digital

literacy
movement

e - learning
building
modern
society
ITdesk.info –
project of computer e-education
with open access
human
rights to e - inclusion
education
and
information

open
access

Web Browsing
and Communication

Notes
Main title:

ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

Subtitle:

Web Browsing and Communication, notes

Expert reviwer:

Supreet Kaur

Translator:

Gorana Celebic

Proofreading:

Ana Dzaja

Cover:

Silvija Bunic

Publisher:

Open Society for Idea Exchange (ODRAZI), Zagreb

ISBN:

978-953-7908-18-8

Place and year of publication:

Zagreb, 2011.

Copyright:

Feel free to copy, print, and further distribute this publication entirely or partly, including to
the purpose of organized education, whether in public or private educational organizations,
but exclusively for noncommercial purposes (i.e. free of charge to end users using this
publication) and with attribution of the source (source: www.ITdesk.info - project of
computer e-education with open access). Derivative works without prior approval of the
copyright holder (NGO Open Society for Idea Exchange) are not permitted.

Permission may be granted through the following email address: [email protected]

 ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

Preface

Today’s society is shaped by sudden growth and development of the

information technology (IT) resulting with its great dependency on the
knowledge and competence of individuals from the IT area. Although
this dependency is growing day by day, the human right to education
and information is not extended to the IT area. Problems that are
affecting society as a whole are emerging, creating gaps and
distancing people from the main reason and motivation for
advancement-opportunity. Being a computer illiterate person today
means being a person who is unable to participate in modern society,
and a person without opportunity; and despite the acknowledged
necessity and benefits of inclusive computer literacy from institutions
like the European Commission, UNESCO, OECD, there are still
groups of people having difficulties accessing basic computer
education viz. persons with disabilities, persons with learning
difficulties, migrant workers, unemployed persons, persons that live in
remote (rural) areas where IT education is not accessible.

These notes, combined with other materials published on ITdesk.info,

represent our effort and contribution to promotion of the human right
to education and information considering IT area. We hope that this
education will help you master basic computer skills and with that
hope we wish you to learn as much as you can thus becoming an
active member of modern IT society.

Sincerely yours,

ITdesk.info team

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 ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

DEFINITIONS AND TERMS

• Internet – set of millions of computers worldwide connected into a network with the
purpose of exchanging data among users
• WWW - World Wide Web – one of the services on the Internet which we use to browse web
pages (set of HTML documents connected with hyperlinks)
• HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol – protocol (set of rules) that allows transmission of
information published on the Web
• URL – Uniform Resource Locator - Web address of a particular object (Web pages, images, or
Word or PDF document) published on the Internet
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol – protocol that allows data transfer between computers over
the Internet
• Hyperlink or link - part of the text or graphics on a web page; when we activate a hyperlink
(click on it), it takes us to:
o another part within the same web page
o another website

• Web address elements – for example http://www.google.hr

o http: - protocol (rules of transmission)
o www – a type of service available on the Internet
o Google – a domain name (computer)
o .hr – top–level domain (ccTLD - Country code top-level domain)

• Domain: - electronic identification on the Internet

o commercial (.com, .net, .biz)
 international (.hr, .si, .it, .de…)
o non-commercial (.edu, .mil, .gov)

• Web browser
o software (program) which allows us to browse web pages
o the most widely used: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer
• Web search engine
o contains content categorization of many Web pages
o after one enters the desired term, search engine will search the Web and display
results (web pages, images, documents) that are the most relevant for the entered
term
o www.google.com , www.pogodak.hr , www.yahoo.com, www.bing.com

• Cookie - text file stored on our computer by web page to facilitate communication between
your computer and the website’s server
• Cache - a folder on the hard disk which stores all objects visited on the Web
o provides: - faster re-loading of pages
- reading web pages in offline mode (while not connected to the Internet)
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) – a company that provides Internet access for its users (T-
Com, Carnet...)

