1.

Units

Definition of Units:​
A unit is a standard measurement used to express quantities. They are necessary for
accurately describing physical quantities in a consistent way.

●​ Base Units: These are the fundamental units from which all other units are
derived.
○​ Example: Meter (m) for length, Kilogram (kg) for mass, Second (s) for time,
Ampere (A) for electric current, Kelvin (K) for temperature, Mole (mol) for
the amount of substance, Candela (cd) for luminous intensity.
●​ Derived Units: These are units derived from base units through multiplication
or division.
○​ Example: Meter per second (m/s) for velocity, Newton (N) for force, Joule
(J) for energy, Watt (W) for power.

International System of Units (SI):​

The SI system is the standard for scientific measurement, based on the metric system
and includes seven base units.

2. Physical Quantities

Definition of Physical Quantities:​

A physical quantity is any quantity that can be measured and expressed with a
number and a unit. They can be classified into two types:

●​ Scalar Quantities: These quantities have magnitude but no direction.

○​ Example: Mass, temperature, distance, speed.
●​ Vector Quantities: These quantities have both magnitude and direction.
○​ Example: Displacement, velocity, force, acceleration.

Physical quantities can also be categorized as:

●​ Fundamental Quantities: These are independent and cannot be derived from

other quantities.
○​ Example: Length, time, mass.
●​ Derived Quantities: These are combinations of fundamental quantities.
○​ Example: Speed (distance/time), force (mass × acceleration).

3. Measurement

Definition of Measurement:​
Measurement is the process of obtaining the magnitude of a physical quantity using a
standard unit.

●​ Accuracy: The degree to which the measured value agrees with the true or
accepted value.
●​ Precision: The degree to which repeated measurements under the same
conditions give the same result.
Types of Measurement Instruments:

●​ Length: Ruler, caliper, micrometer.

●​ Mass: Balance or scale.
●​ Time: Stopwatch, clock, atomic clock.
●​ Temperature: Thermometer, thermocouple.

Units of Measurement: As mentioned earlier, the SI units serve as the basis for most
scientific measurements.

Reviewer: Vectors, Motion, and Acceleration

1. Vectors and Vector Addition

Definition of Vectors:​
A vector is a physical quantity that has both magnitude (size) and direction. Vectors
are often represented as arrows, where the length of the arrow represents the
magnitude, and the direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the vector.

●​ Examples of Vectors: Displacement, velocity, force, acceleration.

Vector Addition:​
To add vectors, you combine their magnitudes and directions.

●​ Graphical Method (Head-to-Tail Method):​

Place the tail of the second vector at the head of the first vector. The resultant
vector is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second vector.​

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4. Free-Fall Motion

Definition:​
Free-fall motion occurs when an object falls under the influence of gravity alone, with
no other forces acting on it (neglecting air resistance).

●​ Acceleration due to Gravity:​

The acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.8 m/s^2 near the Earth's
surface.​

●​ Equations for Free-Fall Motion: Similar to uniformly accelerated motion, you

can use the same kinematic equations, but in this case, a=ga = g (acceleration
due to gravity).​

5. 1D Uniform Acceleration Problems

Problem-Solving Strategy:

1.​ Identify the known variables (initial velocity, final velocity, time, acceleration,
displacement).
2.​ Choose the appropriate kinematic equation(s) based on the given data.
3.​ Solve for the unknown variable.
4.​ Always check the units and ensure they are consistent.
Summary of Key Concepts:

●​ Vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction, and vector addition
involves combining these quantities.
●​ Motion involves concepts like displacement, velocity, and acceleration, with
different equations for different types of motion.
●​ Uniformly accelerated motion involves constant acceleration, and free-fall
motion is a special case of accelerated motion under gravity.
●​ Practice solving problems in 1D motion using the kinematic equations to apply
these concepts.

1. Position, Distance, Displacement, Speed, Average Velocity, Instantaneous Velocity,

Average Acceleration, and Instantaneous Acceleration in 2D and 3D

Position

●​ Position: Location of an object in space, defined by coordinates (x, y, z) in 3D or

(x, y) in 2D.

Distance and Displacement

●​ Distance: The total length of the path traveled by an object. It's a scalar quantity
(no direction).
●​ Displacement: The shortest straight-line distance from the initial to the final
position, with direction. It's a vector quantity.
Summary of Key Concepts:

●​ Position, Distance, and Displacement: Position is a location, while distance is

path length and displacement is the straight-line distance with direction.
●​ Velocity and Acceleration: Velocity is displacement over time, and acceleration
is the rate of change of velocity.
●​ Projectile Motion: Motion that has both horizontal and vertical components
with gravity affecting the vertical motion.
●​ Circular Motion: Motion along a circle with centripetal force and acceleration
directed towards the center.
●​ Relative Motion: The motion of an object as seen from a particular reference
frame, with relative velocity calculated based on the observer's motion.

Third Law (Action and Reaction)

●​ Statement: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces
always come in pairs acting on different objects.

2. Inertial Reference Frames

●​ Inertial Frame of Reference: A frame of reference in which an object remains at

rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a force. It is not accelerating.
●​ Non-inertial Frame: A reference frame that is accelerating, like a car turning a
corner or an elevator moving up/down.
Fluid Resistance

●​ The resistive force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) against the motion of an
object through it.
6. Action-Reaction Pairs

●​ Definition: According to Newton's Third Law, every action force has an equal and
opposite reaction force. These forces act on two different objects.​
Example:
○​ If you push a wall, the wall pushes back with an equal and opposite
force.

7. Free-Body Diagrams

●​ Free-Body Diagram (FBD): A diagram showing all the forces acting on an object.
The forces are represented as arrows pointing in the direction in which they act.
●​ Steps:
1.​ Identify the object of interest.
2.​ Represent all forces acting on the object (gravitational, normal, frictional,
etc.).
3.​ Label the forces with appropriate directions and magnitudes.

8. Applications of Newton's Laws to Single-Body and Multibody Dynamics

●​ Single-Body Dynamics: Analyzing the motion of a single object under various

forces.​
Example: An object on an incline with friction — forces like gravity, normal, and
friction are considered.
●​ Multibody Dynamics: Analyzing the interactions between multiple objects.​
Example: A system of connected blocks or a car and trailer system — each
object exerts forces on the other, and their motion is influenced by these
interactions.