SLEEPING HOURS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN

MERCEDES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

An Undergraduate Study Presented to the Senior

High School Department Mercedes National

High School Mercedes District

Mercedes, Eastern Samar

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practice Research 2

(Quantitative Research)

By:

Mosqueda, Allysa Mae

Berongoy, Richelyn

Esquierdo,Jessiebell

Adizas, El John

Ogrimen, Jerica

Pagatpat, Adrian

Belicario, Lady Dianne

Cadayong, Vlademir
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the background for research into the efficacy of identifying

the relations between senior high students sleeping hours and academic achievement.

Additionally, this section can show how this study relates to other literature and

research.

A. Review of Related Literature

Freitag et al. (2017) discovered a link between lower psychological well-being

and sleep disruptions. Furthermore, Allgower et al. (2001) discovered that excessive (>9

h) or insufficient (<7 h) sleep was associated with an increased risk of social isolation in

a large sample of university students from 16 different countries. This suggests an

inverse U-shaped relationship between psychological well-being and sleep duration.

Furthermore, numerous researches have discovered a connection between the

affective aspects of subjective well-being and the quantity and/or quality of sleep. For

instance, Pilcher et al. (2000) discovered that among senior high students who slept an

average of 7 hours per night, average sleep quality was more closely associated with

affect balance than average sleep quantity. Among the negative effects of poor sleep

quality include stress, perplexity, irritability, and sadness. The American Academy of

Sleep Medicine (2015) found that most of the students who slept less than 7.5 hours

per night has lower academic achievement compared to those who slept 8 to 10 hours

per night.
 Moreover, it was found that individuals who are sleep deprived should not

perform procedural tasks, especially when associated with interruptions and costly

errors. Sleep deprived participants were less willing or unable to perform the same

tasks that they completed the night before. With the sleep deprived individuals who

were able to complete the tasks, higher rates of error were observed. The errors

were mainly due to memory failures, especially when tasks were timed (Stepan et

al., 2019). This has one limitation, as it did not explore the need for

accommodations among the sleep-deprived individuals as they performed

procedural tasks.

In the Philippines, based on the research done by Sun Life Financial Asia,

there are almost half of the Filipinos that sleep less than six hours a day. Lack of sleep

has impacts on how students behave in daytime and do their academic performance,

as well as their concentration, attention, and mood. No matter how Important sleep is,

not everyone can have a good sleep especially now a days that most of students are

busy with their academic. Some of them considered that five or six hours of sleep may

sound pretty good but in reality, it is not, it could lead to chronic sleep deprivation and

can cause greater dysfunction (Arceo-Dumlao, 2014).

Furthermore, the researchers’ objective is to find out the sleeping hours and

academic achievement among senior high students that could be considered as

significant. From the Philippine Daily Inquirer, it was stated that sleep-deprivation in the

Philippines has affected half of the population or close to 50 million Filipinos. Before

taking an examination, students should sleep about eight to ten hours to have a better
performance and napping in the afternoon will also help improve your memory. The

more the researcher study the effects of poor quality sleep, the more it gives importance

of having a good sleep that could result in achieving better memory and Improved

learning. Sleep loss means mind loss. It binds learning in many ways. It reduces of how

we think critically, messes up memory and mood, retards reasoning, and slow

development of our skills (Leodinas, 2012).

Moreover, Academic performance means that it was how students work

with their studies and accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers. It also

refers on how students deal with their studies and how they overcome with different

factors affecting their performance. Academic performance can also refer to “how well a

student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself”

(Banquilet et al..,2009). The amount of sleep hours directly affects our productivity,

emotional balance, creativity, physical vitality and even our weight. Therefore, sleep is

an essential human need because it is in the state of rest that our brain controlled to

keep our bodies in good condition. Sleep deprivation does not cause serious injuries but

chronic sleep deprivation does.

Lastly, according to Dr. Dizon (2018), the effect of lack of sleep can lead to

hypertension, diabetes, and heart attack of a person who lacks sleep. Excessiveness in

turn also has a detrimental effect on our health, which can have a mental effect such as

being easy to forget and difficult to focus on things. But these effects are age-based

because the doc said. Duration of sleep on academic performance have related better

sleep patterns with better academic performance. Although, the exact mechanisms

behind the relationship between sleep, memory, and neuro-plasticity are yet unknown,
the general understanding is that specific synaptic connections that were active during

awake-periods are strengthened during sleep, allowing for the consolidation of memory,

and synaptic connections that were inactive are weakened. Thus, sleep provides an

essential function for memory consolidation, which in turn is critical for successful

academic performance (Grossman, 2019).

