Ch-2: Instruction Set and Assembly

Language of 8086

Outlines:
• Addressing Mode
• Instructions Set

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Addressing Mode of 8086
 Indicate way of locating data or operand.
 Describe the type of operands and the way accessed
for executing an instruction.
 According to flow of instruction execution, the
instruction may be categorized as;
 Sequential control flow instruction
 Control transfer instructions

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Sequential Control Flow Instructions

 Are the instructions which after execution, transfer

control to the next instruction appearing immediately
after it.

 E.g: The arithmetic, logic, data transfer and processor

control instruction

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Control Transfer Instructions
 Transfer control to some predefined address or the
address somehow specified in the after their
execution.

 E.g INT, CALL, JMP and RET

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 The addressing mode for sequential and control
flow instructions
Immediate addressing mode: immediate data is part of
instruction, appears in the form of successive byte.
 E.g MOV AX,0005H.
Direct Addressing Mode: a 16-bit memory address(offset)
directly specified in the instruction as part of it.
 E.g MOV AX,[5000H].
Register Addressing Mode: the data is stored in register and
it is referred using the particular register.
 E.g MOV BX, AX.
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 Cont..
Register Indirect Addressing Mode: the memory location which contains
data or operands is determined in indirect way using the offset registers.

 E.g MOV AX, [BX].

Index Addressing Mode: offset of the operand is stored in one of the

index register

 E.g MOV AX, [SI].

Register Relative Addressing Mode: the data is available at an effective

address formed by adding an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the
content of any one of the register.

 E.g MOV AX,50H [BX].

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 Cont..
Based indexed Addressing Mode: The effective address of data of
this addressing Mode is content of base register + content of an
index register.
 E.g MOV AX,[BX][SI].
Relative Based Indexed: The effective address of data formed by
adding 8-bit or 16-bit displacement to the sum content of base
register + content of an index register
 E.g MOV AX,50H[BX][SI].

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Cont..
 Basically, there are two addressing mode for the control
transfer instructions. These are;

• The location to which the

control is to be transferred
Intersegment lies in a different segment
other than the current one

• The destination location lies

in the same segment.
Intrasegment

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Cont..
 Addressing Modes for control Transfer Instructions:

Intersegment Intrasegment

Intersegment Intrasegment
Direct Direct

Intersegment Intrasegment
Indirect Indirect
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Cont..
Intersegment Direct:
 The address to which the transfer the control is to be
transferred is in a different segment.
 It provides a means for branching from one code
segment to another code segment.
 The CS and IP of the destination address are specified
directly in the instructions.
 Example: JMP 5000H, 2000H; Jump to effective address
2000H in segment 5000H
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Cont..
Intersegment Indirect:
 It is passed to the instruction indirectly.

 The starting address of the memory block may be

referred using any of the addressing modes, except
immediate mode.

 Example: JMP [2000H]; Jump to an address in the other

segment at effective address 2000H in DS.

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Cont..
Intrasegment Direct Mode:
 Destination location lies in the same segment appears
directly in the instructions as an immediate displacement
value.
 The displacement is computed relative to the content of
the instruction pointer.
 The effective address of the destination is given by the sum
of 8 or 16-bit displacement and current content of IP.
 Displacement is 8-bit (-128 <d<+128) it is as short
jump
 Displacement is of 16-bit (-32768<d<+32768) it is as
long jump
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Cont..
 Example: JMP SHORT LABEL

Intrasegment Indirect Mode:

 The displacement to which the control is to be transferred
is in the same segment in which the control transfer
instruction lies, but it is passed to the instruction directly.

 The branch address is found as the content of a register or

a memory location.

 Example: JMP [BX]; Jump to effective address stored in BX

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Instruction set of 8086
Classified into seven, they are:
 Data Transfer Instructions
 Arithmetic and Logical Instructions
 Program Control Transfer Instructions
 Machine Control Instructions
 Shift / rotate Instructions
 Flag Manipulation Instructions
 String Instructions
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Cont..
Data Transfer Instructions:-
 Transfer data from memory to internal register, from
internal register to memory, from one register to another
register, from input port to internal register, from internal
register to and output port.
MOV Instructions
 It is a general purpose instruction to transfer a byte or
word from register to register, memory to register, register
to memory.
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Cont..
 General form: MOV Destination, Source
 Here the source and destination needs to be the same size
that is both 8-bit or 16-bit

 MOV instruction does not affect any flags.

