Invasive Species Actions

Invasive Species can affect native species 3 ways:

1. Competition: invasive species can outcompete native species for resources such as habitats and
food.

2. Predation: invasive species that are predators may be more successful than native predators
because the prey do not have adaptations to escape or fight these new predators.

3. Disease and Parasites: invasive species that are parasitic may cause a nativbe species to become
weakened increasing the likelihood for disease, and the decreased ability to compete with other
organisms for resources.

The GARRY OAK ECOSYSTEM is one very important ecosystem that is currently being helped by researchers in
BC. The GARRY OAK is KEYSTONE SPECIES and is the main support species for many other plants and animals.
The major competitor to this important species is the Scotch Broom, an invasive species that ruins the natural
meadow habitats for many plants and animals. In addition, Scotch Broom also increases Nitrogen levels in the
soil which can disrupt native plant growth

4.1 Atomic Theory and Bonding

Atom Compound Electrons: 1- charge

 Composed of  A pure substance - - Protons: 1+ charge

Protons, Neutrons, made up of TWO or Neutrons: NO charge
and Electrons MORE ELEMENTS +
 Different atoms are +
NaCl is a compound -
called elements
+
O2 is NOT a compound

The CHARGE of an ATOM = 0

PROTONS + NEUTRONS + ELECTRONS The mass of an atom # Protons (+) = # Electrons (-)
+ - = # PROTONS + # NEUTRONS
(electrons have almost no mass)
= SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ATOMIC # = # of Protons

Reading the Periodic Table

ATOMIC # = Charge when an ion.

# Protons *Atom has no charge
NON-
METALS
ATOMIC MASS = SEMI-
#Protons + #Neutrons METALS METALS

* Atomic Mass should be rounded to nearest whole

number EXCEPT when dealing with isotopes
Bohr Diagrams

Valence Shell Rule: 2:8:8 RULE

Electrons are organized in shells:

1st Shell: MAX 2 electrons
2nd Shell: MAX 8 electrons
3rd Shell: MAX 8 electrons

Electrons and Periods

Family or COLUMN:
#18 Noble Gases: FULL VALENCE SHELL

As you move RIGHT, ONE

MORE ELECTRON is added,
until the outer SHELL is FULL
(In this case 8 on outer shell)

Period or ROW Far right column in this row

Outer shell is called
has FULL SHELL, called a
the VALENCE SHELL
STABLE OCTET

Forming Compounds

There are 2 types of compounds:

1. Ionic 2. Covalent

 Formed from + and – charged ions  Formed when 2 elements SHARE

 Involve TRANSFER of ELECTRONS electrons
 Held together by IONIC BONDS  There are no IONS formed
 Held together by COVALENT BONDS

Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds form from IONS: IONS are ATOMS

METAL ATOMS lose ELECTRONS to form a POSITIVE ION (CATION) that have either
NON-METAL ATOMS gain ELECTRONS to form a NEGATIVE ION (ANION) GAINED or LOST
ELECTRONS

Non-Metal: Anion (Negative) Metal: Cation (Positive)

Charge of the Charge of the ion

ion that forms: that forms:
-1 for Chlorine +3 for Aluminum

Chlorine will GAIN 1 electron to form an ION Aluminum will LOSE 3 electrons to form an ION
 Some METALS can form MORE THAN ONE ion: called Multivalent NON-METALS
ARE NEVER
MULTIVALENT
Iron can form either:
+3 charge OR +2 charge

Ionic vs Covalent Compounds

Ionic
SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMED

1 2

3
Sodium has one electron SODIUM DONATES SODIUM ION
on VALENCE shell. It 1 ELECTRON FORMED +1
wants to lose this

CHLORINE ACCEPTS CHLRORINE ION

Chlorine needs ONE
1 ELECTRON FORMED -1
more electron on its
Valence shell to make 8.
It wants to gain one

Covalent (Molecular)

Electrons are SHARED NO IONS are formed

between the Nitrogen atom
and the 3 Hydrogen atoms

NO electrons are
TRANSFERRED

Lewis Diagrams Lewis diagram shows ONLY the

VALENCE electrons (outer shell)

