Social Justice

G. Rajakumar
Syllabus

➢ Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

➢ Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated

issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems
and their remedies.

➢ Effects of globalization on Indian society.

➢ Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism

Social Justice

➢Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the
Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the
Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.

➢Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,

Education, Human Resources.

➢Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.

 Welfare

Informal Sector Voluntary Sector Private Sector Government

 Social harmony
Welfare State

Need for Welfare Mechanism

Inclusive Growth Economy Growth

 Inadequate
coverage of
beneficiaries

Perpetual
dependency over Regressive
state

Limitations of
welfare Schemes
Not addressing the Leakages
structural issues

Lack of awareness Emphasis on

and people outputs rather
participation than outcomes
Automatic Inclusion: Deprivation: Automatic Exclusion:
• Household without shelter • Only one room with kucha walls and • Owning motorised vehicle
• Destitute/ living on alms kucha roof. • any member as government
• Manual scavengers • No adult member between age 16 to employee.
• Primitive tribal groups 59. • non-agricultural enterprises
• Legally released bonded • Female headed households with no registered with government.
labourers adult male member between age 16 • any member earning more
to 59. than Rs.10,000 per month.
• Disabled member and no able bodied • paying income tax
adult member. • owning refrigerator
• SC/ST households • owning landline phones
• No literate adult above 25 years • owning 2.5 acres or more
• Landless households deriving major irrigated land with at least one
part of their income from manual irrigation equipment
casual labour
Q) Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective
due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process – Discuss.
(2019)
Q) Do you think that the welfare mechanism of the Government for uplifting the vulnerable sections is making
them perpetually dependent on the State? Give reasons in support of your arguments.
 DBT mechanism

Outcome based
Use of technology
budgeting

Steps taken

Portability of
Social audit
benefits

Community
engagement
Affirmative Action
Q) Do you think the existing policy of affirmative action is effective in achieving the goal of social
justice? Give arguments to justify your opinion.
Tribes
Warli Paintings Saura Paintings

Bhil Art Gond Art

Santhali dance Sangai dance

Kalbelia dance
Criteria to determine ST status:
 Common community
name

Relative socio-economic Distinct language

backwardness

Proposed
Criteria

Autonomous Presence of core

religious beliefs culture

Endogamy
Q) Given the diversities among the tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should
they be considered as a single category?
Issues faced by the tribal communities:
Forest Rights Act (2006):
The Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Area (PESA) Act 1996

Developmental

Powers given to
Gram Sabha

Management of Dispute
natural resources resolution
Q) “Even after 25 years of its passing, the Panchayats extension to Scheduled area (PESA) act failed to empower
tribal communities”. What are the powers granted to Gram Sabha under the act and discuss the challenges in its
implementation?
De-Notified, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes
Children
Child Marriages
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012:
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
Persons with Disabilities
 Prevention of
Disabilities

Social
Identity
Security
National Policy for
Persons with
Disabilities (PWD)

Barrier-free Rehabilitation
environment measures
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 :
PM Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana : Atal Pension Yojana:
➢ Objective: To provide old age protection for ➢ Objective: To create a universal social security
unorganized workers. system for all Indians, especially the poor, the
➢ Voluntary and contributory pension scheme on under-privileged and the workers in the
50:50 basis. unorganised sector

➢ Minimum assured pension (fixed) after attaining ➢ Administered by Pension Fund Regulatory and
the age of 60 years. Development Authority (PFRDA)

➢ Implemented by Ministry of Labour and ➢ Subscribers would receive the guaranteed

employment through LIC. minimum monthly pension of Rs. 1000 to Rs. 5000
at the age of 60 years based on their age-specific
➢ Eligibility: contribution.
✓ 18-40 years of age
➢ Eligibility:
✓ Should not be covered under NPS or EPFO
✓ All Indians in the age group of 18 years to 40 years.
✓ Should not be an income tax payee
✓ Shall not be an income tax payee
✓ Monthly income is Rs 15000 or less
Q) Consider the following statements about Pradhan Q) Which of the following statements about Atal
mantri shram yogi maan-dhan yojana Pension Yojana is/are correct?
1. The scheme is implemented by PFRDA 1. The government makes the matching
contribution to the subscribers’ share
2. The old age pension provided under the scheme
is indexed to inflation 2. Income tax payees are not eligible to join the
scheme
Which of the above given statements are correct?
Select the correct answer using the code given
a) Only 1
below:
b) Only 2
a) Only 1
c) Both 1 and 2
b) Only 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q) With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)
Yojana, consider the following statements:

1. The entry age group for enrolment in the scheme is 21 to 40 years.

2. Age specific contribution shall be made by the beneficiary.
3. Each subscriber under the scheme shall receive a minimum pension of
₹3,000 per month after attaining the age of 60 years.
4. Family pension is applicable to the spouse and unmarried daughters.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1, 3 and 4
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4
Q) What are the key challenges faced by the elderly in India, and how can these challenges be
addressed to transform them into active participants in the Indian economy?
Education
Education
Right to Education Act
Q) Consider the following statements.