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• Really Simple Syndication (RSS) – facilitates the possibility of information (news, blog
entries, etc.) transfer published on a web page in a standardized manner (usually the title, a
sentence or two of the article, a link to a page that contains the whole article). Subscribing
to site’s RSS feed allows users to receive updates from that website without going to the site
itself
• Podcast - Digital files containing audio or video recording

SAFETY
• access to some sites is granted only to the users who have the necessary username and
password
• identifying a secure web place: web address begins with „https“; look out for the lock
symbol in the Address bar
• Digital Certificate - converts data into a code to protect it from abuse (credit card number,
for example)
• Encryption - protection – a way to convert data into a format such that the person with a
way to unlock it can read it, others cant. . Used by most email service providers to ensure
protection of emails over the internet.
• Malware: Computer virus, Worm, Trojan horse, spyware
• Spyware – a spy program installed to the computer over the Internet used to send our
private information to the author
o It is recommended that you install an anti-spyware program such as Ad-aware,
Spybot Search & Destroy
• downloading files from the Internet has its risks, therefore it is recommended to:
o share files only with the people you know and trust
o use up-to-date antivirus software
o do not open e-mail attachments received from unknown sources
• dangers of leaving (personal) data on the internet
o sharing your e-mail address on the Web exposes you to spam
o possible theft of credit card numbers used for Internet purchase
• dangers related to online activities are: inadvertent disclosure of personal data, threats or
annoyance, predators attacks
• programs that allow parental control through:
o monitoring visited websites,
o web browsing restrictions,
o setting limits to video games, and
o limiting the time spent using the computer
• Firewall
o program that controls and protects the ports, allowing only authorized attempts to
enter
o Windows Firewall was first released as a part of Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack
2 (SP2)

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USING A WEB BROWSER (Internet Explorer 8)

• installed browsers are listed in the Start menu, to start one needs to left-click on the
program icon
• it is opened in the window with the following elements:

1. Sizing buttons – minimize, maximize, close the window

2. Title bar – web page title and the name of the program (IE8)
3. Menus:

o File o View o Tools

o Edit o Favorites o Help

4. Address bar
5. Command bar
o some commands are hidden, clicking an arrow next to it opens extra options
o grayed out commands are currently unavailable
o three-dot commands have a sequence of further commands
6. Scrollbar
7. Status bar - shows the loading percentage of web page

• Home Page = first page loaded by the Internet browser when you click on opening the
application
o setting the homepage: click on the arrow to the right of the Home button and select
the option Add or Change Home page from drop down menu

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o another way to set the homepage:

select Internet Options from Tools
menu > on the General tab, in the
Home page text box, type web page
address > Apply > OK

• activating a hyperlink
o when you move your mouse pointer over a hyperlink, it changes to a pointing hand
o left-click to open a hyperlink (to another place on the same page or another website)
o hyperlinks (can be text or images) are highlighted to stand out from the rest of the
content, usually underlined, bold or colored

• moving to the previous or next page

o using Back and Forward button, we are moving through pages that have already
been opened in the same window
• stopping further web page loading
o left-click the Stop button
• refreshing a web page
o left-click the Refresh button
• Help provides help topics and explanations that are related to the browser
• view web page in a new window: right-click the hyperlink to display the context menu, then
select Open in New Window

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• displaying web page in a new tab: right-click the hyperlink to display the context menu, then
select option Open in New Tab
• quick access to the previously visited Web pages
o left-click on the arrow on the right side of address bar to open a drop down menu
o History button – view the History of web pages you have visited
• deleting browsing history: left-click on the arrow next to the Safety button to open drop
down menu, choose Delete browsing history option, select the items you want to delete,
left-click on Delete button
• showing/hiding toolbars: open the View menu, point at Toolbars and click on Toolbar you
want to show/hide (check mark is displayed if toolbar is selected for showing)
• showing/hiding images on Web pages: left-click on the arrow next to the Tools button to
open drop down menu, choose Internet options, select the Advanced tab and scroll to the
Multimedia section, check or uncheck Show Picture option

Favorites

• sites that are visited frequently can be labeled and organized in folders (there is no need for
typing their address over again)
• bookmark a web page: open the Favorites
menu and select Add to Favorite, then click
on the Add button
• display a bookmarked Web page: left-click
on the Favorite button on the toolbar, click
on the required bookmark
• deleting a bookmark – left-click on the
Favorite button on the toolbar, right-click on
the bookmark, select Delete command from context menu
• create a bookmark folder
o organize your Favorites – store bookmarks in folders according to subject (category)