Step 2: Add any extra

Step 1: Draw 4 dots alone first
dots as pairs
Lewis diagrams to show Ions and Ionic Compounds
FLUORINE ATOM
-Sodium loses its only
outer valence electron;
-Chlorine gains an
F
electron to fill in its last
pair
FLUORINE ION

-
- 8 F

Lewis Diagram of Covalent Molecules

Nitrogen has 5 VALENCE

electrons

Fluorine has one

Nitrogen SHARES 3 unpaired electron.
electrons with three Each Fluorine shares its
hydrogen atoms. This lone electron with the
leaves 2 electrons not other lone electron.
paired to anything

4.2 Names and Formulas of Compounds

Naming Simple Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds: compounds composed of POSITIVE CATIONS and NEGATIVE ANIONS

Ionic compounds are named Sodium Chloride

using the IUPAC standard of naming:
Metal : Non-Metal :

 Always comes first  Always comes last

 Never ends in “ide”  Ends in “ide”

Ionic Compound Formulas

Na
Na3P When no subscript is written
the value is 1
Means THREE Na
ions bind to
Na Na
P ONE P ion
Subscript = # of Na ions in this compound
Writing Ionic Compound Formulas from Ions (SHORTCUT METHOD)

Step 1: Write out ions Step 2: Cross Charge #s Step 3: Write new Step 4: Reduce
subscripts Subscripts (if possible)

Mg+2 with N-3 Mg+2 with N-3 Mg3N2 Mg3N2

Mn+4 with 0-2 Mn+4 with 0-2 Mn2O4 MnO2

Multivalent Ions

Some METALS can form more than one When naming MULTIVALENT IONS you must indicate which
type of ion = multiple charges charge of ion:
e.g. Fe+3 would be Iron (III)

In a compound containing Fe+3 you would name this:

Iron (III) Oxide not Iron Oxide

Writing Formulas from Compound Names with Multi-Valent Ions

Vanadium (IV) Oxide

Step 1: Write out ions Step 2: Cross Charge #s Step 3: Write new Step 4: Reduce
subscripts Subscripts (if possible)

V+4 with O-2 V+4 with O-2 V2O4 VO2

Writing Names from Formulas (REVERSE of above)

VO2 Step 3: Fix the NON- Step 4: Write the names

Step 1: Uncross Step 2: Write uncrossed METAL ion to its correct of the ions in your
subscripts numbers as charges charge Formula Name

VO2 V+2 with O-1 V+4 with O-2 Vanadium (IV) Oxide
(Oxygen must be doubled;
so must Vanadium then)

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are IONS MADE UP OF MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF ATOM:
Made up of :
The entire thing has a
ONE Nitrogen NO3- TOTAL charge of -1
THREE Oxygens

In the formula MgSO4, to determine if you are dealing with a polyatomic ion look for a normal ion
FIRST AND CIRCLE

Mg SO4 The remaining ion is not simple so it must be a Polyatomic Ion

Naming Formulas Containing Polyatomic Ions

Al (OH)3 Using methods above, we would see that there is: One Aluminum ION
Three OH IONS

Name your compound using ions that it contains: Aluminum Hydroxide

Reminder that Aluminum OH- is not a regular ion so you must

does not need Roman use the provided POLYATOMIC
Numerals Naming sheet to name

Covalent Compounds

Covalent Compounds DO NOT have IONS: Naming is different from Ionic compounds
There is no NO METAL, DO NOT REDUCE
making this a CS2 P4O10 THE SUBSCRIPTS FOR
COVALENT COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUNDS

Naming Rules: IDE endings are the

same for covalent
Covalent Compounds
are named according N2O = dinitrogen monoxide
to their SUBSCRIPTS P4S10 = tetraphoshphorus decasulfide

EXCEPTION TO THE RULE:

CO is NOT monocarbon monoxide: If the FIRST element is a ONE

it is carbon monoxide you DO NOT use MONO

Formula Name
Some COVALENT
CH4 methane
COMPOUNDS
NH3 ammonia
HAVE COMMON NAMES:
H2O water
 4.3 Chemical Equations
Chemical Reaction Structure

