Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

Welcome to video Lecture

Adina Institute of Science & Technology Sagar
Program: B. Tech
Subject Name: Basic Computer Engineering
Subject Code: BT-205
Mr. Anurag Jain
Asst. Prof.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Computer Networking:
1. Introduction.
2. Goals.
3. ISO-OSI Model.
4. Functions of Different Layers.
5. Internetworking Concepts.
6. Devices.
7. TCP/IP Model.
8. Introduction to Internet.
9. World Wide Web.
10. E-commerce.

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP Model is developed before than OSI Model. The layers in TCP/IP Model are
different than OSI Model.
Layers in TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP Model has four layers:
1. Physical Layer and
2. data link layer combined known as host-to-network layer
3. Network layer
4. Transport
5. Application

Note*:- Physical Layer and data link layer combined known as host-to-network layer

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

 The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.

 The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.
 The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport layer, network
layer, data link layer and physical layer.
TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each of them provides
specific functionality.
Here, hierarchical means that each upper-layer protocol is supported by two or more lower-
level protocols.
1. Physical and Data Link Layer
Physical and Data Link Layers in TCP/IP model does not define any protocols, they support
all the standard protocols. They are combined known as host-to-network layer. A network in
TCP/IP internetwork can be LAN or WAN.
2. Network Layer
In the network layer, the TCP/IP model supports internetworking protocol in short known as
IP. The IP uses four protocols internally: ARP, RARP, ICMP & IGMP.
Internetworking protocol (IP):
1. It is an unreliable connectionless protocol used by TCP/IP Model.
2. This protocol is used for data transmission.
3. This protocol doesn’t do error checking or tracking of data, thus we cannot be sure that the
data is actually reached its destination.
4. IP protocol transmits the data in form of small packets known as Datagram’s. Each of these
datagram’s are transmitted separately, thus they can take different routes and sometime
duplicate datagram’s can be reached to destination, also they are reached in no particular
order at the destination.
Lets discuss the four protocol this Internetworking protocol (IP) uses:
1. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP finds the physical address by using the IP address. In a network, each device is known as
physical address usually imprinted on Network interface card (NIC).

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

ARP protocol is used to find the physical address of a device whose internet addresses (IP
address) is known.
2. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
RARP protocol helps to find the internet address of a device whose physical address is known.
3. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
IP in network layer sends data in form of small packets known as datagram’s. ICMP protocol
sends the datagram’s problems back to sender. It is used for query and error reporting
messages.
4. Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
This protocol is used for simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients.
3. Transport Layer
Transport layer in TCP/Model can be represented by three protocols: Transmission control
protocol (TCP), User data gram protocol (UDP) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP).
These three protocols in transport layer are responsible for delivery of messages from one
process to another. The SCTP protocol was later introduced to meet the needs of newer
applications.
User Datagram protocol (UDP)
1. UDP is a process to process protocol used for data transmission.
2. It takes the data from upper layer of TCP/IP Model and adds following information to the
data:
a) Port Address – Source port address of 16 bits and destination port address of 16
bits added to the data so that it reaches to correct destination and displays the correct
source of data.
b) Checksum error control – 16 bits of checksum data is added to the data received
from upper layer, this is used for error control.
c) Length of data – Length defines the total bytes of data in datagram.
3. Although this protocol finds the error in the transmission of data, it doesn’t specify the error
which makes it hard to identify the actual error in transmission.

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

Transmission control protocol (TCP)

1. Unlike UDP which is a connectionless protocol, the TCP is a connection oriented protocol.
2. A connection must be made between sender and receiver before the transmission of data.
3. TCP protocol divides the data in small units called segments. Each segment contains the
sequence number which makes it possible to rearrange the segments in correct order at the
receiver side to make the complete data.
4. It also adds acknowledgement number to the segments to verify that the data is actually
reached its destination or not.
5. Unlike UDP which is unable to specify the exact error in transmission, this protocol does
error control and specifies the exact error which makes TCP a reliable protocol.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
1. This protocol combines the best features of TCP and UDP protocols.
2. It was discovered later to support newer applications such as voice data transmission over
the internet.

4. Application Layer
1. This is the top most layer of TCP/IP model.
2. It is used for interaction between user and application.
3. There are several protocols used by the application layer for user interaction such as: HTTP,
SNMP, SMTP, DNS, TELNET, FTP etc.
HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol; it allows the user to interact with World
Wide Web through the browser application.
HTTP can be used to transfer various types of data such as plain text, audio, video etc.
FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This protocol is used for transmitting files from
one system to another system.
TELNET: TELNET is a client-server protocol. It is a reliable connection oriented protocol.
This protocol is used on internet or on LAN to provide a bidirectional (both ways) text based
communication through a virtual (आभासी) terminal connection.
DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. Each computer on a network has different IP
address, a computer is known by its IP address.

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

DNS provides a mapping to a name to the IP Address so a name can be used to identify a system
on network rather than IP address itself.
SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It managers the devices
connected to the internet using TCP/IP protocol.
SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. It is used for email services, using
this protocol an email containing data can be sent to another email address.

Difference between TCP & OSI Model

Following are some similarities between OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference
Model.
1. Both have layered architecture.
2. Layers provide similar functionalities.
3. Both are protocol stack.
4. Both are reference models.

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Adina Institute Of Science And Technology Sagar, Subject: - Basic Computer Engineering Code: - BT-205

OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol)
1. TCP/IP model is based on standard protocols
1. OSI is a generic, protocol independent
around which the Internet has developed. It is a
standard, acting as a communication
communication protocol, which allows connection
gateway between the network and end user.
of hosts over a network.
2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not
2. In OSI model the transport layer
guarantees delivery of packets. Still the TCP/IP
guarantees the delivery of packets.
model is more reliable.
3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.
4. OSI model has a separate Presentation 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate Presentation
layer and Session layer. layer or Session layer.
5. Transport Layer is both Connection Oriented
5. Transport Layer is Connection Oriented.
and Connection less.
6. Network Layer is both Connection
6. Network Layer is Connection less.
Oriented and Connection less.
7. OSI is a reference model around which the
7. TCP/IP model is, in a way implementation of
networks are built. Generally it is used as a
the OSI model.
guidance tool.
8. Network layer of OSI model provides both
8. The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
connection oriented and connectionless
connectionless service.
service.
9. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are
9. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
easily replaced as the technology changes.
10. OSI model defines services, interfaces
10. In TCP/IP, services, interfaces and protocols
and protocols very clearly and makes clear
are not clearly separated. It is also protocol
distinction between them. It is protocol
dependent.
independent.
11. It has 7 layers 11. It has 4 / 5 layers

Prepared By:- Mr. Anurag Jain, Assit. Prof. Department of Computer Science & Engineering