ICT 511 PRO MAX

Data communication in a wireless system.

GEN OF DATA COMMUNICATION
1st gen Early 70s
800/900 MHz Band Width (It is narrow band)
Uses FDMA Frequency Division Multiple access
• Utilized Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for voice transmission.
All users get a specific band of frequency to use till they finish
• Provided only voice communication with no data services.
Limitations:
• Lack of encryption, making it vulnerable to security threats.
• Poor voice quality and low capacity.
• No support for SMS or data services.

2nd Generation Early 80s

1800/1900Mhz Band width
2g network (E)
Uses TDMA & CDMA
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Full Band of frequency Allocated to a user but for a limited time
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Take both time and frequency and assign a code to it
(2 sec 1MHz) 001
Uses Analog FM signal for transmission
2MB per sec transmission rate
3rd Generation Early 90s
3G network (GPRS)
Uses FDMA & TDMA
1800/1900Mhz Band width
Introduced high-speed mobile internet, enabling web browsing, email, and video calling.
Used Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) for improved efficiency.
Supported multimedia applications, video streaming, and online gaming.
Introduced packet-switched data transmission, optimizing bandwidth usage.
Maximum speed: 2 Mbps (UMTS), 14.4 Mbps (HSPA+).

4th Generation late 2000s

4G network (LTE 4G)
• High speed 1Gb per sec
• Low latency
• Shares much information
Uses MIMO- Multiple input Multiple Output
OFDM- Octagonal Frequency division multiplexing

TDM FDM CDM- Shares resources

OFDM- Share the information to be share

5th Generation

Here’s a detailed technical report on the Generations of Mobile Networks:

Generations of Mobile Networks: Evolution and Future Prospects
1. Introduction
Mobile communication has evolved significantly over the decades, revolutionizing how
people connect and interact. Each generation of mobile networks has introduced
advancements in speed, capacity, efficiency, and technology, shaping the foundation of
modern communication. This report discusses the evolution of mobile networks from
1G to 5G and explores the potential of 6G, analyzing their key features, technologies,
and impact on industries and everyday life.
The primary objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of mobile
network generations, comparing their capabilities, applications, and limitations. The
study also highlights the role of these technologies in enabling modern digital
communication.
2. Evolution of Mobile Networks
2.1 First Generation (1G) – Analog Communication (1980s)
Technology Used: Analog cellular networks (AMPS, NMT, TACS)
Key Features:
• Introduced in the early 1980s, 1G was the first wireless mobile communication
system.
• Utilized Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for voice transmission.
• Provided only voice communication with no data services.
• Operated on analog signals, leading to poor call quality, frequent call drops, and
low security.
• Maximum speed: 2.4 Kbps
Limitations:
• Lack of encryption, making it vulnerable to security threats.
• Poor voice quality and low capacity.
• No support for SMS or data services.
2.2 Second Generation (2G) – Digital Communication (1990s)
Technology Used: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), CDMA
Key Features:
• Introduced digital communication, replacing analog signals.
 • Supported voice calls, SMS (Short Message Service), and limited data services.
• Used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) for better efficiency.
• Provided improved call quality and security through encryption.
• Maximum speed: 64 Kbps (GSM) to 384 Kbps (EDGE)
Enhancements – 2.5G and 2.75G:
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): Enabled basic mobile internet with
speeds up to 114 Kbps.
• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution): Improved data transmission
speeds up to 384 Kbps.
Limitations:
• Slow data speeds, unsuitable for modern internet applications.
• Limited multimedia capabilities.
2.3 Third Generation (3G) – Mobile Internet (Early 2000s)
Technology Used: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), WCDMA,
HSPA
Key Features:
• Introduced high-speed mobile internet, enabling web browsing, email, and video
calling.
• Used Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) for improved
efficiency.
• Supported multimedia applications, video streaming, and online gaming.
• Introduced packet-switched data transmission, optimizing bandwidth usage.
• Maximum speed: 2 Mbps (UMTS), 14.4 Mbps (HSPA+).
Enhancements – 3.5G & 3.75G:
• HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access): Improved internet speeds up to 42 Mbps.
Limitations:
• Higher power consumption.
• Inconsistent network speeds in rural areas.
2.4 Fourth Generation (4G) – High-Speed Broadband (2010s)
Technology Used: LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE-Advanced
Key Features:
• Offered high-speed mobile broadband with improved efficiency and lower
latency.
• Used Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for better
spectrum utilization.
• Enabled HD video streaming, VoIP (Voice over IP), and cloud computing.
• Introduced LTE-Advanced (4G+), improving peak speeds up to 1 Gbps.
• Maximum speed: 100 Mbps (LTE) to 1 Gbps (LTE-A).
Limitations:
• High infrastructure costs for network deployment.
• Limited coverage in remote areas.
2.5 Fifth Generation (5G) – Ultra-Fast and Low Latency (2020s-Present)
Technology Used: mmWave, Massive MIMO, Network Slicing
Key Features:
• Provides ultra-high speeds up to 10 Gbps.
• Uses millimeter wave (mmWave) technology for enhanced bandwidth.
• Significantly reduces latency (as low as 1 ms), improving real-time
communication.
• Supports massive IoT connectivity, enabling smart cities, automation, and AI-
driven applications.
• Employs Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) for higher
efficiency.
Applications:
• Autonomous vehicles, augmented reality (AR), remote healthcare, industrial
automation.
Limitations:
• Expensive deployment costs.
 • High energy consumption.
• Limited range for mmWave signals.
3. Future Prospects – Sixth Generation (6G) and Beyond (2030s)
6G is expected to further revolutionize mobile communication, introducing capabilities
beyond 5G:
Expected Features of 6G:
• Terahertz (THz) frequencies for ultra-high speeds (~100 Gbps).
• AI-driven network management for enhanced automation.
• Quantum communication for unbreakable security.
• Holographic communication and immersive experiences.
• Energy-efficient technology for sustainable networks.
Potential Challenges:
• Complex infrastructure requirements.
• Development of advanced semiconductor technology.
• Standardization and global adoption.
4. Conclusion
The evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 5G has transformed the way people
communicate, work, and access information. Each generation has introduced
improvements in speed, security, and connectivity, enabling new applications and
industries. With 6G on the horizon, the future of mobile communication promises even
greater advancements, driving innovation in artificial intelligence, automation, and global
connectivity.
As technology progresses, mobile networks will continue to evolve, shaping the digital
world and enabling smarter, more efficient communication systems.

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