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o open the Favorites menu and select Organize Favorites; click on the New Folder button,
type in folder name and press Enter key
• add web pages to bookmark folder
o drag and drop: press and hold down the left mouse button on bookmark, drag it to
desired bookmark folder, drop it by releasing the mouse button – bookmarked page is
moved to a folder
• deleting a bookmark folder
o open the Favorites menu and select Organize Favorites, select folder you want to delete
and press Delete button

USING THE WEB

Completing web forms on the Internet

• moving through text boxes – using Tab key or left-click on the Text Input field
• press Submit button to confirm the text entry

Browsing the web using search engines

• type in keywords, the search engine will show a list of matching results (hits)
• the most popular search engines:
o Google http://www.google.hr o Bing http://www.bing.com
o Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com o MSN http://www.msn.com

• entering terms into the search engines

o if the term has more than one word, it is important how you enter it:
 White house – search by separate words
 “White House” – search the exact phrase that is within the “” over the
internet
o for more efficient use of search engines is to enter fewer words that precisely
describe what you need
• search a web based encyclopedia (e.g. Wikipedia) and/or dictionary (e.g. Thesaurus)

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• use advanced search features to refine a search: by exact phrase, excluding words, by date,
by file type, etc.

WEB OUTPUTS

• copy a text, image, URL from a web page to a document:

1. select text or image
2. right-click on the selected (text or image) then choose Copy from context menu
3. run a program in which you want to insert a copy (e.g. Microsoft Paint, OpenOffice
Writer, Microsoft Word)
4. right-click and choose Paste from context menu
5. For images, you can right click, and select “Save Image as”. It will save the image to
where you want it to be saved on the computer

• save a web page to a location on a drive

o File > Save As > type in the file name (File name box) > select the file type (Save As type)
• download files to a location on a drive
o right-click on a hyperlink (image, text..) and choose Save Target As from context menu

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Prepare and print

• prepare a web page for printing: on the File menu, click Print Preview
• change print settings: click Page Setup on the File menu
o change paper size: Size
o change paper orientation: portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal)
o change margins: by entering numeric values for left, right, top and bottom

• Print Options: select Print on the File menu

o Page range
o Number of copies

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ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

 SMS - Short Messaging Service – communication service that allows sending short text
messages (up to 160 characters) over the phone
 there are services on the Internet that offer - real time communication, knowing whether
contacts are online, low cost, ability to transfer files:

o Instant Messaging – (IM) - Google Talk (now called Google Hangouts), Yahoo! Messenger
o Voice over Internet Protocol –(VoIP) – allows transfer of voice communication over the
Internet, in most cases - free computer to computer phone calls and cheaper phone calls
from computer to mobile phone and landline

Virtual community

 social networking websites: Facebook, Bebo, Twitter; MySpace, LinkedIn, Nexopia, Hi5,
Tagged, XING, Orkut etc.
 Internet forums – Forum.hr, Net.hr, Download.hr, Index.hr etc.
 chat rooms
 multiplayer games: Anarchy Online, Guild Wars, World of Warcraft etc.

E-mail

 transfer of textual messages, through which documents from any program can be sent,
except the executive programs (extension: .exe)
 structure of the e-mail address: user name, @ symbol and a domain name (name of the
computer on the Internet where mail will be delivered to the recipient), for example
[email protected] , [email protected]
 e-mail advantages: fast (instant) delivery, low cost, flexibility of using mail account on
websites
 netiquette (network etiquette): use precise and short message titles, check your e-mail so
you can respond quickly, check spelling and grammar, do not use capital letters (seen as an
equivalent of speaking loudly).
 leaving your e-mail address on the Internet increases the possibility of getting unsolicited
mail (spam). Be careful about which websites you give your email address to to avoid spam.
 when you're opening messages or attachments to messages from unknown sources you are
exposing your computer to virus infection; it is necessary to have antivirus program installed
 phishing – type of fraud where false web sites attempt to acquire confidential information
(credit card numbers, user data, passwords, etc.), usually an identical copy of a well-known
bank's webpage
 digital signature - ensures that the message hasn't been changed on its way from the sender
to the receiver and guarantees the identity of the sender

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Using e-mail (Microsoft Outlook)

 run the program using icon

 Standard window elements: Title bar, Menu bar, Toolbar, Status bar

Folders

 used for storing and organizing items

 creating a new folder: File -> New - > Folder; type in a folder name and choose content of
the folder, press OK button
 can be moved, deleted, copied, renamed: right-click the folder to open context menu

