1, loge(4)) 4e−2 = x
0.5413 = x
0 x Graph does not cut the y axis.
(0.25, 0)
y

()
y = 1–2 loge –4x + 1
( 1
4, – loge (1) + 1 )
2
x=0 (4 e–2, 0)
9 a Graph cuts x axis when y = 0. 0 x
1 − 2 loge (x − 1) = 0
2 loge (x − 1) = 1
1
loge (x − 1) =
2 x=0
1
e2 =x−1 10 a f (x) = 2 loge (3x + 3)
1 Domain = (−1, ∞) and Range = R
e2 +1=x Inverse: swap x and y
2.6487 = x
Graph does not cut the y axis.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
18 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.6

x = 2 loge (3y + 3) b y
x y=x
= loge (3y + 3) (3.68, 3.68)
2
x
e 2 = 3y + 3 y = loge (2(x – 1)) + 2
x
e 2 − 3 = 3y
(1.23, 1.23)
1 x y = 1–2 e x – 2 + 1
y=e2 − 1
3
1 x
f−1 (x) = e 2 − 1
3
(0, 1– –2
2
e )
+1
y=1
Domain = R and Range = (−1, ∞)
b f (x) = loge (2 (x − 1)) + 2
Domain = (1, ∞) and Range = R
Inverse: swap x and y 0 x
x = loge (2 (y − 1)) + 2 (e 1– –2
2
+ 1, 0)
x − 2 = loge (2 (y − 1)) x=1
ex−2 = 2 (y − 1) c y
1 x−2
e =y−1 y=x
2 y = 2 loge(1 – x) – 2
1
y = ex−2 + 1 (1 – e, 0)
2 y=1
1
f−1 (x) = ex−2 + 1
2
0 x
Domain = R and Range = (1, ∞)
c f (x) = 2 loge (1 − x) − 2 (–2, 0)
(0, 1 – e)
Domain = (−∞, 1) and Range = R
Inverse: swap x and y (0, –2)
(–0.81, –0.81)
x = 2 loge (1 − y) − 2
x = 2 loge (1 − y) − 2 1
– (x + 2)
y = 1 – e2
x + 2 = 2 loge (1 − y)
1
(x + 2) = loge (1 − y)
2
1
(x+2) x=1
e2 =1−y
1 12 a y = a loge (bx)
(x+2)
y=1− e2 When x = 1, y = loge (2),
1 loge (2) = a loge (b) ................... (1)
(x+2)
f−1 (x) = 1 − e 2
When x = 2, y = 0,
Domain = R and Range = (−∞, 1) 0 = a loge (2b) .......................... (2)
11 a
y=x
(2) – (1)
0 − loge (2) = a loge (2b) − a loge (b)
− loge (2) = a (loge (2b) − loge (b))
y = 2 loge(3x + 3)
(6.12, 6.12)
2b
(0, 2 loge (3)) − loge (2) = a loge
(b)
− loge (2) = a loge (2)
x
y= 3 1 e–2 –
– 1
loge (2)
− =a
loge (2)
(– 2–3, 0) −1 = a
Substitute a = −1 into (1)
0 x loge (2) = − loge (b)
loge (2) = loge (b)−1
y = –1
(0 , – 2–3) (2 loge (3), 0)
loge (2) = loge
1
(b)
(–0.77, –0.77) 1
2=
x = –1 b
1
b=
2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.7 19

