CLASS: SS 2

LESSON NOTES
TOPIC: THE INTERNET
Definition:
The internet, short for "interconnected network," refers to a global system of interconnected computer
networks that communicate with each other using standardized protocols. It is a vast network infrastructure
that enables the exchange of information and communication across different devices and locations worldwide.
The internet is not a physical entity but rather a network of networks that includes millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks. These networks are connected through various wired and
wireless technologies, such as fiber-optic cables, satellite links, and radio waves.
The internet allows users to access a wide range of services and resources, including websites, email, social
media, online applications, file sharing, streaming media, and much more. It has revolutionized the way people
communicate, collaborate, access information, conduct business, and entertain themselves.
The internet relies on a set of protocols known as the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), which provides a
standardized framework for data transmission and routing. These protocols ensure that data packets can be
sent and received across different networks, allowing seamless communication between devices and systems
regardless of their location.
In essence, the internet serves as a global information superhighway, facilitating the exchange of data,
knowledge, and ideas on a massive scale. It has become an indispensable tool in almost every aspect of modern
life, impacting fields such as education, commerce, healthcare, entertainment, and governance.
BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES:
- IP Address: An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique numerical label assigned to each device
connected to a computer network. It serves as the device's identifier on the internet, allowing it to send
and receive data.
- URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the web address used to locate a specific resource
on the internet. URLs typically include the protocol (e.g., http:// or https://), the domain name, and the
specific path to the resource.
- Browser: A web browser is a software application used to access and view websites on the internet.
Popular browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.
- Search Engine: A search engine is a tool that enables users to search for information on the internet.
Examples of popular search engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo, and DuckDuckGo.
- HTML: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used for creating web
pages. It uses tags to structure the content and define the elements and layout of a webpage.
- HTTP and HTTPS: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for transmitting data between
a web server and a web browser. HTTPS (HTTP Secure) is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts the data
transmitted between the server and the browser, ensuring a secure and private connection.

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 - DNS: DNS (Domain Name System) is a decentralized naming system that translates domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses. It allows users to access websites using human-readable domain
names instead of remembering complex IP addresses.
- Firewall: A firewall is a security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks,
protecting against unauthorized access and malicious activities.
- Router: A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks together and forwards data
packets between them. It determines the most efficient path for data transmission and enables devices
within a network to communicate with devices on other networks.
- ISP: ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a company or organization that provides internet access to users.
ISPs offer various types of internet connections, such as broadband, DSL, cable, fiber, or satellite,
allowing users to connect to the internet. Web Page: A web page is a single document or resource on
the World Wide Web that is accessible through a browser. It can contain text, images, videos, hyperlinks,
and other multimedia elements. Web pages are written using HTML and are the building blocks of
websites.
- Website: A website is a collection of related web pages that are grouped together and accessible under
a common domain name. It represents a specific entity or organization on the internet and typically
includes a homepage, multiple interconnected pages, and various multimedia content.
- Home Page: The home page is the main or starting page of a website. It is the first page that users see
when they visit a website. The home page often provides an overview of the website's content,
navigation options, and links to other sections or pages within the site.
- Hyperlink: A hyperlink, commonly referred to as a link, is a clickable element on a web page that
connects to another web page or a different section within the same page. It is usually represented by
underlined text or an image. Clicking on a hyperlink redirects the user to the linked content.
- Internet Protocol Suite: The Internet Protocol Suite, commonly known as TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol), is a set of protocols that governs communication over the internet. It
provides a standardized framework for data transmission, addressing, and routing between devices and
networks.
- SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is a protocol used for sending and receiving
email messages over the internet. SMTP is responsible for the transfer and delivery of emails between
mail servers.
- Modem: A modem is a device that enables communication between a computer or network and an
internet service provider (ISP). It converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can be
transmitted over telephone lines, cable lines, or other communication channels, and vice versa.
- Blogs: Blogs are online platforms or websites where individuals or groups regularly publish content in a
chronological order. They often contain articles, personal experiences, opinions, or informational
content on various topics. Blogs allow readers to engage with the content through comments and
provide an interactive platform for sharing ideas.
- Intranet: An intranet is a private network that operates within an organization. It uses internet
technologies and protocols but is accessible only to authorized individuals within the organization.
Intranets are used to share information, collaborate, and streamline communication within a company
or institution.