Working with e-mail

Sending an e-mail

 create a new e-mail: click on the New icon (if you are in Inbox, Outbox, Sent items or
Deleted items)
 enter an e-mail address: type it in or choose it from contacts list by clicking the To button
 CC (Carbon Copy): sending a copy of a message to secondary recipients – visible to other
recipients
 BCC (Blind Carbon Copy): sending a copy of a message to secondary recipients – hidden
from other recipients. This means, that the people you send out the email to wont be able
to see the other people you’ve sent the email.
 Subject – state briefly and clearly what it is about (netiquette)
 Accounts – if there are multiple accounts, choose an account from which you are going to
send the e-mail

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 Insert: a possibility to attach files and/or insert images or hyperlinks into the message
 quickly insert a file and item (object) from Outlook using a paperclip icon
 it is recommended that you compress large attachments using WinZip, WinRar or similar
programs

Mail format

 before sending an e-mail, set the mail format: open the Tools menu, select Options, select
Mail Format
o HTML
o Plain text – without formatting, faster sending and receiving
o Rich Text – supports additional formatting
 signatures – we can add a permanent signature
 spelling – we can set the language for which Outlook will do the spell check
 save a draft of an e-mail: if you want to continue with formatting and sending the message
later – close the message window and save changes when the dialogue box appears;
message is saved in drafts

The process of sending e-mail

 possibility of sending messages with low or high priority

 when you have finished the editing, press Send button, the message goes to Outbox
o the messages from the Outbox are automatically sent after a period of time which is
set in Tools, Options, Mail Setup, Send/Receive, or
o manually – when we press Send/Receive button on the Toolbar
 after the message is sent, it goes to Sent items

Working with Inbox

 after pressing the Send/Receive button, messages from Outbox are sent to recipients and
new messages from server are coming to Inbox
 unread messages are highlighted with a bold font
 all messages can be sorted in ascending or descending order based on few categories: left-
click on column header – all messages in that folder are sorted according to the selected
criteria (Title, From...)

Saving, moving, deleting messages

 select: using the Shift key for selecting multiple messages that are in a row and the Ctrl key
for multiple messages which are not consecutive
 move: drag and drop - press and hold down the left mouse button on a message, drag it to
desired folder, drop it by releasing the mouse button – message is moved to a folder
 delete: select the message and press the Delete key
 save a message: select Save As on the File menu, type in the name and select the location
where you want to save the message

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 saving a file attachment: double-click on the attachment, select Save (make sure that
message comes from a known source – opening an attachment increases the risk of virus
infections)
 recover deleted messages: deleted messages go to the Deleted Items folder; open Deleted
Items folder, right-click on the desired message and select Move to folder to recover them
 empty the Deleted Items folder: right-click on the Deleted Items folder, select Empty
Deleted Items folder on the context menu

Replying and forwarding messages

 replying to a message: Reply button– prefix “Re:“ is added to the title of the message as well
as to the title of the received message
 forwarding a message: Forward button, prefix “Fw:“ is added to the title of the message
 Outlook automatically puts the original message text in the replied or forwarded message.
To turn it off: Tools -> Options -> E-mail Options, then choose "Do not include original
message"
 forwarding a message retains attachments; replying to a message automatically removes
the attachment
 flagging a message – further actions with the message are expected
 marking messages as unread: right-click the message, select Mark as unread
 show/hide a toolbar: View menu, select Toolbars option (Toolbars that are marked with a
check mark are displayed)

Adding new contacts:

 adding a contact from Inbox: right-click the sender's e-mail address, select Add to Outlook
Contacts in the context menu
 creating a new contact while operating in Contacts: double-click an empty space, press the
New button or press a keyboard shortcut Ctrl + N

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 editing a contact: double-click the contact, edit contact information, press Save & Close
button
 deleting a contact: select a contact (left-click), press Delete button
 setting different types of views in Contacts panel (in the Navigation panel – on the left side
of the window)
 sending a message to a contact: right-click the contact, select Create new message to
contact in the context menu

Distribution list

 multiple contacts in one unified list

 create a new distribution list: on the File menu, select New -> Distribution list; type in the
list name and click Select members button to add contacts, then press Save & Close button

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These notes are intended for learning in conjunction with materials

published on the following links:

*Handbook:
www.itdesk.info/handbook_web_browsing_and_communication.pdf

*Video-materials for learning that show how to use web browsers and communicate via e-mail:
 www.itdesk.info/en/internet-and-e-mail-web-browsing-and-communication-1/
 www.itdesk.info/en/internet-and-e-mail-web-browsing-and-communication-2/
 www.itdesk.info/en/microsoft-outlook-web-browsing-and-communication-1/
 www.itdesk.info/en/microsoft-outlook-web-browsing-and-communication-2/ .