3
b When x = 3, w = − loge = −0.4055
(2) Exercise 1.7 – Applications
13 y = a loge (x − h) + k
Graph asymptotes to 1 A = Pert
x = −1 so h = −1 and y = a loge (x + 1) + k Western Bank: P = $4200, r = 5% = 0.05 so A = 4200e0.05t
Graph cuts the y axis at y = −2 Common Bank:
(0, −2) ⇒ −2 = a loge (1) + k P = $5500, r = 4.5% = 0.045 so A = 5500e0.045t
Investments equal in value when
k = −2
e0.05t 5500
∴y = a loge (x + 1) − 2 =
Graph cuts the x axis at x = 1 e0.045t 4200
(1, 0) ⇒ 0 = a loge (2) − 2 0.005t 55
e =
2 = a loge (2) 42
55
2 loge = 0.005t
a= ( 42 )
loge (2)
55
Thus loge ÷ 0.005 = t
2 ( 42 )
y= loge (x + 1) − 2
loge (2) t = 53.9327
14 y = m log2 (nx) It takes 54 years for the amounts to be equal.
When 2 a A = Pert
x = −2, y = 3 so 3 = m log2 (−2n) ..................... (1) A = 3P, t = 15
When 3P = Pe15r
1 1 n
x = − , y = so = m log2 (− ) ................... (2) 3 = e15r
2 2 2
1 n loge (3) = 15r
(1) − (2) 3 − = m log2 (−2n) − m log2 (− )
2 2 loge (3)
=r
5 n 15
= m (log2 (−2n) − log2 (− ))
2 2 r = 0.0732
5 n Interest rate of investment is 7.32%.
= m (log2 (−2n ÷ − ))
2 2
b A = Pert
5
= m log2 (4) P = $2000, r = 4.5% = 0.045, A = $9000
2
9000 = 2000e0.045t
5
= m log2 (2)2 9000
2 = e0.045t
2000
5
= 2m 9
2 loge = 0.045t
(2)
5
m= 9
4 loge ÷ 0.045 = t
5 5 (2)
Substitute m = into (1) 3 = log2 (−2n)
4 4 t = 33.42
12 It takes 33 years and 5 months for the investment to grow
= log2 (−2n)
5 to $9000.
12 T−R
2 5 = −2n 3 t = −10 loge
( 37 − R )
12
25 T = 25°C, R = 20°C
− =n 25 − 20
2 t = −10 loge
7 ( 37 − 20 )
n = −2 5
7 5
t = −10 loge = 12.2378
Thus m = 1.25 and n = −2 5 as required. ( 17 )
15 a x − 2 = loge (x) Time of death is 9 am – 12.2378 hours = 8.7622 or 8.46 pm
Solve on CAS 3
the day before. The person died 1 hours after the telephone
x = 0.159 or 3.146 4
call.
b 1 − 2x = loge (x − 1) 4 n (t) = loge (t + e2 ), t≥0
Solve on CAS
a Initially t = 0, n (0) = loge (e2 ) = 2 loge (e) = 2
x = 1.232
16 a x2 − 2 < loge (x) Initially there were 2 parts per million.
Solve on CAS b When t = 12, n (12) = loge (12 + e2 ) = 2.9647
x ∈ (0.138, 1.564) After 12 hours there are 2.96 parts per million.
b x3 − 2 ≤ loge (x) c When n (t) = 4,
Solve on CAS 4 = loge (t + e2 )
x ∈ [0.136, 1.315] e4 = t + e 2
e − e2 = t
4

t = 47.2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
20 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.7