Word Equation: nitrogen monoxide + oxygen nitrogen dioxide

Symbolic Equation: 2NO + O2 2NO2

Reactants Products

Coefficients are number placed in front of a FORMULA

Conservation of Mass in Chemical Change

Conservation of Mass states that mass is conserved in a chemical reaction

TOTAL MASS REACTANTS = TOTAL MASS PRODUCTS

Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations (SIMPLE)

Step 1: Write out Word Equation: Iron + Bromine Iron (III) Bromide

Step 2: Write out Skeleton Equation with ions: Fe + Br2 Fe+3 + Br-

Step 3: Write out Skeleton Equation: Fe + Br2 FeBr3

Step 4: Balance the equation by adding 2 Fe + 3 Br2 2 FeBr3

COEFFICIENTS
2 Irons 3x2= 2 Irons 2x3=
6 6
Bromines Bromines
Writing and Balancing Polyatomic Equations

Step 1: Tin(IV) Nitrite + Potassium Phosphate Potassium Nitrite + Tin (IV) Phosphate

Step 2: Sn+4 NO2- + K+ PO4-3 K+ NO2- + Sn+4 PO4-3

Use SHORT CUT RULE
(SHOWN PREVIOUSLY)

Step 3: Sn(NO2)4 + K3PO4 KNO2 + Sn3(PO4)4

Treat each POLYATOMIC
ION AS A GROUP
Step 4: 3 Sn(NO2)4 + K3 PO4 3 K NO2 + Sn3(PO4)4

Four NO2 One PO4 One NO2 Four PO4

Step 5: 3 Sn(NO2)4 + K3 PO4 3 KNO2 + Sn3(PO4)4

Balance Metals

Step 6: 3 Sn(NO2)4 + 4 K3 PO4 12 KNO2 + Sn3(PO4)4

HINT: When balancing equations with OXYGEN and HYDROGEN,

balance the CARBON first, then hydrogen, then oxygen

5.1 Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases Core Ideas

Acid Base
pH value 0 to less than 7 More than 7 to 14 Acids DONATE H+ ions
Corrosive? YES YES
Taste SOUR BITTER Bases ACCEPT H+ ions
React with metals? YES NO

pH Scale

 0 to less than 7 =ACID

 More than 7 to 14 = BASE
 7= NEUTRAL

pH Indicators
Phenolphthalein: COLORLESS TO PINK from 8.2-10.0 See DATA BOOKLET
Bromothymol blue: YELLOW TO BLUE from 6.0-7.6
Naming Acids

Dry HCl Hydrogen Chloride HCl (aq) Hydrochloric Acid Aqueous (aq)
(in solution)

Normal : IDE turns into IC Hydrogen Chloride becomes Hydrochloric Acid

Special: ATE turns into IC but NO hydro Hydrogen Carbonate becomes

Carbonic Acid
ITE turns into OUS Hydrogen Sulfite becomes
Sulfurous Acid

Naming Bases

Bases are H+ acceptors; usually have an OH on the right side of their formula

Caustic: a solution made from very reactive bases (e.g. concentrated Sodium Hydroxide)

NaOH Sodium Hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide
NH4OH Ammonium Hydroxide

Acid versus Bases (In solution)

-
More H+ than OH H+ = OH- -
More OH than H+
ACIDS NEUTRAL BASES

Pure water has the same amount of H+ and OH- ions: Since ACIDS and BASES
MEANING there are NO EXTRA H+ ions or OH- ions produce IONS
H+ + OH- H2O they CONDUCT ELECTRICITY

5.2 Salts

Core Concepts

Salt: Contain a positive ion (from a base) and a negative ion (from an acid) e.g. NaCl

ACID + BASE SALT + WATER Na + OH- H+ Cl-

Acid/Base Neutralization

ACID BASE SALT WATER

3 H2SO4 + 2 Al(OH)3 Al2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O

Oxides Reacting with water

Metal Oxides react with water to form a BASE

Na2O(s) + H2O --> 2 NaOH (aq)