*Sample exam:
www.itdesk.info/sample exam/sample exam module 7.pdf

*Solutions for this sample exam:

www.itdesk.info/en/exam-solution-module-7/

*Quiz for self-evaluation:

www.itdesk.info/en/web-browsing-communication-quiz/

(to open the link contained within PDF document, just press the left mouse button on one of the
above links. Web page that a link points to will open in a browser which is installed on your
computer.)

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Terms of use:

Website http://www.ITdesk.info/ was launched by a nongovernmental

organization "Open Society for the Idea Exchange“ in order to actively promote
human right to free access to information and human right to education.

Feel free to copy and distribute this document, provided that you do not change
anything in it!

All freeware programs and services listed on the ITdesk Home Web site at ITdesk.info are the sole
property of their respective authors. Microsoft, Windows, and Windowsxx are registered trademarks
of Microsoft Corporation. Other registered trademarks used on the ITdesk Home Web site are the
sole property of their respective owners. If you have questions about using or redistributing any
program, please refer to the program license agreement (if any) or contact: [email protected].

These sites contain links to other web sites or resources. ITdesk.info team is not responsible for the
text and / or advertising content or products that are on these sites / resources provided, as is not
responsible for any content that is available through them, nor the possibility of the in accuracy of
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- that the content on this web site free from error or suitable for any purpose,
- that these web sites or web services will function without error or interruption,
- would be appropriate for your needs,
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If you disagree with the general terms of use or if you are not satisfied with the sites we provide, stop
using this web site and web services. ITdesk.info team is not responsible to you or any third party for
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resulting from your use, misuse of this web site or web services. Although your claim may be based
on warranty, contract violation or any other legal footing, regardless whether we are informed about
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responsibilities is a necessary prerequisite of using these web pages and web services.

Please note that all mentioned software, in this or other documents published on ITdesk.info, is
stated only for educational or exemplary purposes and that we, in any case or manner, do not prefer
these software over the other, similar software mentioned or not mentioned in materials. Any
statement that would suggest that we prefer some software over the other, mentioned or not
mentioned in materials, will be considered as false statement. Our direct and unconditional support
have only open source software that allows users to become digitally literate, use computer and
participate in the modern information society without barriers.

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- project of computer e-education

with open access

Publisher: Open Society for Idea Exchange

(ODRAZI), Zagreb
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ISBN: 978-953-7908-18-8
WEB BROWSERS

Page 1
 INTRODUCTION
• A Web browser acts as an interface
between the user and Web server
• Software application that resides on a
computer and is used to locate and
display Web pages.
• Web user access information from
web servers, through a client program
called browser.
• A web browser is a software
application for retrieving, presenting,
and traversing information resources
on the World Wide Web

Page 2
 FEATURES
• All major web browsers allow the user to
open multiple information resources at
the same time, either in different
browser windows or in different tabs of
the same window
• A refresh and stop buttons for refreshing
and stopping the loading of current
documents
• Home button that gets you to your home
page
• Major browsers also include pop-up
blockers to prevent unwanted windows
from "popping up" without the user's
consent Page 3
 COMPONENTS OF WEB
BROWSER
1. User Interface
• this includes the address bar, back/forward
button , bookmarking menu etc

2. Rendering Engine
• Rendering, that is display of the requested
contents on the browser screen.
• By default the rendering engine can
display HTML and XML documents and
images

Page 4
 HISTROY
• The history of the Web browser dates back in to
the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies laid
the foundation for the first Web
browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in
1991.
• Microsoft responded with its browser Internet
Explorer in 1995 initiating the industry's
first browser war
• Opera first appeared in 1996; although it have
only 2% browser usage share as of April 2010, it
has a substantial share of the fast-growing mobile
phone Web browser market, being preinstalled on
over 40 million phones.
• In 1998, Netscape launched Mozilla

