Practical Research 1 Second Semester

Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

NAME:_________________________ GRADE AND SECTION_______________ DATE________________ • Research brings out the best in you and improves the quality of life. It develops your creativity
and critical thinking skills by gathering relevant information and produces novel knowledge. It
LESSON TOPIC #01 (DAY 1-4) also promotes understanding of history that can help in shaping our future.
THE NATURE OF RESEARCH AND INQUIRY • A research should give accurate data, objective and not from mere opinions, timely or new and
I. INTRODUCTION interesting to the present society, relevant in improving the society, expressed clearly through
“The art and science of asking is the source of all knowledge.”—Thomas Berger simple, direct, concise and correct language, and done in a systematic manner.
Humans are innately curious of things around them. People, things, animals, and events made • A research study is developed by following the research process: (1) Define your topic; (2)
us wonder continuously and urged us to ask questions. Questions after questions we find answers Formulate your problem statement; (3) Conduct a review of related literature; (4) Determine
to the object of our curiosity and discover the truth. As we ask questions or encounter problems, the theoretical framework for your study; (5) Develop a research strategy or design; (6) Collect
we ought to find a solution, an answer. As we find answers to these problems, people came up with your data; (7) Validate your research design and analyze your data; (8) Write and revise your
different inventions or innovation. However, this cannot be produced only by finding answers to research paper; and (9) Defending and disseminating the results of your study.
questions, rather it can be done through RESEARCH. • Researchers have moral obligations to fulfill in the course of their research work. It is partly
In this lesson, you will be familiarized to the nature of Research, its importance, about establishing a good relationship with your subjects and interviewees, among others.
characteristics, process and ethics. Subjects should be treated with respect and should be informed about their rights as
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: interviewees. Researchers must also observe non-maleficence, benevolence, and justice,
• differentiate Inquiry and Research; must have integrity, honesty, objectivity, competence, and diligence at all times. Furthermore,
• explain the importance of research in daily life; researchers must avoid committing various forms of research misconduct such as plagiarism,
• describe the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research; fabrication, and falsification of results.
• explain the importance of adhering the Research Ethics; IV. DISCUSSION/ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
II. STANDARDS AND COMPETENCIES 4.1 Concept Development
CONTENT STANDARDS: MELCS: Inquiry
The learners demonstrate understanding of: The students will be able to: Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about
• the importance of research in daily life • shares research experiences and people, things, places, or events. You do this by investigating or asking questions about
• the characteristics, processes, and knowledge Week 1 to 2 something you are inquisitive about. It requires you to collect data, meaning, facts, and
ethics of research • explains the importance of research in information about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data carefully. The philosopher
• quantitative and qualitative research daily life Plato once claimed that philosophy or knowledge, and science begins with the sense of wonder
• the kinds of research across fields • describes characteristics, processes, (inquiry).
and ethics of Research
• research According to Donna M. Mertens, research is a “systematic inquiry that is designed to
collect, analyze, and interpret data to understand, describe or predict a phenomenon.” Simply
III. CONCEPT SUMMARY put, research is the process of searching for knowledge. It involves a scientific, methodical,
• Research is a “systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data to and well-structured process.
understand, describe or predict a phenomenon.” It is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve Research is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through
investigation of something through questioning. However, the meaning of research is more questioning. However, the meaning of research is more complicated than inquiry because it
complicated than inquiry because it does not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, does not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a
but also on carrying out a particular order of research stages. Each stage of the research process particular order of research stages. Each stage of the research process is not an individual
is not an individual task because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only task because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only from yourself but
from yourself but other people as well. other people as well.
Among the factors that determine the success of a research is its ability to find answers
and solutions to real-world problems. The findings of many research studies have benefited
countless people. Many research studies have been responsible for discovering and creating
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

medical breakthroughs, advances in technology, and understanding and solving problems in 6. Systematic
education, business, economy, and society. Below are some of the importance of research: It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
Importance of Research Research Process
1. Research gathers relevant information and produces novel knowledge. To produce good research, a research design is necessary. A research design is a plan reflecting the
The result of research studies can be used as a springboard for conducting more series or set of activities that must be accomplished until the completion of a research study. It guides a
studies, planning new projects, or creating new products. For example, a research study researcher as to how he or she should conduct and complete it. The following are the basic steps you
on the basic needs of a company’s target customers can help a company develop and need to follow when conducting a research study:
market a new line of products. In addition, the outcome of a research study contributes 1. Define your topic.
additional information to an existing body of knowledge. this makes a researcher a The research process starts with selecting a topic. You have the freedom to choose
contributor of knowledge. whatever topic interests you. It could be about a group of people. a specific event, or a
2. Research improves the quality of life. phenomenon. For example, you may want to pursue a topic arising from certain social or
Research undertakings are always geared toward improving and making a political issues. Importantly, the topic should be highly relevant and shall contribute to the
difference in people’s lives. Major breakthroughs in the field of communication, existing body of knowledge. For example, you may want to explore the pros and cons of the K-
transportation, medicine, entertainment, and food and nutrition have all been made 12 program or the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Act.
possible through research studies. 2. Formulate your problem statement.
3. Research promotes understanding of history. A problem statement is that which describes what is to be tested, examined, or studied
Understanding our history can help us shape our future. Research does this by during the entire research process. It is the general problem or question that the research aims
examining past societies, problems, and human behaviors and comparing them to to answer or solve. The problem statement reflects the following information: context, gap,
current ones. through these insights, possible solutions for current problems are and significance. The question that you will ask should be specific. The problem statement
formulated and prevailing issues are addressed. should also be able to emphasize the significance of pursuing that specific field of study. Why
4. Research contributes to one’s personal and professional development. is it relevant to pursue and explore this particular field of study? Will its outcome benefit many
Research challenges us to become better individuals because it gives us new ideas, people and add to a body of knowledge?
perspectives, and skills. Personally, you will gain more knowledge and thus widen your 3. Conduct a review of related literature
perspective about life in general. Professionally, you will not only meet your academic or This stage is mainly about reading studies, articles, and other sources related to your
school requirements but you will also advance to a more challenging and exciting world study. A literature review must be done systematically. You have to carefully select and
of learning. evaluate your sources of information to ensure their credibility and reliability. Also, it is very
Characteristics of Research important to cite your sources. Always give credit to the writers whose works you use as
1. Accuracy references. Not citing all the sources you used is considered academic dishonesty and
It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical plagiarism.
entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged. In addition, conducting a literature review will allow you to study what has already been
2. Objectiveness researched in relation to your topic. This, in turn, will help you identify specific areas related to
It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, your topic that remain unexplored. These areas are called research gaps. The objective of any
generalizations, predictions, or conclusions. research is to “bridge” the research gap or to significantly add to a body of knowledge.
3. Timeliness 4. Determine the theoretical framework for your study.
It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and, interesting to the present society. The theoretical framework is the very foundation of a research study. Your study is
4. Relevance anchored on certain theories, which will be used to examine and analyze the data you will
Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting collect.
the lives of people in a community. 5. Develop a research strategy or design
5. Clarity A research strategy is a plan on how to conduct your research. This will serve as your
It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, guide in accomplishing your research objectives and priorities. At this stage, you will plot the
concise, and correct language. details about what data you need to collect, how much data you need to collect, and how you
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