In conclusion, this literature proved that sleeping hours could affect on academic

achievement of senior high students. It was proven that poor sleep can have a significant

impact on students’ academic performance and overall health. Sleeping hours has its

impact when one’s don’t sleep well, it affect the memory and thinking abilities, making it

harder to do things like learn new skills. This shows how important it is to get enough rest

to make your brain work properly.

B. Review of Related Studies

There are so many negative consequence when teenagers do not enough

sleep. Fonseca and Genzel (2020), sleep control is a mixture of internal clocks and

external regulators, as well as the general sleep need for homeostatic pressure. Both

forces are in harmony in optimal conditions, allowing the person to do the right. Thing at

the right time (Fonseca & Genzel, 2020). Medic et al. (2017) reported that in Short-and

long-term health consequences of sleep disruption that long- term effects of sleep

deprivation may hamper the health, which will result in weight issues, hypertension,

cardiovascular problems, metabolic syndrome, diabetes as well as colorectal cancer.

This may lead to death, vitamins, family size, social media dependency, addiction to

social networks, and social issues.

memory, and neuro-plasticity are yet unknown, the general understanding is that

specific synaptic connections that were active during awake-periods are strengthened

during sleep, allowing for the consolidation of memory, and synaptic connections that

were inactive are weakened. Thus, sleep provides an essential function for memory

consolidation, which in turn is critical for successful academic performance (Grossman,

2019),In terms of academic performance, when people are busy cramming and not

sleeping, the important information they learnt and thought they had memorized

basically slips out of their brain, and they’ll have trouble recalling them following day.

Aside from that students who do not sleep or wake up at consistent times daily were

more likely to have lower grades. Differences between regular and irregular students

has differences when it comes in grade point averages.

Students with irregular sleep patterns were given lower scores close to zero,

while the regular sleepers were given higher scores close to 100 (Knight, 2017).

Meanwhile, stress is a contributing factor to sleeplessness, while others are being

acknowledged to “early school and work hours, the absence of exercise, and

accompanied by bedtime routine that would be change overtime. In such a case,

students expressed that sleep is needed for them to avoid being tired and do their tasks

in school effectively, as concentration is compromise (Merenheimo, 2018).academic

institution. Also, academic performance of students has a direct impact on the socio-

economic development of a country (Sign, 2013).

serves as a bedrock for knowledge acquisition and the development of skills; he

emphasized that the top most priority of all educators is academic performance of

students. According to Eze et al. (2016), Academic performance is the outcome of

students effort in examinations. Students’ academic performance is determined by a

number of factors. Marti (2003) also added that the academic performance involves

factors such as the intellectual level, personality, motivation, skills, interests, study

habits, self-esteem or the teacher-student relationship.

On the other hand, Barkley (2004) said that the academic performance of

students reflects on their ability to demonstrate the knowledge they have learnt in tests,

quizzes, presentations and final examinations. The importance of students’ performance

is not only evident to the students but also to the universities as it is a measure of the

success of their education process. Studies in the education literature have examined

the factors that may influence students’ performance that include physical facilities and

qualified educators, students’ attitudes, aspirations and self-awareness (Garkaza et al.

2011). According to Okano et al. (2019), The relationship between sleep and cognitive

function has been a topic of interest for over a century. Well-controlled sleep studies

conducted with healthy adults have shown that better sleep is associated with a myriad

of superior cognitive functions, including better learning and memory.

Some of the researchers that conducted at the Eastern Visayas Basic

Education Research Festival has examined a 119 senior high Electrical Installation and

Maintenance (EIM) students who were chosen through simple random sampling using

descriptive and correlational design.

deprived, sleeping for less than 6 hours on average. Using of social media such as

Facebook and Messenger accounts, as well as playing mobile games, were two of the

causes for sleeping late. Making homework’s was the third motivation. Some of the

students were sleepy and distracted during class discussions, napped in class during

free time and felt fatigued during classes were the three most common classroom

behaviors. There was sixty-one percent of pupils that have a general average of 75-79,

which can only be considered as a satisfactory in the K-12 grading system, and no

more than 29 percent have an 80-84 mark, which is only satisfactory (Toyong et al.,

2020).

