Section A:

1. What is physical design of IoT?

The physical design of IoT refers to the actual hardware components involved in an IoT
system, including sensors, actuators, embedded devices, networking components, and cloud
services. It defines how devices are connected, interact with the environment, and
communicate with each other.

2. IP Addresses, MAC Addresses, HTTP Ports

o IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication (e.g., IPv4: 192.168.1.1, IPv6:
2001:db8::ff00:42:8329).

o MAC Address: A hardware identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) that
uniquely identifies a device on a local network (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E).

o HTTP Ports: Ports used for web communication (e.g., HTTP: Port 80, HTTPS: Port
443).

3. What is Sensors?
Sensors are devices that detect and respond to physical changes in the environment, such as
temperature, light, motion, pressure, or humidity, and convert them into electrical signals for
processing.

4. What are the application layer protocols?

Application layer protocols in IoT facilitate communication between devices and applications.
Examples include:

o HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

o MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

o CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

o AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)

o DDS (Data Distribution Service)

5. Prototyping embedded devices?

Prototyping embedded devices involves designing and testing hardware and software
components of an embedded system before final production. It typically includes
microcontrollers, development boards (such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi), sensors, actuators,
and programming tools.

6. Encrypted HTTP?
Encrypted HTTP (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, using SSL/TLS encryption to protect
data during transmission. It ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication, preventing
cyber threats such as man-in-the-middle attacks.

7. What are real-time reactions?

Real-time reactions in IoT refer to the system’s ability to respond to events or changes in the
environment with minimal delay. This is crucial in applications like industrial automation,
autonomous vehicles, and healthcare monitoring.

8. What is repurposing/recycling?

o Repurposing: Modifying an existing device or component for a new function

different from its original design.

o Recycling: Processing used electronic components or devices to extract useful

materials, reducing e-waste and environmental impact.
 9. Define microcontrollers.
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit (IC) that includes a processor (CPU),
memory (RAM/ROM), and input/output peripherals. It is used in embedded systems to
control specific functions in devices like IoT gadgets, home appliances, and industrial
machines.

10. IPv6?
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the latest version of the IP protocol, designed to replace
IPv4. It provides a much larger address space (128-bit vs. 32-bit) and improved security and
efficiency in routing internet traffic.

11. Producing
Producing in IoT refers to the process of manufacturing and deploying IoT devices, including
hardware development, firmware programming, assembly, and large-scale production for
commercial use.

12. What is laser cutting? And debugging.

o Laser Cutting: A precision manufacturing process that uses a high-powered laser to

cut materials such as metal, plastic, and wood. It is widely used in prototyping and
IoT hardware development.

o Debugging: The process of identifying, analyzing, and fixing errors (bugs) in software
or hardware to ensure proper functionality.

Section B:

1. 3D Printing and Types of 3D Printing

3D Printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates objects by layering materials
based on digital designs. It is widely used in prototyping, healthcare, automotive, and
aerospace industries.

Types of 3D Printing:

o Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) – Uses thermoplastic filaments melted and

extruded layer by layer.

o Stereolithography (SLA) – Uses a UV laser to harden liquid resin into solid layers.

o Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) – Uses a laser to fuse powdered materials into solid
layers.

o Digital Light Processing (DLP) – Similar to SLA but uses a digital light projector
instead of a laser.

o Electron Beam Melting (EBM) – Uses an electron beam to melt metal powder layer
by layer.

2. What are the most prominent use cases of IoT in smart homes?

o Smart Lighting – Automated lights that adjust based on presence or time.

o Smart Thermostats – Devices like Nest that learn user preferences to optimize
energy consumption.

o Smart Security Systems – Includes smart locks, video doorbells, and surveillance
cameras.

o Voice Assistants – Devices like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant for home
automation.

o Smart Appliances – IoT-enabled refrigerators, washing machines, and ovens for

efficiency.
 3. Major Security Threats to IoT Devices?

o Unauthorized Access – Weak authentication allows hackers to take control of IoT

devices.

o Data Breaches – Sensitive data transmitted by IoT devices can be intercepted.

o Malware and Botnets – IoT devices can be infected and used for cyberattacks (e.g.,
Mirai botnet).

o Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks – Overloading devices to disrupt their operation.

o Firmware Vulnerabilities – Unpatched software can be exploited by attackers.