are going to collect your data. Furthermore, you should plan what specific data gathering such as plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification of results. Plagiarism is the act of copying another
instruments, such as interviews, surveys, and documents, you will use. person’s work, ideas, or words without appropriate acknowledgement of the original source.
6. Collect your data. Falsification is the act of maneuvering data in such a way that another person will be inclined to
This involves your actual study according to y our research strategy. believe that said data is true and correct. Fabrication is the act of inventing of making up data and
7. Validate your research design and analyze your data. then reporting it as true. It is important that you are fully aware of these so you will not commit any
You must make sure that the research study is valid and reliable by setting certain of them in the conduct of your research.
criteria. Validity constructs pertains to terms, phrases, concepts, and ideas that are directly 4.2 Broadening of Concept and Integration
relevant to answering the research questions. 1. In this time of uncertainties and crisis arousals, what is the significance of research?
8. Write and revise your research paper. 2. As a student, and a neophyte researcher, what value should you possess as you begin your
The writing process includes outlining, drafting, and incorporating comments and journey in the process of researching? Why?
suggestions into drafts. In writing the report, you should prepare an outline indicating the V. REFERENCES
sections and structure of your paper. • Abila, S., Fernandez, C.J. (2020) Practical Research 1. (p. 3) Anvil Publishing, Inc.
9. Defending and disseminating the results of your study. • Avilla, R.A. (2019). Practical Research 1. (2nd ed., pp. 3-9). Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Prior to finalizing your research report, you should have defended your study before a • Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 1. (1st ed., pp.3-11). Rex Book Store
committee tasked to evaluate it. Typically, an oral defense or presentation is done twice. The
first is called proposal defense which takes place after writing the research proposal while the
second is called a final defense which takes place after the whole research report is
completed.
10. Publish and present your study.
Nowadays, especially in tertiary level, research studies shall be published to most
reliable and trusted journals that costs a bit. However, this is an investment and help that you
can contribute to the research community about the certain topic you have presented.

Ethics in Research
Ethics is a set of moral principles that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable
behavior. Research ethics establishes the moral integrity of the researchers as it ensures that the
findings of a research study are valid and trustworthy.
Ethics must always be observed when doing research. It is partly about establishing a good
relationship with your subjects and interviewees, among others. Subjects should be treated with
respect and should be informed about their rights as interviewees. Among their rights include
informing them the nature of their participation is voluntary and they can withdraw their
participation anytime. Further, the response of interviewees should be kept confidential. In
addition, participants should be informed about the study, its importance, and its potential
benefits and risks. In addition, you can also demonstrate ethics by being responsible for data
handling and management. You should respect the privacy of your subjects and keep their
information confidential. You should not share the information of your subjects without their
consent.
Researchers must observe non-maleficence, benevolence, and justice. Any kind of research
conducted must do no harm to its human subjects and should be for the benefit or good of human
beings. Researchers must have integrity, honesty, objectivity, competence, and diligence at all
times. Furthermore, researchers must avoid committing various forms of research misconduct
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

NAME:_________________________ GRADE AND SECTION_______________ DATE________________ B. True or False (Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.)
11. _____ Inquiry requires systematic stages, just like research.
ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 1 12. _____ Research has led to advancements in transportation, food, and medicine, improving
LESSON TOPIC #01 (DAY 1-4) people’s lives.
THE NATURE OF RESEARCH AND INQUIRY 13. _____ Clarity in research means expressing findings in complex and technical language.
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. On a one-half sheet crosswise, read and analyze each part and follow the 14. _____ Systematic research means that it is conducted in an organized manner.
directions. No erasures and alterations allowed. 15. _____ Research findings can be used to inspire future studies or projects
A. Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer.) 16. _____ Accuracy in research means that all data, footnotes, and sources must be documented
1. Which philosopher claimed that philosophy begins with a sense of wonder? correctly and honestly.
A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Descartes 17. _____ Objectiveness in research means that it can include general assumptions and personal
2. Inquiry primarily involves which of the following actions? opinions.
A. Memorizing facts B. Asking questions and investigating 18. _____ Timeliness in research refers to choosing a topic that is relevant and interesting to
C. Making assumptions D. Repeating information current society.
3. According to Donna M. Mertens, research is best described as: 19. _____ Clarity in research means expressing findings using complex and technical language to
A. A process that relies on personal opinions impress the reader.
B. An unstructured collection of data 20. _____ Research must be systematic, meaning it should be conducted in an organized and
C. A systematic inquiry designed to analyze and interpret data orderly manner.
D. An activity without a specific purpose C. Sequencing the Research Process (Arrange the steps in the correct order by writing the numbers
4. Unlike inquiry, research is: 1 to 10 in the blanks provided.)
A. Unorganized B. Spontaneous and informal Sample Situation: You are conducting research on the topic, “The Effects of the K-12 Program on
C. Dependent on stages and order D. Only focused on questioning Student Learning Outcomes in the Philippines.”
5. Which of the following is NOT an importance of research? 21. _____ You analyze your findings based on the theoretical framework and validate the design to
A. Contributing to personal and professional development ensure reliability. You assess whether the data aligns with the research question and if the
B. Promoting understanding of history methods used were appropriate.
C. Guaranteeing future predictions 22. _____ Once your research strategy is ready, you proceed to collect your data. You conduct
D. Improving the quality of life surveys with a sample of students and interview teachers and administrators to gather their
6. Research that improves people’s quality of life often focuses on advancements in: insights and observations on learning outcomes.
A. Communication and entertainment B. Tourism and sports 23. _____ You choose a topic of interest, The Effects of the K-12 Program on Student Learning
C. Historical reenactments D. Personal hobbies Outcomes in the Philippines, considering its relevance and potential impact.
7. Understanding historical issues through research primarily helps us to: 24. _____ With your data analysis complete, you start writing your research paper. You create an
A. Ignore current issues B. Shape the future outline, draft sections of the paper, and make revisions based on feedback from peers or
C. Eliminate all historical conflicts D. Justify past behaviors mentors.
8. One main characteristic of research is accuracy, which means: 25. _____ After reviewing the literature, you decide on a theoretical framework. You select Piaget’s
A. Using only simple language B. Documenting data correctly and honestly Theory of Cognitive Development to frame your analysis, as it aligns with assessing
C. Providing general predictions D. Relying solely on opinion-based data educational impact on student learning.
9. Research is described as objective because it: 26. _____ You craft a problem statement that focuses on a specific question: How has the K-12
A. Is focused on generalizations B. Only values opinions Program impacted the learning outcomes of Filipino students in public high schools? You
C. Deals with factual data D. Avoids concrete conclusions highlight the significance of this question in educational improvement.
10. A relevant research topic should: 27. _____ After data collection, you prepare for your oral defense. You present your findings to a
A. Solve a trivial problem B. Avoid social issues committee and defend the methodology, analysis, and significance of your study to get
C. Improve society or address real problems D. Be easy to complete in one day feedback and final approval.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

28. _____ You conduct a review of related literature. You read articles, studies, and reports on K-
12 education in the Philippines, noting past research findings and identifying gaps in the
existing literature.
29. _____ Finally, after defending your study, you publish your paper in a reputable academic
journal. Your study on the K-12 Program’s effects is now accessible to the research
community and contributes to educational knowledge.
30. _____ You develop a research strategy or design. You plan to collect data through surveys and
interviews with students, teachers, and school administrators, focusing on quantitative and
qualitative data
 Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