Page 5
 TYPES OF WEB BROWSER
• Amaya • Internet Explorer
• AOL Explorer • Internet Explorer
• Elinks for Mac
• Arlington Kiosk • Konqueror
• Dillo • Links
• Epiphany • Lynx
• Flock • Maxthon
• Galeon • Mosaic
• iCab • Mozilla
• K-Meleon • Mozilla Firefox
• KioWare • Netscape
• SeaMonkey • OmniWeb
• Safari • Opera Page 6
WORLD WIDE WEB
• WorldWideWeb was the first web
browser. When it was written,
WorldWideWeb was the only way to
view the Web
• It was capable of displaying basic
style sheets, downloading and
opening any file type supported by
the NeXT system, browsing
newsgroups, and spellchecking. At
first, images were displayed in
separate windows, until NeXTSTEP's
Text class supported Image objects.
Page 7
 MOZILLA FIREFOX
• The Firefox Web
Browser is the faster,
more secure, and fully
customizable way to
surf the web
• Mozilla is a global
community dedicated
to building free, open
source products like
the award winning
Firefox web browser
and Thunderbird email
software. Mozilla
Firefox Page 8
 MOSIAC
• Mosaic was developed
at the National Center for
Supercomputing
Applications(NCSA) at
the University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign
beginning in late 1992.
NCSA released the
browser in 1993, and
officially discontinued
development and support
on January 7, 1997.
• Mosaic was also the first
browser to display
images inline with text
instead of displaying
images in a separate
window Page 9
 NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR

• Netscape Navigator and

Netscape are the names
for the proprietary web
browser popular in the
1990s
• It was the flagship product
of the Netscape
Communications
Corporation and the
dominant web browser in
terms of usage share,
although by 2002 its usage
had almost disappeared

Page 10
 WINDOWS INTERNET
EXPLORER
• Windows Internet
Explorer (formerly
Microsoft Internet
Explorer), is a series
of graphical web
browsers developed by
Microsoft and included
as part of the Microsoft
Windows line of
operating systems
starting in 1995

Page 11
 OPERA
• Opera is a web browser and
Internet suite developed by
Opera Software.
• The browser handles common
Internet-related tasks such as
displaying web sites, sending
and receiving e-mail
messages, managing
contacts, chatting on IRC
downloading files via
BitTorrent, and reading web
feeds.
• Opera is offered free of charge
for personal computers and
mobile phones.
Page 12
 SAFARI

• Safari is a graphical web

browser developed by
Apple and included as
part of the Mac OS X
operating system.
• on the company's Mac
OS X operating system, it
became Apple's default
browser

Page 13
 GOOGLE CHROME
• Google Chrome is a web
browser developed by
Google that uses the
WebKit layout engine and
application framework
• It was first released as a
beta version for Microsoft
Windows on 2 September
2008, and the public
stable release was on 11
December 2008.

Page 14
Printing a Web Page

• Make sure the page you

want to print is displayed in
the browser window.
• Select Print from the File
menu to open the Print
dialog box.
• Ready the printer and click
the Print button.
Page 15
Saving a Web Page

• You can save a Web page by

clicking the Save As option in
the File menu.
• Options for saving a Web
page:
– Web Page, complete
– HTML code
– Web page text
Page 16
Printing a Web Page

• Make sure the page you

want to print is displayed in
the browser window.
• Select Print from the File
menu to open the Print
dialog box.
• Ready the printer and click
the Print button.
Page 17
Saving a Web Page

Page 18
 Saving a Web Page
Graphic
• Open the Web page containing
the graphic you wish to display.
• Right-click the graphic and select
Save Picture As from the
shortcut menu.
• Navigate to where you want to
save the picture, save the
filename if necessary, and click
the Save button.
Page 19
Saving a Web Page
Graphic

Page 20
Internet Cookies
 'Internet Cookies'

A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web
cookie, or browser cookie.
 What is an 'Internet Cookies' ?

A cookie is a TEXT object send by web server
to a browser or on your hard drive.

The main purpose of a cookie is to identify
users and remember stateful information
(such as items in a shopping cart) or to save site
login information for you
WHO CAN SEE THE COOKIES?