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These definitions should give you a good understanding of the basic concepts related to web pages, websites,
internet protocols, and related terms.
INTERNET MAIN BROWSERS
The main browsers used to access the internet are:
Google Chrome: Google Chrome is one of the most popular web browsers, developed by Google. It offers a
clean and user-friendly interface, fast browsing speed, and a wide range of features and extensions.
Mozilla Firefox: Mozilla Firefox is a widely used open-source web browser known for its strong privacy and
security features. It provides a customizable browsing experience, supports a variety of extensions, and focuses
on user control.
Microsoft Edge: Microsoft Edge is the default web browser for Windows 10 and is also available for macOS, iOS,
and Android. It offers a fast and smooth browsing experience, built-in tools for productivity, and seamless
integration with Microsoft services.
Safari: Safari is the default web browser for Apple devices, including Mac computers, iPhones, and iPads. It is
known for its speed, energy efficiency, and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem. Safari emphasizes
privacy and security features and supports various extensions.
Opera: Opera is a feature-rich web browser that offers a range of built-in tools, including ad blocker, VPN, and
battery-saving mode. It provides a clean and customizable interface and is available for multiple platforms,
including Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android.
While these browsers are the most widely used, there are other browsers available as well, such as Brave,
Vivaldi, and Microsoft Internet Explorer (legacy). The choice of browser depends on personal preference, device
compatibility, and specific features or functionalities desired by the user.
Features of a browser
Web browsers offer a variety of features to enhance the browsing experience. Here are some common features
found in modern web browsers:
- Tabbed Browsing: Tabbed browsing allows users to open multiple web pages within a single window,
each in its own tab. It makes it easier to switch between different websites and keep them organized.
- Bookmarks and Favorites: Browsers allow users to save and organize their favorite websites by
bookmarking them. Bookmarks provide quick access to frequently visited sites, eliminating the need to
remember or type in the URL each time.
- History: Browsers keep a record of visited websites in the browsing history. Users can access their
browsing history to revisit previously viewed pages or search for specific websites they visited in the
past.
- Search Engine Integration: Web browsers often have a search bar integrated into the user interface.
Users can enter their search queries directly into the browser, which then connects to a search engine
to retrieve relevant results.
- Autofill and Password Management: Browsers can remember and autofill commonly used information,
such as usernames, passwords, and form data, making it convenient for users to log in to websites and
fill out online forms.
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 - Download Manager: Browsers typically include a download manager that allows users to manage and
track their downloaded files. It provides options to pause, resume, and cancel downloads, as well as
organize downloaded files.

- Extensions and Add-ons: Browsers often support extensions or add-ons, which are small software
modules that enhance the functionality of the browser. Extensions can provide additional features, such
as ad blocking, language translation, productivity tools, and more.
- Incognito/Private Browsing: Most browsers offer an incognito or private browsing mode that allows
users to browse the web without saving their browsing history, cookies, or other data. It provides a
temporary session where browsing activity is not retained.
- Security Features: Browsers implement various security measures to protect users from online threats.
These may include built-in phishing and malware protection, warnings for insecure websites, and options
for managing cookie and privacy settings.
- Customization Options: Browsers often provide options for customizing the user interface, such as
changing themes, rearranging toolbars, and adjusting font sizes. These customization options allow users
to personalize their browsing experience.
- Syncing Across Devices: Some browsers offer syncing capabilities, allowing users to synchronize their
bookmarks, browsing history, and other settings across multiple devices. This feature enables seamless
browsing experiences across different platforms.
These are some of the common features found in modern web browsers. Different browsers may have
additional unique features or variations in how these features are implemented.
Advantages of the internet
The internet offers numerous advantages and has had a profound impact on various aspects of our lives. Here
are some of the key advantages of the internet:
- Access to Information: The internet provides a vast amount of information on virtually any topic. Users
can quickly search for information, access online libraries, databases, and educational resources, making
it easier to learn and gather knowledge.
- Communication and Connectivity: The internet has revolutionized communication by enabling instant
global connectivity. Email, messaging platforms, social media, and video conferencing tools facilitate
real-time communication with individuals or groups worldwide, breaking down geographical barriers.
- E-commerce and Online Shopping: The internet has transformed the way we shop and conduct business.
Online marketplaces and e-commerce platforms offer convenience, a wide range of products, and easy
price comparison. Consumers can shop from the comfort of their homes, and businesses can reach a
global customer base.
- Collaboration and Remote Work: The internet enables collaboration and remote work. Teams can work
together on projects using online document sharing, project management tools, and video conferencing.
Remote work options have expanded, offering flexibility and new opportunities.
- Entertainment and Media Streaming: The internet provides access to a vast array of entertainment
options. Streaming services for movies, TV shows, music, and gaming platforms offer on-demand content
anytime, anywhere. Online platforms also provide news, blogs, and user-generated content.