Non-Metal Oxides react with water to form an ACID SO2(g) + H2O --> H2SO3 (aq)

An oxide is a compound with a METAL or NON-METAL with OXYGEN

Acids and Metals

Acids will react with METALS to form a SALT and HYDROGEN GAS
Na2O(s) + H2 2O --> 2 NaOH (aq)
2 HCL (aq) + Mg (s) --> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

5.3 Organic Compounds

Core Ideas

Organic: Compounds that contain CARBON

Inorganic: Compounds that do NOT contain CARBON (exceptions are: CO2 + CO + CO3-2 + Carbides)

Carbon has 4 Carbon forms

electrons in its 4 COVALENT BONDS
valence shell

Carbides are IONIC compounds that

have CARBON as a NON-METAL:
e.g. Al4C3
Hydrocarbon examples

HYDROCARBONS:
Organic compound
that only contains
CARBON and
HYDROGEN

Alcohol examples

ALCOHOLS:
Organic compound
that only contains
CARBON, HYDROGEN,
& OXYGEN

6.1 Types of Chemical Reactions

Reaction Types

Synthesis:

A + B C
2 Na + Cl2 2 Na+ and 2 Cl-
ATOM ATOM ION ION
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl

Decomposition:

AB A + B
2 Na+ and 2 Cl- 2 Na + Cl2
ION ION ATOM ATOM
2 NaCl 2 Na + Cl2
Single Replacement VS Double Replacement Reactions

2Al + 3CuCl2 3Cu + 2AlCl3 Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI 2NaNO3 + PbI2

M M NM M M NM

SINGLE REPLACEMENT DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

A METAL CAN SWITCH WITH A METAL + ION switches with a + ION
OR AND
A NON-METAL WITH A NON-METAL - ION switches with a - ION

Remember:
A METAL forms + IONS
NON-METAL forms - IONS

Neutralization Reaction Combustion Reaction

ACID + BASE SALT + WATER HYDROCARBON + O2 CO2 + H2O

H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2 HOH CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O

H+ + OH-  H2O SUGARS such as Glucose (C6H12O6)

(HOH) will also undergo combustion

6.2 Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reactions

Rate of Reaction: How quickly or slowly reactants turn 4 things AFFECT REACTION RATE:
into products 1. Temperature
2. Concentration
Every chemical reaction occurs at a certain RATE 3. Surface Area
4. Presence of a Catalyst

1. Temperature 2. Concentration

Temp = Reaction Rate Concentration = Reaction Rate

Increased temp. means an increase in KINETIC Increased conc. means that there are more
ENERGY = More particles colliding molecules in a solution to collide with one another
 3. Surface Area

Surface Area = Reaction Rate

Surface area is a measure of how much area

of an object is exposed

The greater the surface area the more of a

solid is available to react

4. Catalysts Catalysts allow REACTANTS to better line up and

properly collide making a reaction easier to occur
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction
Catalysts are not used up in a chemical reaction
Catalysts LOWER the energy needed to break
bonds for a reaction to occur Biological Catalysts are called ENZYMES

7.1 Atomic Theory, Isotopes, Radioactive Decay

Core Ideas Discovered by Roentgen and later Marie Curie

that uranium caused photographic plates to
darken: this led to the discovery of what she
Radioactivity: release of HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE OR WAVES
called RADIOACTIVITY

Natural Background Radiation: radiation that occurs in our environment. This radiation
has the potential to interact with ATOMS creating IONS

Two types of Radiation

1. Electromagnetic Radiation: (energy waves) RADIO WAVES to GAMMA WAVES

2. High energy particles: ALPHA and BETA PARTICLES

Isotopes

Isotope: the SAME particular element but with a DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASS

Note that the ATOMIC MASS POTASSIUM has 3 isotopes:

listed is the AVERAGE mass for K-39 K-40 K-41
ALL the K atoms in nature: 19 P 19 P 19 P

SOME ARE HEAVIER than 39 20 N 21 N 22 N

but the AVERAGE K weighs ONLY THE # OF NEUTRONS IS
39.1 AMU Some ISOTOPES are RADIOACTIVE and DIFFERENT
undergo DECAY