LESSON TOPIC #02 (DAY 5-8) requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication;
INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (5) Historical Analysis—the examination of primary documents to make you understand the
I. INTRODUCTION connection of past events to the present time; (6) Grounded Theory—takes place when you
“Research is creating new knowledge”—Neil Armstrong discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
From the previous lesson, you have learned that research is the systematic inquiry that is IV. DISCUSSION/ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data to understand, describe or predict a phenomenon. It 4.1 Concept Development
helps us to find answers and solutions to questions and problems. Whatever knowledge we create Research can be conducted in different ways for different purposes. Thus, you can classify a
today, will be used in the future. research study according to how it was conducted (technique or data collection strategy used) or why it
In this lesson, you will learn the two basic categories of research—qualitative and quantitative was conducted (its purpose or use).
research. However, this will center on qualitative research, being the focus of Practical Research 1. There are two broad categories of research—qualitative research and quantitative research.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: However, this module will focus more on the qualitative approach to research.
• differentiate quantitative research from qualitative research; QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• identify the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research; Quantitative research is defined as research that explains phenomena according to numerical
• explain the importance of qualitative research; data, which are analyzed by means of mathematically based methods, especially statistics. The
• realize the value of understanding and giving importance to other people’s point of view. dominant language of quantitative research is the use of mathematics to represent and evaluate
II. STANDARDS AND COMPETENCIES research issues.
CONTENT STANDARDS: MELCS: From a broader perspective, quantitative research can be defined as a type of empirical research
The learners demonstrate understanding of: The students will be able to: into a social phenomenon or human problem testing a theory consisting of variables which are
• the importance of research in daily life • differentiates quantitative from measured with numbers and analyzed with statistics in order to determine if the theory explains or
• the characteristics, processes, and qualitative research predicts phenomena of interest.
ethics of research • provide examples of research in areas In quantitative research, research questions are usually formulated to evaluate and test the
• quantitative and qualitative research of interest hypothesis and data using statistical tool. It is generally more objective and logical as compared to
• the kinds of research across fields • escribes characteristics, strengths, qualitative research. It usually happens in hard sciences like physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine.
weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative For example, in the field of medicine, to produce a new medicine, a medical researcher subjects the
research data to a controlled laboratory experiment. These factual data collected are recorded in numerical or
III. CONCEPT SUMMARY statistical forms using numbers, percentages, fractions, and the like. Expressed in measurable ways,
• There are two broad categories of research—qualitative research and quantitative these types of data are called quantitative data.
research. Quantitative research is defined as research that explains phenomena according to QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
numerical data, which are analyzed by means of mathematically based methods, especially Qualitative Research is a research type that puts premium or high value on people’s thinking or
statistics. Qualitative Research is a research type that puts premium or high value on people’s point of view conditioned by their personal traits. It is focuses on understanding people’s feelings,
thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal traits. It is focuses on understanding perceptions, experiences, cultures, among other things. The findings of a qualitative research study are
people’s feelings, perceptions, experiences, cultures, among other things. primarily comprehensive and descriptive. Data collected in qualitative research or qualitative data are
• Qualitative research possesses these three basic characteristics—interpretive (to expressed through verbal language or using words rather than numbers.
produce meaning based on the researcher’s understanding), inductive (starts from individual As such, it usually takes place in soft sciences like social science, politics, economics,
perceptions of research participants with the aim to draw common patterns), and naturalistic humanities, education, psychology, nursing, and all business-related subjects.
(data is collected in natural setting).
• Qualitative research has the following types: (1) Case study—a long-time study and Subjectivity in qualitative research is true, not only for an individual or group under study, but also
detailed analysis of a person, group, organization, or situation; (2) Ethnography—the study of a for you, the researcher, because of your personal involvement in every stage of your research. In a
particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal qualitative research, the reality is conditioned by society and people’s intentions are involved in
operation, and lifestyle, (3) Phenomenology—the study of how people find their experiences explaining cause-effect relationships. Things are studied in their natural setting, enough for you to
meaningful; (4) Content and Discourse Analysis—a method of quantitative research that conclude that qualitative research is an act of inquiry or investigation of real-life events.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

physical exercises on school grounds offer sensory and/or emotive data which he or she could
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH use in his/her research report on the students’ behaviors on school physical exercise.
Qualitative research possesses these three basic characteristics—interpretive, inductive, and Thus, in qualitative research, the observation and the records allow the researcher to
naturalistic. illustrate in words or images what is actually happening in the field so that the readers of the
research report could be transported, as it were, in the field of study.
1. Interpretive
Qualitative research is interpretive because it allows the researcher to produce or create STRENGHTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
meanings out of the data collected based on the researcher’s understanding. Thus, the 1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter, which means that those involve in the
researcher becomes a key instrument in the research process. research understand things based on what they find meaningful.
For example, if a female researcher studies gender discrimination in the workplace or in 2. It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or personality traits in their natural setting.
school, the researcher’s gender, her femininity or her understanding of it, might influence her 3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
main research question, the type of data she wants to collect, and how she will analyze or 4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality as it demands the researcher’s careful and
interpret the data. However, the researcher and the research report must present clearly and attentive stand toward people’s world views.
faithfully the voices of the research participants. 5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social interaction.
6. It increases the researcher’s interest in the study as it includes the researcher’s experience or
2. Inductive background knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual data.
Qualitative research is also inductive because it starts from individual perceptions and/or 7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something.
experiences of research participants with the aim to draw out common patterns or themes WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
from their perceptions or experiences. 1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
For example, a researcher wants to study the experiences of rice farmers by examining 2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of data.
the local dialects that relate to farming practices. The researcher would benefit in either doing 3. Its open-ended questions yield “data overload” that required long-time analysis.
a survey or in-depth interview of individual farmers related to the topic. From the data gathered 4. It is time-consuming.
from the survey or interview, the researcher could build up from below a set of terms, 5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researcher’s views or
expressions, or words that make up the language of the farmers. That is, from individual data interpretations.
the researcher could inductively produce a general understanding of the language of the TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
farmers. 1. Case study
Thus, qualitative research focuses on the individual perceptions or experiences of This involves a long-time study and detailed analysis of a person, group, organization, or
participants and moves to common themes or patterns, and to a broader understanding of the situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject. Finding the reason/s
research problem. behind such occurrence drives you to also delve into relationships of people related to the case
under study. A case study allows for an investigation of the different elements and aspects of the
3. Naturalistic said phenomenon including the everyday language, symbols, and practices that constitute a life-
A naturalistic approach or method means that the data is collected in the natural setting world or the natural environment. A “case” could either be cultural or occupational group or any
or environment of the phenomenon or participants of the study. The natural setting is a source entity that possesses different elements. For example, in linguistics, you may consider studying the
of data because it is where the phenomenon under study or human research participant of the language acquisition of certain children; or in the field of medicine, you may consider a case analysis
study is ordinarily situated or normally functions. of a specific diagnosis or disease.
For example, if a researcher were to study the behavior of Grade 11 students towards 2. Ethnography
physical exercises in school, he or she would observe and record in a field note the Ethnography is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its
observations of how they actually conduct themselves during school exercises. Are there organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle. A particular group reveals the nature or
students who liked or disliked the exercises? What individual or collective emotions or feelings characteristics of their own culture through the world perceptions of the cultural group’s members.
could one observe from the students? The sights and sounds of students whilst performing The most common ethnographic approach is participant observation, in which the researcher
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