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 - Education and Online Learning: The internet has revolutionized education. Online learning platforms,
video tutorials, and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) offer opportunities for distance learning,
skill development, and lifelong education.

- Social Networking and Community Building: Social media platforms allow individuals to connect, share
ideas, and create online communities. They facilitate networking, relationship-building, and information
sharing on a global scale.
- Access to Services and Government Information: Many services, such as banking, healthcare,
government services, and utilities, are now accessible online. Users can access information, make
transactions, and interact with service providers efficiently.
- Research and Innovation: The internet accelerates research and innovation by providing access to
academic papers, research journals, and collaborative platforms. It enables scientists, inventors, and
entrepreneurs to connect, share knowledge, and advance their fields.
- Cultural Exchange and Global Awareness: The internet fosters cultural exchange and global awareness.
People can explore different cultures, traditions, and perspectives through websites, social media, and
online communities, promoting understanding and tolerance.
It's important to note that while the internet offers numerous advantages, it also poses challenges such as
privacy concerns, online security risks, misinformation, and the digital divide. Responsible and mindful use of
the internet is necessary to mitigate these challenges and fully leverage its benefits.
Disadvantages of the internet
While the internet has brought about many advantages, it also has its share of disadvantages. Here are some of
the key disadvantages of the internet:
- Cybersecurity Risks: The internet presents various cybersecurity threats, including hacking, identity
theft, phishing, malware, and other malicious activities. Users need to be cautious about sharing
personal information and maintaining strong security measures to protect themselves online.
- Online Privacy Concerns: Privacy is a significant concern on the internet. Personal data collected by
websites, social media platforms, and other online services can be misused or compromised. Users must
be aware of their privacy settings and understand how their information is being used.
- Spread of Misinformation: The internet has made it easier for misinformation and fake news to spread
rapidly. Misleading or false information can have significant consequences, impacting public opinion,
decision-making, and even personal beliefs.
- Addiction and Overuse: Internet addiction is a growing concern, especially among young people.
Excessive use of the internet, social media, and online gaming can lead to decreased productivity, social
isolation, sleep disturbances, and other negative effects on physical and mental well-being.
- Online Harassment and Cyberbullying: The anonymity provided by the internet can lead to online
harassment, cyberbullying, and trolling. Individuals may experience emotional distress, reputational
damage, and other negative impacts from online abuse.
- Digital Divide: The digital divide refers to the unequal access to internet connectivity and technology.
Not everyone has equal access to the internet, which can limit opportunities for education, employment,
and participation in the digital world.

