Class 6:

Transcription & Translation

Stephanie Wang
thanks
you: 07.21.20
HW review
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w

AG=
purines
CT
pyrimidines E E
=

W remember:
sugars -> D
config.
36
CHO

Inor
I

3
acids S
amino - I
config. 2
AND
I
describes 4 stereocenter is R,
I stereocenter, 3 2 m
*oH sugar
molecule is
i
but notthe molecule
10

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 galactose is
remember: a ketonexose like
glucose

linearized,
you get aldehydesIH

when
-

6
bond
cleared
-
-

W 0x

di a conai
E

v
-

X
X
w -
ceramide
portion
X
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#1 6.8mm 6.8x10-6m
=

espair
Rep, Rate =

seconds 4x10"s
=

6
length 6.8x10
2x104bp ~
-

DNA
of =

BP =
-

3.4 x 10-10
distance b/tbp

=
*
=

0.5x10 36p/s
=
 #
bpairs

replication * =slope
rate-
=

#2

we don'tknow -
from stope -

u
 replication * =slope
rate-
=

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#3

~
#4

0
slope ->

-
 no -> positive

#5
To look at
mange in
scope

~
 New content

-
Quiy!!!
https://forms.gle/kfsuyREWY8mngw7C7
 Types of RNA
______________ RNA (mRNA) —
- carries info specifying aa sequence of protein (in 3-nucleotide segments called _________)
- in eukaryotes, monocistronic: each mRNA translates into unique protein product
- in prokaryotes, polycistronic: each mRNA can yield different proteins
(depending on location on mRNA where translation is initiated)

transfer RNA (tRNA) —

- transfers aa onto growing polypeptide chain, contains ____________ (which pairs with mRNA codon)
 Types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA) —
- carries info specifying aa sequence of protein (in 3-nucleotide segments called codons)
- in eukaryotes, monocistronic: each mRNA translates into unique protein product
- in prokaryotes, polycistronic: each mRNA can yield different proteins
(depending on location on mRNA where translation is initiated)

transfer RNA (tRNA) —

- transfers aa onto growing polypeptide chain, contains anti-codons (which pairs with mRNA codon)

aminoacyl-tRNA
(aka charged,
or activated tRNA)

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) —

- primary component of ribosomes
- many fxn as ribozymes (enzymes made of RNA)
- catalyze peptide bond formation + intron splicing
 Codons & mutations
Start: AUG (methionine)
Stop: UGA, UAA, UAG

ak
a
w
ob
bl
e
po
sit
io
n

silent / degenerate mutation: no effect on aa expression

________mutation: affects 1 nucleotide in codon
- __________: one aa substitutes for another
- ___________: introduces premature stop codon
frameshift mutation: introduces or deletes non-multiple of 3 nucleotides —> shifts reading frame
* The genetic code is _____________; more than one codon can specify a single amino acid. First 2
bases are usually the same, the 3rd base can vary (wobble position). Protects against effects of
mutations
 Transcription
(similar to translation initiation)
- _____________ unwinds DNA, generates 2 ss template strands
- single-stranded DNA-binding proteins bind to unraveled strand
(prevents reannealing of strands and degradation by nucleases)
- _____________ alleviate torsional stress caused by supercoiling
and reduces risk of strand breakage
 Transcription
(similar to translation initiaiton)
- helicase unwinds DNA, generates 2 ss template strands
- single-stranded DNA-binding proteins bind to unraveled strand
(prevents reannealing of strands and degradation by nucleases)
- topoisomerases alleviate torsional stress caused by supercoiling
and reduces risk of strand breakage

RNA polymerase II —
- w/ help from transcription factors, locates genes via promoter regions, binds to TATA box
- travels along template (aka antisense) strand in 3’—>5’ direction,
synthesizes coding (aka sense) strand in 5’—>3’ direction until hits stop codon
- does NOT require primer
- does NOT proofread

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

(hnRNA)
 Transcription
(similar to translation initiaiton)
- helicase unwinds DNA, generates 2 ss template strands
- single-stranded DNA-binding proteins bind to unraveled strand
(prevents reannealing of strands and degradation by nucleases)
- topoisomerases alleviate torsional stress caused by supercoiling
and reduces risk of strand breakage

RNA polymerase II —
- w/ help from transcription factors, locates genes via promoter regions, binds to TATA box
- travels along template (aka antisense) strand in 3’—>5’ direction,
synthesizes coding (aka sense) strand in 5’—>3’ direction until hits stop codon
- does NOT require primer
- does NOT proofread

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

(hnRNA)
 Post-transcriptional processing

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

(hnRNA)
 Translation
ribosome = proteins + rRNA
- contains 3 binding sites for tRNA: A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), E (exit)
- eukaryotes: translation after transcription;
80S ribosome with 60S + 40S subunits, at the rough ER
prokaryotes: translation coupled with transcription;
70S ribosome with 50S + 30S subunits, in the cytoplasm
 Translation
ribosome = proteins + rRNA
- contains 3 binding sites for tRNA: A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), E (exit)
- eukaryotes: translation after transcription;
80S ribosome with 60S + 40S subunits, at the rough ER
prokaryotes: translation coupled with transcription;
70S ribosome with 50S + 30S subunits, in the cytoplasm

(1) initiation
- small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
- eukaryotes: @ 5’ cap
prokaryotes: @ Shine-Dalgarno
sequence in 5’ UTR
- at ribosome P site, charged initiator tRNA
binds to AUG start codon
- eukaryotes: 1st aa is Met
prokaryotes: N-formylmethionine (fMet
- initiation factors (IF) help large subunit bind
to small subunit, forming initiation complex
 Translation
(2) elongation

- elongation factors (EFs) and GTP are need to help synthesize protein from N—>C terminus
- matched aminoacyl-tRNA binds to mRNA codon at A site
- peptidyl transferase helps form peptide bond between polypeptide in P site with next aa at A site
- ribosome moves 3 nucleotides down (5’—>3’) mRNA
- cycle repeats
 Translation
3) termination

- when stop codon is in A site, release factor (RF) binds to termination codon,
causing H2O to be added
—> hydrolysis of ester bond btwn completed polypeptide & the final tRNA in the P site
- ribosomal subunits separate
- mRNA is released
 Post-translational processing
- chaperones - help proteins fold properly

- modifications can be added:

- phosphorylation: add’n of phosphate groups, often to serine / threonine / tyrosine
- carboxylation: add’n of carboxylic acid groups, to serve as calcium-binding sites
- glycosylation: add’n of oligosaccharides, to determine cellular destination
- prenylation: add’n of lipid groups, often to membrane-bound enzymes
In-class passage
In-class passage
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