● In the early part of 1900, transportations in this country depended largely on trails,

waterways, railroad, earth roads and partially graveled roads

● Recent Land transportation records revealed that more than 80,000 brand new vehicles
were added to their lists every year. At an average of 5.00 meters road occupancy by
these vehicles, the DPWH must open 400 kilometers new roads every year. This data
did not include ),et the roadway for second hand or surplus assembled cars. With this
statistical report, the solution to traffic problems is nowhere in sight . Traffic problems are
expected to worsen year after year.
● The year 1960 to early part of 1980 was considered an automobile age. It was during
this decade that road construction became a matter of priority for the government under
the slogan: " This nation is on Wheels ”.
● highway planners problems: Financial,Political and technical
● Rational Planning is no longer the objective process, based on training, and expertise
concerning the actual needs of the: people, but is rather, a political decision
● There are three inseparable sets of inputs involved in highway programing, they are:
Economic, financial, Political and Administration
● Highway Programming Approaches
● l. Financial resources are either short or long ranged implementation by the agencies
functions like construction, operations, and maintenance.
● 2. Recognition of the legislative and administrative desire and constraint.
● 3. Tentative priorities based on economic analysis, critical situations, present and future
expected level of traffic, and claims based on political subdivisions.
● 4. Providing continuity of the route system and coordination with other transportation
mode.
● 5. Selection of projects based on availability of labor and materials, including climatic
conditions.
● 6. Scheduling the project implementation in coordination with other agencies, acquiring
right of way and making final plan and specifications.
● 7. Budgetary reserve to cover emergencies like floods and other natural disasters.
● Cost of highways is for Planning,Right of way
appropriations,Construction,Maintenance,Operating.
● Planners act as coordinators, catalysts or to work as community advocates, should not
be either partisan or advocate to a particular solution.To provide technical and
organizational support,To receive input or information on the needs and goals of affected
persons group or agencies,Incorporate the above for planning and making decision.
● The Functions of the Planners are,To prepare preliminary design, scoop of study and the
initial work program. Know the basic needs, plan and objectives of affected persons,
Exploration of alternatives. Data gathering by contacting the representatives of other
agencies involved,Detailed analysis. Prepare a detailed plan for appropriate community
interaction,Secure formal ratification,from the local officials and have the results
documented lf nothing goes wrong, this step is considered final.
● The intent of expenditures for highways and public transportations are enumerated as
follows: To augment the country's level of economy. To provide easy access to working
place. To facilitate public services; police, fire protection etc. To facilitate medical care,
 schooling and delivery of related basic services.To give landowner benefits to
transportation and increase property assessment. Benefit to motor vehicle users through
lower cost of operations and maintenance. Benefit in time saving. Less road accident. To
give maximum comfort and ease of travel.
● Photogrammetry is based on aerial photographs for engineers working data on
Locations,Planning,Geometric design,Right of way.Traffic studies,Drainage,Soil
classifications and identifications,Earthwork measurements.Material location,Pavement
condition survey
● To improve the highways, there should be tentative plan as to the control, and minimum
design speed, roadway cross sections, and maximum slope with the following
considerations:Reliable cost estimate,Character and hourly distribution of
traffic,Economic and community benefit factor, Availability of funds.
● Location surveys in the rural areas are divided into 4 stages.Reconnaissance survey of
the entire area between the terminal points.Reconnaissance survey of all feasible
routes.Preliminary survey of the best route.Location survey, staking of the right of way,
the highway and the structure for construction.
● stage I Reconnaissance survey of the entire area l. Stereoscopic examination of small
scaled aerial photographs of the area supplemented by available maps. 2. Determination
control of photography and land use. 3. Location of feasible routes based on
photographs and maps.
● stage II Reconnaissance survey of feasible route:l. Stereoscopic examination of large-
scale aerial photographs of each route. 2. Determination of the detailed control of
photography and land use. 3. Preparation of route maps by Photogrammetric methods.
4. Location and comparison of feasible routes on photographs and maps. 5. Selection of
the best route.
● Stage III Preliminary Survey of the best route. 1. Preparation of large scale topographic
maps using the route photograph and Photogrammetric methods or preparation of, large
scale topographic maps by ground survey guided by best route location made on
photographs in the second stage. 2. Design of the preliminary location
● Stage - IV Location survey 1.Staking of the right of way and the highway and structures
for construction.
● When the location of the bridge is approximately determined, the following requirements
must be considered: 1. A complete data report and special survey of the site. 2. Prepare
sketches and full scale map and profiles. 3 The survey report must contain accurate data
of the waterway for all behavior of water. 4. There must be a complete report on the
foundation condition and the stream characteristics. 5. A complete data of the adjacent
structures particularly the waterway opening. 6. If possible, skewed bridge should be
avoided.
● The complete detailed scheme for the road which are incorporated in the geometric
designS are: 1. Traffic 2. Drainage 3. Erosion control 4. Roadside development 5.
Structure 6. Soils 7. Pavement
● Presentation of a Road Plan l. The upper sheet is allocated for the plan, top view
showing the horizontal alignment, right of way takings, drainage arrangement and other
features. 2. The lower half is allotted to the profile where the original elevation of the
 ground surface is plotted. The roadway centerline and the vertical alignment or grade
line for the road is indicated. 3.The vertical scale of the profile is usually exaggeratedly
enlarged from five to ten times for precise detail. 4.The profile and other details of the
drainage, channels or connecting roads including ramps are also presented. 5.The
estimated earthwork quantities for every 50 meters station or other intervals are
indicated along the bottom of each sheet along with the estimated overhead. This will
serve the engineer and the contractor. 6. The roadway cross sections for every situation
in the whole project stretch is indicated on another sheet of the plan. 7.Another sheet of
drawings showing all structures and roadway appurtenances is included. 8.The standard
size of the drawing sheet is 55 cm x 90 cm.
● Partial list of subjects covered by the standard drawing:1.Pipe culverts 2.concrete box
culverts 3. guard rail and parapet 4.curbs 5.gutters 6.curb structure 7.sidewalks
8.drainage inlet and outlet structures of numerous types 9.manholes 10.Rip-rap and
other devices used for bank protection 11.Fences and right of way 12.Other survey
markers.