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 - Impact on Social Interactions: The internet has changed the nature of social interactions. Increased
reliance on online communication can reduce face-to-face interactions, leading to feelings of isolation,
decreased social skills, and a shift in the dynamics of personal relationships.
- Information Overload: With an overwhelming amount of information available online, it can be
challenging to navigate and discern reliable sources. Information overload can lead to difficulties in
decision-making, analysis, and critical thinking.
- Online Scams and Fraud: The internet is a breeding ground for various scams and fraudulent activities.
Users may fall victim to phishing attempts, online scams, pyramid schemes, or other fraudulent activities
that aim to deceive and exploit individuals for financial gain.
- Health Concerns: Excessive screen time and sedentary behaviors associated with internet use can
contribute to physical health issues such as obesity, eye strain, musculoskeletal problems, and disrupted
sleep patterns.
It is essential to be aware of these disadvantages and take measures to address them effectively, such as
practicing online safety, promoting digital literacy, and finding a balance in internet usage.
IP address format
IP addresses, which stand for Internet Protocol addresses, are numerical labels assigned to devices connected
to a computer network. The IP address format used in the current version of IP (IPv4) consists of four sets of
numbers separated by periods (dots). Each set can range from 0 to 255. For example, the format is typically
represented as follows: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX.
Here are a few examples of valid IPv4 addresses in the IP address format:
192.168.0.1
10.0.0.255
172.16.254.100
In addition to IPv4, there is also a newer version called IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), which uses a different
addressing scheme. IPv6 addresses are longer and consist of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated
by colons. Here is an example of an IPv6 address:
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
IPv6 was introduced to address the limitation of available IP addresses in IPv4 and to support the growing
number of devices connected to the internet. However, IPv4 is still widely used and more prevalent in most
networks.
Website address format
Website addresses, commonly known as URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), follow a specific format. The URL
format consists of several components that help identify and locate a specific website or web page. Here's a
breakdown of the typical structure of a URL:
Protocol: The protocol specifies the communication protocol to be used when accessing the website. The most
common protocol is "http://" for regular unencrypted websites, while "https://" indicates a secure encrypted
connection. Other protocols include "ftp://" for file transfer, "mailto://" for email, and more.
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Domain Name: The domain name is the unique name that identifies a website. It typically represents the
organization or entity associated with the website. For example, in "www.example.com," the domain name is
"example.com."
Subdomain: The subdomain is an optional part of the URL that precedes the domain name. It can represent a
specific section or subcategory of a website. For example, "blog.example.com" indicates the blog section of the
"example.com" website.
Top-Level Domain (TLD): The TLD is the last part of the domain name and represents the highest level in the
domain name system. It indicates the type or category of the website. Common TLDs include ".com"
(commercial), ".org" (organization), ".net" (network), ".edu" (educational institution), and country-specific TLDs
like ".us" (United States), ".uk" (United Kingdom), etc.
Path: The path refers to the specific location or directory within the website's structure. It helps identify the
desired web page or resource on the server. For example, in "www.example.com/blog," "blog" is the path
indicating the blog page of the "example.com" website.
Query Parameters: Query parameters are additional information passed to a web page to perform specific
actions or retrieve customized content. They are represented by a question mark "?" followed by key-value
pairs. For example, in "www.example.com/search?q=keyword," the query parameter is "q=keyword," where
"q" is the key and "keyword" is the value.
Here's an example of a complete URL with all the components:
https://www.example.com/path/to/page?param1=value1&param2=value2
In this example, the URL specifies a secure connection (https://), the domain name is "example.com," the path
is "/path/to/page," and there are query parameters "param1" and "param2" with their respective values.
It's important to note that while this is the general structure of a URL, there can be variations and additional
components depending on the specific website and its functionality.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE INTERNET
The internet provides a wide range of services that have transformed the way we communicate, access
information, and conduct various activities. Here are some of the key services provided by the internet:
- World Wide Web (WWW): The web allows users to access and view web pages, websites, and various
multimedia content. It enables the sharing of information, online shopping, entertainment, and much
more.
- Email: Email services allow users to send and receive messages, attachments, and other digital content
over the internet. It provides a convenient and efficient way of communication.
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP enables the transfer of files between computers over the internet. It is
commonly used for uploading and downloading files to and from web servers.
- Instant Messaging (IM): IM services offer real-time text-based communication between individuals or
groups. Users can exchange messages, share files, and even make voice or video calls.
- Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): VoIP technology allows voice communication over the internet. It
enables users to make voice or video calls, both domestically and internationally, using internet
connections instead of traditional telephone networks.
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 - Video Conferencing: Video conferencing services enable real-time video and audio communication
between multiple participants. It is widely used for remote meetings, virtual classrooms, and
collaboration among individuals or teams located in different locations.
- Online Gaming: The internet provides a platform for online gaming, allowing players to connect and play
games with others from around the world. Multiplayer online games have become immensely popular,
enabling interactive and social gaming experiences.
- Social Media: Social media platforms connect users, allowing them to create profiles, share content,
interact with others, and build online communities. It has become a significant means of communication,
networking, and information sharing.
- Online Banking and Financial Services: The internet facilitates online banking, allowing users to access
their accounts, conduct transactions, pay bills, and manage their finances securely from anywhere.
- E-commerce: Internet-based electronic commerce has revolutionized the way we shop. It enables online
retail platforms, where users can browse, select, and purchase products or services from various vendors
and have them delivered to their doorstep.
- Search Engines: Search engines provide a powerful tool for finding information on the web. Users can
enter search queries and receive relevant results from websites, articles, images, videos, and more.
- Online Media Streaming: The internet allows streaming of various media content, including music,
movies, TV shows, and videos. Streaming services provide on-demand access to a vast library of content
for entertainment purposes.
- Cloud Computing: The internet is the backbone of cloud computing services. It enables users to store
and access data, applications, and computing resources remotely through cloud service providers.
- Online Education and E-learning: The internet has facilitated online education and e-learning platforms,
enabling remote learning, access to educational resources, virtual classrooms, and interactive learning
experiences.
- News and Information Services: Numerous websites and online platforms provide news, articles, blogs,
and other forms of information dissemination, keeping users updated on current events, trends, and
topics of interest.
These are just a few examples of the services provided by the internet. The internet's versatility and connectivity
have opened up a vast array of opportunities, transforming various aspects of our personal and professional
lives.

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