 Example:

 MOV BX, 00F2H; load the immediate number 00F2H in BX register

 MOV BX,[2000H]; Copy the 8 –bit content of the memory location, at a displacement
of 2000H from data segment base to CL register

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Cont..
PUSH instruction:
 Decrements the stack pointer by two and copies the word
from source to the location where the stack pointer now
points.
 The source must of word size data(i.e. general purpose
register, segment register or a memory location).
 It must pushes the most significant byte to sp-1, then least
significant to the sp-2.
 It does not affect any flags.
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Cont..

• Example: PUSH CX; Decrement SP by 2, copy the content of CX to the stack.

PUSH DS; Decrement SP by 2 and copy DS to stack.

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Cont..
POP instruction:
 It copies a word from the stack location pointed by the stack
pointer to the destination.
 The destination can be a general purpose register, segment
register or a memory location.
 The content copied the stack pointer is automatically
incremented by two.
 Execution pattern is similar to that of the PUSH instruction.
 Example: POP CX; Copy a word from the top of the stack to CX and increment
SP by two.
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Cont..
IN & OUT instructions:
 The IN instruction will copy data from port to the
accumulator.
 The OUT instruction is used to copy data from
accumulator to an output port.
 Both can be done using direct and indirect addressing
modes.
 Example : IN AL, 0F8H; Copy a byte from the port 0F8H to AL.
MOV DX, 30F8H; Copy port address in DX
IN AL, DX; move 8-bit data from 30F8H port
OUT 047H, AL; Copy contents of AL to 8-bit port 047H
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Cont..
XCGH instructions:
 It exchanges contents of the destination and source.
 Destination and source can be register and register
or register and memory location but, it cannot
interchange the value of two memory locations.
 General format: XCHG Destination, Source
 Example:
 XCHG BX, CX; exchange word in CX with the word in BX.
 XCHG AL,CL; exchange byte in CL with byte in AL.
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Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
ADD instructions:
 It is used to add the current contents of destination with that of
source and store the result in destination.
 AF, OF, CF, PF, SF and ZF flags are affected.
 General format: ADD Destination, Source
 Example:
 ADD AL, OFH; Add the immediate content, 0FH to the content of AL and the result
in AL.
 ADD AX, BX; AX<=AX+BX
 ADD AX, [5000H];
 ADD [5000H], 0100H;
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Cont..
SUB instruction:
 It is used to subtract the current contents of destination with
that of source and store the result in destination.
 AF, OF, CF, PF, SF and ZF flags are affected.
 General format: SUB Destination, Source
 Example:
 SUB AL, OFH; Subtract the immediate content, 0FH to the content of AL and the
result in AL.
 SUB AX, BX; AX<=AX-BX
 SUB AX, [5000H];
 SUB [5000H], 0100H;

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Cont..
CMP: Compare
 The instruction compare the source operand(i.e. register
immediate data or memory location) with the destination
operand(i.e. register or memory location).
 It does not store the result anywhere, but affects the flags.
 If source operand = destination operand zero flag is set
Source operand > destination operand carry flag is set
Else carry flag is reset
 Example : CMP AX, 0100H;

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Cont..
INC & DEC instructions
 Are used to increment and decrement the contents
of the specified destination by one.
 AF, OF, CF, PF, SF and ZF flags are affected.
 Example:
 INC AL; AL<=AL+1
 INC AX; AX<=AX+1
 DEC AL; AL<=AL-1
 DEC AX; AX<=AX-1

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 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

 These are instruction to the assembler, linker and loader.

 Commonly used assembler directive in 8086 assembly language
programming are:
 ASSUME: Used to tell the name of the logical segment the
assembler to use for a specified segment.
e.g. ASSUME CS:CODE program are in logical segment named
CODE.
 DB: used to reserve byte of memory location in available location
e.g. RANKS DB 01H, 02H, 03H, 04H
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Cont..

 DW-Define Word: The assembler reserve the number of

memory words (16-bit)
e.g. WORDS DW 1234H, 4567H, 78ABH

 END-End of program: Marks the end of assembly

language.

 ENDP: End procedure: Indicate the end of a procedure

e.g. SQUARE_ROOT PROC: Start of procedure

SQUARE_ROOT ENDP: End of procedure

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 The end

Thank You!

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