2
It takes 47.2 hours before the four parts in a million of = (0.805)t
fungal bloom exists. 3
2
5 A = Pert loge = loge (0.805)t
5 (3)
When t = 10, P = $1000 and r = = 0.05,
100 2
A = 1000e 0.05(10) loge = t loge (0.805)
(3)
A = $1648.72 2
6 P (t) = 200kt + 1000 loge ÷ loge (0.805) = t
(3)
Initially t = 0 so P (0) = 2000 + 1000 = 1001
When t = 8 and P = 3 × 1001 = 3003, t = 1.87
3003 = 2008k + 1000 It takes 1.87 millennia to lose a third of the basic words.
2003 = 2008k 10 a M = a − loge (t + b)
loge (2003) = loge (200)8k When t = 0, M = 7.8948,
loge (2003) = 8k loge (200) 7.8948 = a − loge (b) ............... (1)
loge (2003) When t = 80, M = 7.3070,
= 8k 7.3070 = a − loge (80 + b) ............... (2)
loge (200)
loge (2003) (1) – (2)
=k 7.8948 − 7.3070 = a − loge (b) − (a − loge (80 + b))
8 loge (200)
k = 0.1794 0.5878 = a − loge (b) − a + loge (80 + b)
3 1 0.5878 = loge (80 + b) − loge (b)
7 P (t) = (1 − e−kt ) and when t = 3 and P = ,
4 1500 (80 + b)
1 3 0.5878 = loge
= 1 − e−3k ) ( b )
1500 4 (
(80 + b)
4 e0.5878 =
= 1 − e−3k b
4500
4 1.8b = 80 + b
e−3k = 1 − 0.8b = 80
4500
e−3k = 0.999 b = 100
Substitute b = 100 into (1):
loge (0.999) = −3k
7.8948 = a − loge (100)
1
− loge (0.999) = k 7.8948 + loge (100) = a
3
12.5 = a
k = 0.0003 M = 12.5 − loge (t + 100)
8 Q = Q0 e−0.000 124t Thus a = 12.5 and b = 100.
a When Q0 = 100 and t = 1000, b When t = 90,
Q = 100e−0.000 124(1000) M = 12.5 − loge (90 + 100)
Q = 100e−0.124 M = 12.5 − loge (190) = 7.253 g
Q = 88.3 milligrams 11 a P = a loge (t) + c
1 When t = 1, P = 10 000,
b When Q = Q0 = 50,
2 10 000 = a loge (1) + c
50 = 100e−0.000 124t 10 000 = c
0.5 = e−0.000 124t P = a loge (t) + 10 000
loge (0.5) = −0.000 124t When t = 4, P = 6000,
loge (0.5) 6000 = a loge (4) + 10 000
=t
−0.000 124 −4000 = a loge (4)
t = 5589.897 −4000
=a
It takes 5590 years for the amount of carbon-14 in the loge (4)
fossil to be halved. a = −2885.4
9 W = W0 (0.805)t b P = −2885.4 loge (t) + 10 000
a When t = 10, P = 10 000 − 2885.4 loge (t)
W = W0 (0.805)10 = 0.11428W0 When t = 8,
0.114W0 are the words remaining after 10 millennia or P = 10 000 − 2885.4 loge (8) = 4000
88.57% of the words have been lost. There are 4000 after 8 weeks.
2
b W = W0 since one-third of the basic words have c When P = 1000,
3
been lost 1000 = 10 000 − 2885.4 loge (t)
2
W0 = W0 (0.805)t 2885.4 loge (t) = 9000
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.8 21