immerses himself/herself in the culture under study and is considered an active participant as he V. REFERENCES
or she takes extensive notes about his or her observations and impressions. • Abila, S., Fernandez, C.J. (2020) Practical Research 1. (pages 19-20) Anvil Publishing, Inc.
For instance, you want to focus and understand the lifestyle of the Mangyans of Mindoro, or • Apodaca, D.D. (2019) Practical Research 1. (2nd ed., pages 11, 14-15) Diwa Learning Systems
the origin and foundation of the religious beliefs of the members of the Seventh Day Adventist Inc.
Church. • Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 1. (1st ed., pages 19-22). Rex Book Store
3. Phenomenology
Phenomenology refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful. Its
primary goal is to make people understand their experiences. In doing so, other people will likewise
understand the meanings attached to their experiences. This kind of approach allows the groupings
of individuals according to the similarities, differences, or peculiarities in their characteristics or
experiences.
For instance, you may consider this approach when trying to assess the unique attributes of
gifted children as compared to those of children of average intelligence. Are their study habits the
same as those of children their age? Do gifted children tend to become more anti-social compared
to other children their age?
4. Content and Discourse Analysis
Content analysis is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis or examination
of the substance or content of the mode of communication (letters, books, journals, photos, video
recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.) used by a person, group,
organization, or any institution in communicating. A study of language structures used in the medium
of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological
factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis. In studying the content or structures of the
material, you need a question or a set of questions to guide you in your analysis.
5. Historical Analysis
Central to this qualitative research method is the examination of primary documents to make
you understand the connection of past events to the present time. The results of your content
analysis will help you specify phenomenological changes in unchanged aspects of society through
the years.
6. Grounded Theory
Grounded theory takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the
time of data collection and analysis. Through your observation on your subjects, you will happen to
find a theory that applies to your current study. Typically, this qualitative research design is
employed if there is no available theory to explain a particular phenomenon or process. Interview,
observation, and documentary analysis are the data gathering techniques for this type of
qualitative research.
4.2 Broadening of Concept and Integration
1. Qualitative research gives high value on people’s point of view. Why do you think is it also
important to give value to people’s thoughts, thinking, and ideas? Explain your answer.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

NAME:_________________________ GRADE AND SECTION_______________ DATE________________ C. TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statements are correct and FALSE if not.
1. _________ Qualitative research adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter, meaning it
ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 2 is based on what participants find meaningful.
LESSON TOPIC #03 (DAY5-8) 2. _________One strength of qualitative research is that it promotes a deep understanding of
INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH human behavior in artificial settings.
3. _________Qualitative research contributes to positive societal changes by providing meaningful
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. On a one whole sheet of paper answer the following; read and analyze each insights into human behavior.
part and follow the directions. No erasures and alterations allowed 4. _________Respect for individuality is a key strength of qualitative research, requiring
researchers to be attentive to participants’ perspectives.
A. FILL IN THE BLANKS/ANALOGY: Supply the missing words on the following statements to make 5. _________Qualitative research is primarily focused on measuring numerical data rather than
them correct. interpreting social interactions.
1. Numerical data are true for _______________________ research. 6. _________In qualitative research, the researcher’s experience or background knowledge is
2. For qualitative research, data are expressed in _______________________. excluded from the interpretation of verbal and visual data.
3. _____________________ is to quantitative research; subjectivity is to qualitative research. 7. _________Qualitative research offers diverse methods for acquiring and examining knowledge.
4. Qualitative research usually occurs in __________________ sciences. 8. _________One limitation of qualitative research is the difficulty of determining the validity and
5. Things in qualitative research are studied in their ________________ setting. reliability of the data collected.
6. When a researcher immerses himself/ herself in the culture under study and is considered an 9. _________Qualitative research requires less time to analyze data compared to quantitative
active participant, he/she is conducting a study under _____________________. research.
7. _____________________________ is used when there is no available theory to explain a particular 10. _________The results of qualitative research often depend on the researcher’s interpretations,
phenomenon. which may introduce subjectivity.
8. An analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication is done D. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and analyze each item and then write the letter of the correct
under ____________________________________. answer.
9. A _____________________________ allows for an investigation of the different elements and 26. What characteristic of qualitative research focuses on creating meaning from data based on the
aspects of the said phenomenon. researcher’s understanding?
10. _________________________________ includes examination of past events to find the connection a. Naturalistic
with present events. b. Interpretive
c. Inductive
B. ANALYSIS. Name the type of qualitative research best suited for the following topics. d. Experimental
Topic Type of Qualitative Research 27. Why is qualitative research considered inductive?
The Mangyan’s Burial Practices 11. a. It starts with pre-determined theories.
b. It moves from specific experiences to broader themes.
The Effectiveness of the K-12 Curriculum 12. c. It focuses on numerical data.
d. It is based on controlled experiments.
Spiderman: The Very First Film in the 21st 13. 28. What does a naturalistic approach in qualitative research emphasize?
Century a. Analyzing data in laboratories.
Philippines’ Political Party System: Then and 14. b. Collecting data in the natural setting of the phenomenon or participants.
Now c. Using statistical tools to analyze behaviors.
The Effects of having a mentally challenged child 15. d. Formulating theories before data collection.
on parents 29.In an interpretive characteristic of qualitative research, what role does the researcher play?
a. A passive observer.
b. A key instrument in creating and interpreting data.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

c. A data collector without bias.

d. A validator of quantitative results.
30. Which of the following illustrates the inductive nature of qualitative research?
a. Starting with a theory and applying it to a specific case.
b. Observing individual behaviors and identifying patterns or themes.
c. Analyzing numerical trends to create generalizations.
d. Testing hypotheses using surveys and experiments.
31. What type of qualitative research involves long-term study and detailed analysis of a person, group,
or situation?

a. Ethnography
b. Case Study
c. Phenomenology
d. Grounded Theory
32. If a researcher immerses themselves in the culture of the Mangyans to understand their way of life,
what type of research are they conducting?
a. Phenomenology
b. Ethnography
c. Historical Analysis
d. Content Analysis
33. Which research approach is best suited for studying how individuals attach meaning to their unique
experiences?
a. Case Study
b. Phenomenology
c. Discourse Analysis
d. Ethnography
34. What distinguishes content and discourse analysis in qualitative research?
a. They focus on testing hypotheses through experimentation.
b. They examine the substance and structure of communication materials.
c. They analyze behaviors in a natural setting.
d. They prioritize understanding historical contexts.
35. When a researcher develops a new theory based on data collected during the study, which
qualitative approach is being applied?
a. Historical Analysis
b. Grounded Theory
c. Content Analysis
d. Phenomenology
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