4. What is the Advantage of an Actuator?

An actuator is a device that converts electrical signals into physical motion.
Advantages:

o Automation – Enables remote control and autonomous operation of devices.

o Energy Efficiency – Optimizes mechanical movement, reducing power consumption.

o Precision – Provides accurate and consistent motion control.

o Versatility – Used in robotics, industrial machines, automotive, and IoT systems.

5. Memory
In computing and IoT, memory refers to data storage and retrieval components, classified
into:

o Primary Memory (RAM, ROM) – Temporary storage for quick access (e.g.,
microcontroller memory).

o Secondary Memory (SSD, HDD) – Persistent storage for data retention.

o Cache Memory – Small, high-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data.

o Flash Memory (EEPROM, SD cards) – Non-volatile storage used in embedded

systems.

Section C:

1. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? Explain characterizing the Internet of Things.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that collect,
process, and share data over the internet. These devices include sensors, actuators,
embedded systems, and software that enable automation, monitoring, and control across
various applications.

Characteristics of IoT:

o Connectivity – IoT devices communicate via protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, MQTT,
and Zigbee.

o Sensing – Sensors collect real-time data from the environment.

o Intelligence – Data processing through AI, ML, and cloud computing enables
automation.

o Heterogeneity – IoT integrates various devices, platforms, and networks.

o Scalability – IoT systems support thousands to millions of connected devices.

o Security – Ensures data integrity, authentication, and protection from cyber threats.

o Energy Efficiency – IoT devices optimize power usage to extend battery life.
 2. How can IoT systems ensure data privacy and secure communication? Explain the
validation controls in detail.

Ensuring Data Privacy and Secure Communication in IoT:

o Encryption – Secure protocols like TLS/SSL encrypt data during transmission.

o Authentication – Devices use multi-factor authentication (MFA) and cryptographic

keys.

o Access Control – Role-based access ensures that only authorized users control IoT
devices.

o Firmware Updates – Regular security patches fix vulnerabilities.

o Network Security – Firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS protect IoT networks.

o Blockchain – Decentralized authentication ensures tamper-proof transactions.

Validation Controls in IoT:

o Data Validation – Ensures the accuracy and integrity of data from sensors.

o Device Authentication – Uses digital certificates to verify device legitimacy.

o Integrity Checks – Hashing techniques (SHA-256, MD5) detect data tampering.

o Anomaly Detection – AI-based monitoring systems detect unusual patterns.

o Access Logs – Maintain records of user and device activities for audits.

3. Different Applications of IoT with Example

o Smart Homes – IoT-enabled lighting, thermostats, and security (e.g., Google Nest,
Ring).

o Healthcare – Remote patient monitoring and wearable devices (e.g., Fitbit, smart
ECG monitors).

o Industrial IoT (IIoT) – Predictive maintenance and automation in manufacturing

(e.g., Siemens MindSphere).

o Smart Agriculture – IoT-based irrigation, soil monitoring (e.g., John Deere Precision
Farming).

o Smart Cities – Traffic management, smart waste collection (e.g., Barcelona Smart
City).

o Autonomous Vehicles – Self-driving technology with IoT sensors (e.g., Tesla

Autopilot).

o Retail – Smart shelves, automated checkout (e.g., Amazon Go).

4. Physical and Logical Design of IoT

o Physical Design of IoT refers to the actual hardware components that make up an
IoT system, such as:

 Sensors – Temperature, humidity, motion, gas sensors.

 Actuators – Motors, switches, valves.

 Communication Devices – Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth, Zigbee.

  Embedded Systems – Microcontrollers like Arduino, Raspberry Pi.

o Logical Design of IoT refers to the abstract model that defines how IoT components
interact, including:

 IoT Protocols – MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, AMQP.

 Data Processing – Cloud computing, edge computing.

 IoT Networks – LPWAN, 5G, LTE.

 Security Frameworks – Authentication, encryption methods.