Only the server that put the cookie on
your hard drive.

Larger sites can set a domain attribute
for other servers in the same sub
domain
What Do 'Cookies Look Like' ?

eg. google.com/search
Where does the term "Cookie" come from?

Cookies for the internet were originally developed
in 1995 by the Netscape Communications
Corporation. The word "cookie" comes from
"magic cookie,"

A computer science term for a piece of
information shared between co-operating pieces of
software. So where does "magic cookie" come
from? Some say it comes from the computer
games of the late 80's & early 90's. Eating Magic
Cookies in the game would give the player special
powers
 Types Of Cookies

1.Session Cookies: Stored in memory

Valid for one session.
One session means time between opening and
closing of your browser.
As the browser store in memory this cookies also
stored in memory. As the browser goes out of
memory the cookies also deleted.
2. Persistent Cookies: Stored in hard
drive

They are Stored for more than one browser
session. Hence they are stored in hard drive.

Persistent cookies stay with your browser even
after you've exited it.

The next time you open your browser and access
the website that placed the cookie on your
browser, it will find the cookie still there.

They are actually very helpful.
3. Secure Https:

They are only useful when you are transferring
data via https (secure) protocol.

Used for secure transmission of information.
Like bank transaction.

Ensuring that the cookie is always encrypted
when transmitting from client to server.

This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed
to cookie theft.
4. Http Only


Can be used only via HTTP protocol.

Restrict acces from other non-HTTP APIs.

Suppose I have a http only cookies so it can not
be accesed by non http script like java script.

They are much more secure than other cookies.
 6. Third Party Cookies

This cookies generate from first party.

They just track you and expose your privacy.

A Web site that is not the site you are visiting.

For example, if the Web site you are on using
third-party advertising those third-party
advertising Web sites may use a cookie to
track your Web habits for marketing purposes.
 7. Super or Zombi Cookie

Most Dangerous cookies.

Some cookies are automatically recreated after
a user has deleted them; these are called zombie
cookies
 Other Attributes Of Cookies


Name , Value , Expiry of the cookie

Path , Domain the cookie is good for

Need for a secure connection to use the
cookie

Whether or not the cookie can be accessed
through other means than HTTP (i.e.,
JavaScript)
 Uses

1. Session management:

Cookies may be used to maintain data related to
the user during navigation, possibly across
multiple visits.

Eg. You are buying online so it keep track of the
things which you buy.
2. Personalize

Keep track of your preferences on any website.

Suppose Theme,Layout etc

3. Tracking

Done by third party website.

Track you moving one site to another.

Or with in the website.
Hence the cookie get lots of data.
 But here we have a solution
A web server typically sends a cookie
containing a unique session identifier.
Limitations
Disadvantages
 Delete Chrome Cookies


Cilck on the side bar in chrome.

Now click on Settings option.

In 'Privacy' click on Content Settings.

Here you will found Cookies Section. Now
click on 'All Cookies site data'.

You will found all the cookies stored in your
chrome. Now you can delete by your choice
either one or all.
 Delete Firefox Cookies


Please not there are some variations depending
on your operating system and if you wish to
delete a single cookie or all cookies from Firefox.
Step one

At the top of the Firefox window, click on the
Firefox button (Tools menu in Windows XP) and
then click Options.

Select the Privacy Panel and set the Firefox will:
option to Use custom settings for history
 Delete Firefox Cookies Conti..

Step two

Now click on the button labelled Show
Cookies… and a the Cookies window will appear.
Step three

In the Search: field, type the name of the site
whose cookies you want to remove. The cookies
that match your search will be displayed. You can
now select the cookie(s) in the list to be removed
and click Remove Cookie button.
 Text Based Browsers
Charlotte Web Browser (for VM/CMS)
Emacs/W3
Line Mode Browser
Links
ELinks
Lynx (and derivatives ALynx and
DosLynx)
Net-Tamer
w3m
WebbIE

Page 44
 MOBILE BROWSERS
• Mobile Browsers A mobile browser, also
called a micro browser, minibrowser or
wireless internet browser(WIB), is a web
browser designed for use on a mobile
device such as a mobile phone or PDA.
• Opera Mini, offered free of charge, is
designed primarily for mobile phones,
but also for smartphones and personal
digital assistants.

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