LESSON TOPIC #04 (DAY 9-12) include the range of topics covered by your study, the limitations of your methods, the
BUILDING THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY timeframe, and your sample size.
I. INTRODUCTION • We are restricted with limitations, just like for example, how particular ages were not allowed
“Research can be undertaken in any kind of environment, as long as you have the interest.” –Sumijo to go out. As human, we have certain limitations or boundaries. There are things that we cannot
Iljam do. And with these things that we cannot do, we just have to entrust them to the Lord, whose
How did you start the things you are during right now? Most of the times, we do things because power is above all.
of our interest on them. We watch a movie because we are curious on how will it go. We read the III. DISCUSSION/ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
news because we want to know what is happening around us. We search and read about the things Concept Development
we are concerned into. Interest is one of the most important things in conducting a research. Research as Exploration of the Five Ws
In connection with this, you will learn the first stage in building a qualitative research study. This A research always involves the five Ws: What? Why? Who? Where? When?
learning guide will provide you with pointers and guidelines in starting and writing your first research • What?
project for Senior High School. Before a research student starts a research project, it must reflect what the research
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: is all about. Is the research about actual experiences or perceptions? Is it about attitudes
• design a research project related to daily life; or knowledge? In other words, a research activity focuses on a particular phenomenon,
• write a research title; subject or topic.
• formulate a clear statement of the problem; • Why?
• cite the significance of a research study; Research students should come up with a reason or reasons for doing research.
• write the scope and delimitations of a study; Questions such as “What is the purpose of this research?” and “Why am I doing this
• acknowledge the limitations of man and entrusting to God what we cannot do. research?” are useful in finding and formulating clear reasons for doing a research.
II. CONCEPT SUMMARY • Who?
• A research always involves the five Ws: What is the research about? Why is the study Research students should not forget the key subjects, respondents or participants.
conducted? Who will be the subjects? Where will the study be conducted? When will the study This is particularly important in qualitative research where human participants are
take place? necessary. This means asking the following type of queries: Who do you want to interview
• Qualitative research usually starts with the identification of the phenomenon to be studied or or talk to? Whose expertise or opinions matter in your research?
investigated. In selecting a research topic, there are some pointers to remember: interest in the • Where?
subject matter, availability of information, timeliness and relevance of the topic, limitations on At this stage, the important thing is to know clearly where you think is the best place
the subject, and personal resources. to conduct your study, and the academic reasons for such a choice.
• The general problem gives the main focus of the proposed research study. The specific • When?
problems refer to specific questions/problems you want to determine about the general When do you intend to visit the place to conduct your study? This question opens up
problem. The specific problem can be written in the form of questions. the important issues of preparations for such a visit. This can give you a sense if your
• A “working title” can be revised or modified as the study progresses. The research title sums up proposed study is practicable and feasible or not.
all the variables that you want to study in your research. Usually, the research title reflects the Identifying the Subject Matter of the Inquiry or Research
statement of the general problem. Qualitative research usually starts with the identification of the phenomenon to be
• The Significance of the Study offers an argument as to why your study is worth pursuing and how studied or investigated. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, phenomenon is something
it shall contribute to general knowledge. It should also specify the relevance of your study to that can be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or difficult to understand or
society. The significance of the study identifies its main purpose and to whom this study will be explain fully. Here are some pointers in selecting a research topic (Babbie, 2013):
most useful. 1. Interest in the subject matter. Your real interest will push you to research about the topic
• The Scope and Delimitation of the Study refers to the set of boundaries or conditions when with full motivation, enthusiasm and energy.
conducting a research study. This section describes the scope of your research and some 2. Availability of information. The information you will collect will serve as evidences to
limitations to be taken into account. The scope and delimitation section of your study should support your claims about your subject matter. Therefore, ahead of time, check for the
availability of information in books, on the internet and other sources.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic. The research topic is relevant if its results will be research title sums up all the variables that you want to study in your research. Usually, the
instrumental to societal improvement. It is timely if it is related to the present. research title reflects the statement of the general problem.
4. Limitations on the subject. This makes you choose a topic that is connected to your Let’s use the previous example. The general problem is stated as Exploring the general
course requirement. views of junior high school students regarding chemistry as a subject. From this statement,
5. Personal resources. Assess your abilities in terms of financial standing, health condition, the variables being studied under are the students’ thoughts and views on chemistry.
mental capacity, needed facilities, and time allotment for the completion of the study. Meanwhile, the specific problems would determine (1) both positive and negative views of the
Formulating a Research Problem (Statement of the Problem) students on chemistry; (2) factors that may have influenced students’ views; (3) measures to
At this stage, you must formulate a general problem and at least three specific problems. be adopted to improve students’ negative view on chemistry; and (4) instructional strategies
The general problem gives the main focus of the proposed research study. The specific that may be adopted to increase the likelihood of students’ favorable views on chemistry.
problems refer to specific questions/problems you want to determine about the general These variables should be reflected in your research title.
problem. The specific problem can be written in the form of questions. For example: In the sample research problem, the title could be Students’ Thoughts and Views about
General problem: Chemistry as a Subject: Designing Effective Instructional Strategies.
Exploring the general views of junior high school students regarding chemistry as a The following are some guidelines in writing the research title:
subject. • The research title sums up the variables being studied in the research.
Specific problem: • Usually, the general problem is reflected in the research title.
1. What are the views of students on chemistry? • Long titles are not recommended. A good research title is usually composed of 12-15
2. Are these perceptions on chemistry generally favorable or not? words.
3. What factors could have influenced the students’ views on chemistry? Writing the Significance of the Study
4. What measures can be implemented to positively influence the students’ views on The next step is writing about the significance of your study. In this section, you offer an argument
chemistry? as to why your study is worth pursuing and how it shall contribute to general knowledge. It should also
5. What instructional strategies may be adopted to offset students’ negative views on specify the relevance of your study to society. The significance of the study identifies its main purpose
chemistry? and to whom this study will be most useful.
In the example, the research aims to determine the though and views of students on You may also use the following guidelines in developing the significance of your study:
chemistry as a subject. The general problem gives the overview of the research. This provides • Who shall be the direct beneficiaries of the outcome of your study? How so? How will
the general direction of what the researcher aims to achieve. Moreover, to contextualize the they benefit from your study?
general problem, a set of specific research problems need to be formulated such that the • Why is the study worth pursuing?
answer to each specific question shall contribute to addressing the general research problem. • What do you want to understand or explain? How will this study contribute to a specific
In the given example, there are five specific problems generated from the general problem. field of study?
The following are some guidelines in formulating research problems: Writing the Scope and Delimitation of the Study
• The general problem provides the overall picture and direction of the research. This is This refers to the set of boundaries or conditions when conducting a research study. This section
usually stated in narrative form. describes the scope of your research and some limitations to be taken into account such as timeframe,
• The specific problems give the details of the research study. There are generated from the methodology, research resources, and sample size. Remember that a certain field of study can be broad
general problem. These problems are usually stated in question form. and therefore, you have to contextualize it in relation to a specific aspect and to which discipline your
• Reading relevant research articles in journals, books, magazines, and other reading study would like to contribute.
materials can help you formulate good research problems. The scope and delimitation section of your study should include the range of topics covered by your
Your research problems should be SMART. They should be specific, measureable (in the study, the limitations of your methods, the timeframe, and your sample size. This is an important part of
case of qualitative research, can be interpreted), attainable, realistic, and time-bound. your research because this will define its scope. In writing the scope and delimitation, you may use the
Writing a Working Research Title following guides:
After formulating your research problems, you can now write your working research title. • Explain why certain limitations have to be placed in relation to the range of topics or
It is called a “working title” because it can be revised or modified as the study progresses. The factors to be investigated.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

Include the timeframe, sample size, and the limitation of the methods to be employed. A short
justification may be given to account for the options you have considered for your study and how these
may vary compared to certain approaches/methodologies applied in past studies

5.1 Questions for Discussion: Broadening of Concept and Integration

1. In everything that we do, there are always limitations. What are some of the limitations you
are experiencing at present?
2. As a student researcher, what value should we possess in facing and accepting our
limitations?