9000
loge (t) = 14 Q = Q0 e−0.000 124t
2885.4 When Q = 20% of Q0 = 0.2Q0
loge (t) = 3.1192 0.2Q0 = Q0 e−0.000 124t
e3.1192 = t 0.2 = e−0.000 124t
t = 22.6 loge (0.2) = −0.000 124t
After 22.6 weeks there will be less than 1000 trout. loge (0.2)
12 a C = A loge (kt) =t
−0.000 124
When t = 2, C = 0.1, t = 12979
0.1 = A loge (2k) ............... (1) Age of painting is 12 979 years.
When t = 30, C = 4, x
15 R (x) = 800 loge (2 + and C (x) = 300 + 2x
4 = A loge (30k) ............... (2) 100 )
(2) ÷ (1) a P (x) = R (x) − C (x)
A loge (30k) 4
= x
A loge (2k) 0.1 P (x) = 800 loge (2 + − 300 − 2x
100 )
loge (30k) = 40 loge (2k) b When P (x) = 0,
loge (30) + loge (k) = 40 (loge (2) + loge (k)) x
800 loge (2 + − 300 − 2x = 0
loge (30) + loge (k) = 40 loge (2) + 40 loge (k) 100 )
loge (30) − 40 loge (2) = 40 loge (k) − loge (k) x
800 loge (2 + = 300 + 2x
loge (30) − 40 loge (2) = 39 loge (k) 100 )
−24.3247 = 39 loge (k) x = 750.89
−24.3247 x ≃ 751
= loge (k) 751 units are needed to break even.
39
−0.6237 = loge (k) 16 a V = kemt
e−0.6237 = k When t = 0, V = 10 000;
10 000 = ke0
k = 0.536
Substitute k = 0.536 into (1): 10 000 = k
0.1 = A loge (2 × 0.536) V = 10 000emt
0.1 = 0.0694A When t = 12, V = 13 500;
13 500 = 10 000e12m
A = 1.440
1.35 = e12m
C = 1.440 loge (0.536t)
b When t = 15, loge (1.35) = 12m
C = 1.440 loge (0.536 × 15) = 3.00 M 1
loge (1.35) = m
Concentration after 15 seconds is 3.00 M. 12
c When C = 10 M, 0.025 = m
10 = 1.440 loge (0.536t) V = 10 000e0.025t
6.9541 = loge (0.536t) b When t = 18, V = 10 000e0.025(18) = $15 685.58
e6.9541 = 0.536t c Profit = P
1047.4385 = 0.536t P = 1.375 × 10 000e0.025t − 10 000
t = 1934 P = 13 750e0.025t − 10 000
After 1934 seconds or 32 minutes and 14 seconds the d When t = 24,
concentration is 10 M. P = 13 750e0.025(24) − 10 000 = $15 059.38
13 F (t) = 10 + 2 loge (t + 2)
a When t = 0, F (0) = 10 + 2 loge (2) = 11.3863
b When t = 4, 1.8 Review: exam practice
F (4) = 10 + 2 loge (4 + 2)
1 3 loge (5) + 2 loge (2) − loge (20)
= 10 + 2 loge (6) = loge 53 + loge 22 − loge 20
= 13.5835
125 × 4
c When F = 15, = loge
( 20 )
15 = 10 + 2 loge (t + 2)
5 = 2 loge (t + 2) = loge 25
= loge 52
5
= loge (t + 2) = 2 loge 5
2
5 Answer is D
e2 = t + 2
5
e2 − 2 = t
t = 10.18
After 10.18 weeks Andrew’s level of fitness is 15.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
22 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.8

2 5 log10 (x) − log10 (x2 ) = 1 + log10 (y) (x + 2)2 = 3x (x − 1)

5 log10 (x) − 2 log10 (x) = 1 + log10 (y) x2 + 4x + 4 = 3x2 − 3x
0 = 2x2 − 7x − 4
5 log10 (x) − 2 log10 (x) − 1 = log10 (y)
0 = (2x + 1) (x − 4)
5 log10 (x) − 2 log10 (x) − log10 (10) = log10 (y) 1
If (2x + 1) = 0, x = − → not possible as loge (x) is
3 log10 (x) − log10 (10) = log10 (y) 2
undefined if x < 0
x3 If (x − 4) = 0, x = 4
log10 = log10 (y)
( 10 ) Hence, x = 4
2
x3 c 2 (log4 (x)) = 3 − log4 (x5 )
=y 2
( 10 ) 2 (log4 (x)) = 3 − 5 log4 (x)
2
x3 = 10y 2 (log4 (x)) + 5 log4 (x) − 3 = 0
3
x = √10y Let log4 (x) = a:
Answer is C 2a2 + 5a − 3 = 0
3 As (x − m) > 0 if loge (x − m) is to be defined, m < x < ∞ (a + 3) (2a − 1) = 0
Answer is D If (a + 3) = 0, a = −3
4 7eax = 3 1
3 so log4 (x) = −3 ⇒ x = 4−3 =
eax = 64
7 1
If (2a − 1) = 0, a =
3 2
ax = loge 1 1
(7) so log4 (x) = x = 4 2 = √4 = 2
3 2
loge ( 7 ) 1
x= Therefore x = or x = 2
a 64
Answer is C 7 a log2 (y) = 2 log2 (x) − 3
5 32x+1 − 4 × 3x + 1 = 0 As log2 (8) = 3,
3 × 32x − 4 × 3x + 1 = 0
log2 (y) = 2 log2 (x) − log2 (8)
Let 3x = a, then
3a2 − 4a + 1 = 0 log2 (y) = log2 (x2 ) − log2 (8)
(3a − 1) (a − 1) = 0 x2
1 log2 (y) = log2
If (3a − 1) = 0, a = (8)
3
1 1 x2
Then 3x = → x = log3 = −1 y= provided that x > 0
3 (3) 8
If (a − 1) = 0, a = 1 b log3 (9x) − log3 (x4 y) = 2
Then 3x = 1 → x = log3 (1) = 0 log3 (9x) − (log3 (x4 ) + log3 (y)) = log3 (9)
Answer is A log3 (9x) − log3 (x4 ) − log3 (y) = log3 (9)
6 a 2 loge (x) − loge (x − 1) = loge (x − 4)
log3 (9x) − log3 (x4 ) − log3 (9) = log3 (y)
loge (x2 ) − loge (x − 1) − loge (x − 4) = 0
x2 9x
loge =0 log3 = log3 (y)
( (x − 1) (x − 4) ) ( 9 x4 )
x 2 1
= e0 log3 = log3 (y)
( x3 )
(x − 1) (x − 4)
x2 y=
1
provided that x > 0
=1
(x − 1) (x − 4) x3
2 8 a y = loge (x − 1) + 3
x = (x − 1) (x − 4)
y
x2 = x2 − 5x + 4
5x − 4 = 0
4
x=
5
Since the condition is x > 4
No solution y = loge(x – 1) + 3
b 2 loge (x + 2) − loge (x) = loge 3 (x − 1)
loge (x + 2)2 − loge (x) = loge 3 (x − 1)
2
loge (x + 2) − loge (x) − loge 3 (x − 1) = 0