1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to the

eligibility for appointment as a teacher in a state, a
person would be required to possess the minimum
qualification laid down by the concerned state Council
of teacher education.
2. As per the (RTE) Act, for teaching primary classes, a
candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test
(TET) conducted in accordance with the National
Council of teacher education guidelines.
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher education
institutions are directly under the State Governments.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a)1 and 2
(b)Only 2
(c)1 and 3
(d)Only 3
Q. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an
incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of
schooling. Analyse.
Vocational Education
Q) What are the challenges faced in imparting vocational education in India? Suggest measures at
various levels to improve the prospects of vocational education.
 National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)

Short-term skill training Recognition of Prior Learning

PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana

Kaushal and Rozgar Mela

Higher Education
Higher Education Financing Agency
Institutions of Eminence
 National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)

Parameter Weightage
Teaching, Learning & Resources 30%
(This includes students strength including
doctoral students, faculty-student ratio etc.)
Research and Professional Practice 30%
(Number of research papers published, IPRs
licensed and projects conducted)

Graduation Outcomes 20%

(Number of Placements, median salary of
the placed students etc.)
Outreach and Inclusivity 10%
(Percentage of students from other
states/countries, from socio & economically
backward sections, women students etc.)
Perception 10%
(Peer perception and public perception etc.)
Multi-Disciplinary Education
National Credit Framework
Internationalisation of Higher Education
Q) The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally
competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality
of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss.
 Early childcare &
Education

Foundational
Inclusive literacy and
Education Numeracy

National Education
Policy
Curtailing
Teachers dropouts

Curriculum
Restructuring
and Pedagogy
Health Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the
level of nutrition and the standard of
living and to improve public health.
 Community
Healthcare Centre
(CHC)

PHC PHC PHC PHC

Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub-

centre centre centre centre centre centre
Significance of Primary Healthcare:
Q) Besides being a moral imperative of Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary pre-condition
for sustainable development.” Analyse (10 marks) (2021)
Issues with Primary Healthcare in India:
Status of Health Expenditure in India
Need for Government Health expenditure
Q) Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private
sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (2015)
 AB- Health &
Wellness
Centres

AB- Health Ayushman AB-Pradhan

Infrastructure Bharat Mantri Jan
mission Arogya Yojana

AB-Digital
Health Mission
 Exclusion
errors

Inadequate Exclusion of
allocation Out patients

Limitations
of PMJAY
Restricting Skewed
certain services distribution of
to public Empanelled
hospitals hospitals

High Uptake by
pvt hospitals
Q) Enumerate substantial implementation challenges faced by the Ayushman
Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY).
 Mental Healthcare

Status: According to WHO, Mental health is a state of

According to India State-Level Disease Burden well-being in which an individual realizes his or
report her own abilities, can cope with the normal
➢ 14.3% of the total population) were suffering stresses of life, can work productively and is able
from various mental disorders to make a contribution to his or her community.
➢ The contribution of mental disorders to the total
disease burden in India in terms of DALYs
(Disability adjusted life year) increased from
2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017
Reasons for Mental Health crisis in India:
Mental Healthcare Act:
Q) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being". What are the reasons for
emerging mental health issues in India? How will The Mental healthcare act 2017 tackle this crisis?
Hunger
Reasons for persistence of Malnutrition in India:
 Supplementary
Nutrition

Pre-School
Referral
non-formal
Services
Education

ICDS

Nutrition &
Health
Health
check-ups
Education

Immunization
Q) Empowering women is key to address the issue of Malnutrition in India. Discuss
Measures:
Q) India continues to face the issue of hunger, despite several interventions by the Union
and the State Governments. Why hunger is a persistent issue in India?
Q) How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause
of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (2018)
Poverty
 Economic

Governance Causes of Poverty

Social
Share of Various Sectors in GDP
Caste and Poverty:
Gender and Poverty
Poverty Estimates:
Limitations of consumption based poverty estimates:
 Multi-dimensional poverty index of UNDP
Dimensions Indices and Weightage
Health Nutrition (1/6th)
Child mortality (1/6th)
Education Years of Schooling (1/6th)
School attendance (1/6th)
Standard of Living Cooking fuel (1/18th)
Sanitation(1/18th)
Drinking water (1/18th)
Electricity (1/18th)
Housing (1/18th)
Assets(1/18th)
NITI Aayog’s Multi-dimensional Poverty Index

Dimensions Indices and Weightage

Health Nutrition (1/6th)
Child mortality (1/12th)
Maternal health (1/12th)
Education Years of Schooling (1/6th)
School attendance (1/6th)
Standard of Living Cooking fuel (1/21)
Sanitation (1/21)
Drinking water (1/21)
Electricity (1/21)
Housing (1/21)
Assets (1/21)
Bank account (1/21)
Q) The discourse over poverty alleviation has been clouded over by the lack of a consensus on the precise metrics
to get a measure of the extent of poverty in India. In this context analyse the methodologies adopted to measure
poverty in India?
 Inefficient
delivery of
welfare schemes
Distinctiveness of Multi-
urban poverty dimensionality of
from rural poverty

Reasons for limited

impact of Poverty
alleviation schemes
Lack of capability
Socio-cultural approach
barriers

Negative Market
externalities vulnerabilities
Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme:
Human Development
Q) "Though Human development index is a major alternative measure to GDP, it is far from a
complete measure of development". In the light of this statement, discuss the limitations of
Human development index.
Inequality
Growth, Inequality and Poverty