V. REFERENCES
• Abila, S., Fernandez, C.J. (2020) Practical Research 1. (p. 37-39) Anvil Publishing, Inc.
• Apodaca, D.D. (2019) Practical Research 1. (2nd ed., p. 36-41) Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
• Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 1. (1st ed., pp.36-37). Rex Book Store.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

NAME:_________________________ GRADE AND SECTION_______________ DATE________________ 5. _________You decide to focus on exploring students' perceptions of chemistry, as this is both
relevant and of personal interest.
ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 3 6. _________You determine the scope and limitations of your research, such as focusing on 50
LESSON TOPIC #02 (DAY 9-12) junior high school students in one school year and within a specific school.
BUILDING THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY 7. _________You develop specific questions such as: What are students' positive and negative
views of chemistry? What factors influence these views?
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. On a one whole sheet of paper answer the following; read and analyze each 8. _________You decide to conduct interviews with students to gather qualitative data and analyze
part and follow the directions. No erasures and alterations allowed recurring themes in their responses.
9. _________You explain that your study will help educators design better teaching strategies for
A. TRUE OR FALSE. Directions: Write TRUE If the statement is CORRECT and FALSE if not. chemistry, which may improve students’ perceptions of the subject.
1. _________A research activity always involves the five Ws: What, Why, Who, Where, and When. 10. _________You identify the Five Ws: What—perceptions of chemistry; Why—improving
2. _________The "What" in research refers to identifying the specific place where the study will be attitudes; Who—junior high school students; Where—a local high school; When—the second
conducted. semester.
3. _________The "Why" in research helps establish the purpose or reason for conducting the
study. C. SITUATION ANALYSIS. Directions: Carefully read each situation and answer the final
4. _________Identifying "Who" in research is especially crucial in quantitative research. question provided. Provide a thoughtful response based on your understanding of qualitative
5. _________A research topic should be selected based on personal interest, availability of research.
information, timeliness, and relevance. Situation 1: Choosing a Research Topic
6. _________A specific problem in a research study usually provides the overall direction and Marie is passionate about mental health advocacy and decides to conduct a qualitative
purpose of the study. study on how Filipino high school students cope with academic stress. She identifies her interest
7. _________A good research title should ideally reflect the general problem and be composed of in the topic but struggles to narrow her focus. She is considering whether to examine stress
12-15 words. management techniques, the role of family support, or the impact of school policies.
8. _________The significance of the study section should specify the beneficiaries of the research How can Marie effectively narrow her research topic to ensure it is focused and feasible for a
and its relevance to society. qualitative study?
9. _________The scope and delimitation of a study describe the boundaries and constraints of the ____________________________________________________________________________
research, including timeframe and methodology. ___________________________________________________________________________________
10. _________A research title should always include all specific problems in detail. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
B. SEQUENCING OF PROCEDURES. Directions: Below is a set of situations describing the steps ___________________________________________________________________________________
in building a qualitative research study. Arrange them in the correct sequence by writing the ___________________________________________________________________________________
numbers 1-10 in the space provided. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
1. _________You confirm that you have enough time, funds, and access to junior high school ___________________________________________________________________________________
students to conduct the research effectively.
2. _________After reviewing various articles on student attitudes toward chemistry, you discover Situation 2: Formulating the Research Problem
potential strategies to improve students’ negative perceptions of the subject. A group of students plans to investigate the impact of social media on teenagers’
3. _________You write a working title: "Students’ Thoughts and Views about Chemistry as a perceptions of beauty standards. They come up with the general problem, "What are the effects
Subject: Designing Effective Instructional Strategies." of social media on teenagers’ views of physical appearance?" However, they are unsure how to
4. _________You define the main problem as: "What are the general views of junior high school create specific problems to address different aspects of their research.
students regarding chemistry as a subject?" What specific problems can the students formulate to comprehensively address the general
problem? Provide at least three examples.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________ Situation 5: Designing the Methodology
___________________________________________________________________________________ A team of researchers wants to investigate the challenges faced by working senior high
___________________________________________________________________________________ school students. They plan to conduct interviews but are unsure how to structure their questions
___________________________________________________________________________________ to gain insightful, qualitative data. Additionally, they are debating whether to include survey
___________________________________________________________________________________ questionnaires as supplementary tools. What steps should the team take to ensure their
___________________________________________________________________________________ methodology is appropriate and yields meaningful qualitative data?
___________________________________________________________________________________
Situation 3: Determining the Significance of the Study ___________________________________________________________________________________
Carlos is conducting a study on the challenges of online learning for senior high school ___________________________________________________________________________________
students in remote areas of the Philippines. In his draft, he highlights that his findings may help ___________________________________________________________________________________
educators develop better online teaching strategies. However, his teacher asks him to elaborate ___________________________________________________________________________________
further on the broader societal impact of his study. How can Carlos expand on the significance of ___________________________________________________________________________________
his study to demonstrate its broader contribution to education and society? ___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Situation 4: Writing the Scope and Delimitations

Jessa wants to study the role of local folklore in promoting cultural identity among young
Filipinos. Due to time constraints, she decides to focus on three folklore stories from a specific
region. Her professor asks her to clearly define the boundaries of her study, such as the target
audience, the timeframe, and the methods to be used. What factors should Jessa include in her
scope and delimitations to clarify the focus of her research?

____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

NAME:_________________________ GRADE AND SECTION_______________ DATE________________ text Citation—found within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related
Literature.
LESSON TOPIC #04 (DAY 13-20)
Establishing the Conceptual Framework and Reviewing the Literature
• Citation has four patterns: (1) Summary—a shortened version of the original text that is
I. INTRODUCTION expressed in your own language; (2) Paraphrase—explaining the meaning of text using your own
words which can be shorter or longer than the original text; (3) Short Direct Quotation—quoting
“When you give credit where credit is due, it shows you character and class.” –Deodatta the writer’s exact words not exceeding 40 words; (4) Long Direct Quotation—quoting the
V. Shenaikhatkhate
writer’s exact words in 40 to 100 words.
When we don’t know something, we tend to ask questions to people around us or search the
• American Psychological Association published the 7 th Edition of Referencing and Citation Style
web. At present, searching the web has been the easiest way to find answers to questions. When
on October 2019. Some of the significant changes in the APA Referencing Format includes (1)
your teachers give assignments, the web has been your “go-to”. But ask yourself, how often do you
In text citations for three or more authors should include the name of the first author only,
give acknowledgement or credit to those people or sources that helped you in your school works?
followed by et al; (2) Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors should be provided in the
Probably, you’ll just look for the answer, copy it, then that’s all.
reference list; (3) Place of publication is no longer included in references; (4) It is not necessary
In this lesson, you will learn and realize the importance of citation to the different sources of
to include the words "Retrieved from" before a URL; (5) Remove the underlines from URLs so
knowledge. Moreover, you will also learn how to construct a Conceptual Framework, write a Review
that any underscores ( _ ) can be seen; and (6) Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options
of Related Literature and cite your sources properly.
include Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, and Georgia 11.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Taking other person’s intellectual property without giving acknowledgement to them is a form
• select, cite, and synthesize properly related literature;
of stealing. In particularly, it is plagiarism—copying the author’s exact words and taking it as
• present written review of related literature;
your own. Giving credit to the author or writer of the information we will use in our study is giving
• realize the importance of giving what is due to a person. justice to them or giving what is due to them as the owner of those body of knowledge.
II. CONCEPT SUMMARY III. DISCUSSION/ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