loge
(x + 2)2
=0
( 1
–
e3
+ 1, 0 )
( 3x (x − 1) ) 0 x
2
(x + 2)
= e0
( 3x (x − 1) ) x=1
(x + 2)2 Domain = (1, ∞), range = R
=1
( 3x (x − 1) )

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.8 23

b y = loge (x + 3) − 1 12 a The negative sign indicates that this is the reflection of

y y = log10 x
Answer is S
b This will be the graph of y = log10 x dilated by a factor of 2
y = loge (x + 3) – 1 Answer is R
1
c For y = log10 2x, when x = , y = log10 (1) = 0
2
Answer is Q
(0, loge (3) – 1) d For y = log10 (x − 1), when x = 2, y = log10 (1) = 0
(e – 3, 0) 0 x Answer is P
64 q2
13 log4
( p3√q )
1
= log4 (64 q2 ) − log4 p3 q 2
( )
1
x = –3 = log4 (64) + log4 (q2 ) − log4 (p3 ) + log4 q 2
( ( ))
Domain = (−3, ∞), range = R 1
= log4 (64) + log4 (q2 ) − log4 (p3 ) − log4 q 2
c y = 2 loge (−x) ( )
y 1
= 3 + 2 log4 (q) − 3 log4 (p) − log4 (q)
2
y = 2loge(–x) 3
= 3 − 3 log4 (p) + log4 (q)
2
3
= 3 − 3x + y
2
(–1, 0) 0 x 64 q2 3
Thus, it is proven that log4 = 3 − 3x + y.
( p3√q ) 2
14 a i pH = − log10 [H+ ]
pH = − log10 (0.01)
= − log10 (10−2 )
= − (−2) log10 (10)
x=0
pH = 2 (acidic)
ii pH = − log10 (10−11 )
Domain = (−∞, 0), range = R
= − (−11) log10 (10)
I
9 a L = 10 log10 pH = 11 (basic)
( I0 )
b i 3 = − log10 [H+ ]
I
90 = 10 log10 −3 = log10 [H+ ]
( 10−12 )
10−3 = [H+ ]
I
9 = log10 Concentration is 0.001 moles/litre
( 10−12 )
ii 14 = − log10 [H+ ]
I
109 = −14 = log10 [H+ ]
10−12
10−14 = [H+ ]
I = 10−3 W/m2
Concentration is 10−14 moles/litre
10−6 15 When x = 1,
b L = 10 log10
( 10−12 ) y = a loge (b) and y = −3 loge (2)
L = 10 log10 (106 ) ⇒ a loge (b) = −3 loge (2)
L = 60 dB When x = 2, y = 0:
10 log2 5 = 2.321; log2 9 = 3.17 0 = a loge (2b)
5 0 = loge (2b)
log2 = log2 5 − log2 9
(9) e0 = 2b
= 2.321 − 3.17 1 = 2b
= −0.849 1
a b=
11 R = log10 ( ) + B 2
T Substituting this value into the equation
10
R = log10 + 6.8 a loge (b) = −3 loge (2) gives
(1)
= log10 (10) + 6.8
= 1 + 6.8
= 7.8
∴ R = 7.8