The students from Silliman University Senior High School in the Philippines

completed an online questionnaire on sleep deprivation, which focuses on the relations

between sleep and academic performance. Even beyond class hours, these students

were overloaded with multiple academic activities for about eight hours, leaving little

time to sleep. While it was found out that sleep deprivation can damage academic

performance, it also finds that respondents have a mean sleep time of between 6.85

and 7.40 hours. This shows that respondents may occasionally be missing 1 to 2 hours

of sleep out of the recommended 8 to 10 hours. It also shows that the number of hours

of sleep and the overall average does not have a linear relationship. This shows that

students can sacrifice a portion of their sleep in order to get their desired results and

that they can become acclimated to the lack of sleep and demanding academic

obligations (Sygaco, 2021).

performance in children and adolescents. Three independent meta-analyses were

conducted, with influential factors (eg, gender, age, and parameter assessment) acting

as moderators. All three sleep variables were associated with school performance in a

small but meaningful way. When it came to the association between sleep duration and

school achievement, studies with more males had larger age effects than studies with

more girls, highlighting the importance of boys’ and girls’ pubertal development (Dewald

et al., 2010).

Furthermore, according to Okano et al., (2019), sleep is a key factor in the life

and health of human being. It is essential in learning and practice as well as physical

and mental health. Studies have indicated that inadequate sleep, increased regularity of

short-term sleep, and sleeping late and waking up early impact the learning capacity,

academic performance, and neurobehavioral functions. The chance of academic failure

is higher for those students who have insufficient sleep compared to those who have

the appropriate amount of sleep (Jalali et al., 2020).

In conclusion, the research conducted on senior high school students revealed

that sleep deprivation is prevalent among students. This is mainly because of social

media use and academic workload.

Research Synthesis:

Identifying the sleeping hours and academic achievement among senior high

students. This research synthesis ideally synthesizes key points garnered from the
related literature and studies. Furthermore, this will elaborate the connection of this

study from the related ones.

As cited from the related literature, Sixty-one percent of pupils have a general

average of 75-79, which is only satisfactory in the K-12 grading system, and 29 percent

have an 80-84 mark, which is only satisfactory (Toyong et al., 2020).Duration of sleep

on academic performance have related better sleep patterns with better academic

performance (Okano et al., 2019), sleep is a key factor in the life and health of human

being. It is essential in learning and practice as well as physical and mental health.

Students with irregular sleep patterns were given lower scores close to zero, while the

regular sleepers were given higher scores close to 100 (Knight, 2017).

Meanwhile, stress is a contributing factor to sleeplessness, while others are

being acknowledged to “early school and work hours, the absence of exercise, and

accompanied by bedtime rituals that would be altered. In such a case, students

expressed that sleep is needed for them to avoid being tired and do their tasks in school

effectively, as concentration is compromise (Merenheimo, 2018). Moreover, Farooq et

al, (2011), asserted that students’ academic performance serves as a bedrock for

knowledge acquisition and the development of skills; he emphasized that the top most

priority of all educators is academic performance of students. According to Eze et al.

(2016), Academic performance is the outcome of students effort in examinations.

In conclusion, this highlights the impact of sleeping hours on academic

achievement among senior high students. It is clear from the related literature that

better sleep patterns can improved academic performance, while irregular sleep can

lead to lower scores and compromised concentration.

Theory of Restoration. According to Oswald (1980) and Horne (1988),

sleep can heal and restore the body and brain. The brain and body would stop working

properly if sleep quality is poor and inefficient. This theory suggests that different sleep

patterns are significant when it comes to healing various biological functions. REM

sleep is essential to make the brain to develop, mend, and reorganize. During REM

sleep, this can made changes in the brain’s activity patterns. The Slow Wave Sleep

(SWS) is important for physical development and restoration (Dokie, 2018).

Moreover, there is also Sleep Drive Theory. According to Borbély (1982)

the body grows more sleep-deprived the longer a person is awake, which increases the

pressure on them to go to bed (Borbély, 1982). Two-Process Model Theory. Alexander

Borbély presented the two-process model of sleep regulation.

The onset of sleep, according to the original conception, might be viewed as

a break from the stringent regulation maintained by the circadian pacemaker. The two-

process model postulates that interactions between a history-dependent and a history-

independent process influence sleep, and that empirical variables can be used to track

the two processes (Borbély, 2022).

To conclude, this research explores the sleeping hours and Academic

Achievement among Senior High School Students. The study aims to comprehend the

relation between sleeping hours and Academic Achievement.

This study also anchors two main variables- independent and dependent. The

following are such identified being utilized by this study:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Sleeping Hours Academic Achievement

Figure 1. Shows the independent and dependent variable of the study and its

Relatedness.
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