• A conceptual framework is a graphical representation of your concepts or ideas on the basic 3.2. Concept Development
structure or components of your research as well as on the relationships of these elements with Definition of Conceptual Framework
one another. Made up of varied figures: lines, circles, boxes, and other marks or symbols A conceptual framework is a graphical representation of your concepts or ideas on the
representing your concepts on these varied features of your research—research question, basic structure or components of your research as well as on the relationships of these
review of related literature, research methodology, and variables, among others—a conceptual elements with one another. It is a graph or non-prose material, specifically, a schematic
framework looks like a map showing the main feature of a plan or project plus the relationship diagram that shows a well-ordered element of the research. Giving a carefully constructed
between or among the features or variables in the research. arrangement of the components of your study, conceptual framework is a broad outline or plan
• A literature review is the process of collecting, classifying, systematizing, and analyzing other to give shape to your research. (Shields and Rangarjan, 2013)
studies that contain information related to a researcher’s study. There are 2 basic methods of Made up of varied figures: lines, circles, boxes, and other marks or symbols representing
reviewing the related literature: traditional and systematic review. In traditional review, the aim your concepts on these varied features of your research—research question, review of related
is to give an expanded or new understanding of an existing work. On the other hand, systematic literature, research methodology, and variables, among others—a conceptual framework
review, is aimed at finding all existing evidence in an unbiased, transparent and reproducible looks like a map showing the main feature of a plan or project plus the relationship between or
way and the reason for including studies are explicit. among the features or variables in the research. Through the proper connection of lines and
• There are three terms used in research to express your recognition or appreciation of people’s pointing of arrows to boxes and other codes symbolizing your concepts about the research, the
ownership of borrowed ideas: (1) Acknowledgement—found at the beginning portion of the readers are able to visualize a comprehensive picture of your study.
work that identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper;
(2) References or Bibliography—the complete list of all reading materials; and (3) Citation or In- Designing a Conceptual Framework
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

A conceptual framework can be designed in many different ways. The form yours takes will depend
on what kinds of relationships you expect to find.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
To visualize our expected cause-and-effect relationship, we will use the basic design components
of boxes, arrows, and lines. 1. Visual Aids Academic Performance of
Component Meaning
Box Variable 2. Multimedia Grade 12 students in
Arrow Causal relationship
3. Competencies Magdalena Integrated
Line Correlation
To indicate a causal relationship, each arrow should start from the independent variable (the cause) 4. Assessment National High School
and point to the dependent variable (the effect).
Use a line when you expect a correlation between two variables, but no cause-and-effect
relationship.
Below are examples of conceptual framework:
Definition of Review of Related Literature
A literature review is the process of collecting, classifying, systematizing, and analyzing other
studies that contain information related to a researcher’s study. You examine related studies to
determine the connection of your research with what people already know about it.
Purposes of Review of Related Literature
1. To obtain background information on of your research
2. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world
3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your
research
6. To explain technical terms involved in your research study
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the
conclusion of your research
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic

Traditional Review VS Systematic Review

There are 2 basic methods of reviewing the related literature: traditional and systematic review.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Traditional review is for qualitative research; systematic is for quantitative research. In traditional
Assessment skills: Improved review, the aim is to give an expanded or new understanding of an existing work. It is descriptive,
Physics 1 Lecture • Understanding Student’s interpretative, evaluative, and methodically unclear and uncertain, which is why it is prone to subjectivity.
and Laboratory • Procedural Academic This kind of literature review does not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but
Program Understanding Performance expects you to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of information. On
• Experimental Skills in Physics 1 the other hand, systematic review, is aimed at finding all existing evidence in an unbiased, transparent
• Problem-Solving and reproducible way and the reason for including studies are explicit. It is methodical, requiring
Ability sequential acts in conducting the review of literature.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

The Process of Review of Related Literature The two most commonly used referencing styles are those from the MLA (Modern Language
Stage 1: Search for the Literature Association) and the APA (American Psychological Association).
This stage requires you to look for sources of knowledge, data, or information to answer your
research questions or to support your assumptions about your research topic. Patterns of Citation
There are 3 basic types of literature sources: General References that will direct you to the location 1. Summary
of other sources; Primary Sources that directly report or present a person’s own experiences; and This is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language.
Secondary Sources of knowledge give the most number of materials such as the Internet, books, peer- Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the
reviewed articles in journals, published literary reviews of a field, etc. text.
2. Paraphrase
Stage 2: Reading the Source Material In this pattern, you explain the meaning of the text using your own words. In doing this, it
Reading, understanding, or making the materials meaningful is the focus of the second stage. It is possible that the meaning may be shorter or may exceed the number of words of the original
requires you to interpret, criticize, evaluate, and generalize about what you have read. This stage allows text.
you to modify or reconstruct your ideas about your topic based on certain principle, theory, or method 3. Short Direct Quotation
underlying or supporting your research. This allows part of the author’s words, not exceeding 40 words, to be quoted or repeated
in writing. It requires putting the writer, the date published, and the page it was found.
Stage 3: Writing the Review 4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract
At the last stage, you will be connecting and organizing the information you have gathered to form This allows copying the author’s exact words in 40 to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight
an overall understanding of the material. This can be done by paraphrasing or summarizing. lines, placed at the center of the page with no indention, and looks like stanzas of a poem. This
In writing the literature review, you will not simply summarize or paraphrase the information should only be used if the idea is essential and refutable or arguable, the sentence is
gathered. Instead, you may incorporate your own inferential, analytical, and comparative-contrasting ambiguous, questions may be raised about the citation, and an excellent idea to make it a part
thinking about other people’s ideas. Reading the resource material and writing the review analytically, of your paper.
argumentatively, or critically, you give yourself the chance to express your genuine opinionated
knowledge about the topic; hence, increasing the enthusiasm of persons to read your work (Radylyer, APA Referencing Style 7 th Edition
2013). In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the
Another tip in writing your literature review is to use transitional devices and active verbs. Example APA Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.
of transitional devices are additionally, similarly, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, a contrasting Here are some of the significant changes in the APA Referencing Format:
opinion, etc. These words link one idea to another. Active verbs basically show a physical or mental 1. Multiple authors - in text citations for three or more authors should include the name of the
action. Example of active verbs are analyze, argues, assert, claim, compare, contrast, propose, etc. first author only, followed by et al.
2. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the
Citation and Referencing Styles reference list (or bibliography).
There are three terms used in research to express your recognition or appreciation of people’s 3. Place of publication is no longer included in references.
ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012). 4. It is not necessary to include the words "Retrieved from" before a URL.
1. Acknowledgement 5. Remove the underlines from URLs so that any underscores ( _ ) can be seen.
This can be found at the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have 6. Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans
contributed something for the production of the paper. Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, and Georgia 11.
2. References or Bibliography The table below shows you the APA Referencing Style 7 th Edition format.
This contains the complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, BASIC APA FORMAT FORMAT EXAMPLE
periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from. Author’s Name (one Surname, Initial of First Name and Coracero, R.M.
3. Citation or In-text Citation author) Middle Name
This can be found within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related
Literature.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

Title of Reading Capitalize only the beginning letter of A glimpse of Nagcarlan’s past Dissertation or Author. (Year). Title of Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of
Material the first word (except proper nouns Master’s Thesis, dissertation/thesis communication in emergency medical
which should also be capital) Published [Doctoral dissertation/ services [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue
In-text Citation (Surname, Year) (Coracero, 2019) Master’s thesis, Name of University]. ProQuest Dissertations
A study conducted by Surname A study conducted by Coracero Institution Awarding the Publishing.
(Year) (2019) Degree]. Database or
Archive Name.
(Surname & Surname, Year) (Coracero & Monteagudo, 2019)
A study conducted by Surname and A study conducted by Coracero and Note: If the dissertation or thesis
Surname (Year) Monteagudo (2019) is not published in a database,
include the URL of the site where
Note: For 3 or more authors, use only Coracero et al. (2019) the document is located.
the first author followed by et al. (Coracero et al., 2019) Dissertation or Author. (Year). Title of Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking
Master’s Thesis, dissertation/thesis and globalization [Unpublished doctoral
If the author is unknown, cite the Unpublished [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic
source by its title. Title of books are dissertation/master’s Institute and State University.
italicized; Title of articles or web thesis]. Name of
pages are enclosed in quotation Institution Awarding
marks. the Degree.
Webpage Author. (Year, Month Date). Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does
APA Referencing Style 7 Edition
th
Title. Site name. URL not exist. Medium
Sources Format Examples https://humanparts.medium.com/
Article in Author. (Year, Month). Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
Magazine Article Title. Magazine Time, 135(17), 20–21. Webpage (The Group name. (Year, Month American Society for the Prevention of
Title, volume number Author is an Date). Title. Site name. Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November
(issue number), pages. Organization/ URL 21). Justice served: Case closed for over
Article in Author. (Year, Month). Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to Group) 40 dogfighting victims.
Newspaper Article Title. Newspaper strengthen state energy policies. The Note: If the author and site name https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-
Title, page number. Country Today, p.13 are the same, omit the site name served- case-closed-over-40
Books Author. (Year of Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A from the citation. dogfighting-victims
publication). Title. life in legend. (2nd ed.). Yale University Webpage (No Title. (Year, Month Date). Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February
(Edition). Publisher Press. author) Site name. Retrieved 25).
Name. Month Date, Year, from Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020,
Dictionary Institution or organization Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. URL From
name. (Year). Title of In https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan
entry. In Title of Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary white-bean-pasta/
reference work (edition, (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam- Webpage (No Author or Group name. National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.).
page numbers). Webster, Incorporated. Publishing Date) (n.d.). Title. Site name (if Mental health conditions.
Publisher name. applicable). URL https://www.nami.org/Learn-
More/Mental-Health-Conditions
 Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

Note: If the author and site name Plagiarism

are the same, omit the site name Plagiarism is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing
from the citation. the quoted words off as your own words. The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express
Online News Lastname, F. M. (Year, Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best the borrowed ideas in your own words. (Ransome, 2013)
Article Month Date). Title of music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings
article. Title of lullabies about the end of America. Taking ownership of what do not belong to you is a criminal act that is punishable
Publication. URL Washington Post. by imprisonment and fine or payment of money. The safest way to avoid plagiarism is to
https://www.washingtonpost.com/ be aware of the fact that the copied words are not yours. If you want the words to appear
entertainment/music/best-music-of- in your paper, you must reveal the name of the author in your paper, including the other
2019-lana- del-rey-sings-lullabies- information required. (Hammersely, 2013)
about-the-end ofamerica/2019/12/06/
6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea- REFERENCES
a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html
Tweet Author or Name of Group National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January • Baraceros, E.L. (2019). Practical Research 1. (1st ed., pp.55-76). Rex Book Store.
[@username]. (Year, 12). • Apodaca, D.D. (2019). Practical Research 1. (2nd ed., p.43). Diwa Learning Systems
Month Date). Content of Scientists knew African grays are clever, Inc.
the post up to the first 20 but now they’ve been documented
• USC Libraries. (n.d). Research Guides.
words[Tweet]. Site Name. assisting other members of their
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview
URL species—even strangers [Tweet;
thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. • Purdue University. (n.d.) APA Formatting And Style Guide (7th Edition).
https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_
1216346352063537154 and_style_guide/general_format.html
Facebook Post Author or Name of Group. U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January
(Year, Month Date). 10).
Content of the post up to Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and
the first 20 words [Type clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon
of post]. Site Name. URL National Park in Utah [Image attached]
[Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/USInterior /phot
os/
a.155163054537384/2586475451406 120
/?type=3&theater
YouTube Video Name of Author. (Year, Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to
Month Day). Title of train a cat to operate a light switch
video [Video]. Title of [Video]. YouTube. http://
website. URL. www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Vja83KLQXZs

On the examples given above, notice how the second and the succeeding lines were indented 5-7
spaces from the first line.
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

NAME:_________________________ GRADE AND SECTION_______________ DATE________________

ACTIVITY SHEET #04 (DAY 13-20)

Establishing the Conceptual Framework and Reviewing the Literature

IV. PRACTICE EXERCISES

A. Identify the terms described by the following statements. Write your answer on the blank
provided.
____________________________ 1. It is the shortened version of the original text. 2. Review of Related Literature
____________________________ 2. It involves quoting the writer’s exact word in not more than 40
words.
____________________________ 3. This can be found at the beginning of a research where people
who have contributed in the study are given appreciation.
____________________________ 4. This is writing the meaning of the text which can be shorter or
longer than the original.
____________________________ 5. It is the list of all reading materials used in the study.
____________________________ 6. It allows copying the author’s words in 40 to 100 words only.
____________________________ 7. This recognition to the owner of knowledge is found in the
main body of the research.
____________________________ 8. This review is descriptive, interpretative, evaluative, and
methodically unclear and uncertain, which is why it is prone to subjectivity.
____________________________ 9. This review is aimed at finding all existing evidence in an
unbiased, transparent and reproducible way.
____________________________ 10. It is the act of quoting or copying the exact word of the writer
and taking it as your own.

B. Describe and explain the following components of research briefly but comprehensively. C. Using the sample information below, write the references using the APA Referencing Style
7th Edition.
5 - Answer is in-depth, correct and comprehensive.
4 - Answer is correct and comprehensive. 1. WEBPAGE:
3 - Answer is correct but somehow not clear. World Health Organization
2 - Answer is partly correct. 30 March 2018
1 - Answer is vague. Mental health: strengthening our response
0 - No answer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Conceptual Framework ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Practical Research 1 Second Semester
Learning Guide for SHS Students Third Quarter/Grading Period

2. ONLINE NEWS ARTICLE MINI TASK: With your groupmates, construct your Conceptual Framework. Write your Review
Jaehwa Bernardo of Related Literature for your group’s research.
Oct 05 2020
ABS-CBN News
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/05/20/public-school-learners-resume-studies-through-
distance-learning
Public school learners resume studies through distance learning
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. YOUTUBE VIDEO
Marky Ermac
Apr 16, 2020
Senior High School Strands: ALL Things You Need To Know About SHS in the Philippines | SHS Tips
2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rnjk2YkSSDw
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. PUBLISHED DISSERTATION
Nimfa G. Dimaculangan
Another Look Into Philippine English: Towards Users" Awareness And Celebration
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327387473_Another_Look_Into_Philippine_English_T
owards_Users_Awareness_And_Celebration
De La Salle University
Doctoral Dissertation
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________