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
24 CHAPTER 1 The logarithmic function 2 • EXERCISE 1.8

1 19 a P = a loge (t) + b
a loge = −3 loge (2)
(2) In 2008, t = 2008 − 2007 = 1 year and P = 150:
a
1 150 = a loge (1) + b
= 2−3
(2) As loge (1) = 0,
2−a = 2−3 b = 150
a=3 In 2013, t = 2013 − 2007 = 6 years and P = 6 000:
To find m, substitute x = 3: 6 000 = a loge (6) + 150
1 5 850 = a loge (6)
m = 3 loge ×3
(2 )
5 850
3 a=
= 3 loge loge (6)
(2)
= 3 265
1 3 a = 3 265 and b = 150
Therefore, a = 3, b = and m = 3 loge .
2 (2)
b In 2025, t = 2025 − 2007 = 18 years
16 a d = Atn
P = 3 265 loge (18) + 150
Substituting values d = 4.7 and t = 1:
= 9 587
4.7 = A × 1n ⇒ A = 4.7
There will be 9 587 quokkas.
Substituting values d = 42.3, t = 3 and A = 4.7:
c i PR = P − 0.25P
42.3 = 4.7 × 3n
PR = 0.75P
9 = 3n
Substituting P = 3 265 loge (t) + 150:
32 = 3n ⇒ n = 2
PR = 0.75 (3 265 loge (t) + 150)
∴ A = 4.7 and n = 2
b When t = 7: PR = 2448.71 loge (t) + 112.5
d = 4.7 × 72 ii In 2025, t = 18 years:
PR = 2448.71 loge (18) + 112.5
d = 230.3 m
17 a h = −2 PR = 7 190
b y = loge (x + 2) + k There will be 7190 quokkas in 2025.
Substitute (0, 0): 20 a f (x) = loge (x + 5) + 1
0 = loge (2) + k Let y = loge (x + 5) + 1
For the inverse:
k = − loge (2)
x = loge (y + 5) + 1
x+2
c g (x) = loge Rearranging for y:
( 2 )
x − 1 = loge (y + 5)
18 a Q = Q0 e−0.000 124t
e(x−1) = y + 5
Q = 150e−0.000 124×2000
e(x−1) − 5 = y
Q = 117.054 milligrams
Therefore, f−1 (x) = e(x−1) − 5, domain = R
b Q = Q0 e−0.000 124t
Q 1
= e−0.000 124t b f−1 : (loge (5) + 1, 0), 0, − 5
Q0 ( e )
y
1 y=x
= e−0.000 124t
2 (0, loge(5) + 1)
(3.091, 3.091)
1 y = f (x)
loge = −0.000 124 t
(2) (loge(5) + 1, 0)
loge ( 12 ) x
t=
−0.000 124
(
1 – 5, 0 0
–
e )
t = 5590 years y = f –1(x)

c i
Q0
= Q0 e−0.000 124t (–4.998, –4.998)
(0, –1e – 5)
n
1 y = –5
= e−0.000 124t
(n)
x = –5
n−1 = e−0.000 124t
n = e0.000 124t c Using graphing technology, the graphs are seen to intersect
0.000 124t at the points (−4.998, −4.998) and (3.091, 3.091).
ii 10 = e
loge 10 = 0.000 124 t
loge 10
t=
0.000 124
t = 18 569 years

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual