COMPENDIUM ON

WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN

COMPENDIUM ON WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN

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This publication has been funded by the Australian Government through the Department of Foreign Affairs The practices discussed in this document are for educational and informative purposes only. For its
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AUSTRALIAN AID NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF URBAN AFFAIRS

Compendium on Water Sensitive Urban Design Compendium on Water Sensitive Urban Design
September, 2024 September, 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Australia-India Water Security Initiative is supported by the Australian Government and implemented by
National Institute of Urban Affairs, World Resources Institute, India, and Mahila Housing Trust (MHT).

Lead Authors
Satarupa Roy I Shilpi Chakraborty I Shreya Khurana I Sneha Chakraborty

Supporting Team
Angel Bhatia I Aradhya I Saloni Makwana

Editorial Team
Ishleen Kaur I Nikita Madan I Victor Shinde

Advisors
Debolina Kundu, Ac Director, NIUA
Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Chair, Delhi Water Forum
Victor Shinde, Head, Climate Center for Cities, NIUA

Design
Saloni Makwana I Satarupa Roy I Shreya Khurana

Infographics
Credit: Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Canva
Government of Western Australia and Emerge Associates

Photos
Canva, AI tools like Gencraft, and Individual Case Study Sources
Copyright © NIUA, Delhi
Published on: September, 2024 Cover Page
Note: This document was prepared based on information available as on April, 2024 Satarupa Roy
FOREWORD
For several years, many cities like Delhi have been experiencing a decline in water security. seeks to infuse new and contemporary thinking about water-sensitive planning and actions
45% of Delhi remains unplanned which leads the informal settlements to face water scarcity amongst the members of the Forum.
and flooding issues. Groundwater levels are falling, flooding incidents are rising, concerns supports the translation of water-sensitive aspirations into practice.
about water pollution are growing, and encroachments on water bodies are increasing.
This ‘Compendium on Water-Sensitive Urban Design’ has been prepared as a tool to support
To address the imminent challenges, the city must adopt a water-sensitive approach that the DWF member organisations, with relevant technical guidance on integrating innovative
integrates the entire urban water cycle and its interactions with society. This requires concerted water-sensitive approaches to urban planning and development. While the compendium is
and coordinated efforts from different stakeholders, including government agencies, citizen specifically tailored to meet the specific needs of Delhi, it can also serve as a valuable resource
groups, NGOs, academicians, and influencers, to support the overall effort to transform Delhi for other cities striving towards water-sensitive urban development.
from a water-vulnerable to a water-secure city. While all agencies in Delhi are doing
commendable work to improve the situation, there is scope to step up the ambition. This initiative is part of the Australia India Water Security Initiative (AIWASI), that seeks to
create an enabling environment for good water management practices in Australia to be
With this intent, the Delhi Water Forum (DWF) has been set up as a first-of-its-kind enabling contextualised and adopted for the Indian conditions. AIWASI is led by Australia's Department
platform for diverse stakeholders in the city to ideate and synergise their efforts to make Delhi a of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and India's Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
'water-sensitive city'. (MoHUA), in collaboration with the World Resources Institute (WRI India), McGregor Coxall
(McGC), the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), and the Mahila Housing SEWA Trust
The overall objective of the DWF is to establish an avenue for progressive discussions and (MHT).
corresponding actions for making Delhi a water-sensitive city.
In addition to city-scale initiatives, AIWASI is also supporting the implementation of Community
The Forum: Demonstration Projects (CDPs) in two settlements, namely Bakkarwala and Mubarakpur Dabas
provides a platform for various water-related agencies in Delhi to periodically share, in Delhi.
discuss, and seek feedback on their ongoing and proposed plans for the water sector in
Delhi.
MESSAGES
Water security is a critical challenge for both Australia and India. Through our bilateral It serves as a crucial guide for a range of cities, from mega-cities like Delhi to small towns
relationship we are cooperating on water resources management and working together to find across India. It provides a comprehensive set of case studies that elucidate how engineering
practical solutions to shared challenges. design approaches can integrate and manage different parts of the urban water cycle
sustainably, view stormwater as a resource and promote environmentally conscious urban
Water scarcity and quality are increasingly pressing issues for urban areas around the globe, development.
exacerbated by rapid urbanisation and climate change. In response, water-sensitive urban
design universally has emerged as a transformative approach that integrates sustainable water I extend my appreciation to the National Institute of Urban Affairs team and all contributors for
management practices into urban development. their efforts in developing this knowledge product. I believe that Indian cities and institutions will
draw inspiration from these ideas and contribute towards the broader goal of promoting water-
The Australia India Water Security Initiative is a collaborative multi-year initiative supported by sensitive thinking in urban development.
the Australian Government and implemented in India by a consortium of Australian and Indian
agencies. The initiative has been playing a pivotal role in fostering knowledge exchange and
technical cooperation between the two countries, towards advancing water security and
sensitivity, and strengthening water governance in Indian cities.

This Compendium on ‘Water-Sensitive Urban Design,’ is a tangible outcome from the

collaborative effort facilitated under the Australia India Water Security Initiative. It captures a
wealth of knowledge and practical strategies from across the world. It aims at empowering
cities to adopt the water-sensitive urban design principles effectively and tailor fit-for-purpose
local practices.

Ms Carly Partridge
Minister Counsellor Policy
Australian High Commission, New Delhi
MESSAGES
India faces significant water challenges, including frequent floods, severe droughts, and The case studies included in this document cover a wide range of WSUD practices, focussing on the

widespread water pollution. The increase in urban population has further intensified these rejuvenation of water bodies, river management, the development of water-sensitive parks and public spaces,
and planning for water-sensitive cities. By adopting these strategies, cities can enhance their resilience to
issues, putting immense pressure on the country’s water resources.
water-related challenges while creating healthier and more liveable urban environments.

According to the 2021 Energy and Climate Change report, over 600 million people in India
are experiencing extreme water stress and insecurity. The Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas by the
World Resources Institute ranks India 13th among the 17 most water-stressed countries globally.
Yale University’s 2022 unsafe drinking water index ranked India 141 out of 180 countries.
Additionally, the World Bank reports that extraction of groundwater has been on the rise for
decades, and about 17% of groundwater blocks are overexploited.

As we tackle these complexities of urban water management, water-sensitive urban design

(WSUD) emerges as a holistic and sustainable approach. WSUD integrates urban planning
and design with the entire water cycle, promoting the sustainable management of water
resources. This approach addresses immediate water challenges and contributes to long-term
urban resilience and sustainability.

Despite existing extensive knowledge of WSUD, cities need further guidance to effectively
incorporate these approaches into ongoing urban development efforts. In response, we have
developed this “Compendium on Water-Sensitive Urban Design”, aiming to promote water- Dr. Debolina Kundu
sensitive planning and development in cities. This compendium serves as a crucial resource, Director (AC)
providing cities with the knowledge and tools necessary to implement these principles National Institute of Urban Affairs
effectively. (Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, Government of India)
MESSAGES
Water is at the heart of our cities—essential for life, economic development, and the Many cities worldwide are now embracing WSUD principles to address urban water
environment. Yet, many of our urban areas are facing unprecedented water-related challenges, challenges. This "Compendium on Water-Sensitive Urban Design" showcases a diverse array of
like frequent flooding, severe droughts, declining water quality, and the overexploitation of vital practices and case studies from around the world, demonstrating the tangible benefits of
water resources. adopting a water-sensitive approach. As you explore the pages of this compendium, I
encourage you to think critically about how these practices can be adapted and implemented
In Delhi, water security has been deteriorating for several years. The city faces a substantial in your own urban contexts and hope to see it being of use in scaling up these practices in
water demand-supply gap, currently estimated at 325 million gallons per day (MGD). many more cities.
According to A report by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) indicates that the city is
extracting more water than it recharges. Of the city’s 34 blocks, half are over-exploited, seven
are semi-critical, and only three are considered safe. Despite having around 20% of the area
under green cover, the frequency and severity of flooding events in Delhi have been increasing.
Moving forward, it’s clear that the city and its multiple agencies must adopt water-sensitive
approaches that account for the entire urban water cycle and its interaction with society to
address these urgent challenges.

The importance of Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) cannot be overstated, especially as

cities like Delhi continue to grow at an unprecedented pace. WSUD offers a paradigm shift in
how we approach these challenges. By integrating water management into the very fabric of
urban planning and design, WSUD enables us to create cities that are not only resilient to
water-related risks but also vibrant, healthy, and sustainable. It promotes the harmonious Rajiv Ranjan Mishra
coexistence of urban development and natural water systems, ensuring that water is managed Chair, Delhi Water Forum & Chief Advisor,
sustainably as a valuable resource at every stage of the urban water cycle. This has become National Institute of Urban Affairs
critically important for cities in view of growing challenges from the impacts of climate change. (Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, Government of India)
MESSAGES
As Indian cities continue to grow rapidly, we stand at a critical juncture. By 2050, India's This compendium compiles global case studies showcasing nature-based solutions and WSUDs
urban population is expected to nearly double, reaching around 800 million people. This rapid that have successfully addressed water quality, flood resilience, and urban livability challenges.
urbanization presents significant challenges and opportunities to address crucial sustainability By highlighting the processes, impacts, and lessons from these projects, we aim to inspire
issues. The decisions we make today will shape our cities' futures and our ability to meet the government, non-government, and sector experts to enhance existing infrastructure and create
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Urban water insecurity, environmental new ones. These case studies demonstrate that WSUD is a practical and achievable goal, not
degradation, and unequal resource distribution are major challenges in our expanding cities. just a theoretical concept. They emphasize the importance of cross-sector and community
These issues are exacerbated by the impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures collaboration to realize resilient, inclusive, and water-sensitive cities.
and unpredictable rainfall, threatening water security, sanitation, and livelihoods, particularly in
disadvantaged communities. As we progress, it is crucial to learn from these examples, adapt them to local contexts, and
scale them to meet the growing urbanization challenges. The future of Indian cities depends on
The Australia India Water Security Initiative (AIWASI) Community Demonstration Project (CDP) our ability to manage water sustainably and equitably. WSUD offers a roadmap to ensure our
addresses these challenges strategically. The AIWASI CDP is informed by overarching GEDSI cities are not only resilient to water-related challenges but also vibrant, healthy, and inclusive
principles entailing a thorough understanding of the different risks, opportunities, barriers, and for all.
impacts faced by all sections of the society. Focusing on two disadvantaged communities in
Delhi—Bakkarwala and Mubarakpur Dabas—this "living laboratory" is generating educational,
social, and environmental benefits. The project enhances water literacy, expands green spaces,
and improves water security through Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD).

WSUD is an integrative approach that reimagines urban water management. It promotes

sustainable water use, management, and conservation, enhancing city livability. Unlike
traditional practices, WSUD integrates water sustainability into urban planning and design, Madhav Pai
treating cities as water catchments where rainwater is a resource, water bodies are assets, and CEO,
citizens are stewards of this vital resource. WRI India
DEFINITIONS
Aquifer - A hydraulically continuous body of relatively permeable unconsolidated porous sediments or porous or fissured rocks Constructed Wetlands - Constructed wetlands are treatment systems that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils,
containing groundwater. It is capable of yielding exploitable quantities of groundwater. and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality.
- IGARC - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),

Biodiversity - The term biodiversity (from “biological diversity”) refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to Ecological Restoration - Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded,
ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life. damaged, or destroyed.
- American Museum of Natural History - Society for Ecological Restoration (SER),

Bioremediation - Bioremediation is a managed or spontaneous process in which chemical reactions mediated by (micro)biological Flood Resilience - Flood resilience refers to minimizing damages during flooding, reducing risk to people and infrastructure, and
organisms degrade or transform contaminants to less toxic or nontoxic forms, thereby remedying or eliminating environmental allowing for adjustments to occur where possible.
contamination. - Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation
- Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2011
Green Roofs - A green roof is a layer of vegetation planted over a waterproofing system that is installed on top of a flat or slightly–
Bioretention Systems - Bioretention is a stormwater infiltration practice that treats runoff from paved areas by using the natural sloped roof. Green roofs are also known as vegetative or eco-roofs.
- National Park Service,
properties of soil and vegetation to remove contaminants.
- Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program
Microclimate - A microclimate is a small section within a larger macroclimate that differs with temperature and precipitation. This
change can be caused by geologic or man-made features that cause additional shading, heat pockets, and precipitation.
Bioswales - Bioswales are landscape features that collect polluted stormwater runoff, soak it into the ground, and filter out pollution. - Tandi Carignan, 2023
Bioswales are similar to rain gardens but are designed to capture much more runoff from larger areas of impervious surfaces like
streets and parking lots. Nature-based Solutions - Nature-based Solutions are actions to address societal challenges through the protection, sustainable
- Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District
management, and restoration of ecosystems, benefiting both biodiversity and human well-being.
Biophilic Design - Biophilic design is an approach that fosters beneficial contact between people and nature in modern buildings and - International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
landscapes.
- Space Refinery
Sponge City Approach - The Sponge City concept is a Chinese urban planning model that relies on natural stormwater management
Blue-Green Infrastructure - A strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features infrastructure, with a focus on flood control and mitigating urban development’s impacts on hydrology and ecosystems.
- Fluence
designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services while also enhancing biodiversity.
- European Union
Surface Water Management Plan (SWMP) - A Surface Water Management Plan (SWMP) is a study to understand the flood risk that
Climate Change - Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural due to arises from local flooding, which is defined by the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 as flooding from surface runoff,
changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. However, since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of groundwater, and ordinary watercourses.
- East Sussex Country Council
climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
- United Nations
Sustainability - The United Nations Brundtland Commission defined sustainability in 1987 as "meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Carbon Sequestration - Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is one method of - United Nations, 1987
reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with the goal of reducing global climate change.
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS/SUDS) - Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are water management systems
designed to handle natural water processes in an efficient manner, channeling the drainage in urban environments through modern
Community Bore - A community bore is a bore or multiple bores supplying groundwater via a reticulated network to several
drainage systems.
properties in urban developments for non-drinking uses including private garden watering and/or for irrigation of communal green - BuildPass, 2021
spaces within the development.
- Government of Western Australia Department of Water and Environmental Regulation
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CDD - Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination GRI - Green Rainwater Infrastructure NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation SWAB - Scientific Wetland with Active
Biodigester
CEMDE - Centre for Environmental Management GRIHA - Green Rating for Integrated Habitat NSW - New South Wales
of Degraded Ecosystems Assessment SWM - Stormwater Management
PaWS - Pathways to Water-Resilient South
CNRS - Centre for Natural Resource Studies GTPUDA - Gujarat Town Planning and Urban African cities SWMP - Surface Water Management Plan
Development Act
CRDF - Civilian Research and Development PET - Polyethylene Terephthalate UCT - The University of Cape Town
Foundation HMDA - Hyderabad Metropolitan Development
Authority PV - Photovoltaic UDDTs - Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets
CSOs - Combined Sewer Overflows
IIMB - Indian Institute of Management Bangalore PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride ULBs - Urban Local Bodies
CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility
ITC - Indian Tobacco Company PWD - Public Works Department UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner
DDA - Delhi Development Authority for Refugees
LED - Light-emitting Diode RAJUK - Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha
DEWATS - Decentralised Wastewater Treatment UERs - Urban Extension Roads
Systems LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data
Design Acquisition USP - Unique Selling Proposition
DNCC - Dhaka North City Corporation
MGSDP - Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic SEPA - Scottish Environment Protection Agency WSUD - Water-Sensitive Urban Design
DWER - Department of Water and Environmental Drainage Partnership
Regulation SDG - Sustainable Development Goals WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature
MLA - Member of the Legislative Assembly
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment SHGs - Self-Help Groups
MUGA - Multi-Use Games Area
EPA - Environment Protection Authority STP - Sewage Treatment Plant
NBS/NbS - Nature-based Solutions
FIFA - Federation Internationale de Football SUDS/SuDS - Sustainable Urban Drainage
Association NIF - National Foundation for Delhi Systems
CONTENTS
01 10
Acknowledgements Case Studies..................................27

02
11
Foreword
Co-Benefits Mapping with
03 the Cases .....................................235
Messages
12
04 Cases Synergy with SDGs...........241
Definitions
13
05 Policies & Missions in
Acronyms and Abbreviations
alignment with WSUD .................245
06
Case Study Summary Table ..............1 14
Frameworks and Guidelines
07 in alignment with WSUD ............249
Executive Summary .........................17
15
08 Key Considerations for
WSUD Context and Ecosystem ........19 Implementation ............................251
09
16
Urban Snapshot of WSUD ..............21
Conclusion ...................................268
10
How to Use this Handbook? ............23

11
Case Studies World Map ................25

Scan/Click for the

detailed
bibliography
LAKES AND WATERBODIES REJUVENATION RIVER RELATED INITIATIVES

01 11
Revitalizing Kaban Lake by Creating a Water Remediation Buffer and an Accessible and River Restoration at the Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park through the Active, Beautiful and Clean
Safe Waterfront (ABC) Waters Program
Kazan, Russia ............................................................................................................27 Singapore ......................................................................................................................71

02 12
Restoring Stormwater Drains through Rain Gardens Underneath Begumpet Flyover Creation of Bead-like Wetlands, which Regulate Floods Through the Qian’an Sanlihe River

LAKES AND WATERBODIES

Hyderabad, India .........................................................................................................31 Ecological Corridor
Qian’an City, China .........................................................................................................75
03
Building Flood Resilience through Lake Redevelopment and Interlinking of Lakes 13

REJUVENATION
Ahmedabad, India ........................................................................................................35 Yamuna Biodiversity Park: Restoring Ecology and Water Systems for a Sustainable Capital
Delhi, India ....................................................................................................................79
04
Integrated Urban Water Management of the Hatirjheel Area through Engineered and 14
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) Flood Mitigation in Rohingya Refugee Camps through Ecological Restoration
Dhaka, Bangladesh .......................................................................................................41 Dhaka, Bangladesh ...........................................................................................................85

05 15
Rajokri Lake Rehabilitation Project Beijing Yongxing River Greenway through Sponge Riparian Corridor and Drought-Resistant
Delhi, India .................................................................................................................45 Plantation
Beijing Daxing District, China .............................................................................................89
06
Kyalasanahalli Lake Rehabilitation through Collective Community Efforts 16
Bangalore, India ..........................................................................................................49 Urban Flood Regulation in Minghu National Wetland Park through Terraced Wetland System
Lupanshui, China ..............................................................................................................93
07
Wetland Management of Neknampur Lake through Nature-based Solutions (NbS) 17
Hyderabad, India .........................................................................................................53 Canal Rehabilitation Through Green Infrastructure in Atlasville
Johannesburg, South Africa ................................................................................................97
08
Creation of An Artificial Lake Using Treated Water from Pappankalan STP in Dwarka 18
Delhi, India .................................................................................................................57 Restoration of the Small Creek concrete channel to a more
natural waterway, co-designed with the community
09 Queensland, Australia .....................................................................................................101
Royal Botanic Gardens – Working Wetlands Royal Botanic Gardens Birdwood Avenue
Through Storm water Management 19
Victoria, Australia .........................................................................................................61 Angus Creek Storm water and Reuse Scheme through natural and mechanical treatment
processes
10 New south Wales, Australia .............................................................................................107
Rejuvenation of Parkes wetlands by retrofitting old infrastructure
New South Wales, Australia ...........................................................................................67 20
Slacks creek catchment recovery project
City of Logan, South East Queensland, Australia ...................................................................111
PARKS AND PUBLIC SPACES COMMUNITY - CENTRIC INTERVENTIONS

21 31
Transformation of Benjakitti Forest Park through Water-quality Remediating Wetland Community Inclusiveness - Water and Sanitation Intervention
Bangkok, Thailand....................................................................................................115 Cuttack, India ................................................................................................................155

22 32
Nanchang Fish Tail Park for Flood Resilience Stormwater Management through Rain Gardens in Renfrew Close
Nanchang, China.....................................................................................................119 London, United Kingdom .................................................................................................159

23 33
Adyar Ecological Restoration Park Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for Community Resilience
Chennai, India .......................................................................................................123 Onyika Settlement, Namibia ............................................................................................163

24 34
Urban Water Management through Sponge City Construction in Qingshangang Wetland Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS): Nature-based Solution for
Sponge Project Flood Mitigation and Environmental Restoration
Wuhan, China .......................................................................................................127 Johannesburg, South Africa ..............................................................................................167

25 35
Stormwater Management at Leidsche Rijn Integrated Water Balance and Quality Model - Restoration and
Utrecht, Netherlands ................................................................................................131 Rehabilitation of Khajrana Talab and Lasudiya Mori Talab
Indore, India .................................................................................................................171
26
Sponge Parks for Water Retention 36
Chennai, India .......................................................................................................135 Eco-sanitation Transformation by Enhancing Water Efficiency and Green
Spaces for Special Needs Education
27 Lima, Peru .....................................................................................................................175
Restoration of Jamburi Park for Stormwater Management, Flood Resilience, and
Reclaiming Open Public Spaces 37
Dhaka, Bangladesh .................................................................................................139 Informed and Improved Urban Water Management for New Infill
Development in White Gum Valley
28 Perth, Australia ..............................................................................................................179
Gardens by the Bay: Biophilic Design Oasis
Singapore .............................................................................................................143 38
Raincity Strategy for Green Rainwater Infrastructure Management on
29 Woodland and 2nd Street
Luxury Meets Nature: Exploring Biophilic Design at the ITC Grand Chola Vancouver, Canada ........................................................................................................183
Chennai, India .......................................................................................................147
39
30 Østerbro Climate Resilient Neighbourhood through Blue-green Corridors,
Transformation of Industrial Brownfield Land to a Multi-funtional Living System, Shanghai Green Roofs and Permeable Pathways
Houtan Park Copenhagen, Denmark ...................................................................................................187
Shanghai, China .....................................................................................................151
PLANNING INTERVENTIONS
40
Green Dhaka Campaign: Revitalisation of Justice Sahabuddin Ahmed Park for Community Well-being
Dhaka, Bangladesh .....................................................................................................191

41
A Holistic Approach to Achieve City-wide Water Balance: Revival of Traditional Systems and
Nature-based Solutions
Chennai, India ..........................................................................................................195

42
Grey to Green Scheme: Transformation of Flood-prone Areas Using Sustainable Infrastructure
Sheffield, United Kingdom ............................................................................................199

43
Rainwater Management Initiative Using Green Infrastructure for Pine Street
Vancouver, Canada ....................................................................................................203

44
Imperviousness Fee: An Equitable and Transparent Economic Incentive to Reduce Run-off
Germany ..................................................................................................................207

45
Pathways to Water Resilient South African Cities Project
South Africa ..............................................................................................................211

46
Sustainable Urbanism with Green Roofs in Hohlgrabenäcker
Stuttgart, Germany .....................................................................................................215

47
South East Glasgow Surface Water Management Plan with Attractive Rain Gardens and Community
Green Spaces
Glasgow, Scotland .....................................................................................................219

48
Fitzroy Garden Stormwater Harvesting System: A Model for Urban Sustainability
Melbourne, Australia ..................................................................................................223

49
Green and Clean: Water Sustainability at IIMB Campus
Bangalore, India ........................................................................................................227

50
City Within a Garden Emphasising on Green Roofs to Improve Air and Water Quality
Singapore .................................................................................................................231
CASE STUDY SUMMARY TABLE
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

1 Revitalising Kaban Lake by Creating a Water City/neighbourhood Government of the Republic Lake pollution due to 1. Reclaimed waterfront fosters ecological health One-year implementation time for
Remediation Buffer and an Accessible and Safe of Tatarstan dumping of untreated and cultural vitality lake revitalisation with natural,
Waterfront domestic and industrial 2. Formerly deserted waterfront sees 50,000 cultural, and social development
Kazan, Russia waste and urban runoffs daily users, fostering inclusivity and recreational
opportunities

2 Restoring Stormwater Drains through Rain Gardens Ward, settlement Hyderabad Metropolitan Water insecurity and 1. Increased flood protection and improved water Natural wastewater treatment
Underneath Begumpet Flyover Development Authority pollution, mosquito quality
Hyderabad, India (HMDA) breeding 2. Improved public health due to the creation of a
vibrant open public space

3 Building Flood Resilience through Lake City/neighbourhood Ahmedabad Urban Flooding, water scarcity, 1. Reduced flooding/waterlogging Creation of public spaces/
Redevelopment and Interlinking of Lakes Development Authority & lake pollution and 2. Improved groundwater table waterfronts
Ahmedabad, India Municipal Corporation groundwater depletion 3. Creation of vibrant public space
4. Real estate boost

4 Integrated Urban Water Management of the Neighbourhood RAJUK (Rajdhani Unnayan Pollution, loss of 1. Restored wetland ecosystem Integration of engineered solutions
Hatirjheel Area through Engineered and Nature- Kartipakkha) biodiversity, urban flooding 2. Improved recreational avenues with NbS
based Solutions (NbS) 3. Generation of revenue through water taxi and
Dhaka, Bangladesh amphitheatre

5 Rajokri Lake Rejuvenation Project District/ DJB, Department of Irrigation Urban flooding, ecological 1. Flood resilience and improved water quality Use of low-cost natural methods
Delhi, India neighbourhood and Flood Control degradation 2. Restoration of freshwater ecosystem and
creation of green public space
3. Protection of historic and cultural heritage

6 Kyalasanahalli Lake Rejuvenation through Ward, settlement Anand Malligavad (Lakeman Habitat degradation, 1. Restored ecological balance, reduced pollution Economic and quick
Collective Community Efforts of India) pollution and groundwater recharge implementation process
Bangalore, India 2. Enhanced citizen-lake connect with over 3000
volunteers

7 Wetland Management of Neknampur Lake through District Dhruvansh NGO and Pollution, loss of 1. Restored ecological balance and enhanced Restoration of damaged
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) Hyderabad ULBs biodiversity, urban flooding citizen-lake connect ecosystems through NbS
Hyderabad, India 2. Groundwater recharge

8 Creation of An Artificial Lake Using Treated Water Ward Delhi Jal Board Water scarcity, 1. Rise in groundwater table by 7 meters Reuse of treated used water for
from Pappankalan STP in Dwarka groundwater contamination 2. Improved biodiversity and creation of recharging aquifers
Delhi, India recreation spots for citizens

01 02
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

9 Royal Botanic Gardens – Working Wetlands Royal District/ City Royal Botanic Gardens Public Utilities Board, 1.Better water quality, wildlife boost, and Innovative use of floating
Botanic Gardens Birdwood Avenue Through Storm Melbourne National Parks Board 20,000+ plants. wetlands made from recycled
water management 2. 40% less potable water used, improved materials
Victoria irrigation.
3. Enhanced engagement and aesthetics.

10 Rejuvenation of Parkes Wetlands by retrofitting old Parkes Shire Council Unused Decommissioned 1. Enhanced ecosystems and groundwater Repurposing sewage treatment
Ward
infrastructure Infrastructure, Habitat Loss, levels ponds into a community-
Australia Poor Accessibility 2. Better town access to blue-green spaces. centered, ecologically rich
3.Improvement in mental health and fitness of wetland
locals

River Restoration at the Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park Public Utilities Board, Water insecurity, pollution 1. 48% reduction in flood-prone area Naturalisation of river flow and
11 City/ward
through the Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) National Parks Board and mosquito breeding 2. 40% increase in water carrying capacity of public participation
Waters Program channels
Singapore 3. Improved public health
4. Reduced soil erosion

12 Creation of Bead-like Wetlands which Regulate City/ward Construction Bureau of Flood, drought, pollution 1. Ecological restoration and rejuvenation of the Use of low-maintenance native
Floods Through the Qian’an Sanlihe River Ecological Qian'an City and unregulated urban 'Steel City' vegetation for collection and
Corridor stormwater runoff 2. Creation of an active public space dissemination of urban
Qian’an City, China stormwater runoff

Yamuna Biodiversity Park: Restoring Ecology and City Delhi Development Authority, River pollution, ecological 1. Groundwater replenishment and biodiversity Restoration of ecological and
13
Water Systems for a Sustainable Capital Centre for Environmental degradation, flood risk, restoration natural systems
Delhi, India Management of Degraded biodiversity and habitat 2. Flood prevention and management, improved
Ecosystems (University of loss quality of life
Delhi)
14 Flood Mitigation in Rohingya Refugee Camps District/ settlement Centre for Natural Reource Water scarcity, pollution, 1. 1100+ acres of degraded land restored Active collaboration among all
through Ecological Restoration Studies (CNRS) environmental degradation, 2. 123% increase in biodiversity species stakeholders for NbS
Dhaka, Bangladesh landslides due to 3. Water security and wastewater recycling implementation
deforestation 4. Awareness and training to 3000 refugees

15 Beijing Yongxing River Greenway through Sponge Settlement/ city Daxing Planning Bureau, Lack of stormwater 1. Flood resilience and increased green cover Drought-resistant plantation in the
Riparian Corridor and Drought-Resistant Plantation Daxing District, Beijing management, habitat 2. Filtration of urban water runoff wetlands, sponge riparian
Beijing Daxing District, China Municipal Government degradation, lack of public 3. Pedestrian-friendly, green public space creation corridor, and use of recycled
green spaces 4. 4 km of river developed cost-effectively materials

03 04
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

16 Urban Flood Regulation in Minghu National Settlement/ city Liupanshui Municipality Stormwater management, 1. Flood regulation and water recharge Terraced riverfront landscape,
Wetland Park through Terraced Wetland System native habitat and river 2. National Wetland Park designation (2013) use of existing features for flood
Lupanshui, China water degradation, urban 3. Transformation of wetland into valuable and control and ecological restoration
flooding accessible space

17 Canal Rehabilitation Through Green Infrastructure Ward/ settlement Fourth Element Consulting Flooding and pollution 1. Improved flood protection and water quality Addressing floods through NbS
in Atlasville 2. Improved public health and reduced diseases
Johannesburg, South Africa 3. Vibrant public space creation, improving
quality of life

18 Restoration of the Small Creek concrete channel to a Ward/ settlement Ipswich City Council Flooding, mosquito 1. Better water quality, biodiversity, and Transformation of Small Creek
more natural waterway, co-designed with the Landscapology breeding, loss of erosion control. from a concrete drain into a
community Bligh Tanner habitat and 2. Enhanced community engagement, natural waterway.
Queensland, Australia Streamology Degrading water recreational paths.
Quality 3.Increased property values, lower
maintenance costs.

19 Angus Creek Stormwater and Reuse Scheme City Blacktown City Drought, 1. Reduced pollutants, erosion, and drought Integration of stormwater
through natural and mechanical treatment Council and Optimal degradation of impact with carbon-neutral operations. harvesting with natural and
processes. Stormwater Pty Ltd aquatic ecosystems, 2. Boosted community support and local mechanical treatment processes.
New South Wales, Australia increased Algal aesthetics.
Blooms 3.IMajor water savings, lower costs, and self-
funded through internal sales.
Slacks Creek Catchment Recovery Project City NA Community 1. Improved water quality, biodiversity Comprehensive approach to
20
City of Logan Disconnection, 2. Enhanced community resilience and creation of ecological restoration with strong
South East Queensland, Australia Pollution, Habitat accessible green spaces. community involvement
Loss 3. Attracted investments from local and state
governments.
21 Transformation of Benjakitti Forest Park through City/ ward Finance Ministry of Urban flooding, inadequate 1. Flood mitigation, despite heavy Bangkok rain Low-maintenance regenerative
Water-quality Remediating Wetland Bangkok, Thailand drainage infrastructure, 2. Largest central green space in the city that system of wetlands with mini-
Bangkok, Thailand groundwater exploitation promotes an active lifestyle and has become an islands
iconic landmark

Nanchang Fish Tail Park for Flood Resilience City/ Turenscape Institute Flooding and habitat 1. Increased stormwater storage potential Use of landscape architecture to
22
Nanchang, China neighbourhood degradation 2. Reduced pollution and enhanced biodiversity revitalise the environment
3. Opportunities for nature exploration

05 06
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

23 Adyar Ecological Restoration Park City/ Pitchandikulam Forest Habitat degradation, 1. Increase in water spread from 5.53% to 49% Holistic restoration, sustainable
Chennai, India neighbourhood Consultants and Idea Design flooding, pollution and improved water quality maintenance, and environmental
2. Habitat creation, number of birds, butterflies, education
and reptile species reported
Urban Water Management through Sponge City Water Affair Bureau of Urban flooding, water 1. Elimination of black, odorous water bodies Rejuvenation of degraded area
24 City/ ward
Construction in Qingshangang Wetland Sponge Qingshan District, Hubei pollution, water scarcity 2. Coping mechanism for a 50-year rainstorm using sponge techniques
Project Design Branch of Pan-China 3. Urban greenways and recreational areas
Wuhan, China Construction Group Co. Ltd.
Stormwater Management at Leidsche Rijn Settlement/ city Housing shortage, 1. Improved stormwater infiltration, groundwater Integration of green spaces,
25 Pitchandikulam Forest
Utrecht, Netherlands uncontrolled urban recharge and reduced flooding sustainable housing, efficient
Consultants and Idea Design
development, environmental 2. Awareness and engagement programs public transport and water
Utrecht Municipality and transportation issues fostering community cohesion management
3. Reduced reliance on external water sources,
saves costs

Sponge Parks for Water Retention City/ Chennai Municipal Flooding and groundwater 1. Improved water quality, groundwater recharge Easy-to-implement strategy to
26
Chennai, India neighbourhood Corporation depletion and flood protection manage stormwater and
2. Cost effective intervention to address local recharge groundwater
urban flooding

Restoration of Jamburi Park Ministry of Housing and Public Illegal land use, lack of 1. Increased flood protection Capitalising on open spaces and
27 Neighbourhood
Dhaka, Bangladesh Works of Bangladesh open and green spaces 2. Improved solid waste management creating a functional green area
3. Improved community health and well-being

28 Gardens by the Bay: Biophilic Design Oasis City National Parks Board, Limited land availability 1. Public space and biodiversity creation & Biophilic innovation integrating
Singapore Singapore microclimate regulation in a dense urban area nature + tech vertical gardens
2. Water conservation, energy efficiency, and
improved awareness about sustainable practices

Luxury Meets Nature: Exploring Biophilic Design at Building ITC Hotels Ltd. Lack of humidity control 1. Reduced water demand and creation of an Biophilic design adaptation for a
29
the ITC Grand Chola and water management environment-conscious luxury experience luxury experience
Chennai, India 2. LEED Platinum Certification, GRIHA 5-star
rating, saving energy and cost
Transformation of Industrial Brownfield Land to a Settlement/ city Shanghai World Expo Land Flooding, water pollution, 1. Creation of a multi-functional living system Constructed wetland, flood
30 Multi-funtional Living System, Shanghai Houtan Development Co. Ltd. environmental degradation using innovative ecological water treatment protection, urban agriculture,
Park methods integrating existing industrial
Shanghai, China 2. Creation of a productive landscape, structures
educational opportunities about urban agriculture
07 . 08
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

31 Community Inclusiveness - Water and Sanitation Ward/ settlement National Foundation of India Inadequate water 1. Reduced water contamination, water table Community empowerment,
Intervention infrastructure, poor health replenishment especially women, ensuring long-
Cuttack, India condition, and 2. Community empowerment and increased term sustainability
unemployment awareness about hygiene and sanitation

32 Stormwater Management through Rain Gardens in Settlement London Borough of Newham Flood risk, addressing 1. Reduced stormwater load on existing sewers, Skill development in landscaping
Renfrew Close Council community capital improved permeability and horticulture, creating
London, United Kingdom 2. Enhanced biodiversity, creation of green employment
spaces

33 Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for Community Settlement Multi-lateral organisations Flash floods, lack of basic 1. Improved waste management, water Nature-based solutions for
Resilience services and sanitation, management and flood protection community resilience and climate
Onyika Settlement, Namibia environmental vulnerability 2. Increased green spaces and improved adaptation
of informal settlements ecological balance
3. Enhanced safety, social justice, public
participation and equitable access to basic
resources

34 Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS): Building/ Johannesburg Department of Flooding, poor water 1. Lowered local temperatures, enhanced carbon Nature-based solutions for all-
Nature-based Solution for Flood Mitigation and neighbourhood Environment quality, lack of green sequestration, creation of public green spaces, round efficient water
Environmental Restoration spaces and rapid and improved flood protection management
Johannesburg, South Africa densification 2. Improved awareness about NbS

35 1. Improved waste management, water quality,

Integrated Water Balance and Quality Model - Neighbourhood Rockefeller Foundation and Flooding, stormwater and Integrated water balance and
flood protection, and reduced biodiversity loss
Restoration and Rehabilitation of Khajrana Talab Indore Municipal rainfall management, poor quality model
2. Equitable opportunities for marginalised and
and Lasudiya Mori Talab Corporation water quality, biodiversity
indigenous groups and community-driven
Indore, India degradation
management of green spaces
3. Increased awareness about environmental and
cultural heritage

36 Eco-sanitation Transformation by Enhancing Water Neighbourhood/ Rotária del Perú, Lima, Peru, Water scarcity 1. Reduction in potable water usage Innovative sanitation solutions
Efficiency and Green Spaces for Special Needs building Centro Educativo Básico 2. Improved wastewater treatment and reuse with sustainable water
Education Especial (education centre) 3. Enhanced green spaces and outdoor activities management in arid urban
Lima, Peru “San Christoferus”, Lima, Peru for differently-abled children areas
4. Reduced costs due to reduced water
consumption and income generation

09 10
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

37
Informed and Improved Urban Water Management Settlement City of Fremantle, Western Water stress due to 1. 65% reduction in mains water use across Informed urban water
for New Infill Development in White Gum Valley Australian Department of urbanisation, lack of water various typologies management within new
Perth, Australia Water and Environmental literacy 2. Creation of a high-performance landscaped developments in the city
Regulation (DWER) infiltration basin
3. Improved water literacy in residents, progress
towards achieving Perth's water-wise vision

38 Raincity Strategy for Green Rainwater Infrastructure Settlement Green Infrastructure Water stress due to 1. Creation of bioretention planting areas, Increased stormwater capture
Management on Woodland and 2nd Street Implementation Branch, City of urbanisation increased pervious surfaces, urban rainwater capacity for high-density
Vancouver, Canada Vancouver infiltration and pollinator habitats developments
2. Greening of streets encouraged an active
lifestyle

39 Østerbro Climate Resilient Neighbourhood through City Copenhagen Municipality Flooding, extreme rain 1. Biodiversity restoration, improved water and Climate adaptive neighbourhood
Blue-green Corridors, Green Roofs and Permeable events like cloud bursts, air quality and effective natural drainage planning
Pathways stormwater drainage 2. Creation of public green recreation space,
Copenhagen, Denmark improved public health and community
participation

40 Green Dhaka Campaign: Revitalisation of Justice Settlement Dhaka North City Corporation Lack of waste management 1. Mitigation of flood and other climate change Inclusive urban revitalisation
Sahabuddin Ahmed Park for Community Well- (DNCC) and ecological imbalance related risks
being 2. Improved livability, mitigation of urban heat
Dhaka, Bangladesh island effect, groundwater recharge, and increase
in public green spaces

41 A Holistic Approach to Achieve City-wide Water City Special Envoy for Flooding, water scarcity, 1. Groundwater replenishment, reduced water Holistic approach to achieve
Balance: Revival of Traditional Systems and International Water Affairs pollution pollution, reduced reliance on external water city-wide water balance
Nature-based Solutions of the Kingdom of sources
Chennai, India Netherlands, Government of 2. Improved quality of life and awareness about
Netherlands NbS

42 Grey to Green Scheme: Transformation of Flood- Settlement Sheffield City Council with Flooding in river catchment 1. 561% increase in biodiversity value UK's largest retrofit WSUD
prone Areas Using Sustainable Infrastructure Robert Bray Associates areas, river pollution 2. Reduced discharge into the river and flood project and UK's largest inner
Sheffield, United Kingdom mitigation city 'Green Street'
3. Green public space creation that encourages
cycling and walking

11 12
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

43 Rainwater Management Initiative Using Green

Settlement Green Infrastructure Poor quality of urban 1. Creation of bioretention planting area, $30,000 saved by the use of
Infrastructure for Pine Street
Implementation Branch, City of rainwater runoff, overland increased pervious surfaces, 3.1 million litre green infrastructure
Vancouver, Canada
Vancouver flooding urban rainwater runoff treated onsite annually
2. Improved public awareness and promotion of
an active lifestyle

Imperviousness Fee: An Equitable and Transparent Municipal authorities Groundwater depletion 1. 10,000 ha of roofs greened, balance between Incentivisation to promote
44 City
Economic Incentive to Reduce Run-off pervious and impervious surfaces improved in adoption of green infrastructure
Germany cities practices
2. Greater awareness and willingness in
communities to manage runoff
1. Increased infiltration and cleaner stormwater
45 Pathways to Water Resilient South African Cities City The University of Cape Town’s Water insecurity, flood Water resilience using SUDS
runoff
Project (UCT) Future Water Institute management and NbS
2. Increased green community spaces and
South Africa and the University of
resident engagement
Copenhagen (UCPH)
3. Cost savings by retrofitting and integration of
existing infrastructure
46 Sustainable Urbanism with Green Roofs in Neighbourhood Planning Authority, City of Urban flooding, urban heat 1. Improved micro-climates, groundwater Cost-effective decentralised
Hohlgrabenäcker Stuttgart island effect recharge, stormwater storage stormwater management
Stuttgart, Germany 2. Water-sensitive mandates enhancing
community resilience
3. Cost savings compared to conventional
drainage systems
City Metropolitan Glasgow Urban flooding, 1. Enhanced flood resilience, improved Use of swales to collect runoff
47 South East Glasgow Surface Water Management
Strategic Drainage unregulated surface water biodiversity and carbon sequestration and direct it to a permeable-
Plan with Attractive Rain Gardens and Community
Partnership (MGSDP)- runoff, sewer outflow and 2. Urban cooling, reduced flood damage costs surfaced multi-use games area,
Green Spaces
Glasgow City Council, spills and improved property values raingardens
Glasgow, Scotland
Scottish Water and SEPA

48 Fitzroy Garden Stormwater Harvesting System: A City The City of Melbourne's Urban Climate change impact on 1. Reduced reliance on potable water for Efficient stormwater and
Model for Urban Sustainability Water Department heritage and irrigation purposes and climate change rainwater management using
Melbourne, Australia environmentally significant adaptation of heritage greens WSUD
areas 2. Enhanced user experience, improved public
awareness

13 14
S. No. Title of Case Study Scale Implementation by Challenges Catered Impacts Project USP

49 Green and Clean: Water Sustainability at IIMB

Building IIMB Limited water resources, 1. Reduced water consumption, improved Water conservation and energy
Campus
lack of awareness groundwater quality, and recharge of local savings
Bangalore, India
aquifers
2. Increased awareness and collective
environmental responsibility on-campus
50 City Within a Garden Emphasising on Green Roofs Building-scale, city- National Parks Board Stormwater management, 1. Reduced urban heat island effect and improved Extensive integration of green
to Improve Air and Water Quality wide Singapore, Housing wasted surface runoff, air quality roofs, vertical greenery for
Singapore Development Board flooding, urban heat island 2. Enhanced visual appeal, accessible green enhanced sustainability and
effect roofs serve as community spaces, and improved livability
food security
3. Energy and cost savings due to reduced need
for air conditioning, contribution to green building
certifications and incentivisation for developers

15 16
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This compendium involved extensive secondary research to identify relevant case studies. These
cases were then categorised into five thematic areas, which were formulated based on
Water Sensitivity is a concept that looks at natural and anthropogenic urban water elements in prevalent urban water management challenges of India. The cases were analysed against the
an integrated manner, transforming cities from basic service-provision units to adaptive and Water Sensitive Cities (WSC) goals, defined by Cooperative Research Centre for Water
climate-resilient environments that benefit the communities and the environment at the same Sensitive Cities (CRCWSC) Australia, to highlight their alignment with water-sensitive urban
time. The concept manifests in urban setups through Water Sensitive Urban Design, ensuring design principles.
cities are both resilient to climate change and beneficial to their communities while being
The Compendium on Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Practices provides an overview of
economically viable.
sustainable and tangible approaches for urban water management, showcasing 50 water-
Over 90% of Indian cities struggle with waterlogging and flooding. For instance, Delhi received
sensitive initiatives featuring 14 cases from Indian cities and 36 international cases. The cases
228.1 mm of rain in just 24 hours in June 2024, exceeding the monthly average and causing
of the compendium are divided into five categories: Lakes and Waterbodies Rejuvenation, River
widespread disruption (Indian Meteorological Department). A decline in monsoon rainfall over
Related Initiatives, Parks and Public Spaces, Community-centric Interventions, and Planning
the last 6–7 decades has increased the frequency and extent of droughts in India. Around 70%
Interventions. The document highlights the implementation process of projects under these
of India's underground and surface water resources are contaminated (Sudhakar M. Rao et al,
thematics and how they can be scaled up in Indian urban contexts. It also emphasises existing
2004). Indian cities have lost 70-80% of their water bodies in the past 40 years, reducing
frameworks and policies aligned with WSUD and includes matrices to illustrate co-benefits,
natural water storage and disrupting the water cycle.
SDG alignment, and WSC goals.
These issues highlight the urgent need for an integrated approach to urban planning and
development to manage water, reduce flooding, improve water quality, and restore the natural Through this guide, urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders can:
water cycle. understand the importance of Water Sensitive Urban Design elements and their
There are only a few Indian cities that have planned developments. Most Indian cities are implementation.
characterised by unplanned developments and challenges like limited availability of land, lack mainstream Water Sensitive Urban Design approaches into urban planning and
of funding avenues, siloed operations of governing agencies, and lack of community awareness development processes in various contexts.
that inhibit the urban transition to a water-sensitive city. access a curated list of detailed examples of the successful application of WSUD in various
This initiative, undertaken at the request of one of the Delhi Water Forum Members for technical urban contexts with actionable insights for implementation.
assistance, aims to serve as a reference document for interventions that Indian cities can sensitise themselves and the urban planning community to the benefits of WSUD practices
potentially undertake. through global and national case examples.

17 18
WSUD CONTEXT & ECOSYSTEM
WATER SENSITIVE CITIES

Policies in Australia are designed to incorporate the management of catchments in order to

enhance water resource utilisation, mitigate risks to human life and property such as flood
resilience, reduce surface or groundwater inundation/water-logging, and uphold economic,
social, and cultural values.
Australia’s dedication to Water Sensitive Urban Design is enhanced through the activities of the
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, which guides urban areas in a six-step
Right image: The six-
process to transition into "water sensitive cities." While WSUD is acknowledged nationwide in step process to
transition into a Water
Australia, the specific priorities of its components are adjusted according to the characteristics Sensitive City
Source: Wong et. al,
of local environments. Planners are now broadening their perspectives beyond engineering
2008
solutions as they progress towards the development of water sensitive cities.

On the other hand, while there is enough knowledge about water-sensitive city approach in The Water Sensitive Cities (WSC) Index, developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for

India, the translation of this knowledge into practice has been fairly limited. Water Sensitive Cities, is a diagnostic tool to assess the water sensitivity of a city and inform

The Australia India Water Security Initiative (AIWASI) is helmed by Australia's Department of management responses to improve water sensitive practices. Its 34 indicators are organised

Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and India's Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA). into seven goals:

Under this initiative, the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), in association with World
Resource Institute (WRI), McGregor Coxall (McGC), and Mahila Housing SEWA Trust (MHT),
are working on a project aiming towards a resilient water-sensitive vision for Delhi based on
the holistic management of integrated water cycle.

89% of the cases in this Compendium cover all the 7 goals of Water Sensitive Cities Baseline

19 20
URBAN SNAPSHOT It integrates the natural water cycle into urban design to create resilient, liveable, and
sustainable cities at four intervention levels.
Urban
Water 1. City Region Level (urban and peri-urban): Involves policies, planning, and programs across
Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is an approach to plan Enhance Resilience
and design urban areas to conserve and restore the natural Blue-Green the city region, including major waterways.
Habitats &
water cycle by integrating the built, open and greens to harness Biodiversity 2. City Level: Includes permeable pavements and bioswales to manage urban runoff, recharge

rainfall and protect rivers, lakes, other water bodies and groundwater, and promote green corridors.
Circular and
groundwater. Innovative 3. Neighbourhood Level: Encourages community involvement and local environmental benefits
ELEMENTS
Close-loop
WSUD comprises a plethora of elements and components that OF through community gardens and localized stormwater systems.
Systems
WATER
work together to manage urban water sustainably. WSUD is SENSITIVE 4. Building Level: Implements green roofs and rain gardens for water conservation and
Inclusive and URBAN management.
characterized by green infrastructure, such as rain gardens, Healthy Place- DESIGN
green roofs, and artificial wetlands, which help to capture, making WSUD enhances community well-being, promotes water-efficient landscaping with native

filter, and reuse stormwater. species, and ensures social equity with access to clean water and green infrastructure. The
Right image: Microclimate goals are resilient urban areas, sustainable water management, improved liveability, and social
Elements of WSUD Control
equity, aiding cities in facing climate change and water challenges.
Economically
Productive Below image: Components of
Landscapes Water Sensitive Urban Design
Source: WRI India, Illustration
by Sindhuja Janakiraman
Left image:
Interlinking transit
corridors, building
roofs, and
neighbouring unused
urban spaces for
systemic capture of
rainwater and
recharge of
groundwater
Source: WRI India,
Illustration by
Sindhuja
Janakiraman

21 22
HOW TO USE THIS COMPENDIUM? Outline of the sections of each Case Study
Case Study Name highlighting Implementation Budget and Issues/ Challenges It justifies the project’s existence
the unique feature the source of Funding of the Site and outlines its significance
The compendium has been divided into these 5 broad thematic areas with different case studies showcasing
Case Study Fundamental
various water sensitive urban design solutions: reasons behind
Number
Colours of Thematic Areas
the need for
Location starting the
No. of Cases Scale showing project, issues or
Lakes and Waterbodies Rejuvenation - includes lakes, ponds, drains, and other water 10 opportunities it
District/ City/
aims to address
bodies Neighbourhood
and the outcome
/ Building
10 of the project
River Related Initiatives - includes rivers, creeks, river surroundings, and canals
Implementing
Parks and Public Spaces - includes parks, wetlands, green areas, gardens, and other 10 Authority
Map/ Image
public spaces showcasing the
Unique Selling
Community-centric Interventions - includes initiatives led by communities or involving 9 Point/ Features WSUD
interventions
public awareness of the Case

Planning Interventions - includes initiatives with the perspective of urban planning, city 11
drainage, green roofs, and rain gardens Identification Image Title and
of thematic Source for both
the pages
Each case study documentation delves into the process of designing and implementation, along with the colours Project Image Page Number
impacts seen post implementation. The case studies have been curated based on the typical challenges
faced in urban areas and how WSUD solutions have helped resolve the issues and provided multiple social
and economic co-benefits. It also highlights the replicability of these solutions in the Indian urban context. Highlights the
process
In addition, the compendium has been divided into the following sections: involved, design Key Impacts of
elements of the the project
The Introduction section details the concept of Water Sensitive Cities, the importance of Water Sensitive Urban
WSUD and the environmentally,
Design (WSUD), its constituent elements and components, and various scales of application in urban contexts. implementation socially and
The Way Forward section highlights the co-benefits mapped for each case and their synergies with the Sustainable required economically
Development Goals.
The section on Indian policies, missions, frameworks, and guidelines provide information on the various urban Specific areas
policies and programs that have alignment with WSUD and can provide funding avenues for adopting WSUD for scaling up
projects. considerations in
Finally, the key considerations for implementation section emphasizes the ‘where’ and ‘why’ it works for each case urban cities of
India
study and provides site conditions for successful implementation.
Identification of QR code for
This document is designed for city officials, policymakers, and community groups and aims to promote the thematic colours additional
benefits of water-sensitive urban design to transform cities into inclusive, resilient, and water-sensitive information on
the case study
environments. The goal is to enable stakeholders to select specific elements from the entire project and apply Image Title and Source Images show the before and
them in urban areas across India while also encouraging stakeholder participation and inclusivity. for both the pages after the intervention scenarios Page Number

23 24
CATEGORISATION OF CASE STUDIES
1. Vancouver, Canada 12. Dhaka, Bangladesh 23. Qian’An City, China
Pine Street Rainwater Management Initiative Hatirjheel Area Water Management Qian’an Sanlihe River Ecological Corridor
Rain City Strategy Flood Mitigation in Rohingya Refugee Camps
Restoration of Jamburi Park
Green Dhaka Campaign 24. Peru, South America
2. Glasgow, Scotland Eco-sanitation in Special Needs School
South East Glasgow SWM Plan
13. Hyderabad, India
Rain Gardens Underneath Begumpet Flyover 25. Onyika Settlement, Namibia
3. Sheffield, United Kingdom Neknampur Lake Wetland Management Climate Resilience in Onyika Settlement
Grey to Green Scheme
14. Bangalore, India
Kyalasanahalli Lake Rejuvenation Project 26. Cape Town, South Africa
4. London, United Kingdom Water Resilient South African Cities Project
Rain Gardens in Renfrew Close Green and Clean: IIMB

15. Chennai, India 27. Johannesburg, South Africa

5. Germany Adyar Ecological Restoration Park Canal Rehabilitation in Atlas Ville
Imperviousness Fee in Germany Chennai Sponge Parks SUDS for Flood Resilience in South Africa
Green Roofs in Hohlgrabenäcker Biophilic Design of ITC Grand Chola
Water Balance in Chennai
28. Singapore
6. Utrecht, Netherlands ABC Water Program: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
Stormwater Management at Leidsche Rijn 16. Cuttack, Odisha
Community Inclusiveness in Cuttack Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
City Within a Garden, Singapore
7. Copenhagen, Denmark 17. Bangkok, Thailand
Østerbro Climate Resilient Neighbourhood Benjakitti Forest Park 29. Perth, Australia
Water Management in White Gum Valley
8. Kazan, Russia 18. Lupanshui, China
Kaban Lake Waterfront Minghu National Wetland Park
30. Melbourne, Australia
Fitzroy Gardens Storm Water Harvesting
19. Wuhan, China
9. Ahmedabad, India Royal Botanic Gardens – Working Wetlands
Qingshangang Wetland Sponge Project 32
Interlinking of Lakes in Ahmedabad Colours of Thematic Areas
20. Nanchang, China 31. New South Wales, Australia Lakes and Waterbodies Rejuvenation
10. Indore, India Nanchang Fish Tail Park Rejuvenation of Parkes Wetlands 31
Rehabilitation of Khajrana Talab & Mori Talab River Related Initiatives
Angus Creek Storm Water and Reuse Scheme
21. Shanghai, China
Parks and Public Spaces
11. Delhi, India Shanghai Houtan Park
Rajokri Lake Rejuvenation Project 32. Queensland, Australia Community-centric Interventions
Artificial Lake Creation in Dwarka 22. Beijing, China Restoration of the Small Creek Channel
Yamuna Biodiversity Park Beijing Yongxing River Greenway Slacks Creek Catchment Recovery Project Planning Interventions Note: the colour of the names indicate the thematic area it belongs to.

25 26
 S-1

LAKES AND WATERBODIES

REJUVENATION

Discover the transformative potential of Water

Sensitive Urban Design with “Rejuvenation of Lakes and
Other Water Bodies”. This concise guide offers practical
insights and strategies for restoring urban waterways to
their natural splendour. Dive into innovative
approaches tailored to revitalising lakes and other
aquatic ecosystems, ensuring sustainable water
management and resilient urban environments.
 REVITALISING KABAN LAKE BY CREATING A WATER REMEDIATION Project Rationale
BUFFER AND AN ACCESSIBLE AND SAFE WATERFRONT
01 Kazan, Russia
Through thoughtful and transformative landscape interventions, the once-abandoned prime
waterfront of Kazan City at Kaban Lake has been revitalised in a short period. The project
highlights the use of landscape as an interactive medium that manages the hydrological
environment, creates public access, and offers numerous opportunities to connect new public
spaces that can serve as a common ground for natural, cultural, and social development.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan and Russia's sixth largest city with 1.2 million
City/ NA Lake pollution due to residents, features a prime waterfront along the north and east shores of the Lower Kaban
neighbourhood dumping of untreated Lake. This area spans 2 km and approximately 30 hectares. For over 700 years, domestic
domestic and industrial and industrial waste dumping isolated the city from its waterfront, reducing its cultural and
waste and urban runoffs ecological value. Even after industries closed, urban runoff continued to pollute the lake, and
concrete embankments turned it into a lifeless zone. Parts of the lake remained inaccessible
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP due to high-speed roads and private properties. Seizing the opportunity of the 2018 FIFA
2 years Government of the One-year implementation World Cup, the Tatarstan government initiated efforts to reclaim the waterfront and restore its
Republic of Tatarstan time for lake revitalisation cultural and ecological significance.
with natural, cultural, and
social development

12 13 1. Park Northern Entrance

15,16
2. Cascade
10,11
14 3. Amphitheatre
17 4. Viewing platform
9 18
4 5. Underground service facilities
8 6. Sunshine lawn
9 7. Water curtain amphitheater
8. Pedestrian bridge / commercial
1 stores
4 9. Pier
2
10. Purification weltand
5
11. Multifunctional service pavilion
12. Viewing platform
3 13. Benches
14. Sunshine lawn
15. Water garden
6
16. Benches
7 17. Platform
18. Purification wetland

On the previous page:

Terraced wetland and
bio swales.

On this page:
Map showing the design
features/ elements.
Source:
Turenscape, 2019

27 A. Platforms are built into the water B. Water remediating bugger along lake shore C. Recreational uses integrated with ecological restoration
28
Process Involved Impacts

To tackle these challenges, the Kaban Lake waterfront Environmental Social Economic
revitalisation project was commissioned to restore the
vitality of Kazan's prime waterfront through three major Cleansed, vegetated Formerly deserted Project was
transformative strategies: lakefront attracts migrant waterfront attracts implemented in a one-
and resident birds approximately 50,000 year time frame after
daily users the design
Improving Accessibility and Safety: The Reclaimed waterfront
fosters ecological health Diverse groups gather
01 waterfront's brutal concrete flood walls and traffic and cultural vitality for various activities,
roads were replaced with a series of platforms
and boardwalks, extending into the water fostering inclusivity
beyond the concrete embankment. Ramps and
stairs connect these floating pedestrian paths to Venue hosts concerts,
the land-based paths. Additionally, bicycle and Before movies, yoga,
pedestrian trails were built along the lake shore, weddings, and other
with numerous seating areas provided along the recreational events
paths and platforms.

Creating a Water Remediation Buffer: Terraced

wetlands and bioswales were installed along the
02 lake shore to catch runoff from small ditches and
urban surfaces. These biological infiltration
facilities are integrated with recreational design
and public education.

Introducing Programmed Activities: Collaborating

Scale it Up!
with the Ministry of Culture and local After
A similar idea with floating platforms and
03 communities, the project introduced various boardwalks, linked by ramps and stairs, and adding
cultural and sports activities, music concerts,
summer night movies, morning yoga sessions, bicycle and pedestrian trails could be added to the
and environmental education tours during the existing lakes in any city to encourage positive people
day. interaction. Implementing water remediation measures
like terraced wetlands and bioswales along the
On this page:
Top- Community activities like yoga at the lakefront riverbanks and the waterfronts would filter urban
Middle & Below - Series of before and after images of the runoff and create an integration of recreational
project. spaces.
On the next page:
Music concerts and events at the waterfront.

Source: Turenscape, 2019 Scan/Click to read more

29 30
 RESTORING STORMWATER DRAINS THROUGH RAIN GARDENS Project Rationale
UNDERNEATH BEGUMPET FLYOVER
02 Hyderabad, India
Begumpet is a major commercial and residential area in Hyderabad, situated to the north of
Hussain Sagar lake. Before entering the Musi River, the water from several rainstorms and
drain channels passes through the intersection of the Kukatpally Nala and the Yousufguda
Nala, which is located in Begumpet. The Rain Garden Project has been designed to restore,
conserve, and regenerate stormwater drains, especially ones crossing the intersection.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Hyderabad faces the issue of urban flooding due to the degradation of stormwater drains and
Ward, Settlement Rs 1.9 Crore Water security and their use as dump yards by locals and businesses. This has resulted in water stagnation,
(Public local authority budget) pollution, mosquito mosquito breeding, and the spread of deadly diseases.
breeding
The Rain Garden Project covers an area of 20,000 sq.m. and lies below the Begumpet
flyover. It protects land along the Begumpet Nala by integrating ecology with open public
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP spaces. It aims to clean the polluted nala, separate the drain channel from the rainwater
3 months Hyderabad Metropolitan Natural wastewater channel, plant native species, enhance public amenities, and facilitate wastewater
Development Authority (HMDA) treatment management through wetlands.

On the previous page:

Restored Begumpet
Nala.
Source: The Hindu,
2023

On this page:
Landscaping
underneath Nala.
Source:
Arvind Kumar, 2021

31 32
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by the Department of Environmental Social Economic

Municipal Administration and Urban Development and
implemented by Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Smooth flow of water Reduced diseases Costs for desilting and
Authority (HMDA). leading to improved wastewater treatments
Increased flood protection public health saved

Cleaning of debris and garbage dump at the Improved water quality Vibrant public space
adding to quality of life
01 Kukatpally Nala helped clear blockages for a Prevention against soil
smooth flow of water.
erosion

Heavy plantation along the edges of the nala

was used to create a natural wetland system and
02 foster groundwater recharge. It has been
executed using native species like vetiver typha
latifolia, canna, cyperus alterniforus and ipomea
carnea, which reduced mosquito breeding in the
Nalas.

Boulder aprons have been used along the nala

03 edges to prevent soil erosion.

Public amenities at the nala have been improved

04 using 10-foot-wide walking tracks shaded by
coconut palms, crossover bridges, stepped green
Scale it Up!
lawns beneath the flyover and well-lit landscapes
illuminated by LED lights to enhance safety during There are several underutilised areas across the city,
nighttime such as traffic islands and spaces under flyovers.
These can be redesigned to act as water sponges for
the city. These interventions will not only promote
groundwater recharge and reduce waterlogging, but
also make these underutilised spaces aesthetically
On this page:
Top-Clearing of debris. pleasing and secure for citizen health and well-being.
Middle-Terraced plantation.
Below-Boulder aprons.

On the next page: Scan/Click to read more

Raingarden at Begumpet Nala.

Source: Arvind Kumar, 2021

33 34
 BUILDING FLOOD RESILIENCE THROUGH LAKE REDEVELOPMENT AND Project Rationale
INTERLINKING OF LAKES
03 Ahmedabad, India
The project focused on interlinking lakes in Western Ahmedabad to tackle issues like
waterlogging, water insecurity, and groundwater depletion. It aimed at improving the
liveability of the area through lake-front development and creating green public spaces. While
it successfully improved groundwater in some areas, no significant improvement has been
seen in water quality due to issues like solid waste and sewage disposal.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Ahmedabad suffers from extreme climatic conditions and groundwater depletion. In 2000, it
City/ Rs 44 Crore (CRDF) Flooding, water scarcity, experienced its worst flood after 1927, which led to the loss of countless lives and goods
neighbourhood lake pollution, worth INR 5,000 million. Unplanned and unregulated construction had led to the loss of
groundwater depletion surface water bodies or Talavadis, and it was found that 75% of the buildings in AUDA were
found to be violating the Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act (GTPUDA).

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP Appropriation of lake land for other purposes, informal settlements on lake land, and approval
12 years Ahmedabad Urban Creation of public of building permissions under TP Schemes are some causes that triggered water-centric issues
Development Authority and spaces/waterfronts in the city. Most of these lakes were also found to be smaller than five hectares, limiting their
Ahmedabad Municipal capacity to store rainwater.
Corporation
Thus, the Lake Redevelopment and Interlinking Project addressed water-related issues by
integrating city-level infrastructure development with a sustainable urban water management
system.

On the previous page:

Kankaria Lake
Redevelopment.
Source: AMC, 2020

On this page:
Representation of all the
agencies involved in the
lake development
project.
Source: CRDF, 2020

35 36
Cluster 1 for the interlinking of lakes in Sola, Memnagar, Vastrapur, Bodakdev, Prahladnagar, Makarba areas (Source: CRDF, 2020) Cluster 2 for interlinking of lakes in Khoraj, Tragad, Jagatpur, Gota, Dev City, Yadudi, Chainpur, Ranip and Chandlodia areas (Source: CRDF, 2020)

37 38
Process Involved Impacts
Issues

The project was initiated and implemented by Flooding near

haphazardly
Disruption in
natural drainage
Environmental Social Economic
Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) developed areas channels
and Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) at the Solid water
Groundwater level Vibrant public space Rise in real estate value,
neighbourhood scale to have an interconnected system dumping increased at a rate of 0.71- adding to the quality of which eventually
at the city-scale. 2.2 m per year (2003- life stabilised because of
Dried-up
waterbody
2019) around the two maintenance of the
Redevelopment of lakes to create public lakes Increased footfall in the lakes
lake area
01 recreational and green spaces at the waterfronts, Sewage from nearby Informal settlements Increase in green cover
that were accessible to all. settlements encroaching Lake land
Rehabilitation provided
Interlinkage design was done to enable a system Reduction in flooding in quite far from lakes in
some areas. Waterlogging most cases
02 of small lakes that function together as a larger continued in others due to
urban hydrological system in western
Ahmedabad. Divided into two clusters, the first Stage 1 issues with linkages Issue of gentrification
interlinking connects 7 lakes and the other observed
connects 11.
Rehabilitation
Housing
Provision of Trunk SW
& Sewer Lines
Extension of roads
as per TPS schemes
Increase in lake water pH
due to poor treatment of
Flow has been aligned to the natural slope and Excavation of runoff
waterbody
03 controlled using sluice gates and valves.
Reclamation of
Sewerage system was developed near lakes to peripheral land

prevent sewerage disposal into them. Stormwater

04 drains was constructed in the catchment to ensure Removal of Stormwater inlet Percolation wells on lake
stormwater outfall in the lake. encroachments for water from bed for groundwater
local catchment recharge

Lakebed was de-silted and deepened to enhance

its capacity for carrying rainwater.
Scale it Up!
05
Wells, with diameter of 300-600 mm and up to Stage 2
Interlinking smaller water bodies to create an urban
35 mm deep, were constructed for enhanced Outlet to the water-sensitive ecology holds strong potential for
subsequent lake
enhancing water security in cities, addressing
06 groundwater recharge. controlled by gate
flooding, loss of surface water bodies, and
Architectural groundwater depletion. This project requires planning
features
On this page: around the
and implementation at both macro (city) and micro
Project Components of the LRIL lakes (neighborhood) levels, with efficient coordination
project (issues, stage 1, stage 2) among all involved agencies. When replicating this
Source: CRDF, 2020 model in other cities, local challenges and potential
Inlet from the previous lake Green & recreational open

On the next page: Lake

with control gates spaces drawbacks must be carefully addressed.
redevelopment.
Source: AMC, 2020
Near the lake Within lake plot Scan/Click to read more

39 40
 INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE HATIRJHEEL AREA Project Rationale
THROUGH ENGINEERED AND NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS (NbS)
04 Dhaka, Bangladesh
With an emphasis on both environmental issues and urban aesthetics, the Hatirjheel
development project aimed to rebuild wetland ecosystems and bring water-edge elements into
Dhaka. The project has contributed in managing stormwater, restoring the wetland, and
reducing traffic congestion while also generating revenues for the city.

Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Before the Hatirjheel development project began in 2009, the inhabitants in the area faced
Neighbourhood Rs 36 Crore Pollution, Loss of issues of unsanitary living conditions. Some of the main issues in the local areas were traffic
Biodiversity, Urban Flood congestion and uncontrolled disposal of waste from the neighbouring areas. The initiative has
improved the diversity of aquatic life and the regulation of stormwater in Dhaka. This progress
was facilitated through rehabilitation of the Hatirjheel Lake.

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP The initiative has provided micro-catchment for stormwater retention while rehabilitating the
7 years RAJUK (Rajdhani Unnayan Integration of engineered deteriorated ecosystem by turning its wastewater canal into a freshwater lake.
Kartipakkha) solutions with NbS

On the previous page:

Hatirjheel Area with
newly developed bridges
and greenery.
On this page:
Integration of Engineered
solutions with blue
infrastructure.
Source: Urban Nature
Atlas, 2021

41 42
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated and implemented by RAJUK Environmental Social Economic
(Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha), and it took 7 years to
rejuvenate and restore Hatirjheel lake, which is now Restored the Wetland Increased recreational Generation of revenues
surrounded by a dense urban area. Ecosystem of the Jheel avenues through interventions
like water taxi and
Enhanced the stormwater Reduced traffic congestion amphitheatre
The initial planning phase involved storage potential of the of the adjacent areas
conceptualising the project, assessing the site, area
01
and obtaining necessary approvals and
authorisations from relevant authorities.

Detailed design plans were developed,

02 incorporating considerations for wetland
restoration, water-edge features, stormwater
management, and recreational facilities.

Excavation, construction of walkway, bridge and

03 recreational amenities (like boating, water taxi,
fishing, etc.) were carried out.

To manage stormwater, wetland restoration

04 projects were started, along with the installation Scale it Up!
of drainage infrastructures.
Urban areas facing traffic congestion,
environmental decline, and limited green spaces
On this page: can implement tailored interventions by adapting
Top-Water Taxi System of Hatirjheel. approaches to local settings. Collaborative
Source: The Confluence, 2023 governance and community involvement are
essential. Establishing recreational areas along
Middle-Hatirjheel Amphitheatre
Source: The Confluence, 2023
waterfronts, incorporating blue-green infrastructure,
and integrating these with built structures can make
Below-Restored Hatirjheel. cities more water-sensitive.
Source: The Daily Star, 2024

On the next page:

Locals fishing at the Rejuvenated Hatirjheel Lake.
Source: The Confluence, 2023 Scan/Click to read more

43 44
 Project Rationale
RAJOKRI LAKE REJUVENATION PROJECT
05 Delhi, India
The Rajokri Lake Rejuvenation Project tackles several challenges in Delhi. By creating a
reservoir, it aims to control urban flooding and also focuses on cleaning the lake, improving
water quality, and aiding groundwater recharge. Additionally, ecological restoration will help
bring back plants and animals. This initiative will benefit the society as well, through the
creation of public green recreational space, which will improve residents' well-being.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered In 2018, Delhi faced a severe water crisis, prompting the government to explore solutions like
District/ Rs 1.78 Crore Urban flooding, ecological reviving urban water bodies. The Rajokri Lake, a 2.33-acre water body near the Delhi-
neighbourhood degradation Gurgaon border, was chosen for a pilot project. Previously, it served as a breeding ground for
mosquitoes and diseases due to sewage overflow. Lack of proper sewage management led to
contamination from nearby neighbourhoods.

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP Recognising its cultural significance for Chhath Puja, the Delhi Jal Board initiated its
1 year (2017-18) DJB, The Department of Use of low-cost natural rejuvenation. This project aimed to demonstrate sustainability and scalability through natural
Irrigation and Flood Control methods treatment methods, renewable energy, and rainwater harvesting, setting a model for future
initiatives.

Grassland

Children’s
play area
Lawn area

Constructed
wetland
Riverine
grassland
On the previous page:
Before and after images
of the lake
Source: The Better
India,2020

On this page:
Lake development plan
Lake and aerial image
Source: Urban water
resource management:
experience from the
revival of Rajokri lake in
Chhatth Delhi (Ankit Srivastava,
Pooja
Ghat T.C. Prathna), 2021
45 Swale
Entry
46
Raingarden
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by the Delhi Jal Board for the Environmental Social Economic
rejuvenation of Rajokri Lake.
Increased protection Protection of historic Reduced financial costs
against flooding, and cultural heritage for urban management
Natural Treatment System: The project adopted a
stormwater management
01 "Scientific Wetland with Active Biodigester Promotion of an active Stimulate development
(SWAB)" system. This two-step process utilises
Improved water quality lifestyle and in deprived areas
microbes and plants for natural wastewater
recreational activities
treatment, and includes a sedimentation tank,
Restoration of freshwater
biodigester, and constructed wetland system for
ecosystems
the treatment of water.
Increased green public
space
Constructed Wetland System (SWAB): The
02 partially treated water flows through a 15- Habitat restoration and
chamber SWAB system. This wetland uses
protection of flora and
layered stone aggregate of various sizes to
fauna species
provide habitat for microbes as a filter media.
Papyrus, Umbrella Papyrus, and Canna Indica
are planted throughout the SWAB to absorb
nutrients and further purify the water, and 40
additional floating islands made of PVC pipes
and mesh support papyrus plants were created
for further nutrient removal and water purification.

Public Space Redevelopment: In addition to the Scale it Up!

03 wastewater treatment system, the project also
involved revitalising the public area surrounding To scale up, the project will add advanced filters and
the lake for community use. pumps. Impressed by Rajokri's success, the Delhi Jal
Board plans to use this model on 159 lakes.
On this page: Wetland plants
However, this demands stronger collaboration
Top- community at the rejuvenated lake.
Source: The Better India, Mesh between different stakeholder groups. Rejuvenation
2020 Filter projects like these provide many social,
Middle-Before and after images of the lake. environmental, and economic co-benefits to
Source: Urban Nature Atlas, 2020 residents/users, and thus its principles can be used
Below-Schematic diagram showing SWAB
Wastewater Biodigester with baffle walls Gravel bed Treated water fills the lake across many other water bodies across cities.
SWAB technology
technology.
Source: Urban water resource management:
experience from the revival of Rajokri lake in
Delhi (Ankit Srivastava, T.C. Prathna), 2021 Scan/Click to read more
Preliminary 60% 40%
On the next page: filtration treatment treatment
Aerial view of the lake after rejuvenation.
Source: The Better India, 2020 47 48
 KYALASANAHALLI LAKE REJUVENATION THROUGH COLLECTIVE Project Rationale
COMMUNITY EFFORTS
06 Bengaluru, India
The Kyalasanahalli rejuvenation exemplifies the power of collective community efforts in
addressing sewage dumping, industrial waste, and invasive species like water hyacinths.
Witnessing positive impacts post-monsoon, locals now value and protect the revived lake
fervently. This initiative not only restores environmental health but also instils a sense of
ownership among the community.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered With the decline in the number of Bangalore's water bodies from 262 to 81 since 1960, an
Ward, Settlement Rs 1.17 Crore Habitat Degradation, ambitious initiative led by Mr. Anand Malligavad targets the restoration of 45 lakes by 2025.
(Sansera Foundation) Pollution Focusing on the successful rejuvenation of Kyalasanahalli Lake, this case study highlights the
collaborative approach that engaged the local communities to combat sewage dumping,
industrial waste, and ecological degradation, which had caused the lake to disappear.

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP By prioritising the revitalisation of Bangalore's lakes, Anand has inspired a collective
45 days Anand Malligavad (Lakeman Economic and Swift consciousness, driving communities towards active participation in the restoration and
of India) Implementation Process protection of lake ecosystems.

On the previous page:

Kyalasanahalli Lake
before & after
restoration.
Source - Clean-Water
(Sustainable Water
Technologies, 2020
On this page:
Kyalasanahalli Lake view
Source:
The Better India, 2019
Before After
49 50
Process Involved Impacts

Environmental Social Economic

Around 4 lakh cubic meters of mud was scraped
01 from the lake and utilised to form islands, each Restoring ecological Enhancing citizen-lake Creation of funding
with a width of 110 meters, across the lake. balance connect with over 3000 avenues with PPP model
These islands are currently serving as nesting volunteers with a fund of Rs. 81
grounds for birds, with a large tree planted in the Reducing pollution lakh
center for nests, as well as fruit-bearing and
flower saplings planted nearby. Recharging groundwater
Two canals of a polluted drain were diverted 1.8
02 km away, and a separate area with a high
embankment was created where this water was
treated and aerated naturally. The monsoon that
year restored the lake, which had been dead for
decades.

The initiative culminated in the planting of

03 seedlings and the establishment of two Japanese
Miyawaki forests on the lake. Miyawaki is a
Japanese planting technique that allows native
seedlings to grow ten times quicker and denser
than before. Utilising a distinctive approach,
these forests covered approximately 25,000
square feet and comprised over 5,000 plants.
Additionally, the surrounding land was planted
with natural grass to address soil erosion.
Scale it Up!
In addition to Sansera’s CSR funds for the
04 rejuvenation of this lake, collaboration with Hikal Cities can replicate Anand Malligavad's lake
Ltd. provided a fund of Rs 81 lakh, through a restoration approach by regularly assessing water
public-private partnership model. bodies, engaging communities, and collaborating
with partners to secure funding for restoring dried-up
The initiative attracted significant attention and lakes. By raising awareness and involving citizens in
support, with over 1,500 emails, 400 partnership On this page: monitoring progress, cities can foster shared
05 requests, and 3,000 volunteers expressing Top-Margondanahalli Lake (taken up after Kyalasanahalli)
mid-restoration. accountability. Restoring degraded water bodies or
interest in contributing. Source: Reasons to be Cheerful, 2023 natural drains can be achieved by diverting sewer
pipes, treating water, and planting native species on
Proactive engagement with over 70 Middle & Below-Planting trees for the rejuvenation of a large scale using techniques like Miyawaki.
organisations, including NGOs and corporates Kyalasanahalli Lake.
06
spread awareness about this unique initiative. On the next page: Aerial view of the rejuvenated lake.
Source: The Better India, 2019 Scan/Click to read more

51 52
 WETLAND MANAGEMENT OF NEKNAMPUR LAKE THROUGH NATURE Project Rationale
BASED SOLUTIONS (NbS)
07 Hyderabad, India
The Neknampur Lake restoration project combines ecological restoration with community well-
being initiatives to preserve cultural heritage and ecological balance. By employing
bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques, the project aims to improve water quality
and restore biodiversity. It also promotes sustainable livelihoods for the local community and
fosters sustainable peri-urban development.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Neknampur Lake, also known as Ibrahim Bagh Cheruvu in Hyderabad, held historical
District Rs 0.45 Crore Pollution, loss of significance as part of a water reservoir system. Urbanisation and sewage disposal led to
biodiversity, urban ecological alterations in the lake. NGO 'Dhruvansh' adopted the lake in 2016 for restoration
flooding using various bioremediation & phytoremediation techniques. The organisation aimed to
restore the lake, creating a sustainable model by promoting education, raising awareness,
and supporting the local community.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
2 years Dhruvansh NGO & Restoration of damaged
Hyderabad ULBs ecosystems through NbS

On the previous page:

Floating wetland on
Neknampur lake.
Source:
The Hindu, 2018

On this page:
Island made of 27 rafts
on Neknampur Lake.
Source:
Lakes of India, 2020

53 54
Process Involved Impacts
Construction of a stormwater treatment pond at Environmental Social Economic
the inlet to restrict direct sludge and heavy metals,
01 and a separate pond constructed for idol
Restoring ecological Enhancing Citizen-Lake Creation of funding
immersion. balance connect avenues
Aquatic weed growth was managed using Reducing pollution
02 biological control methods, and aeration was
facilitated through the installation of fountains, Recharging groundwater
subsurface diffusers, and floating aerators. A
sedimentation basin and a floating treatment
island were developed.

Community-based interventions like weekly

03 cleaning drives, cultural programmes, pottery
workshops, and birdwatching activities.

Awareness Programs and activities by affiliated

04 institutions such as WWF Telangana, People for
Animals, and Hyderabad Birding Pals.

Co-governance efforts involved planting drives

under Haritha Haram and HMDA plantation
05 schemes, garbage cleaning, installation of
electric poles, and the introduction of 20,000 fish
for bioremediation support.

Scale it Up!
Such NbS for restoration efforts can enhance urban
water resilience and biodiversity conservation.
Partnerships with environmental organisations, local
communities, and government agencies can spread
On this page:
Top-Floating wetland installed at the lake.
awareness and mainstream adoption of innovative
Source: Water Digest, 2023 solutions. Leveraging funding from national and
international sources for large-scale restoration
Middle-Removal of weeds for safe reuse. projects, and capacity-building programs can
Source: Urban Nature Atlas, 2023 empower local stakeholders to actively participate in
Below-Floating wetland and fountain for aeration. restoration efforts.
Source: Money Control, 2022

Next Page- Island made of 27 rafts on Neknampur Lake.

Source: Lakes of India, 2020 Scan/Click to read more

55 56
 CREATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE USING TREATED WATER FROM Project Rationale
PAPPANKALAN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP) IN DWARKA
08 New Delhi, India
The Dwarka area of Delhi suffers from water scarcity, and the treated water at Pappankalan
STP had the potential to create an artificial lake for storage of water. By installing floating
wetlands and aerators, the water quality was improved further, causing percolation of treated
water through layers of soil to enhance groundwater quality of the nearby areas.

Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered The sewage water from Dwarka was previously discharged into the Najafgarh drain, but now
Ward Rs 56.5 Crore (Delhi Water scarcity, it is treated at Pappankalan STP before it enters the lake. An artificial water body, spanning
Government) groundwater 25 acres, was constructed to utilise this treated water, enhancing groundwater recharge and
contamination quality. Advanced methods like floating wetlands and aerators were implemented to ensure
that the effluent meets bathing quality standards.
Proximity to the Najafgarh drain had caused groundwater contamination in the area, but
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP tertiary treatment and the floating wetlands at Pappankalan STP improved the water table and
7 Months Delhi Jal Board Reuse of Treated Used reduced contamination.
Water for recharging
Aquifers

On the previous
page:
Aerial view of the
lake.
Source:
Times of India,
2022

On this page:
Processes involved
in the creation of
the artificial lake.
Source:
Times of India,
2018

57 58
Process Involved Impacts
A Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of 20 MGD Environmental Social Economic
01 capacity was developed with a tertiary treatment
system. The treated effluents meet tertiary quality Significant rise in the Provides recreational Increased property
standards: BOD 5 PPM, SS 7 PPM, coliforms 250- groundwater table by 7 spots for local values in the
500 PPM after disinfection. meters improving local communities surrounding areas
water security
A 25-acre land area was excavated to a depth of Improvement in
02 7-8 feet until it reached sandy strata. The debris groundwater quality
was spread around the land of the water body,
and a 1.5 m thick layer of impervious soil layer at Improved the biodiversity
the drain bed was replaced with sand and gravel
to ensure percolation of water. 5-6 MGD water
saved/regenerated,
boosting Dwarka's supply
The groundwater quality was assessed at a 10 m
03 depth, and the tertiary treated water (BOD 5
PPM, SS 5 PPM, coliform 250 PPM) was collected
in the water body to its brim.

Floating wetlands and aerators were installed

04 within the water body to further enhance the
quality and prevent stagnation.

Scale it Up!
Cities can reuse treated water and create artificial
wetlands to enhance their groundwater levels and
On this page: quality. This case is especially helpful for cities that
Top-Pappankalan STP in Dwarka. suffer from water scarcity in arid climatic zones,
Source: Jagran , 2021 stormwater drain encroachment and so on.
Implementing advanced treatment technologies such
Middle-Aerators and floating wetlands.
Source: Gunraagh Talwar, Google Image., 2022 as tertiary filtration and floating wetlands ensures that
the water meets the quality standards. Creating
Below-Aerators of Pappankalan Lake artificial lakes or wetlands in urban areas enhances
Source: Yes Pubjab.com, 2022 local biodiversity and provides recreational spaces.
On the next page:
Aerial view of the lake.
Source: Times of India, 2022
Scan/Click to read more

59 60
 ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS – WORKING WETLANDS ROYAL BOTANIC Project Rationale
GARDENS BIRDWOOD AVENUE THROUGH STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
09 Victoria, Australia
The project was launched under the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne’s Strategic Water Plan
to promote sustainable water management in response to a drying climate. The primary focus
was to treat stormwater, improving water quality in the Gardens' lakes and the Yarra River
while reducing reliance on potable water for irrigation. Additionally, the project secondary
focus was to enhance wildlife habitats and raise community awareness.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered The Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, spanning 38 hectares along the Yarra River, initiated
District/ City Rs. 52 Crore (excluding Water scarcity, buoyancy the "Working Wetlands" project in response to Melbourne's challenges with water scarcity
maintenance). Maintenance problems in floating and declining water quality due to a drying climate. As part of its Strategic Water Plan, the
Budget: 60 lakhs per year. wetlands project aimed to reduce reliance on potable water by harvesting and treating stormwater
(Australian Government) through constructed and floating wetlands. This effort not only improved water quality in the
Gardens' lakes and the Yarra River but also enhanced the landscape, supported wildlife
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP habitats, and engaged the community through education, fostering a more sustainable
3 Years Royal Botanic Gardens Innovative use of floating environment in Melbourne.
Melbourne. wetlands made from
recycled materials.

On the previous
page:
Aerial view of the
Botanic Garden.

On this page:
Floating wetlands
in Botanic
Garden
Source:
Royal Botanic
Gardens –
Working
Wetlands, Feb
2013

61 62
 On this page:
Top - Seating Spaces in Royal Botanical Garden -
working wetlands

Bottom - Educational sign at Guilfoyle’s Volcano –

Floating wetlands working principles

On the next page:

Garden Working Wetlands Site Plan

Source: Royal Botanic Gardens – Working Wetlands,

Feb 2013

63 64
Process Involved Impacts
Storm Water is diverted from Anderson St and Environmental Social Economic
01 Domain Road drains and treated through gross
pollutant traps and sediment ponds before 30–40% reduction in Enhanced public The storm water
entering the lakes. nutrient concentrations, engagement through harvesting system
improving water quality. educational programs supplies up to 40%
The water is treated in sediment ponds and of irrigation water.
02 wetlands using both physical and chemical Increased waterbird Improved garden
processes. populations and new amenities. Reduced maintenance
habitat creation. costs
Water is circulated through a series of connected Improved landscape
03 water bodies, including Ornamental Lake, Up to 40% reduction in aesthetics. Improved irrigation
Guilfoyle’s Volcano, Nymphaea Lake, and Fern potable water use, with efficiency.
Gully Creek. 1.6ML of lake water
treated for irrigation
Floating wetlands Installed in two lakes, made overnight.
04 from recycled PET plastic and planted with semi- Over 20,000 wetland
aquatic plants, these wetlands improve water
quality through nutrient uptake and fine particle plants added.
trapping.

Treated water is stored in tanks and undergoes

05 further treatment (disk filters, UV disinfection, pH
adjustment, and chlorination) before being used
for irrigation.

Scale it Up!
To effectively implement the "Working Wetlands"
approach in any wetland cities like Udaipur, Bhopal,
it is essential to conduct a thorough assessment of
local wetlands, integrate them into the stormwater
management system, engage the community, and
secure policy and institutional support. By adapting
On this page: the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne's successful
Top - Desert Cacti Garden
Middle - Fern Gully in the Garden
model, cities can harness the power of wetlands to
Bottom - Entrance to the Royal Botanic Garden improve water quality, enhance biodiversity, and
Source: City of Melbourne, 2024 create sustainable urban environments.
On the next page:
Aerial view of the Botanic Garden
Source: City of Melbourne, 2024 Scan/Click to read more

65 66
 REJUVENATION OF PARKES WETLANDS BY RETROFITTING OLD Project Rationale
INFRASTRUCTURE
10 New South Wales, Australia
The Parkes Wetlands project was established to address the ecological and community needs
arising from the decommissioning of old sewage treatment ponds. These ponds had long
served as important habitats for local wildlife, particularly bird species. Rather than allowing
the site to deteriorate, the project aimed to transform the ponds into a functional wetland. This
initiative not only preserved and enhanced biodiversity but also contributes to flood mitigation
Key Details and groundwater recharge. The project integrates the needs of the community with
environmental restoration.
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
Unused Decommissioned
Ward Rs. 6 Crore
Infrastructure, Habitat Loss,
Introduction
(New South Wales Govt. &
Australian Federal Govt.) Poor Accessibility The Parkes Wetlands Project aims to transform old sewage treatment ponds(constructed in
1960) into a vibrant wetland ecosystem, enhancing biodiversity and community engagement.
Funded by the New South Wales Environmental Trust, the first stage was completed in late
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP 2023, featuring major earthworks and initial revegetation efforts. This initiative has
2 Years Parkes Shire Council Repurposing sewage successfully attracted waterbirds, including rare species, back to the area. Future stages will
(through contractors) treatment ponds into a include constructing pathways and bird hides to promote recreational activities and eco-
community-centered, tourism, supported by significant funding from the Federal and NSW governments. The project
ecologically rich wetland not only benefits local wildlife but also enriches the community's connection to nature.

On previous
page,
Site after
receiving its first
rainfall
Source:
Parkes Shire
Council, 2023

On this page,
One of the
Water bodies at
Parkes
Source:
The Parkes
Phoenix, 2021

67 68
Process Involved Impacts
The project secured funding from various sources, Environmental Social Economic
01 including over $900,000 from the Federal
Government′s Growing Regions Program and an Habitat Restoration Easy access from the Improved liveability of
additional $100,000 from the New South Wales town connecting the the township of Parkes
Government's Local Small Communities Allocation Improvement in blue-green spaces and the Shire
program. This financial support was crucial for the Groundwater levels Creation of tourism
project's development and future stages Improvement in mental opportunities
health and fitness of
Major earthworks were completed in late 2023, locals
converting the old treatment ponds into a
02 hydrologically complex wetland. This included
shaping the land to create diverse habitats that
support a variety of native flora and fauna,
particularly aquatic avifauna.

Initial revegetation activities were undertaken to

plant native species and restore the surrounding
03 Fuzzy Box Woodland, which is an Endangered
Ecological Community.

The wetlands were filled with recycled water from

the Council's Advanced Water Recycling Facility,
04 marking the first time the site received water in
over five years.

The next stage of this project is supposed to

involve the construction of a gravel pathway
05 around the wetlands to enable all abilities access Scale it Up!
to the site, and facilitate recreational activities The Parkes Wetlands project offers a valuable model
such as walking, jogging and cycling around the for urban areas aiming to transform underutilized or
site. decommissioned infrastructure into ecological and
community spaces. To scale this approach, urban
local bodies can identify similar sites, like old sewage
On this page,
Top - Former Sewage Treatment Ponds treatment ponds or neglected water bodies, and
Source: Parkes Champion Post, 2023 evaluate their potential for conversion into wetlands.
Middle - Water flowing into Parkes Wetland Securing funding through national or state grants and
Source: Parkes Shire Council, 2023 forming public-private partnerships are key to success.
Below - Current and former condition of the Wetland
Source: Parkes Shire Council, 2023

On next page,
Community Efforts to vegetate Parkes Wetlands
Source: Parks Shire Council, 2023 Scan/Click to read more

69 70
 S-2

RIVER RELATED
INITIATIVES

Explore the transformative potential of Water Sensitive

Urban Design in ‘Revitalising Urban Rivers’. This section
delves into innovative approaches and practical
strategies for restoring river ecosystems, enhancing
water quality, and managing stormwater sustainably. By
integrating ecological principles with urban planning,
these initiatives aim to create resilient and vibrant river
corridors that support biodiversity and provide valuable
recreational spaces for communities.

01
 RIVER RESTORATION AT THE BISHAN-ANG MO KIO PARK THROUGH Project Rationale
THE ACTIVE, BEAUTIFUL AND CLEAN (ABC) WATERS PROGRAM
11 Singapore
Singapore saw a 22% increase in its annual rainfall from 1980 to 2012. This, coupled with a
degraded stormwater management system, has burdened the country’s water resources. The
ABC Waters Program was implemented to restore the natural water bodies beyond their
original drainage and storage functions. The strategy has ensured efficient draining and
treatment of stormwater and has improved Singapore’s water quality, especially in the dense
Key Details urban areas.
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park is located at the centre of the island and is surrounded by high-
City/ward Rs. 475 Crore (European Water insecurity and
density residential development. Kallang River ran through it for 2.7 km in the form of a
Union's Horizon) pollution, mosquito
straight concrete channel that proved to be dangerous for people during rising water levels.
breeding
The channel was restored into a meandering 3.2 km natural river by integrating Blue-Green
Infrastructure with the dense urban environment for socio-ecological benefits.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
3 years Public Utilities Board, Naturalisation of river flow, The Project was successful as it involved people, to ensure the sustainability of scarce water
National Parks Board public participation resources and the conservation of biodiversity, responding well to the adverse effects of
climate change.

On the previous page:

Before and after images
of the river restoration
project.
Source: Pagoda
shophouse- ownwork
licensed under Creative
Commons Attribution-
Share Alike via MIT,
2022

On this page:
Bioengineering
techniques and natural
cleaning process.
Source: Dreiseitl
consulting, 2012

71 72
Process Involved Impacts
Before
The project was initiated by the Public Utilities Board Environmental Social Economic
and the National Parks Board of Singapore, and the
implementation was done with the help of community 48% reduction in flood- Reduced diseases 15% cost savings
participation throughout the lifecycle of the project. prone area from 2010 to leading to improved through the new re-
2019 public health design approach
40% increase in the Vibrant public space
Bioengineering techniques like rocks and native
water carrying capacity
01 plants helped mimic a natural river channel. of channels Increased connection
When compared to the traditional concrete
channel, it provides a more efficient self-repair between river and
Increase in meandering people
and adaptation alternative and is also cost- length slows down the
effective to install and maintain. After water flow

Cleansing biotopes, made using 15 wetland cells Prevention of soil erosion

02 and 4 terraces, help in natural water purification
and treatment. After this, water is subjected to
ultraviolet treatment to remove bacteria before
returning it to the river.

Vegetated bioswales, comprised of mosquito-

03 repellent plants, help capture and filter
stormwater runoff from the surrounding area
before it is channelled into the river.

Red markers are installed in the park to issue

04 warnings during a rise in water levels. This
ensures a safe environment for the public during
Scale it Up!
floods.
Many cities in India still have concrete drain channels
Design features like a terraced riverside gallery, that can be naturalised using vegetated bioswales
and cleansing biotopes. The project can leverage
05 platforms, bridges, stepping-stone paths, a water local socio-cultural associations between rivers and
playground, and a ‘Recycle Hill’ (a landmark
built from blocks of concrete recycled from the old people to execute the public participation process.
channel) help re-establish the connection between However, the implementation of a decentralised
people and the river. management system may result in a delayed
execution of the project.
On this page:
Top-Restoring River and Redesigning the Park.
Below-Public participation in the restoration project.
Source: Dreiseitl consulting, 2012
Scan/Click to read more
On the next page:
Aerial view of the meandering river.
Source: My Liveable City,2014,
73 74
 CREATION OF BEAD-LIKE WETLANDS WHICH REGULATE FLOODS Project Rationale
THROUGH THE QIAN'AN SANLIHE RIVER ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
12 Hebei, China
Located in Liupanshui City, this project revitalises the Shuicheng River through ecological
restoration and urban open space improvements. It boosts the urban waterfront's land value
and reclaims the landscape as essential ecological infrastructure. Over nearly three years, the
polluted waterway was transformed into the city's lifeline using vegetation and natural
embankments, offering crucial ecological services.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
The Shuicheng River in Liupanshui City, historically known as Lotus Leaf City, once encircled
City/ward NA Flood, drought and
the city like a floating lotus leaf during the rainy season. However, with industrialisation,
pollution, unregulated
urbanisation, and mobilisation in 1966, the river was straightened and channelised with
urban stormwater runoff
concrete embankments between 1975 and 1980. This transformation aimed to support
industrial growth but compromised the river's flood control, self-purification, and stormwater
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP management. Consequently, the river suffered continuous degradation and pollution from
2 years Construction Bureau of Qian'an Low-maintenance native sewage and waste. Once a charming "Mother River," it became heavily polluted,
City vegetation, collection and necessitating urgent restoration.
dissemination of urban
stormwater runoff
B

A
C

C Natural river (historic course) On the previous page:

The Qian'an Sanlihe
River Ecological
D Corridor.
Source - Pinterest, 2015
E
On this page:
Channelized contaminated river The creation of water
centered public space
that integrates storm
water management,
A
habitat restoration,
recreational uses and art,
and catalysts urban
A - Luan River development.
B - Water source River after ecological restoration
C - Urban development along greenway
D - Sanlihe greenway Source:Turenscape,
E - Outlet 2013

75 76
Process Involved Impacts

This project is divided into three sections: the water Environmental Social Economic
source located upstream, the city section in the middle,,
and the wetland park downstream. Specific processes Ecological restoration Northern “Steel city” Cost saving through
and techniques were employed to rejuvenate each rejuvenated into scenic low-maintenance native
section. Wetlands purify river locale vegetation, water-
water for grey water use grasses, and wild
Key design aspects included sewage Pedestrian and bicycle flowers
Natural waterways create routes integrated with
01 management and ecological reconstruction. diverse habitats for
Household organic waste was used to shape urban transportation
various species of flora network
landforms, and industrial waste was treated. and fauna including
birds, abundant fish, and
The design maximised natural elevation changes soft-shelled turtles Artful and culturally
holistic public space
02 for directing the flow in Luan River water creation
channels.

Bead-like wetlands were created to regulate

floods by collecting stormwater runoff. They form
03 a "Green River" with the remaining pools during
low water levels.

Existing trees were preserved, and riverbanks

were transformed into connected tree islands
04 using low-maintenance native vegetation, lush
water grasses, and self-reproductive wildflowers
like Chinese Pennisetum and wild
chrysanthemum. Scale it Up!
Pedestrian and bicycle routes along the greenbelt
enhance community access and are integrated India has some major rivers that experience disasters
like floods and are polluted by sewage and other
05 with art, including an 800-meter folding paper waste disposal from industries and domestic sources.
sculpture, shelters, seats, a boardwalk, and
lighting. Ecological restoration using low-maintenance
landscape elements, such as the bead-like wetlands,
On this page:
can help regulate floods by collecting and
Top-The revived river with native vegetation, lush water- disseminating urban stormwater runoff. Thus, these
grasses, and wild flowers. principles can be adopted to the local context across
Middle-Bicycle and pedestrian routes along the channel. river basins in Indian cities.
Below-Aerial view after the ecological restoration
.
On the next page:
Creation of an active and healthy open public space, which
promotes walking and cycling. Scan/Click to read more
Source: Turenscape, 2013

77 78
 YAMUNA BIODIVERSITY PARK: RESTORING ECOLOGY AND WATER Project Rationale
SYSTEMS FOR A SUSTAINABLE CAPITAL
13 Delhi, India
Revitalising the Yamuna River for a sustainable Delhi drives the Yamuna Biodiversity Park
project. It aims to restore the river's ecology, promoting biodiversity and water quality. The
park tackles Delhi's water issues by harvesting rainwater, replenishing groundwater, and
storing floodwater. This green lung within the city fosters recreation, environmental education,
and a connection with nature and also builds resilience against climate change by restoring
Key Details natural systems.
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
The Yamuna Biodiversity Park in Delhi is a beacon of urban sustainability that has transformed
City Approximately Rs. 12 Crore River pollution, ecological
from a barren land to a thriving 457-acre ecosystem. Pressing issues like flooding, drought,
(Delhi Development Authority) degradation, flood risk,
and pollution were addressed by restoring wetlands and diverse ecosystems. The park
biodiversity & habitat loss
replenishes groundwater, improves air quality, and fosters biodiversity by recreating lost river
ecosystems. As an educational and research hub, it attracts visitors and promotes
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP environmental awareness. Part of Delhi's Biodiversity Parks network, it showcases innovative
Ongoing since Delhi Development Authority, Restoration of ecological approaches to urban ecosystem restoration, offering ecological services and recreational
2002 Centre for Environmental and natural systems opportunities.
Management of Degraded
Ecosystems (University of Delhi) Collaborating with the Centre for Management of Degraded Ecosystems, University of Delhi,
these parks exemplify urban biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

On the previous page:

Location map of Yamuna
Biodiversity Park.
Source: Landscape &
environmental planning
department, DDA, 2021
1. Yamuna Biodiversity
Park
2. Northern Ridge
On this page:
Biodiversity Park Aquatic species at the
3. Aravalli Biodiversity Yamuna Biodiversity
Park
4. Neela Hauz Biodiversity Park.
5. Tilpath Biodiversity Park Source: Delhi Biodiversity
6. Tughlakabad Foundation DDA, 2021
Biodiversity Park
7. South Delhi Biodiversity
Park
79 80
 Active
floodplain,
Habitat
pressure,
Pollution,
Degraded Soil,
Agriculture.

Inactive floodplain,
Laying of trails, construction of Spotting of resident
Habitat pressure,
waterbodies, and migratory birds
Pollution,
Planting of grasses, Spotting and planting of trees
Degraded Soil.
of resident ducks.
Laying of trails
and construction
Spotting of animals of higher trophic of waterbodies
levels - leopard

Spotting of animals of
Spotting of animals of
Community Activities higher trophic levels
higher trophic levels
like birdwatching,
seminars and
educational programs

On this page:
Chronological development of the park.
Source: Landscape & environmental planning
department, DDA, 2021

On the next page:

Master plan of Yamuna Biodiversity Park
Source: Landscape & environmental planning
department, DDA, 2021

81 82
Process Involved Impacts

The park's development exemplifies successful Environmental Social Economic

collaboration between the Delhi Development Authority
(DDA), the government agency responsible for urban Groundwater Improved awareness Enhanced property
planning and infrastructure, and the University of Delhi, replenishment and educational values
providing scientific expertise and research support. opportunities for
Habitat and biodiversity students and visitors at
Wetland restoration: Three natural wetlands act restoration large
01 as the park's core, controlling floods, purifying Creation of a healthy Vibrant public space
water, and recharging groundwater. They act as
natural sponges, absorbing and storing excess pubic space and adding to quality of life
rainwater and mitigating flood risks in improved air quality
surrounding areas. They also act as natural filters,
removing pollutants and improving water quality Adequate flood
within the park's water systems. It allows prevention and
rainwater to infiltrate the ground, gradually management
replenishing local groundwater reserves.

Habitat creation: The biodiversity park offers a

02 diverse range of ecosystems like forests,
grasslands, and wetlands, which create distinct
habitats for various native flora and fauna species
that have now been restored.

Native species focus: Planting native flora Scale it Up!

03 promotes a self-sustaining ecosystem and restores
lost biodiversity. Native plants are adapted to the
local climate and require minimal maintenance, Scaling up this Biodiversity Park model requires
fostering a self-sustaining park environment. replicating the NbS, tailored to each city's needs.
Collaboration between urban planners, environmental
experts, and local communities for knowledge sharing
On this page: is essential, along with advocacy efforts for broader
Top - Bamboo Bridge in Biodiversity Park adoption. Learning from Yamuna's success, cities
Middle - Herbal Garden in Biodiversity Park
Below - Project vision of Yamuna Biodiversity worldwide can develop their green lungs, promoting
Park,2022. ecological restoration, water security, and sustainable
urban development, inspiring a network of healthy
On the next page: urban ecosystems along river basins.
Aerial view of the restored biodiversity park.

Source: Landscape & environmental planning

department, DDA, 2021 Scan/Click to read more

83 84
 FLOOD MITIGATION IN ROHINGYA REFUGEE CAMPS THROUGH Project Rationale
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
14 Dhaka, Bangladesh
Cox’s Bazar, in southeast Bangladesh, is home to the Rohingya refugees in the highland
district of Ukhyia Upazila. Approximately, 2,500 hectares of forest suffered from heavy
degradation to make way for the refugees. The project used Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to
restore a fifth of the forest (as of 2021).

Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
Large-scale deforestation to accommodate the refugees has caused environmental degradation
District/settlement Rs. 3.65 Crore (UNHCR) Water scarcity, water
in the area and an increased risk of landslides and slope instability. This has led to the issue of
pollution, environmental
flooding during monsoon rains. Moreover, the Madhur Chhara watershed, which crosses 11
degradation, landslides
refugee camps, suffers from land use change along the stream, high solid waste load, and
due to deforestation
stream diversion. It has degraded the natural water dynamics and the riparian ecosystem
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP along it. Thus, the NbS intervention aimed at restoring the Madhur Chhara watershed and
3 years Centre for Natural Resource Active collaboration helping refugees and host communities adapt to the climate stressors in the area.
Studies (CNRS) among all stakeholders for
NbS implementation

On the previous page:

Settlement after
restoration.

On this page:
Leveraging local
participation for project
implementation.

Source: UNHCR, 2021

85 86
Process Involved Impacts
2019

Initiated by Centre for Natural Resource Studies Environmental Social Economic

(CNRS), the project was successfully implemented with
the help of the resident community, experts and Water security through Awareness training Economic benefits for
professionals, and various other government and non- wastewater treatment and provided to 3,000 the fishermen as diverse
government organizations. recycling refugees and support to fish species colonise
931 households for self- stream habitats
1,100+ acres of sustainability in
Specific NbS interventions were designed by
degraded land restored growing vegetables Reduction in losses
01 CNRS, encompassing the restoration of with mixed vegetation incurred due to
degraded Chhara reaches through deepening 2020

and widening, prevention of soil erosion through Water reservoirs ensure flooding, erosion, and
Reduction in erosion and water security for landslides
green cover development, and installing water damage from river floods
reservoirs to facilitate groundwater recharge. refugees to meet daily
123% increase in needs and provide
Bio-mechanical wastewater treatment plants biodiversity species water for wildlife and
food production
02 helped in removing pollutants effectively from
Chhara. This resulted in two constructed wetland Availability of surface
systems. water for longer periods

Re-greening of stream banks was done using

riparian and pollutant-absorbing block plantation
03
with Vetiver hedging using local species.

Stabilizing stream banks targeted erosion-prone

04 points with green approaches, such as slope
terracing, compacting, and planting local grasses
(bhadails, broom grass) supported by bamboo
poles.
Scale it Up!

Community sensitisation through demonstrations While Ukhyia Upazila is a unique case of a refugee
camp, ecological degradation is commonly performed
05 on solid waste management, conservation to clear land for informal settlements along nullahs
agriculture, and engaging local stakeholders in
stream management helped enhance and rivers in many cities. Ecological restoration using
environmental awareness. Additional initiatives native plant species can be ensured through active
involved piloting silt traps and construction of partnerships across agencies and with the
walkways. communities. Thus, using these core principles, long-
term sustainability in terms of water and food security
On this page: can be achieved for communities.
Top-Settlement before restoration.
Middle-Settlement after the restoration.
Below-Water reservoirs are built using biological processes.

On the next page:

Farmers benefitted from the project. Scan/Click to read more

Source: UNHCR, 2021 87 88

 BEIJING YONGXING RIVER GREENWAY THROUGH SPONGE RIPARIAN Project Rationale
CORRIDOR AND DROUGHT-RESISTANT PLANTATION
15 Beijing Daxing, China
Beijing Yongxing River Greenway breaks from traditional flood control engineering by
transforming a seasonal urban drainage into a water-resilient green sponge that retains and
filters stormwater. It also creates an ecologically sound, productive, and community-building
green infrastructure. This project highlights landscape as green infrastructure that provides
holistic ecosystem services by regulating the hydrological environment, supporting native
Key Details biodiversity, and fostering community vitality.
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
The Yongxing River spans 37 kilometers and drains an area of over 300 square kilometers.
Settlement/city Rs. 195.8 Crore Lack of stormwater
Since the 1960s, it has been channelised and lined with concrete, leading to pollution from
(National Natural Science management, habitat
sewage and periodic monsoon flooding. Urban expansion and increased impermeable
Foundation of China) degradation, lack of public
surfaces have increased the need for better flood retention. Local communities want a cleaner
green spaces
environment and more green spaces. Fortunately, land use planning has designated about
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP 100 meters on the river's west side for public green space, allowing for potential expansion.
5 years 5 months Daxing Planning Bureau, Daxin Drought resistant plantation The proposed drainage reconstruction project covers the upper 17 kilometers, totaling 150
District, Beijing Municipal in the wetlands, sponge hectares. Key challenges include finding alternatives to traditional channel-widening, ensuring
Government riparian corridor, use of the new system can manage floods, and creating recreational spaces. The project must also
recycled materials be cost-effective, technically feasible, and sustainable in terms of maintenance.

On the previous page:

A network of pedestrian
paths with children's
playgrounds, sports
grounds, and plazas of
various sized, integrated
into the greenway.

On this page:
Bio-swales constructed
along the linear green
space to capture and
filter urban runoffs.

Source:
Turenscape, 2019

89 90
Process Involved Impacts

To transform the flood control project into green Environmental Social Economic
infrastructure offering holistic ecosystem services,
several strategies were implemented including: Reconstructed drainage is Fruit trees add seasonal 4 km of river developed
flood-ready sponge community excitement cost-effectively
All existing on-site trees, especially those along corridor
01 the former channel bank, were preserved and Native vegetation
Over 13.5 km pedestrian
integrated into the new site plan. paths encourage jogging.
replaces former concrete Dedicated bicycle path
A sponge riparian corridor, designed as a slopes offers safe cycling and
02 porous landform through cut-and-fill methods, Bio-swales filter and
playgrounds and exercise
created pits, mounds, islands, and shallow areas. spaces attract residents
cleanse urban runoff
Recycled materials from removed concrete linings
formed the base of these features. Bio-swales Five pavilions serve as rest
were strategically constructed along the green spots
space to capture and filter urban runoff.
Greenway became the
Native vegetation, including various species for city's popular public space
03 habitat diversity, was carefully introduced along
the drainage slope to prevent soil erosion.
Wetland plants were incorporated into the
drainage and bio-swales, while drought-resistant
fruit trees like Kaki and Crab Apple were planted
on mounds. Self-reproductive meadows covered
the ground, and canopy trees were planted along
pedestrian paths and gathering areas.

A pedestrian walkway network was meticulously

04 designed to connect all diverse habitats within the
Scale it Up!
green space, overcoming barriers created by
motorways. Playgrounds, sports grounds, This project presents innovative solutions for
pavilions, and plazas of varying sizes were challenges like stormwater management, habitat
seamlessly integrated into the greenway to restoration, and limited public green spaces. By
enhance visitor experience. transforming flood control infrastructure into versatile
On this page: green areas, it offers a sustainable approach to urban
Top-The Yongxing River channelized and
lined with concrete since the 1960s. resilience and community welfare. Adapting this
Middle-A porous landform creating pits and mounds on land model to Indian cities requires sensitivity to local
Below-Bioswales. environments, cultures, and budgets. Strategic
planning and community involvement can revitalize
On the other page:
Pedestrian paths with seating areas
urban water systems and enhance biodiversity.

Source: Turenscape, 2019

Scan/Click to read more
91 92
 URBAN FLOOD REGULATION IN MINGHU NATIONAL WETLAND PARK Project Rationale
THROUGH TERRACED WETLAND SYSTEM
16 Liupanshui, China
Located in Liupanshui City, this project revitalises the Shuicheng River through ecological
restoration and upgrading the urban open spaces. It aims to enhance the value of the urban
waterfront and reclaim the landscape as a vital ecological infrastructure. Over a span of
nearly three years, the once-polluted waterway has been transformed into a critical lifeline for
the city, thanks to the implementation of vegetation and natural embankments that provide
Key Details essential ecological services.

Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Introduction

Settlement/city NA Storm water management, The Shuicheng River in Liupanshui City, historically known as Lotus Leaf City, once encircled
native habitat and river the city like a floating lotus leaf during the rainy season. However, with the onset of
water degradation, urban industrialisation, urbanisation, and mobilisation in 1966, the river underwent straightening
flooding and channelization with concrete embankments from 1975 to 1980. This initiative aimed to
facilitate industrial growth but compromised the river's flood control, self-purification, and
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
management of stormwater. Consequently, the river experienced ongoing degradation and
3 years Liupanshui Municipality Terraced riverfront
pollution from sewage and waste. Once revered as a charming "Mother River," it became
landscape, use of existing
heavily polluted, necessitating urgent restoration efforts.
features for flood control &
ecological restoration

1 SITE MAP 8. Art museum

1. Shuicheng River 9. Viewing tower
2. Bioswales on gentle slope 10. Pavilion
3. Bioswales on slope 11. Platform
4. Terraced bioswales on steep 12. Planned new waterfront
slopes commercial
5. Minghu Lake 13. Planned new residential
The surface flows of stormwater
6. Service center development
7. Rainbow bridge 14. School

6
3
5
7
2

4
11
12
The regional stormwater management system 9
8 On the previous page:
10
Terraced Wetland
13
System of the Park.

14
On this page:
Concept of regional ecological infrastructure
Site plan and details of
the project.

Source:
Archdaily, 2015

93 94
Regional ecological infrastructure Bioswales on gentle slope Terraced bioswales on steep slopes
Process Involved Impacts

The Liupanshui Minghu Wetland Park project spans 90 Environmental Social Economic
hectares and revitalises the Shuicheng River drainage
basin through landscape strategies at macro and micro Revitalisation led to Harmonizes human- Increased land value
scales. This enhances the ecological, recreational, and growth of wildflowers nature relationship and vitality
social value of the Mother River.
Flood regulation and Popular social and Transformed wasteland
water recharging recreational spot into valuable space
Integrating existing features such as streams,
01 fishponds, and low-lying areas into a flood Ecological health and Universal access to
control and ecological purification system fosters biodiversity recovery
diverse wetlands. amenities
Improved storm-water
Replacing concrete embankments with natural retention and quality National Wetland Park
designation (2013)
02 riverbanks enhances riparian ecology and self-
purification. Aerating cascades aid in bio-
remediation.

Developing continuous pedestrian and bicycle

03 paths along the river enhances urban recreational
spaces and accessibility.

Integrating waterfront development with river

04 restoration drives urban renewal, blending
ecological infrastructure with urban amenities.

Micro-scale strategies include targeted sectional

approaches for river segments based on the Scale it Up!
05 masterplan, terraced riverfront landscapes for
water regulation, and wetland systems. Landmark
bridges and pedestrian paths serve to connect The Minghu Wetland Park project reinvigorates urban
visitors to the area's natural and cultural landscapes by restoring the Shuicheng River into a
significance. An emphasis on native species thriving ecological corridor. The blending of
promotes a low-carbon landscape and ecological environmental sustainability with urban development
sustainability. fosters biodiversity, enhances recreational spaces,
strengthens community bonds, and transforms
On this page: degraded water systems into vibrant public assets. It
Top-Pedestrian paths and bicycle routes. symbolises harmonious coexistence between humans
Middle-Steel Rainbow bridge and public interaction spaces. and nature, offering a model for sustainable urban
Below-Social and recreational environment for the people. regeneration across diverse landscapes and cities.
On the other page:
Aerial view of wetland park.
Source: Archdaily, 2015
Scan/Click to read more

95 96
 Project Rationale
17 CANAL REHABILITATION THROUGH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN ATLASVILLE
Johannesburg, South Africa
By integrating nature-based solutions for water treatment with flood management, the project
resulted in reduction of floods, a healthier ecosystem, and enhanced water quality. An
assessment of grey vs green infrastructure was conducted, which resulted in green
infrastructure to be more cost-effective. Extensive planning allowed for community engagement
and idea-sharing, leading to the Atlasville community's support for green infrastructure.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Atlasville residential area was developed by draining a trench in a wetland for development in
Ward/Settlement Rs. 13 Crore (Municipality) Flooding and Pollution the 1970s. Backfilling the wetland with rubble and sediment led to the degradation of topsoil,
and the Atlas Spruit canal confined the wetland flow. Regular dredging of the canal to
maintain the hydraulic capacity resulted in ecological damage. In 2006, severe flooding
caused by the canal's inability to handle runoff led to sewer overflows, health hazards, and
damage to properties. The method chosen for flood alleviation was to use a nature-based
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
solution to improve the Atlas Spruit, both hydraulically and ecologically.
1 year Fourth Element Consulting Addressing floods through
Nature-based solutions

On the previous page:

The Atlas Spruit and
surrounding park.
Source: University of
Cape Town, 2018

On this page:
A pile of grass cuttings
before the rehabilitation
of Atlas Spruit Park.
Source:
The Citizen, 2021

97 98
Process Involved Impacts
The project was segmented into two phases, with Environmental Social Economic
Phase 1 focusing on a 1.3 km segment of the
01 stream to fulfil 100-year flood relief criteria.
Increased flood protection Reduced diseases, Sharp increase in
Currently, in the design phase, Phase 2 aims to leading to improved property prices due to
meet similar flood relief objectives along a 2.2 Improved water quality in public health improved ecology
km section. the surrounding areas
Vibrant space,
Prevention against soil enhancing the quality
After the removal of reeds, biodiverse vegetation erosion of life
02 was selected based on their ability to meet
hydraulic requirements, provide habitats, and
requiring low maintenance.

Construction activities included the placement of

03 a geomat, referred to as the ‘MacMat’, to
conserve the topsoil and prevent soil erosion prior
to vegetation establishment.

Maintenance involves minimising reed growth to

maintain the optimal hydraulic capacity of the
04 canal.

Scale it Up!
In numerous communities and urban villages across
Indian cities, where wetlands have been reclaimed for
settlement purposes, the persistent issue of flooding
poses significant challenges. Implementing nature-
based solutions for stormwater management can
mitigate the health risks associated with the
contamination of stormwater by sewage. It can help
On this page,
Top, Before the rehabilitation of the Atlas Spruit Park. maximise hydraulic efficiency and increase the
Middle, One of the surrounding parks of Atlas Spruit. capacity of the drainage network by desilting drains
Source: The Citizen, 2021 and reducing the growth of invasive species.
Below, Reed uptake in Atlas Spruit
On the next page, View of the rehabilitated canal.
Source: University of Cape Town, 2018
Scan/Click to read more

99 100
 RESTORATION OF THE SMALL CREEK CONCRETE CHANNEL TO A MORE Project Rationale
The Small Creek naturalisation project is one of Australia's most significant waterway
18 NATURAL WATERWAY, CO-DESIGNED WITH THE COMMUNITY
restoration projects, aimed at transforming a concrete drainage channel into a natural, healthy
Queensland, Australia
waterway. This case study highlights the profound impact of integrating ecological restoration,
stormwater management, and enhancing community interaction with the environment. The
project's design integrates biodiversity, flood resilience, drainage, and health and safety
Key Details considerations, delivering substantial environmental and social benefits to the local community.
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget(Source) Challenges catered
City/Settlement Rs. 73.68 Crore Flooding, mosquito Small Creek, located in Raceview, Queensland, is a former natural stream that was
breeding, loss of habitat transformed into a concrete drain in the early 1980s. This modification led to various
and Degrading water ecological and social issues, such as poor water quality, loss of habitat, increased flood risk,
Quality and diminished community engagement with the natural environment. The need for
intervention arose due to the degradation of water quality in downstream Deebing Creek, the
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP presence of stagnant water fostering mosquito breeding, and limited access for recreational
5 years Ipswich City Council Transformation of Small activities. The restoration project aims to reinstate Small Creek as a functional and vibrant
Landscapology Creek from a concrete natural waterway, improving environmental health and providing a valuable recreational
Bligh Tanner drain into a natural space for the community.
Streamology waterway.

On the previous
page:
Project extent
showing existing
Small Creek 1946 &
2016.
Source: Big plans for
Small creek ,2016

On this page:
View of Small Creek
Source: Small creek-
Bligh Tanner projects
2016

101 102
 On this page,
Top - Small Creek Naturalisation 2086 Proposal

Bottom -Stepping stones along informal paths

Source: Small Creek Naturalisation,2017

Landscapology, 2017

On the next page,

Plan & section of the Small Creek Naturalisation
Source: Landscapology, 2017

103 104
Process Involved Impacts
The project began with Design Your Creek Environmental Social Economic
Week" and involved over 180 participants,
01 addressing concerns like snakes, mosquitoes, and 970 kg/year nitrogen
reduction High community ₹14-21 lakh property
flooding. Community feedback, including engagement value increase
Indigenous representation, was integrated into the
design. 61 bird species sightings
New walking and Cost-effective
Erosion control with cycling paths maintenance.
Transformed 1.6 km of concrete channel into a
native vegetation
02 natural waterway with native vegetation, pools, Cultural and Boosted tourism and
and shallow sections. Design features included educational local business
shared paths, a chain of ponds, native tree Restored natural
hydrology opportunities
planting like Melaleuca and Eucalyptus trees for
canopy cover, sedge planting Lomandra (for Improved aesthetics
erosion control), and Phragmites for water 56,000 m² carbon
sequestration. and well-being.
filtration and cultural elements.

This project was executed in four stages over five Won various awards for
its environmental
03 years, from downstream to upstream, to ensure excellence
ecological continuity with Deebing Creek.
Earthworks occurred during the dry season (July-
October) and planting in late November.

Extensive flood modeling was done to ensure no

04 additional flood risks.

Involved multiple stakeholder collaborations like

Ipswich City Council, landscapology, Bligh
05 Tanner, Scale it Up!
streamology, geomorphologists,
landscape architects and Community Scaling up of the Small Creek Naturalisation project
engagement was vital for fostering ownership in Indian cities requires a tailored approach, it's
and pride. essential to identify heavily polluted rivers like the
Mithi or Yamuna. Community engagement can help
gather local insights and concerns. Key steps will
On this page, include transforming concrete channels into natural
Top - Extensive revegetation along the creek waterways with native vegetation, implementing
Middle - Community Engagement phased construction to minimize disruption,
Below - vegetation colonising the drain
integrating stormwater management, and enhancing
Source: Small Creek Naturalisation,2017 biodiversity. Collaboration among stakeholders and
incorporating cultural elements will ensure success and
On the next page: community ownership.
Life along the creek corridor
Source: Landscapology, 2017
Scan/Click to read more
105 106
 ANGUS CREEK STORMWATER AND REUSE SCHEME THROUGH NATURAL AND Project Rationale
The Angus Creek Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse Scheme was developed to secure a
19 MECHANICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES.
reliable water supply for the Blacktown International Sportspark during droughts, protect
New south Wales, Australia
Angus Creek from stormwater pollution, and provide a sustainable, cost-effective irrigation
alternative. By harvesting and treating stormwater, the project ensures drought resilience,
environmental protection, financial sustainability, and carbon neutrality.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget(Source) Challenges catered
Neighbourhood Rs. 522.02 Crore Drought, degradation of The Angus Creek Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse Scheme is located at the Blacktown
(Australian Government, NSW aquatic ecosystems, International Sportspark in Rooty Hill, NSW, an area characterized by a growing urban
Government and Blacktown increased Algal Blooms landscape and increasing vulnerability to drought. The 655-hectare Angus Creek catchment,
City Council) which drains stormwater from the surrounding suburbs, was contributing to pollution and
erosion in local waterways. This environmental degradation, coupled with the need for a
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP sustainable water supply, prompted the intervention to develop a stormwater harvesting
4 years Blacktown City Council and Integration of stormwater system. The project aimed to address these issues by providing a reliable, environmentally
Optimal Stormwater Pvt. Ltd harvesting with natural and friendly alternative water source, improving waterway health, and ensuring the long-term
mechanical treatment viability of the Sportspark's facilities.
processes.

On the previous page:

Ponds in foreground
and wetland in
background.
Source: Cooperative
Research Centre for
Water Sensitive
Cities, September
2018

On this page:
Angus Creek
Stormwater Harvest
Aerial View.
Source: Angus Creek
Stormwater Harvest
Slideshare, 2016.

107 108
Process Involved Impacts
The scheme's main storage consists of three Environmental Social Economic
01 ponds with floating wetlands, storing 8ML of
Stormwater and serving as flood detention basins Reduced pollutant loads Community Support Saves 200 megalitres
for the Sportspark. downstream and Engagement of potable water
annually
An event-based approach manages peak Mitigated creek bank Enhances local
02 Stormwater velocities, mimicking rural stream erosion waterways and Reduces potable water
conditions. Stormwater is harvested only when aesthetics, contributing costs by 20%
flow exceeds 10 L/s, while the initial 10 L/s Reduced stress on aquatic to improved community compared to Sydney
passes downstream. ecosystems. liveability. Water.
Flow diversion structures and a 1 ML harvest pool Improved drought resilience Self-funded operation &
03 treat Stormwater before storage in 1800 kL tanks.
through reduced reliance maintenance through
MUSIC and Goldsim models simulate flow on main water. internal sales of water.
management to reduce peaks and maintain base
flows. Carbon-neutral operation Eases financial strain on
through solar energy public resources.
Adjustable tilting weirs manage the flow without offsetting.
04 restricting flushing or high flows.

Pumps with a 45 L/s flow rate are controlled by

05 variable speed drives, and eco-hydrological
monitoring allows adaptive management.

Installation and calibration of the SCADA system

06 to gather and analyse real-time data from the
main components of the Scheme Scale it Up!
To scale up projects like Angus Creek in Indian cities
such as Mumbai, an event-based Storm Water
On this page: harvesting approach can be adopted. This involves
Top- Inlet to the storage pond, including floating diverting and storing excess water while allowing
wetland rafts
Source: Cooperative Research Centre for Water initial flows to pass naturally, using flow diversion
Sensitive structures, a central harvest pool, and treatment
Cities, September 2018 systems like wet basins and floating wetlands.
Middle-Water Storage Tank Hydrological modeling helps manage peak flows and
Source: Bettinatan Projects, 2018
Below: Storm water collection pond
preserve base flows, while adjustable flow control
Source: Bettinatan Projects, 2018 structures and smart technology, such as SCADA
systems, and adaptive management tailored to urban
On the next page: creeks in Indian cities.
Aerial view of Storm water Treatment
Source: Djcoregon, 2022
Scan/Click to read more
109 110
 Project Rationale
SLACKS CREEK CATCHMENT RECOVERY PROJECT This project restored the creek’s ecological functions, transforming it into a thriving, natural
20 City of Logan, South East Queensland, Australia
space within an urban setting. Besides implementing riparian restoration, constructed
wetlands, improving fish passage, the initiative also exemplifies community involvement. The
project’s integrated approach also led to recreational and educational opportunities. The
active participation of over 2,000 community members in various activities has already
Key Details showed positive results, enhancing both the water quality and the sense of local ownership.

Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Introduction

City NA Community Disconnection,
Pollution, Habitat Loss The Slacks Creek Catchment Recovery Project was established to address the severe
environmental degradation that occurred in the Slacks Creek area due to rapid urbanisation
since the 1970s. Urban development led to a decline in water quality, ecosystem health, and
a loss of community connection to the creek. Recognising the ecological and social importance
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP of this catchment, the project was initiated to restore and enhance the health of Slacks Creek,
4 Years Logan City Council Comprehensive approach increase wildlife habitats, and reconnect the community with this vital natural resource.
to ecological restoration Through extensive rehabilitation and community engagement, the project transformed two
with strong community creeks, Slacks Creek and Scrubby Creek into a water-sensitive urban area, enhancing the
involvement ecological and recreational value of the catchment.

On previous page,
Connected
Waterways of the
Creek.

On this page,
Boardwalk and
Viewing Deck of
Shailer Pioneer Park.

Source:
Logan City Council,
2023

111 112
Process Involved Impacts
The recovery process was initiated after Environmental Social Economic
community concerns were raised at the 2011
01 Logan Waterways Summit. A collaborative
Improvement in water Enhanced community Attracted investments
approach to urban creek renewal was adopted, quality of the entire resilience from local and state
which resulted in increased support from local catchment governments
councils and stakeholders. Creation of safe and
Improved biodiversity accessible green-blue
spaces
The project began with riparian restoration, Restoration of ecosystems
02 including the planting of 90,000 native species around it
and the removal of invasive weeds across 2.5
kilometers of the creek corridor.

Constructed wetlands like the Shailer Pioneer Park

wetland were established to treat stormwater
03 runoff using natural water treatment processes.
The wetland's design enhanced recreational
amenities with boardwalks, viewing decks, and
interpretive signage, while also supporting
threatened species like the tusked frog.

Public artworks and parkland activations, such as

04 the "Slacks Track" public art trail, helped
reconnect residents with the creek.
Scale it Up!
To holistically restore and rejuvenate river systems,
Improved biodiversity through the construction of implementing interventions such as riparian vegetation
the Paradise Road fishway. It enhanced aquatic and constructed wetlands enhance water quality and
05 connectivity, enabling native fish populations to
support biodiversity, hereby improving the ecosystem.
thrive Engaging local communities through citizen-driven
initiatives and public art can enhance community
On this page, ownership and mainstream sustainable practices.
Top - Rehabilitation planting along Creek Line Additionally, establishing fishways and interactive
Middle - Drone shot of Riparian Corridor blue-green corridors can ensure the project's success,
Below - sunloungers along the path with yellow shelter transforming degraded urban spaces into resilient,
On the next page, Origami Crane statues at night dining
ecologically rich areas.
precinct.

Source: Logan City Council, 2023 Scan/Click to read more

113 114
 S-3

PARKS AND PUBLIC

SPACES

Explore the potential of Water Sensitive Urban Design

(WSUD) in ‘Revitalising Parks and Public Spaces’. This
section delves into strategies that merge sustainable
water management with urban design, transforming
green areas into vibrant, resilient spaces. Discover
how WSUD enhances biodiversity, improves water
quality, and creates enriching recreational
environments, fostering a harmonious balance
between nature and urban life.
 TRANSFORMATION OF BENJAKITTI FOREST PARK THROUGH Project Rationale
WATER-QUALITY REMEDIATING WETLAND
21 Thailand, Bangkok
The transformation of a former tobacco factory site into a low-maintenance regenerative
system at Benjakitti Forest Park intercepts stormwater, filters contamination in the runoff, and
establishes wildlife habitats. As downtown Bangkok's largest recreational space, it embodies
the city's vibrant culture. Completed within 18 months, the project presents a cost-effective,
replicable urban engineering model that revitalised barren concrete into a resilient ecosystem.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Bangkok, home to over 10.5 million residents, is situated in the flat terrain of the Chao Phraya
City/ward Rs. 68.67 Crore Urban flooding, River Delta, and has low elevation. Originally a swampland, it was drained for agriculture,
inadequate drainage leading to severe subsidence from groundwater extraction. Climate change exacerbates flood
infrastructure, groundwater risks, overwhelming drainage systems during heavy rainfall. Located in central Bangkok's
exploitation Khonti District, on a 102-acre former tobacco factory site, the project addresses these
challenges. Surrounded by contaminated canals, an urban expressway, an artificial lake, and
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP prominent facilities, the area suffered from poor connectivity and pollution from runoff and
2 years 3 months Finance Ministry of Bangkok, Low-maintenance sewage. The transformation of this space into a regenerative system intercepts stormwater,
Thailand regenerative system, filters contamination, and provides wildlife habitat, offering a resilient solution to Bangkok's
wetlands with mini-islands urban challenges.

On the previous page:

Aerial view of Benjakitti
Forest Park.

On this page:
Aerial images showing
the stages of
development of the forest
park.

Source:
Turenscape, 2023

115 116
Process Involved Impacts

To address the challenges of the site and its dense Environmental Social Economic
urban surroundings, the project was envisioned as a
central park, providing holistic ecosystem services and Flood mitigation, despite Largest green space in Economic benefits due
offering public space for recreation and cultural the heavy Bangkok rain central Bangkok to timebound execution
activities. Four strategies guided the work: of the project within 18
Wetland retention, even Promotes active lifestyle months
Existing trees and main roads were preserved through the dry season and is popular for
jogging, cycling, and
01 through reuse and recycling efforts. Old factory Diverse habitat creation family outings
buildings were repurposed into a sports center
and museum, and demolished concrete was
recycled for earthwork foundations and paving. Has become a
landmark, iconic
Cut-and-fill techniques were employed to create destination in Bangkok
02 porosity and wetlands, including mini-islands that
retain stormwater, transforming impermeable
ground into a porous landscape. A linear
wetland was designed to enhance water quality
and sustain wetlands through dry seasons. Major
roads were modified with permeable bio-swales
and flower beds, transforming spaces originally
designed for heavy truck traffic into more human-
friendly environments.

The concept of "Messy Nature" was embraced,

03 creating diverse micro-environments with low-
maintenance vegetation that enriches the area Scale it Up!
with native species.
This approach mitigates flooding and also promotes
Visitors can enjoy an immersive spatial sustainability, creating lush, permeable landscapes
04 experience with features such as boardwalks that improve urban resilience and enhance the quality
along shallow wetlands and a skywalk through of life for the residents. Recycling and creation of low-
tree canopies, offering unique natural maintenance landscapes is the need of the hour
perspectives in the midst of a dense urban area. across dense urban cities of India. By transforming
On this page: parks into wetlands with mini-islands, stormwater can
Top-Processes involved in the transformation. be effectively captured and managed to mitigate
Middle-Mini-islands, and pedestrian boardwalk. urban flooding and improve water security, while also
Below-The repurposing of existing factory structure (before and
after). creating recreational and actives spaces for residents.

On the next page:

Creation of a public forest park in a dense urban context.
Scan/Click to read more
Source: Turrenscape, 2023

117 118
 Project Rationale
NANCHANG FISH TAIL PARK FOR FLOOD RESILIENCE
22 Nanchang, China
Functioning as an innovative flood management solution, the Floating Fish Tail Park in
Nanchang is a former dumping ground and fish farm that has been transformed into a
dynamic urban green space. By integrating natural elements such as wetlands and islets, the
park acts as a resilient buffer against floods while enhancing biodiversity and providing
recreational opportunities.
Key Details

Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Introduction

City/ Rs. 83 Crore Flooding and Habitat
Neighbourhood Degradation The Nanchang city faced the adverse impacts of flooding and degrading water quality. The
51-hectare site was once a fish farm amidst natural wetlands but is now reclaimed and
repurposed from coal ash dumping grounds. Despite water pollution from coal ash, fish feed,
and urban runoff, the area is characterised by dense urban development. Embracing these
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP challenges, the city aimed to craft a resilient urban oasis that contributes to flood regulation,
1-2 years Turenscape Institute Using Landscape enhancing biodiversity, and creating recreational spaces.
Architecture to revitalise the
Environment

On the previous page:

Aerial view of
Nanchang Fish Tail
Park.

On this page:
Site Plan of the Park.

Source: Turenscape,
December 2021

119 120
Process Involved Impacts
The process was characterised by five types of
interventions: Environmental Social Economic

Transformation of the landscape was inspired by Increased stormwater The central submerged Served as a catalyst for
storage potential upto1 forest provides development of the
01 ancient marshland farming and floating garden MCM opportunities for nature New District
system. Coal ash was recycled with dirt to create
islets. A lake was made to catch storm water exploration during
inflow with a capacity of 1 million cubic meters. Enhanced biodiversity monsoon floods

Planting of native species was done, especially,

Reduced pollution
02 perennial and annual wetland plants were
planted to combat exposed muddy shorelines,
caused by water level fluctuations. Lotus plants
were also planted to provide effective lake cover.

A recreational waterfront was designed for 20-

03 year floods, providing recreational areas like
playgrounds, beaches, fountains, lawns, etc. Before
Terraced wetlands helped filter urban runoff.

Flood resilient boardwalks, in the form of circular

04 paths for pedestrians and cyclists, are designed
at an elevation above the flood line for 20-year
events. The boardwalks and platforms,
constructed from prefabricated concrete, are
either detached or floating above the water and
allow for easy cleaning post-submersion.
After Scale it Up!
Contemporary design was used to strategically
05 position bridges, platforms, pavilions, and By incorporating features like stormwater absorption,
viewing towers, which serve as captivating and ponds and channels within urban parks, cities
landmarks. A cafeteria at the entrance overpasses can efficiently regulate surplus rainwater, especially
a six lane road, connecting this park to a during monsoon. This approach can reduce the
neighbouring park, The Aixi Lake Park. impact of flooding, restore groundwater levels, and
induce habitat restoration. The adoption of such
measures in cities facing urban floods can improve
their resilience to climate-related disasters.
On this page:
Top & below-Elements of Nanchang Fish Tail Park.
Middle-Before and after images of the Park.
Scan/Click to read more
On the next page:
Aerial view of the Park.

Source: Turenscape, 2021 121 122

 Project Rationale
ADYAR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PARK
23 Chennai
The project focused on managing stormwater runoff and treating sewage and wastewater
using ecological planning techniques. Simple nature-based interventions such as creating
mounds using excavated earth to support vegetation, and planting indigenous species serve
multiple purposes including habitat creation, biodiversity enhancement, and erosion control.
Enduring drainage systems encourage infiltration, reduce runoff, and improve groundwater
Key Details replenishment. The project also promotes environmental education and awareness with
interactive learning spaces and programs.
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
City/ Rs. 23 Crore (Chennai River Habitat degradation, Introduction
Neighbourhood Restoration Trust) flooding, and pollution Adyar River serves as a stormwater outflow for the watershed surrounding the Creek,
particularly for Mandaveli. Stormwater enters the creek via drains and Adyar Park serves as a
retention and infiltration area, with surplus spills going into the estuary. It also acts as a tidal
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP water storage, but faces issues like disposal of sewage and solid waste. In the first phase of a
2 years Pitchandikulam Forest Holistic restoration, larger programme undertaken by Chennai River Restoration Trust, various experts worked on
Consultants and Idea Design sustainable maintenance, water management, habitat mapping, ecology, architecture, and landscaping of Adyar Park.
and environmental The park also showcases sustainable technology models like a demonstration windmill, a
education wastewater treatment plant that reuses treated water, and several others to raise awareness.

Before After

On the previous page:

Before and after images
of the restoration.

On this page:
View of the Adyar
Ecological Restoration
Park.

Source:
Idea Design, 2021

123 124
Process Involved Impacts
Six vegetative elements, such as trees, shrubs, herbs,
grasses, climbers, and aquatic plants, were planted in Environmental Social Economic
various zones (core, peripheral, inland, littoral, and
aquatic zones, water margins). A total of 1,10,161 Maintaining e-flow: Awareness and Empowerment and skill
plants from 172 native species were planted to create increase in water spread capacity building about development for making
a green cover surrounding water bodies. from 5.53% to 59% importance and informed environmental
conservation of decisions
Providing habitat for birds wetlands
Excavation has been done to increase water and other animals in the
Before After
01 spread area, and debris and sludge removal has creek ecosystem. 100 bird Vibrant public space for
led to a significant increase in water spread. species, 100 fish species, the local community
56 butterfly species, and
Sewage discharge from the surrounding was 25 reptile species reported
02 diverted into sewer pipelines with the help of post restoration
City’s Water supply Board and City Municipality.
Improved water quality in
Excavated soil was used to build mounds around the surrounding areas
03 the water body, supporting coastal vegetation like
mangroves, reeds, and terrestrial plants.

Designated arrival and orientation area has been

04 established to help visitors navigate the Poonga,
along with maps, signs, and artifacts showcasing
various aspects of the ecological park.

Solar lighting system has been set up in various

locations to showcase green energy along with a
05 demonstration windmill for water pumping.
Scale it Up!
Demonstration wastewater treatment plant has Comprehensive wetland restoration using indigenous
also been built to recycle water for irrigation. species can be implemented in many Indian cities.
06 Natural drainage systems, like Delhi's Najafgarh,
A nursery has been developed with medicinal have suffered from urbanization and become
and indigenous plants with signage to describe dumping grounds. Clearing waste and using the
topsoil for large-scale planting of native species can
07 the medicinal properties of the plants. An On this page: improve water quality and river flow. The restored
Environmental Education Centre has been built, Top-Before and after images of the park.
where programs for school children are Middle-Solid waste disposal at the park before restoration. areas can also serve as knowledge hubs with public
conducted. Below-View of the park post restoration. facilities.
Source: Idea Design, 2021

On the next page:

View of the park post restoration phase 1.
Source: Chennai Rivers Restoration Trust, 2020 Scan/Click to read more

125 126
 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT THROUGH SPONGE CITY Project Rationale
CONSTRUCTION IN QINGSHANGANG WETLAND SPONGE PROJECT
24 Wuhan, China
Sponge City Construction initiative is designed to address the impacts of rapid urbanisation in
China that have led to flooding, degraded local water quality, and water shortages. It
encourages the adoption of permeable surfaces and green infrastructure to help address the
problems by mimicking the natural hydrology in urban areas.

Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Qingshan district is located in Wuhan. The river channel in Qingshangang area was
City/ward Rs. 20 Crore Urban flooding, water congested with silt and wastes that reduced the drainage capacity and water mobility in the
pollution and water area. Moreover, the sewage water was being discharged directly into the water body causing
scarcity heavy pollution, biodiversity loss, and eutrophication in the channel.

The sponge renovation project aimed at enhancing the drainage capacity, improving the
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP ecological environment, and developing a connected public recreational park. It was
N/A Water Affair Bureau of Rejuvenation of degraded designed to capture 85% of the annual rainfall on-site and reduce at least 70% of water
Qingshan District, Hubei Design area using sponge pollution.
Branch of Pan-China techniques
Construction Group Co. Ltd.

On the previous page:

Aerial view of the
Qingshangang Wetland
Sponge Project.

On this page:
Before and after of the
Qingshangang Wetland
Sponge Project.

Source: Grown Green

Project, 2021

127 128
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by the Water Affair Bureau of Environmental Social Economic
Qingshan District and implemented by Hubei Design
Branch of Pan-China Construction Group Co. Ltd. Black and odorous water Urban greenways Renovation and
bodies were eliminated connecting parks has upgradation driven in
created an interconnected surrounding areas
Drainage capacity in the recreational area for
Separation of sewage and rainwater pipes, catchment was improved citizens
01 followed by the use of pollution control treatments 85% annual runoff
including ecological drainage, floating islands,
wetlands, and subsurface wetlands. control rate

Coping mechanism for a

Treatment of combined sewer outflows leveraging 50-year rainstorm
02 the 8-metre elevation. Further, the green space
along the canal is where the sewage water was
discharged through sponge techniques rather
than directly into the water bodies.

Channel dredging was done to improve water

03 quality and flow capacity. Aquatic plants were
planted to restore the water ecosystem.

Transformation of streets and residential areas

04 into sponge-like areas to reduce pollution at the
source. This has resulted in several grass swales,
rainwater gardens and infiltration pavement, and Scale it Up!
rainwater storage modules in the area. Scaling up the sponge city concept in Indian cities can
greatly enhance water resource management, reduce
pollution, and create sustainable urban environments.
This approach uses green infrastructure—like
permeable pavements, green roofs, rain gardens, and
On this page: wetlands—to absorb, store, and purify rainwater,
Top and Middle-Sponge infrastructure in Wuhan. mitigating flooding and replenishing groundwater.
Below-Schematic of the grass swale. These strategies have already transformed urban
areas, showing promising benefits for other cities in
On the next page:
Sponge construction of demonstration project – the
India.
Gangcheng No.2 Middle School in Wuhan.

Source: Grown Green Project, 2021 Scan/Click to read more

129 130
 Project Rationale
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AT LEIDSCHE RIJN
25 Utrecht, Netherlands
The Leidsche Rijn project is a pioneering model of sustainable urban development, notably in
stormwater management. It tackles environmental issues while elevating the quality of life of
residents. Prioritising open stormwater systems and minimising external water sources fosters
long-term resilience and community ownership. Effectively retaining stormwater mitigates
flooding risks, maintains water quality, and preserves groundwater, creating a healthier
Key Details ecosystem.

Scale
Introduction
Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
Settlement/city Approximately Rs.17,000 Crore Housing shortage, urban Leidsche Rijn, located in the western part of Utrecht, Netherlands, covers 2100 hectares, with
development, environment, 11% of its area comprised of surface water. The district is being developed gradually, with
and transportation issues distinct identities assigned to different neighbourhoods. With a focus on sustainable housing
development, the project addresses issues such as stormwater management and water quality.
The hydrology of the area varies, with higher grounds facilitating stormwater infiltration and
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP lower grounds requiring alternative management strategies. The intervention, prompted by
Ongoing since Utrecht Municipality Integration of green spaces, historical agricultural practices disrupting natural groundwater levels, underscores the necessity
1997 sustainable housing, for comprehensive solutions to effectively manage water resources amidst limited land
efficient public transport, availability and increasing urbanisation pressures.
water management

On the previous page:

Greening of streets to
capture and infiltrate
runoff.
Source: Urban Nature
Atlas, 2021

On this page:
Diagrammatic
representation of
Utrecht’s water sensitive
management system.
Source: Network Nature,
2020

131 132
Process Involved Impacts

The project was implemented after analysing Environmental Social Economic

topography, soil types, and groundwater levels to
identify suitable areas for storm water management Efficient phosphorus Educational programs Reduced reliance on
using selected design elements such as canals, wadis, removal reduces algal increase resident external water sources
and green spaces based on hydrological conditions. blooms awareness and saves costs
engagement
Enhanced water retention and infiltration through Stormwater infiltration Sustainable design
enhances groundwater Water features and enhances property
01 integrated canals, wadis, green spaces, recharge, reduces community involvement values and
permeable pavements, infiltration beds, and a 40
m deep lake. flooding activities foster cohesion attractiveness

Integration of a closed-loop system to retain

02 stormwater within the area and minimise external
water intake, prevent flooding incidents while
promoting groundwater recharge.

Implementation of water quality management

03 measures like incorporation of vertical flow reed
beds to filter phosphates and maintain water
quality.

Ensured continuous water circulation through

04 canals to prevent stagnation and algae growth.
Consideration of social and environmental impact
04 through educational initiatives to promote Scale it Up!
understanding of stormwater management
practices and responsible behaviour, such as Applying these principles to Indian urban areas
banning pesticides and limiting carwash requires tailoring innovative strategies to local
activities, in order to protect water quality and contexts. Implementing wadis, permeable pavements,
enhance community engagement. and infiltration beds can enable effective stormwater
management, flood reduction, and groundwater
recharge. Community engagement, educational
programs, and local initiatives can foster public
participation. Pilot projects can showcase benefits and
On this page: encourage broader adoption, enhancing resilience to
Top-Canals in the city.
Middle-Greening of streets to capture and infiltrate runoff water. climate change and urbanisation challenges.
Below-Sustainable urban drainage system of Utrecht

On the next page:

Greening of building facades. Scan/Click to read more
Source: Urban Nature Atlas, 2021
133 134
 Project Rationale
SPONGE PARKS FOR WATER RETENTION
26 Chennai
With Chennai facing recurrent flooding as well as water scarcity, interventions on city-wide
sponge parks are being implemented to increase the permeable surface cover and infiltration
of excess water. For this, pond-like structures are being created and excess water from
surrounding areas is directed here for absorption. During the rainy season, this park serves as
a collection point for runoff, facilitating natural infiltration into the ground. This approach
Key Details enables effective flood mitigation and groundwater recharge.

Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered

City/ Rs. 7 Crore (Chennai Flooding and groundwater Introduction
Neighbourhood Municipal Corporation) depletion
To address the frequent recurrence of floods, stormwater pipes were laid out, which led to an
improvement in the drainage system. This nudged the municipal corporation to transform the
city into a ‘sponge city’ by creating drainage facilities in parks and public spaces. The
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP initiative is being implemented in phases, with 57 parks selected for the establishment of
1 year Chennai Municipal Easy-to-implement strategy sponge park systems in the first phase.
Corporation (through to manage stormwater and
contractors) recharge groundwater

On the previous page:

Sponge Park in
Perambur Murasoli
Maran Park
Source:
Tamil.oneindia.com,
2024

On this page:
View of the pond-like
collection space for
capturing and infiltrating
water.
Source:
The Hindu Tamil, 2023

135 136
Process Involved Impacts
The implementation of sponge parks in Chennai
involved several key processes to ensure their Environmental Social Economic
effectiveness and sustainability:
Increased flood protection Protecting neighbouring Cost effective
communities from intervention to address
The sponge parks are being developed after floods local floods
01 assessment of the site, road layout, and soil Groundwater recharge
composition.

Improved water quality in

They are characterised by pond-like formations the surrounding areas
02 and channels that capture and infiltrate rainwater
in urban settings.
.

Channels divert water from adjacent roads into

03 the pond through storm drains. The pond is
encircled by a stone barrier topped with a
protective railing.

These parks are also designed to support the

growth of trees in their vicinity and equipped with
04 rainwater harvesting tanks.

Scale it Up!
04
Leveraging city’s existing parks for rainwater
On this page: harvesting tanks can serve as a dual-purpose solution
Top and Middle-Sponge infrastructure under
construction. for waterlogging and groundwater depletion. By
Source: Vikatan, 2024 and The Hindu, 2023 strategically installing tanks in parks around areas
Before prone to flooding, excess rainwater can be captured
Below-Sponge parks in Chennai for floor and stored for beneficial use during its dry summers.
resilience: Before and after images of Ambattur
sponge park following Cyclone Michaung. These retention ponds can also be used for
Source: Times of India, 2023 recreational purposes.
On the next page:
Park on VGP Selva Nagar Second Main Road
in Velachery.
Source: The Hindu, 2023 After Scan/Click to read more

137 138
 RESTORATION OF JAMBURI PARK FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT, Project Rationale
FLOOD RESILIENCE AND RECLAIMING OPEN PUBLIC SPACES
27 Chittagong, Bangladesh
The restoration of the barren Jamburi Park in Chittagong involved repurposing the abandoned
land, formerly used for illegal activities, into a viable urban green area. This initiative not only
improved the city's green infrastructure, but also provided opportunities for outdoor
recreational activities to the communities.

Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Due to the endeavors of the Public Works Department (PWD) to reclaim the area, Jamburi
Neighbourhood Rs. 18 Crore (Public national Illegal land use, lack of Park, previously an abandoned land in Chittagong, was converted into a vibrant green space.
budget) open & green spaces With a prime goal of addressing the dearth of open areas in the densely populated Agrabad
district, the park aimed to offer locals a venue for recreational activities using natural elements.
Spanning 8.55 acres, the park boasts a diverse landscape featuring 65 species of trees and a
sprawling 50,000 sq. ft. lake. Besides providing recreational opportunities, the park enhances
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
microclimate by facilitating stormwater management systems and developing flood resilient
2 years Ministry of Housing and Public Capitalising on open structures.
Works of Bangladesh spaces & creating a
functional green area

On the previous page:

Day-time aerial view of
the park.
Source:
Wikipedia, 2023

On this page:
Night-time aerial view of
the park.
Source: Daily Sun, 2018

139 140
Process Involved Impacts
Jamburi Park was designed with features like rain
gardens, wetlands, permeable pavements, and Environmental Social Economic
vegetated swales to manage stormwater.
Increased flood protection Provides recreational Increase in property
of the local areas space values in the
surrounding areas
The park covers 8.55 acres and has a 50,000 Aids Solid Waste Improves community
01 square-foot amoeba-shaped constructed lake in Management health & well-being
the centre. It has elements like a fountain, seating
benches, bushes, etc. to enhance the aesthetics of
the park.

It provides 8 km of walkways, and two public

02 restrooms, and has two maintenance and
electrical blocks.

Recreational Waterfront: The waterfront is

03 designed for 20-year floods, providing
recreational areas like playgrounds, beaches,
fountains, lawns, etc. Terraced wetlands filter
urban runoff.

The park has its own decentralised drainage

04 system and is developed 3 feet above the Scale it Up!
ground.
Urban local bodies should create green spaces in
crowded areas by identifying abandoned or
underutilised urban spaces and transforming them into
recreational areas for public use. Such a park should
have interventions like planting trees, implementing
blue infrastructure, and creating green spaces for
On this page:
Top and Middle-Aerial view of Jamburi Park biodiversity conservation.
Source: Urban Nature Atlas, 2023

Bottom-Creation of active green spaces in the city.

Source: MD. Gazi Mijan, Google Photos, 2020
Scan/Click to read more
On the next page-Aerial view of the park.
Source: Wikipedia, 2023

141 142
 Project Rationale
GARDENS BY THE BAY: BIOPHILIC DESIGN OASIS
28 Singapore
Singapore's Gardens by the Bay tackles a multifaceted challenge by creating a thriving urban
oasis on reclaimed land in a warm and humid climate. The project utilises innovative cooling
systems and water features while showcasing sustainable practices like water conservation
and resource management. Furthermore, the Gardens embrace biophilic design to foster a
connection with nature and promote visitor well-being.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Gardens by the Bay is an award-winning project in Singapore that exemplifies the power of
City Rs. 8352 Crore (estimated) Limited land availability biophilic design to transform urban landscapes. Nestled on reclaimed land, it blends futuristic
super-trees with diverse plant life, creating a biophilic haven for residents and visitors alike.
This project goes beyond aesthetics; it incorporates innovative features like cooling and water
features to achieve microclimate regulation and water conservation. This project is also an
example of integration of sustainability goals with various urban recreational activities.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
Operational National Parks Board, Nature + Tech Vertical Gardens by the Bay enhances Singapore's "City in a Garden" image and sets a global
since 2012 Singapore Gardens; Biophilic benchmark for sustainable urban design.
Innovation

Water
taxi
Conservatory

Cloud Mountain

Integrated
resort

Super trees On the previous page:

Visitor Centre Aerial view of Gardens
by the Bay.

On this page:
Site plan of Gardens by
the Bay.

Source: Grant
Associates/Archdaily,
2012

143 144
Process Involved Impacts

An international masterplan competition was held to Environmental Social Economic

develop an innovative concept for the gardens.
Sustainable practices are a key consideration Public space and Improved awareness Tourist landmark, increased
throughout the design process, including rainwater biodiversity creation in a about sustainable per-capita tourist
harvesting and energy-efficient cooling systems. dense urban area practices and expenditure, boosting local
environmental issues economy
the winning design proposed three distinct Ambient micro-climate
and diversity of species Vibrant public space for
01 waterfront gardens, namely Bay South Garden, both residents and
Bay East Garden, and Bay Central Garden, to
create three distinct areas. Water conservation and tourists
energy efficiency

Integration of iconic super trees - Vertical gardens

02 housed within steel structures were incorporated
as a signature design element. They served
multiple purposes during the design phase,
namely aesthetic landmark, vertical garden
space, and sustainable cooling system
integration.

03 Biodiversity focus through use of lush plant

species, which were chosen to represent diverse
climates, created a unique garden experience.
Water features for cooling and habitat including
04 ponds, canals, and mist generators were
introduced.
Scale it Up!
Biophilic design principles can be adopted in diverse
climates to prioritise sustainable practices for the
creation of public spaces in dense urban areas.
Further, the scope of public open spaces in cities
worldwide can be expanded to attract a variety of
visitors, and support diverse activities and functions
On this page: that are a blend of sustainable practices and
Top-Super trees, Gardens by the Bay. recreational significance.
Below-Innovative biophilic design.

On the next page-View of the elevated pedestrian

walkway through the gardens. Scan/Click to read more
Source: Grant Associates/Archdaily, 2012

145 146
 LUXURY MEETS NATURE: Project Rationale
EXPLORING BIOPHILIC DESIGN AT THE ITC GRAND CHOLA
29 Chennai, India
Chennai's climate and a desire for sustainable luxury drove the ITC Grand Chola's biophilic
design. It offers a unique experience by celebrating South Indian heritage through natural
elements like water features. These features enhance aesthetics and contribute to water
conservation efforts, fulfil environmental responsibility, and contribute to the guest well-being
and experience in the tropical city.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered This case study illustrates the seamless integration of biophilic water design principles into a
Building NA Lack of humidity control luxury hotel project, enhancing guest experiences while promoting sustainability. It exemplifies
and water management a commitment to responsible luxury and environmental consciousness, blending South Indian
heritage with grandeur.

The hotel is in Chennai and draws inspiration from the region's natural water bodies and lush
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP greenery. With Chennai's warm and humid climate, averaging 25°C to 32°C (77°F to 90°F)
Completed and ITC Hotels Ltd. Biophilic design adaptation annually, the hotel's biophilic water features are carefully designed to harmonise with the
operational for a luxury experience climatic context, creating tranquil and immersive guest experiences.

On the previous page:

ITC Grand Chola Hotel -
View of the courtyard.

On this page:
Landscaping
underneath Nala.
Source:
ITC Hotels, 2023

147 148
Process Involved Impacts

The project involved collaboration between architects, Environmental Social Economic

landscape architects, water feature specialists, and
sustainability consultants. Careful consideration was Reduced water usage Enhanced guest experience Industry benchmark -
given to water sourcing, usage, and treatment to ensure (potential benefit due to and well-being through attracting guests
efficient and responsible management. biophilic design connection with nature seeking sustainable
encouraging water practices and
Development of a central water court, a conservation practices) increasing revenue
01 cascading waterfall surrounded by native plants, Environment conscious LEED Platinum
and reflecting pools creates a calming
atmosphere while also providing a stunning visual luxury experience certification and GRIHA
and auditory connection to water. 5-star rating - cost
savings on energy and
water bills
Floating gardens, accessible from guest rooms,
02 are created as elevated landscaped terraces,
which offer panoramic views of the water court
and provide a serene outdoor space for
relaxation and connection with nature in the
hotel’s urban context.

Water features like reflecting ponds and fountains

03 are strategically placed throughout the hotel,
offering pockets of tranquility and enhancing the
biophilic experience.
Scale it Up!
ITC Grand Chola is an example of a project
achieving sustainability goals without compromising
on the luxury experience. Projects across various
urban centres can take inspiration from this core idea
and expand the scope of biophilic design to achieve
maximum human comfort and well being.
On this page: Environment-conscious luxury experiences are the way
Top-Outdoor spaces with plantation and water features. forward for climate adaptation of all activities in our
Below-Access to floating gardens and terraces from each room. cities.
On the next page:
Blending of biophilic and heritage architectural elements in the
design.
Scan/Click to read more
Source: ITC Hotels, 2023

149 150
 TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD LAND TO A Project Rationale
MULTIFUNCTIONAL LIVING SYSTEM, SHANGHAI HOUTAN PARK
30 Shanghai, China
Houtan Park, built on a former industrial brownfield along Shanghai’s Huangpu riverfront, is a
regenerative living landscape. Its constructed wetland, ecological flood control, use of
repurposed industrial structures and materials, and urban agriculture form a comprehensive
restorative design strategy. This approach treats polluted river water and rejuvenates the
degraded waterfront in an aesthetically pleasing manner.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered The site, a narrow 14-hectare strip along Shanghai’s Huangpu River waterfront, was formerly
Settlement/city Rs. 130.7 Crore (Urban Waters) Flooding, water pollution, a brownfield used mainly as a landfill by a steel factory and shipyard. The park design aimed
environmental degradation to create a green Expo space, accommodate large visitor numbers from May to October,
showcase green technologies, and transition into a permanent public waterfront park. The
project faced three primary challenges: severe pollution needing environmental restoration, the
necessity to enhance flood control beyond the rigid, uninviting concrete floodwall to handle
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP 1000-year flood events, and accessibility issues caused by daily tidal fluctuations.
3 years Shanghai World Expo Land Constructed wetland, flood Additionally, the site's narrow, elongated shape, flanked by the river and an urban
Development Co., Ltd. protection, urban expressway, posed significant design challenges in making it a safe and pleasant public
agriculture, integrating space.
existing industrial structures

On the previous page:

Aerial view of the
Houtan Park.

On this page:
Huangpu River and the
dense urban context of
Shanghai Houtan Park.

Source:
Turrenscape, 2017

151 152
Process Involved Impacts

Regenerative design transformed the site into a living Environmental Social Economic
system that provides ecological services such as food
production, flood control, water treatment, and habitat Houtan Park showcases a Provides premier Embraces low-
creation, all within an educational and aesthetic multifunctional living educational maintenance, high-
framework. Key strategies included: system opportunities about performance
urban agriculture landscapes
A 1.7 km constructed wetland, 5-30 meters wide, Implements innovative
utilises regenerative design with cascades and ecological water Creates a productive Prioritises economic
01 treatment methods landscape linking past sustainability with
terraces to revitalise the waterfront and treat
contaminated water from the Huangpu River. and future aesthetic appeal
Treats over 2,400 tons of
The wetlands function as a water treatment facility water daily Fosters community
and flood protection buffer while offering connection through
historical integration
02 recreational and educational opportunities.
Wetland plants absorb various pollutants from the
water, and habitat-friendly riprap replaced the
concrete floodwall, promoting native species
growth and controlling shoreline erosion.

Terraces, reflecting Shanghai's agricultural

heritage, double as urban farms and provide
03 agricultural education. Reclaimed industrial
structures and materials were repurposed into
hanging gardens and overlook platforms,
celebrating the site's industrial history.

The pedestrian network includes a main loop,

perpendicular paths bisecting the wetland, and
Scale it Up!
footpaths through the terraces, connecting
Scaling up the Houtan Park model in Indian cities can
04 gathering spaces and exhibition areas while transform industrial brownfields into green spaces,
integrating art and industrial relics.
improving pollution control, flood management, and
water treatment. Integrating urban agriculture and
On this page: habitats boosts ecological services, education, and
Top-Brownfield site before the project.
Second-View of the site after project completion. recreation. This approach fosters resilient, vibrant
Third-Repurposing of existing industrial structures. urban ecosystems while preserving cultural heritage
Below-Pedestrian pathway through the revitalised park and wetland. and engaging communities.
On the next page:
Recreational and educational opportunities in the park.

Source: Turrenscape, 2017 Scan/Click to read more

153 154
 S-4

COMMUNITY CENTRIC
INTERVENTIONS

Delve into ‘Community Centric Interventions’ with

Water Sensitive Urban Design and discover how local
actions can drive transformative change. This section
highlights grassroots strategies that empower
communities to manage water sustainably, enhance
local ecosystems, and build resilient neighborhoods.
Learn how community engagement and participation
in WSUD can foster environmental stewardship and
create thriving, sustainable urban spaces.
 Project Rationale
COMMUNITY INCLUSIVENESS - WATER AND SANITATION INTERVENTION
31 Cuttack, India
The existing policies and initiatives proved inadequate in ensuring fair access to the
fundamental water supply and sanitation services. The primary objective of the project was to
empower marginalised communities, with a particular focus on women, for decentralised
management of their water and sanitation requirements, by means of community participation,
collaboration, and local resource administration. By spreading general awareness of civic
Key Details responsibility and sustainable methodologies, the intervention aimed to enhance health,
societal interactions, and environmental circumstances.
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
Ward/Settlement NA Inadequate water Introduction
infrastructure, poor health
conditions, and The community-based water management initiative in Cuttack, Orissa, which began in 2009,
unemployment addresses the basic challenges in water and sanitation facilities for the urban poor. The four
peri-urban wards along the Mahanadi River had inadequate policies and service delivery
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP standards. The initiative is a comprehensive approach towards water management, which
2009-ongoing National Foundation for India Community empowerment, aims to empower communities and proliferate the agenda of sustainable development, placing
especially for women, to a strong emphasis on women's active participation. This intends to improve local collaborative
ensure long-term governance, resource management, and the general well-being of citizens by establishing
sustainability organised, cohesive, and empowered communities.

On the previous page:

Community water tank in
Cuttack.

On this page:
Community access to
water in Cuttack.
Source: NIUA, 2021

155 156
Process Involved Impacts

Improvement of Existing Water Infrastructure: Environmental Social Economic

01 Digging new wells and improving existing ones
using low-cost technology to reduce iron content Reduction in iron Community Creation of job
and make water potable. contamination of water empowerment in opportunities for local
planning, residents through
Replenishment of water implementing, and construction and
table maintaining water and maintenance work
Underground Community Water Filters: sanitation infrastructure
02 Designing and constructing community water Enhanced skills and
filters to ensure clean drinking water; involving Increased awareness employability of
children and youth groups in managing these and practice of hygiene communities
water filters to promote awareness and proper and sanitation
usage.

Pervious Well Protection and Enhancement:

Covering wells and paving surrounding areas to
03 prevent contamination; installing small hand
pumps connected to wells to ease water drawing
and reduce contamination risks.

Sanitation Facilities: Constructing individual toilets

04 through women’s self-help groups; using local
materials to build ecologically sustainable
sanitation facilities. Scale it Up!

Cuttack's project highlights how empowering local

Rainwater Harvesting and Use: Installing cisterns communities, especially women, in managing water
for rainwater collection, with some volume used resources can achieve holistic urban water
05 for household purposes and the rest drained to
management. Emphasizing regular engagement,
stormwater drains. collective decision-making, and eco-friendly
05
technologies, the initiative is replicable across India.
Community Engagement and Education: On this page: Active citizen involvement fosters ownership and
Organising small inclusive groups comprising Top-Community Water Filter responsibility, leading to improved maintenance and
06 women, youth, and people with special abilities Below-Community Mobilisation longevity of infrastructure.
and conducting educational programs on general Source: Water & Society, Vol 153, 2011
health, hygiene, environmental issues, and water On the next page:
conservation. Community water tap in Cuttack.
Source: NIUA, 2021 Scan/Click to read more

157 158
 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT THROUGH RAIN GARDENS IN RENFREW Project Rationale
CLOSE
32 London Borough of Newham, London, United Kingdom
The Renfrew Close Rain Garden is a community-scale retrofit project. It includes four rain
garden basins, designed on a city-owned social housing estate. The success of the project can
be attributed to the willingness of the local council to execute the project and a collaboration
between the city and the community. It was executed under a partnership between the local
authority, NGO, University, and Defra Arm’s Length Body.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered The Project was designed as a pilot to demonstrate the application of Water-Sensitive Urban
Settlement Rs. 1.05 Crore (Environment Flood risk, addressing Design in developed areas. Key project components are rain gardens, shallow rainwater
Agency, Groundwork London, community capital conveyance channels, shallow detention basins, and conveyance channels. The disconnected
London Borough of Newham) roof downpipes and the conveyance channels carry water to rain gardens from rooftops and
impermeable ground surfaces, respectively. This reduces the volume of rainwater from the site
to the sewer network. One rain garden is designed on a nature play theme with balance
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP beams and boulders. The second is an ornamental one that adds aesthetic value to the site.
1 year London Borough of Newham Skill development in The third is a wildlife rain garden that increases local biodiversity, and the fourth is designed
Council landscaping and to provide residents with space to grow their plants and vegetables.
horticulture, creating
employment

Demostration
Project
Details:

4 Raingarden
design styles

750 sq.m.
roof area

165 sq.m.
road area

All
raingardens On the previous page:
accomodate Rain garden.
a 1 in 10
rainfall event On this page:
Site plan showing rain
Wider grass gardens.
basins
accomodate Source: SUSDrain, 2015
1 in 100 +
30% rainfall
159 event 160
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by London Borough of Environmental Social Economic

Newham Council to demonstrate and promote water-
sensitive urban design at the neighbourhood scale. Reduced stormwater load on Rain gardens provide Successful pilot project,
existing sewers active vibrant green which was used as a
spaces for the case study to implement
413.21 kL of stormwater community 300 other rain garden
Redirection of runoff from existing paved road to captured and prevented from projects in London
entering surface water sewer Improved resident’s
01 a natural low point where it crosses the road in a over the first 12 months. perception of the
grated channel.
Water is diverted from a neighbourhood
Conveyance channels divert this water from the non-permeable area of 915
sq. m. (750 sq. m. roof and
02 sewer system into the rain gardens. They are built 165 sq. m. road)
using paving blocks, and lined vegetated and
unlined grass channels.
Enhanced biodiversity and
An overflow outlet connected to the basins aesthetic value to the area
03 provides a safe overflow of water from the rain
gardens to the sewer in the unlikely event of
design exceedance.

The site is underlaid with high permeable soils for

04 the water to infiltrate into the subsurface in the
unlined channels. This reduces the total volume of
water leaving the site from hard surfaces.

Three rain gardens are interlinked as protection Scale it Up!

05 from exceedance flooding. High infiltration
capacity of the rain gardens leaves them dry for
most of the year. Hence, they are planted with These strategies using rain gardens can be used for
wildflower and ornamental mixes that are many cities and can effectively address the city's flood
capable of tolerating both dry and flooding risks while enhancing community engagement and
conditions. Stepping stones, balancing beams, skill development. Additionally, involving unemployed
and boulder features are used to add playfulness residents in landscaping and horticulture will boost
in the rain gardens. local skills and community ownership. Implementing
this model across other cities will significantly improve
On this page: flood management, increase green spaces, and foster
Top-Water-sensitive landscaping. community resilience and engagement.
Below-Grass-lined channels.

On the next page:

Paved conveyance channels.
Scan/Click to read more
Source: SUSDrain, 2015

161 162
 Project Rationale
NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS (NbS) FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
33 Onyika Settlement, Namibia
The Onyika Settlement faces several climate change related vulnerabilities like flash flooding
and a lack of access to basic resources. The project aims to provide targeted solutions like
bioswales and rainwater harvesting, capacity building among residents, and skills training
and workshops on adaptation strategies to ensure social equity and achieve long-term
sustainability by utilising local resources and cost-effective solutions for empowering
Key Details communities and building resilience.
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered
Settlement NA Flash floods, lack of basic The Onyika informal settlement in Okuryangava, Windhoek, Namibia, home to
services and sanitation, approximately 330,000 people, faces critical challenges due to rapid urban growth and
environmental vulnerability vulnerability to climate change. About 30% of Windhoek's population resides in informal
of informal settlements settlements, where residents struggle with inadequate access to essential services and frequent
losses due to flash flooding.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
Ongoing since Multilateral organisations Nature-based solutions for Responding to these threats, a community-led initiative launched in July 2019 aimed to create
2019 community resilience and a climate-resilient community in partnership with local authorities, donors, and climate experts.
climate adaptation

On the previous page:

Riverbed with riparian
vegetation
Source: Amayaa
Wijesinghe (University of
Oxford), 2019

On this page:
“Learning Labs” -
participants included
elected senior officials,
researchers, and
representatives of city
departments, youth
organisations, and
NGOs working In
informal settlements.
Source: Liz Daniels / SEI,
2019

163 164
Process Involved Impacts

The local inhabitants of the informal settlement, Onyika, Environmental Social Economic
paired with local authorities, donors and climate
change experts to embark on a long-term community- Improved waste Enhanced social justice, Minimisation of losses
led process for becoming climate resilient. management system improved safety, and due to flooding
community cohesion
Enhanced water Increase in real estate
Nature-based solutions that combine traditional management and flood Community values
protection participation in the
01 engineered elements (grey infrastructure) with management and
natural elements (green infrastructure) to manage
stormwater runoff and create a more sustainable Increased green spaces maintenance of green
system. and improved ecological public spaces
balance
Equitable access to
Creating new riverbank/lakeside greens, Restoration of derelict basic resources like
areas food, water, and
02 community gardens, and allotments throughout sanitation
the community can help absorb stormwater
runoff, improve air quality, and provide
recreational space for residents.

Stormwater management using bioswales to

03 collect, filter, and store stormwater runoff and
reduce the risk of flooding. The filtration process
also improves the quality of water that reaches
surface water bodies, reducing water pollution.
Scale it Up!
Ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems to
The Onyika Settlement project provides universally
04 develop climate-resilience through native applicable lessons. Cities facing climate threats like
vegetation growth, soil stabilisation, measures to
improve air and water quality, and provide extreme heat and water scarcity, such as Delhi, can
habitat for wildlife. replicate its principles at the neighbourhood scale and
tailor them to local challenges. Scaling-up through
knowledge-sharing and advocacy empowers residents
and establishes healthy and resilient settlements
worldwide, ensuring a more secure future amidst
On this page: climate and environmental uncertainties.
Top-Assessment of sites for bioswales.
Middle-Bioswale construction in the neighbourhood.
Below-Promotion of vegetable gardens for food self-sufficiency.

On the next page: Scan/Click to read more

Use of digital mapping.

Source: GIZ Namibia, 2020 165 166

 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): NATURE-BASED Project Rationale
SOLUTION FOR FLOOD MITIGATION & ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION
34 Johannesburg, South Africa
Diepsloot's flooding and water quality issues are addressed with Sustainable Urban Drainage
Systems (SUDS). Mimicking nature, SUDS reduces flood risk and filters stormwater and
rainwater, improving surface and ground water quality. Rain gardens and new green spaces
boost livability. Cost-effective and sustainable, the project involves residents in planning and
maintenance, empowering them to build a more resilient Diepsloot.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Diepsloot is an informal settlement in Johannesburg, facing challenges like flooding and fast
Building/ NA Flooding, poor water shrinking of its open green spaces due to rapid densification. An SUDS project was
Neighbourhood quality, lack of green implemented to address these issues with the aim of improving water management, especially
space, rapid densification flood control, by developing green infrastructure for ecological benefits, in collaboration with
researchers, the local community, and NGOs.

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP Based on the site assessments and community inputs, the appropriate SUDS solutions were
1 year Johannesburg Nature-based solutions for adopted as per the local requirements, integrated with existing infrastructure, to minimise
Department of Environment all-round efficient water disruption to residents, provide accessibility for maintenance, and incorporate native and
management drought-tolerant plants for aesthetics and habitat creation.

On the previous page:

Before and after images
of clearance of
vegetation in drains.
Source: GCRO, 2019

On this page:
Schematic interventions
plan for Sites 1 and 2.
Site 1 interventions Site 2 interventions Source: Anne Fitchett,
2017

167 168
Process Involved Impacts

The project carried out a thorough environmental Environmental Social Economic

impact assessment, followed by gaining the required
environmental approvals for seamless implementation Lowered local Improvement in Cost savings by
of SUDS. temperatures liveability and social integration of SUDS
cohesion with existing
Enhanced carbon infrastructure
Site assessment to understand rainfall patterns sequestration Increased involvement
of locals in managing Reduction in losses due
01 and intensity, soil characteristics (infiltration Improved water quality green spaces to flood damage
potential), topography and existing drainage
patterns, and locations most affected by flooding. and stormwater
management Raised awareness
about the benefits of
Community engagement through workshops and Creation of public green Nature-Based Solutions
spaces (NbS)
02 meetings to educate them about SUDS benefits,
gather feedback on design preferences and
concerns, identify community champions, and
promote ownership.

SUDS selection and design based on the site

03 assessment and community input, selection of
appropriate SUDS components for at-source
control (rain barrels, porous paving), conveyance
(swales, channels to direct water flow slowly),
treatment (bioretention basins, vegetated filters to
remove pollutants), and infiltration. Scale it Up!

SUDS integration with existing infrastructure, to Expanding Diepsloot's SUDS success involves
customising solutions to address diverse community
04 minimise disruption to residents, provide needs worldwide. Cities can integrate SUDS, fostering
accessibility for maintenance, and incorporate
native and drought-tolerant plants for aesthetics flood-resilient communities, with improved water
and habitat creation. quality and green spaces and enhanced urban
landscapes globally.
On this page:
Top-Vegetation planted for surface water management.
Middle-Implemented soakaway.
Source: Anne Fitchett, 2017

Below-View of Diepsloot after intervention.

Scan/Click to read more
On the next page:
Aerial view of the settlement.
Source: Clive Hassall, Anne Fitchett and Jennifer van den
Bussche/GCRO, 2017
169 170
 INTEGRATED WATER BALANCE AND QUALITY MODEL - RESTORATION Project Rationale
& REHABILITATION OF KHAJRANA TALAB & LASUDIYA MORI TALAB
35 Indore, India
The main objective of this project was “ensuring availability of local water resources during
emergencies”, through the development of a replicable model for peri-urban lake rejuvenation
and conservation. The expected outcomes of the project include a stakeholder-managed
process for stabilising/improving the water quality of the restored lakes and generating
interest among multiple stakeholders to conserve urban lakes.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Urbanisation and the increase of impermeable surfaces reduced the capacity for groundwater
Neighbourhood Rs. 45.17 – 18.068 Crore Flooding, stormwater and recharge. The climate change risks indicate increasing rainfall variability and more intense
(Direct Funding from NGO) rainfall management, poor and/or more frequent storms as well as an increase in dry periods. With less permeable soils,
water quality, biodiversity the city needs to optimally use existing lakes to capture runoff, creating buffer supplies and
degradation helping to increase groundwater recharge. The major focus was on the management of rivers
and other blue areas with ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems. The project has
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP revived lakes that has helped groundwater recharge, aesthetic enhancement of the area, cool
3 years Rockefeller Foundation and Integrated water balance microclimate, and possible livelihood restoration.
Indore Municipal Corporation and quality model

On the previous page:

Lasudiya Mori Talab
deepened.
Source: NIUA, 2016

On this page:
Lasudiya Mori Talab.
Source: Dainik Bhaskar,
2020

171 172
Process Involved Impacts

Mapping of urban and peri-urban lakes in Indore was Environmental Social Economic
done to create an integrated water balance and quality
model. Awareness building on water-related issues with Improved waste Equitable opportunities Stimulated development
stakeholders along with development of water management for marginalised and in deprived areas
modeling iterations to identify intervention options was indigenous groups
carried out. Improved water quality
Community-driven
Protect lakes through better management of Increased protection against management of green
01 catchments that are undergoing rapid flooding spaces and opportunities
urbanisation and to increase residents’ resilience for recreation and
to water scarcity. Enhanced protection and exercise
restoration of freshwater
Engaging with multiple stakeholders, especially ecosystems Increased awareness of
the community, to reduce the flow of untreated environmental and
02 sewage into the lakes.
Reduced biodiversity loss cultural heritage

Improve the micro-climatic condition and reduce Increased awareness of

03 the rapid growth of weeds, increase the fish NBS and their benefits
production as well as the variety of ducks and
wild birds seen.

Activities undertaken include renaturalisation of

04 rivers and other water bodies, and rehabilitation
and restoration of damaged or destroyed
ecosystems.

Fencing of lake embankments to create walking Scale it Up!

05 tracks and diversion of sewage paths to keep
lakes clean. This lake rejuvenation model can address urban water
scarcity, enhance groundwater recharge, and
Management is structured for co-governance with improve water quality. Engaging communities and
06 governmental and non-governmental actors. stakeholders ensures sustainable lake management,
creating resilient urban ecosystems. This approach
can be replicated across Indian cities, promoting
On this page:
Surveys conducted for the restoration of the lakes environmental sustainability and community well-
Top-Water quality survey. being.
Middle-Lake area survey.
Below-Community household survey.
Source: NIUA, 2016

On the next page: Scan/Click to read more

Rainwater capturing mechanism in Indore.
Source: NIUA, 2016

173 174
 ECO-SANITATION TRANSFORMATION BY ENHANCING WATER Project Rationale
EFFICIENCY AND GREEN SPACES FOR SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION
36 Lima, Peru
This case study highlights the transformative impact of sustainable sanitation and water reuse
systems in a desert urban area of Lima, Peru. The project showcases innovative solutions to
water scarcity, particularly benefiting a school for handicapped children. By reducing water
consumption, improving the microclimate, and demonstrating effective wastewater reuse, this
initiative sets a precedent for similar environments in urban cities.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Located in one of the driest regions on Earth, Lima, Peru, faces extreme water scarcity with an
Neighbourhood/ NA Water scarcity annual rainfall of just 9 mm. In this arid environment, the Centro Educativo Básico Especial
building “San Christoferus,” serving 35 handicapped pupils and staff, undertook a project to address
critical water and sanitation issues. The school, situated in Chorrillos, an urban area of Lima,
experienced significant challenges related to water usage and waste management. Prior to the
intervention, the school’s wastewater was disposed off in the public sewer system, contributing
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP to environmental degradation and posing health risks. The primary goals were to reduce
1 year 8 months Rotária del Perú, Lima, Peru, Innovative sanitation water consumption, enhance green spaces to mitigate dust and improve aesthetics, and
Centro Educativo Básico solutions with sustainable demonstrate sustainable water reuse systems suitable for arid urban areas.
Especial (education centre) “San water management in arid
urban areas
Christoferus”, Lima, Peru

On the previous page:

Urban agriculture at
school, irrigated and
treated blackwater.

On this page:
Vertical flow constructed
wetland (reed bed) for
treatment of liquid phase
of blackwater.

Source: Sustainable
Sanitation Alliance,
2009

175 176
Process Involved Impacts

Key processes involved to combat water scarcity in the Environmental Social Economic
arid area of Lima include the following sustainable
water management practices: Significant reduction in Enhanced green spaces Reduced costs for water
potable water usage and outdoor activities for consumption
Interventions like the installation of a constructed handicapped children
Improved wastewater Additional income from
01 wetland for greywater treatment, compost filter for treatment and reuse Increased awareness the sale of vegetables
blackwater treatment, and introduction of double-
vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs). and education on and fruits grown using
sustainable sanitation treated wastewater
Design elements include constructed wetland with
vertical flow, sub-surface wetland planted with
02 papyrus, treating greywater from laundry,
bakery, and kitchen.

Compost filter with double-chamber system using

custom filter bags filled with straw, treating
03 blackwater from toilets and greywater from
bathrooms.

Vermicomposter for secondary treatment of solids

using earthworms.
04
Greywater pre-treatment by use of grease traps
and pumps to manage effluent before wetland
treatment.
05
Scale it Up!
Blackwater pre-treatment using compost filters to
separate solids and liquids, followed by wetland
treatment for liquids. The replication of eco-sanitation initiatives from Lima
06 in urban arid areas in parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Reuse systems for treated water stored for and Maharashtra entails adopting sustainable water
irrigation, composted solids used for soil management practices to address water scarcity and
sanitation challenges. These initiatives, including
07 improvement, and urine applied as fertilizer. constructed wetlands, greywater treatment, and dry
sanitation systems, offer solutions for cities grappling
On this page: with water scarcity and inadequate sanitation
Top-Soccer field irrigated with blackwater. infrastructure. Through similar projects, urban areas
Middle-Outdoor UDDT with gravel filter bed for greywater. can enhance environmental resilience.
Below-Vertical flow constructed wetland for greywater treatment.

On the next page:

Reed beds.
Scan/Click to read more
Source: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2009
177 178
 INFORMED AND IMPROVED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR NEW Project Rationale
INFILL DEVELOPMENT IN WHITE GUM VALLEY
37 Perth, Australia
Under the Waterwise Perth Action Plan, White Gum Valley’s medium residential estate has
been consciously developed to improve urban water management. Residents are required to
follow design guidelines created by LandCorp (Development WA). These guidelines guarantee
inventive water management. The design and technological innovations have made the
project a successful case study for other local government authorities.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered White Gum Valley is located 3 km from the Fremantle City Centre in Perth and is spread
Settlement Rs. 25.01 Crore (Development Water stress due to across 2.2 hectares. While Perth is already among the worst affected dry climate areas in the
WA, City of Fremantle) urbanisation, lack of water world with a significant decline in rainfall in the last two decades, its water demand is
literacy projected to double in the next 40 years. The infill precinct is developed to increase housing
density in Australia to combat urban sprawl and infrastructure pressure. The homes in the new
development target a 60-70% reduction in water consumption across various typologies by
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP tracking and monitoring measures. Key water-saving initiatives include a community bore
13 years City of Fremantle, Western Informed urban water irrigation supply for use in both public and private gardens, and a lot-scale rainwater
Australian Department of Water management within new harvesting system for toilets and washing machines. Additionally, internal water fixtures were
and Environmental Regulation developments in cities required to exceed the minimum water-efficient ratings under the Building Code of Australia.
(DWER)

On the previous page:

Infill and greening of
residential estate at
White Gum Valley.

On this page:
Aerial image showing
greening at the plot level.

Source: Development
WA, 2021

179 180
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by City of Fremantle, Western Environmental Social Economic
Australian Department of Water and Environmental
Regulation (DWER) and involved the following 65% reduction in mains Landscaped infiltration Learnings taken to
processes: water use across various basin has reduced the develop similar infill
Honeycomb stackable soak cells were used as a typologies- 51% in detached fear of risk among projects that aim to
homes, 73% in attached residents progress the vision of a
01 solid base that allowed the water to infiltrate homes and 75% in Waterwise Perth
quickly and efficiently. The ground-level of site
was raised for it to mimic the nature of a soak apartments Water literacy and
well. resident consultants
Mains water consumption ensure informed society
reduced to 37kL per person
per year, as compared to
02 Dual plumbing to support rainwater harvesting Perth average of 106kL per
system within each home. A plumbed rainwater
tank (minimum 3,000 litres) was installed to person per year
augment the rainwater-ready plumbing.
High performance of the
landscaped infiltration basin
03 Community feedback shaped the landscaping of
shared public spaces. Water-sensitive
landscaping was integrated in both public and
private realm. This includes waterwise trees and
lawn varieties, passively irrigated street trees that
direct water from the road to the roots, permeable
landscaping surfaces, etc.

Scale it Up!
04 A community bore using a superficial aquifer was
created for irrigation of public and private
greens. Large-scale medium to high-density townships is being
constructed in many cities in India as well as in its
outskirts. Urban water management can take a central
05 Water use is metered at each lot to monitor water theme in such developments with inform site planning
use. Homeowners were offered a 100 litre pot and design considerations. These can reduce the
size semi-mature shade tree for their backyard to ground water dependency in prime residential areas
be managed by LandCorp for the first year. while catering to the high-water demand. Moreover,
effective monitoring of water uses and management
On this page: incentives for shared spaces can improve efficiency of
Top-Dual plumbing. the project.
Middle-Honeycomb stackable soak cells.
Below-Urban greening.

On the next page:

Bioswales as per urban greening guidelines. Scan/Click to read more

Source: Development WA, 2021 181 182

 RAINCITY STRATEGY FOR GREEN RAINWATER INFRASTRUCTURE Project Rationale
MANAGEMENT ON WOODLAND AND 2ND STREET
38 Vancouver, Canada
The City of Vancouver implemented the Green Rainwater Infrastructure (GRI) under its Rain
City Strategy. This was done to boost the capacity of the stormwater network in a residential
area that will eventually see high-density development. Innovative design and collaboration
with the local crew ensured efficient application of sustainable solutions and enhanced
community resilience and accessibility to green spaces.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Grandview Woodland has a strained sewer and storm system. The Community Plan required
Settlement Rs. 583.68 Crore for city-wide Water stress due to increasing the affordable housing units by increasing the density which will in turn add
implementation (Green urbanisation pressure to the stormwater network of the area. Thus, the bioswales were installed in the area
Infrastructure Implementation to capture rainwater runoff and provide additional capacity for higher-density development.
Branch, City of Vancouver) The design was executed using innovative inlet designs and construction material reuse while
protecting all existing trees.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
6 years Green Infrastructure Increased stormwater Collaboration with the internal city crew allowed the implementation of creative field-fit
Implementation Branch, capture capacity for high- solutions. Additionally, this project also supported sustainable transportation options by
City of Vancouver density development allocating space for bike lanes. It also enhanced the accessible green cover within the area.

On previous page,
Raingarden at
Woodland & 2nd
Avenue Street.

On this page,
Weir walls slow down
rainwater flow.

Source: City of
Vancouver, 2023

183 184
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated at a city-level with the Environmental Social Economic
formulation of the Rain City Strategy and implemented
at the neighbourhood/street level by the City of 200 sq. m. bioretention Greening of street New residential and
Vancouver. planting area encouraged cycling commercial
and walking development promote
3,000 sq. m. impervious further investment in the
Inlets to capture the rainwater runoff and help it area managed Stamps on large area
concrete inlet surface
01 slow down to induce sedimentation before the 3.8 million litres of urban provides sense of place
runoff enters the bioswale
rainwater runoff filtered
Weir walls are installed to slow down rainwater and/or diverted from
sewer
02 runoff. They are made by re-using granite blocks
from city curbs. They increase ponding area, and
infiltration and reduce the risk of erosion. Provides pollinator habitat
and increased
Bioswales allow for a large volume of water biodiversity
03 retention and infiltration
A diverse range of native plant species in the
middle helps in water ponding and helps mitigate
04 flooding. The plants at the edges are planted on
drier soil that helps in droughts and provides
pollinator habitat.

GI Chamber collects water from multiple catch

05 basins and helps distribute it throughout the
bioswale
Scale it Up!
Existing trees along the bioswales were protected The Green Rainwater Infrastructures (GRI) project can
06 during construction and included within the be incorporated in many cities and can effectively
design address severe water scarcity and urban flooding
issues. Initiatives like the Rainwater Infrastructure (RI)
project under the Urban Water Management Strategy
aim to enhance the stormwater network's capacity,
On this page, promote sustainable urban development. By
Top, Diagram of the WSUD system used in Vancouver. identifying high-density areas with strained sewer and
Middle and Below, Design elements in bioswales storm systems to capture rainwater runoff, such
including curbs and inlets.
projects can support development.
On the next page, Planing in bioswales.

Source: City of Vancouver, 2022

Scan/Click to read more
185 186
 ØSTERBRO CLIMATE RESILIENT NEIGHBOURHOOD THROUGH BLUE- Project Rationale
GREEN CORRIDORS, GREEN ROOFS AND PERMEABLE PATHWAYS
39 Copenhagen, Denmark
Klimakvarter at Østerbro is the first climate adapted neighborhood in Denmark with an aim to
cut emissions and boost the area’s resilience to heavy rain. Treatment and storage of
rainwater, participation of local residents, and creation of green infrastructure in inner city
roads and plazas are valuable strategies used to improve neighbourhood-level liveability,
boost the area’s resilience to flooding and extreme rain events, and reduce the stress on the
Key Details city’s stormwater drainage system.

Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered
City Flooding, extreme rain Copenhagen showcases proactive urban resilience amid worsening climate change. Despite
Rs. 75 Crores
events like cloud bursts, its temperate climate, the city faces rising extreme weather events like cloudbursts. The
stormwater drainage devastating 2011 flood underscored the need for comprehensive climate adaptation. In
response, the Østerbro Climate Quarter project pioneers innovative green infrastructure
solutions to foster long-term resilience. By embracing sustainable urban design, Copenhagen
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP addresses climate challenges while prioritising citizen well-being and environmental
Ongoing since Copenhagen Municipality Climate adaptive stewardship. This initiative reflects the city's commitment to proactive climate action and sets a
2011 neighbourhood planning precedent for cities worldwide, facing similar climate risks.

On the previous page:

Green infrastructure
infiltration areas
retrofitted into the
neighborhood.

On this page:
Green spaces, biking
lanes, and stormwater
infiltration trenches.

Source: SLA, Mikkel Eye,

2023

187 188
Process Involved Impacts

The project was undertaken by the municipality of Environmental Social Economic

Copenhagen with the involvement of local communities,
from the initial idea phases through workshops and Mitigation of flood risk Increase in green Reduced flood damage
neighbourhood meetings. and efficient water spaces, improved costs
management public health
Reduced cost for
Green roofs and blue-green corridors capture Improved air quality and Vibrant public spaces development of
enhanced liveability and community stormwater drainage
01 and filter rainwater, reducing strain on drainage engagement infrastructure
systems and replenishing groundwater.
Mitigation of urban heat
island effect Increased real estate
Permeable pavements reduce surface runoff and values in associated
Groundwater recharge neighbourhoods
02 allow water to seep through for groundwater
replenishment. Channelled streets direct rainwater
to the harbour, reducing flood risk.

Local hills used as natural barriers to guide water

to designated retention areas where it can be
03 stored, filtered, or used for groundwater
recharge.
03
Public squares with rainwater collection systems
04 for localised use of rainwater for irrigation and
other non-potable purposes.
Scale it Up!
Cities can learn from Østerbro's blue-green
infrastructure approach for climate change
05 Green recreational spaces to integrate green adaptations in neighbourhoods. These approaches
infrastructure and community needs.
On this page: not only help in the mitigation of climate related risks
Top-Permeable pavements. but also enhance the liveability of cities and can
Source: Mikkel Eye create more sustainable and vibrant communities.
While geographical differences exist, similar
Middle-ØsterGRO - Denmark's first roof farm.
Source: Karen Sejr strategies can be developed through collaboration
and knowledge sharing among communities, local
Below-Tåsinge Plads on Østerbro. governance bodies, and planning agencies.
Source: Klimatilpasning, 2015

On the next page:

Greening of the neighbourhood plazas.
Source: Charlotte Brøndum, Municipality of Copenhagen, 2019 Scan/Click to read more

189 190
 S-5

PLANNING
INTERVENTIONS

Embark on a journey through ‘Planning Interventions’

in Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) that shape
sustainable cities. This section illuminates strategic
approaches and innovative methodologies for
integrating water management into urban planning.
Explore how thoughtful planning can enhance urban
resilience, mitigate flooding, and promote sustainable
development, fostering a harmonious relationship
between urban environments and water resources.

01
 GREEN DHAKA CAMPAIGN: REVITALISATION OF JUSTICE Project Rationale
SHAHABUDDIN AHMED PARK FOR COMMUNITY WELL-BEING
40 Dhaka, Bangladesh
The Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed Park revitalisation project in Dhaka addressed the growing
need for urban green spaces within the city. The project aimed to create a recreational area
connected with nature by preserving biodiversity and ecological balance. By incorporating
inclusive design principles, the revitalisation project sought to enhance the community's well-
being by providing a safe and accessible space for passive and active leisure pursuits.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Rapid urbanisation challenges Dhaka with limited green space and environmental
Settlement Rs. 11 Crore Lack of waste management degradation. The Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed Park renovation, part of the "Green Dhaka
and ecological imbalance Campaign," began in 2017 to address these issues. Reviving the park's pond, planting trees,
and providing amenities aim to create a safe, inclusive space shaped by public input and
naturalist advice.

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP Biodiversity preservation and diverse plant species prioritise a healthy environment. Dedicated
2 years Dhaka North City Inclusive urban jogging, walking, and cycling paths have made the park popular. This case study highlights
Corporation (DNCC) revitalisation how the park's revitalisation aligns with SDGs, integrating environmental and social
considerations.

On the previous page:

Justice Shahabuddin
Ahmed Park.
Source: Hasan Saifuddin
Chandan, Wasik Edaaf,
2023

On this page:
Walking track and
amphitheatre.
Source: Vitti Sthapati
Brindo Ltd., 2022

191 192
Process Involved Impacts

The intervention was initiated in 2017 by DNCC and Environmental Social Economic
included revitalisation of the existing pond and
plantation, and providing amenities for the people Local biodiversity Creation of public Improved real estate
living in the neighbourhood where the park is located. restoration green recreational values
space
Improved water and air Lower healthcare costs
Environmental quality and waste management to quality Improved public health for local residents
01 improve water quality and reduce mosquito Improved natural Inclusion, social
breeding grounds. Permeable walkways allow
rainwater infiltration, promoting natural drainage drainage cohesion, and
and reducing the stress on existing infrastructure. community participation

Green space, habitats, and biodiversity

02 revitalisation through extensive planting of native
trees and shrubs to create a green oasis, enhance
air quality, and restore the urban greens spaces.

Improved public health and well-being through,

03 promotion of physical activity and social
interaction, focus on mental and physical health
for community members of all ages.

Inclusive and effective governance through Scale it Up!

04 collaborative planning with residents to ensure
that the park caters to diverse needs, fostering a
sense of ownership. The revitalisation of Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed Park
in Dhaka demonstrates the impact of community
engagement in enhancing public green spaces in
Social justice, cohesion, and equity to create an dense urban areas. Cities worldwide can emulate this
by facilitating resident involvement through workshops
05 inclusive space for people from all walks of life. and online platforms. This collaborative model fosters
a vibrant public oasis, nurturing community bonds
On this page: and enhancing urban environments and overall
Top-Amphitheatre.
Middle-Walking track around pond. liveability, and can be adapted globally.
Below-Walking and cycling track.
Source: Noor A Alam, Business Standard,

On the next page:

Paved connecting paths through the green Scan/Click to read more

193 194
 A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ACHIEVE CITY-WIDE WATER BALANCE: Project Rationale
REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS AND NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS
41 Chennai, India
Chennai has a unique climatic scenario characterised by flooding, scarcity, and saltwater
intrusion in groundwater. Considering its current rate of urbanisation, the project focuses on
the revival of traditional rainwater harvesting system, introduction of nature-based solutions to
rejuvenate the city’s water bodies, and leveraging the existing wells to monitor the
groundwater level.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Chennai has historically relied on monsoon rainfall for the replenishment of its water reserves
City NA Flooding, water scarcity, due to the high levels of pollution in the three rivers that flow through the city. Rapid
water pollution population growth has led to severe water scarcity and depletion of its aquifers.

To address this, Chennai was re-imagined as the city of 1000 tanks, wherein a blue-green
infrastructure system was implemented incorporating temple tanks, new tanks, ponds, bio-
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP swales, and constructed wetlands. This decentralised system treats wastewater, mitigates
Ongoing since Special Envoy for International Holistic approach to floods, and ensures year-round water availability. Chennai aims to recharge aquifers during
2018 Water Affairs of the Kingdom achieve city-wide water monsoon seasons and store water for drier periods, transforming it into a resilient urban
of The Netherlands, balance landscape.
Government of Netherlands

New
water
tanks Blue- Historic
green Tanks
canals

New
Tanks Mylapore
FLOOD
PREVENTION
Forestry

DROUGHT
NATURE - PREVENTION Re- Chitra On the previous page:
BASED naturalised Nagar City Of 1000 Tanks
River + Canal
SOLUTIONS Vision For Chennai.
SANITATION Bioswales Source: Ooze Architects,
2019
IMPROVED
Constructed On this page:
URBAN Koyambedu
Wetland
ENVIRONMENT Integrating NbS in a
systemic approach.
Solid waste Source: Ooze Architects,
recycling 2019
Rain Constructed Historic water
Inclusive public space
gardens wetlands tanks
Adaptive
195 buildings 196
Mambalam
Process Involved Impacts

The project utilises various nature-based solutions, Environmental Social Economic

including:
Groundwater Improved social Fosters local economies
replenishment awareness about NbS
Revival and retrofitting of traditional water
01 systems is being carried out to collect and store Reduced water pollution Improved quality of life
rainwater. For example, existing rainwater for all residents
harvesting structures are repaired and retrofitted Wastewater treatment
for water storage, recycling, and recharge. enhances water quality Enhanced citizen-led
engagement
Reduced reliance on
Decentralisation of wastewater treatment through external water sources
02 constructed wetlands, which also prevents
pollution of both surface and groundwater
sources.

03 Stormwater management, flood protection,

enhanced water security through bioswales,
renaturalisation of rivers and canals, detention
parks, and floating islands.

04 Pilot projects for small-scale implementation in

specific site locations to test and refine the design
and evaluate social acceptance. Upscaling in
larger areas across the city based on learnings Scale it Up!
from pilot projects
Cities, especially coastal cities facing water scarcity,
intrusion of saltwater into groundwater, and pollution
City-wide integration with existing infrastructure of its surface water reservoirs, can learn from
05 and urban planning strategies.
Chennai's "City of 1000 Tanks" model. Local
solutions like rainwater harvesting, traditional
practices, online knowledge sharing, and community
On this page: engagement can be replicated to achieve city-wide
Top-Canal development in Mambalan neighbourhood, water security. Further, government support and
Middle-Aerial view of the Mambalam Project. funding are crucial for wider adoption, paving the
Source: Ooze Architects, 2019 way for a more sustainable future.
Below-Constructed wetlands, water balance pilot.

On the next page:

View of the constructed wetlands. Scan/Click to read more
Source: Cynthia van Elk, 2023
197 198
 GREY TO GREEN SCHEME: TRANSFORMATION OF FLOOD-PRONE Project Rationale
AREAS USING SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
42 Sheffield, United Kingdom
The Grey to Green Scheme was designed as a ‘Green Street’ retrofitting in the flood-prone
areas of Sheffield, adjacent to the River Don. It aimed to reduce the surface-water runoff
reaching the river, by introducing heavy plantations on streets. This was achieved by re-
adjusting spaces in slightly less congested streets to make space for rain gardens and
bioswales as a response to climate change, citizen wellbeing, and economic investment.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Natural river catchments have changed over the years as the city grew, with large parts no
Settlement Rs. 37.89 Crore (Sheffield City Flooding in river catchment longer connected to rivers and streams. During storms, the pipes that carry a mix of
Region, European Regional areas, river pollution stormwater and sewer water overflow into rivers causing pollution. Phase I of the Scheme has
Development Fund) been implemented along a 1.6-kilometre-long inner-city dual carriageway that runs adjacent to
the River Don and along the edge of Sheffield city centre. The street spaces were re-adjusted
from four to two lanes, making space for extensive plantation to capture surface water runoff,
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP slow down the rates of flow, filter it, and promote infiltration into the soil.
2 years (Phase 1) Sheffield City Council with UK’s largest retrofit WSUD Additionally, it aimed to increase urban biodiversity by creating a wildlife corridor, mitigate
Robert Bray Associates project and UK’s largest the urban heat island effect and air pollution through multi-layered planting, and promote
inner city ‘Green Street’ overall health and well-being by constructing wider footpaths for pedestrians.

On the previous page:

Incorporation of
permeable surfaces
along streets to capture
groundwater.

On this page:
SUDS concept design.
Source: Nigel Dunnett,
2019

199 200
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by the Sheffield City Council Environmental Social Economic
in collaboration with Robert Bray Associates to
strategically reclaim land in the city centre for WSUD Discharge to the river Green public space that New residential and
elements like rain gardens. reduced from 47.31/sec encourages cycling and commercial
to 91/sec for a 1 in 30 walking development promote
year rainfall event further investment in the
Drainage swales and rain gardens are designed, area
24,000 bathtubs worth of
01 leveraging the slight slope in the streets to guide water prevented from
the rainwater runoff to flow over the kerb edges.
entering sewage treatment
works each year
Check dams were used to divide the total street
length into 25 cells. During a rainstorm, water fills 561% increase in
02 biodiversity value
up in a cell and flows over the top of the dam to
fill up the next cell.
Keeps the area cool and
mitigates flooding
Planted areas are filled with engineered soils,
03 made using recycled compost and glass mixed
with crushed sandstone and loam in low
proportions. When compared to normal topsoil,
this mixture improves the free-draining quality of
the system.

The substrate is designed using crushed

sandstone aggregate (70%) that promotes
04 drainage, composed green waste (20%) that Scale it Up!
contains a range of plant nutrients, and sandy silt
loam (10%) to provide optimal soil structure for Arterial, Urban Extension Roads (UERs) and narrow
plant growth. neighbourhood streets and sidewalks can be re-
adjusted to accommodate rain gardens and
bioswales that are capable of capturing and filtering
stormwater, which can help to enhance the city’s
resilience to floods during heavy rainfall. They can
On this page:
Top-Check dams. also help to mitigate air pollution through this case
Middle-Shallow depressions for bioswales. study’s multi-layered planting strategy along streets
Below-Use of engineered soil. and thus can be universally adapted to local
Source: Nigel Dunnett, 2019 requirements across cities worldwide.
On the next page:
WSUD along kerb edges.
Source: greytogreen.org.uk.
Scan/Click to read more

201 202
 RAINWATER MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE USING GREEN Project Rationale
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PINE STREET
43 Vancouver, Canada
The Rain City Strategy outlines a series of actions to better manage water accumulation during
rainfall, reduce flooding, and improve water quality by capturing and treating 90% of
Vancouver’s average annual rainfall. By doing so, it aims to increase the resilience to climate
change and enhance natural ecosystems in the city.

Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered The Rain City Strategy was implemented on Pine Street as a response to the issue of aging
Settlement Rs. 583.68 Crore for city-wide Poor quality of urban storm and sewer mains. The project integrates bioretention systems into traffic calming features
implementation (Green rainwater runoff, overland on three roadways. It makes use of the Green Rainwater Infrastructure (GRI), a cost-effective
Infrastructure Implementation flooding technique to manage rainwater that mimics the natural water cycle. The installation of six
Branch, City of Vancouver) bioretention corner bulges helps capture and filter runoff rainwater.

Project Duration Implemented by Project USP The GRI approach eliminated the need to relocate the existing catch basins or install new
2 years Green Infrastructure $30,000 saved by the use sewer connections. Moreover, it provides ecological services, lowers the climate change risks,
Implementation Branch, of Green Infrastructure and creates opportunities for the growth of local economy.
City of Vancouver

On the previous page:

Upgrading Pine Street
with Green Rainwater
Infrastructure.

On this page:
Use of bioretention soil.
Source: City of
Vancouver, 2022

203 204
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated at a city-level with the Environmental Social Economic
formulation of the Rain City Strategy and implemented
at the neighbourhood/street level by the City of 40 sq. m. of bioretention Improved public Improved commercial
Vancouver. planting area created awareness and residential potential
in the area
2,500 sq. m. of Greening encourages
Existing catch basins are used to direct and impervious area walking and cycling
managed
01 capture any overflow during heavy rainstorms.
3.1 million litre urban
Green Infrastructure curbs with inlets allow water rainwater runoff treated
to enter the bioswale and drain silt. They onsite annually
02
minimise changes to hydraulic conditions and
reduce erosion, in turn preserving the existing Provides pollinator habitat
boulevard trees. leading to increased
biodiversity

Weir walls and river rocks contribute to lowering

03 erosion and water cuts by distributing the energy
of incoming rainfall runoff.

Bioretention soil consists of a specialised mix of

04 sand and organic matter. The design allows for
infiltration while still providing adequate nutrients
to support thriving plant communities. Diverse
planting helps to increase local biodiversity.
Scale it Up!
Green Infrastructure elements like curb inlets can
Sub-drains are installed to remove excess easily be installed in the existing neighbourhood-level
rainwater when soil is saturated. streets of cities. This would promote the capture and
05 filtering of rainwater runoff and prevent mixing with
the sewer mains. The technique can help in promoting
infiltration and recharging groundwater. Moreover, it
can also facilitate an increase in local pollination and
On this page: biodiversity and promote a more active community,
Use of bioretention soil, weir walls, and river rocks. encouraging cycling and walking.
Source: City of Vancouver, 2022

On the next page:

Curbs with inlets that allow water to enter the bioswale.
Source: City of Vancouver, 2022 Scan/Click to read more

205 206
 IMPERVIOUSNESS FEE: AN EQUITABLE AND TRANSPARENT ECONOMIC Project Rationale
INCENTIVE TO REDUCE RUN-OFF
44 Germany
Worldwide, local governments are looking for mechanisms to respond to the challenges of
urban rainwater management. One such mechanism is the equitable and transparent
economic incentive used as a WSUD approach in Germany. It is based on the ‘polluter-pays’
principle and is charged on properties that collect both runoff and wastewater in the same
pipe. It aims to incentivize infiltration and reduce runoff through an efficient drainage system.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered In Germany, 72% of the water supply is from groundwater and spring water. This requires a
City NA Groundwater depletion replenishment of groundwater sources from stormwater infiltration. Thus, most municipalities
charge a fee for the collection of rainwater via the rainwater sewer system. It is calculated
based on the size of the built-up areas (impervious surface) from which the water drains into
the rainwater sewer. Hence, by minimising connection to the discharge system, households
can minimise the fee. Consequently, the fee has encouraged the adoption of green
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP infrastructure and efficient stormwater approaches at the property level as public and private
Over multiple Municipal authorities Incentivisation to promote landowners seek to pay lower imperviousness fee, achieving flood mitigation and ecological
years adoption of green benefits. These approaches include rainwater tanks, green roofs, and pervious pavements
infrastructure practices adoption at the property-level across the city.

GERMAN INSTITUTE OF
STANDARDISATION

Typical decentralised
rainwater harvesting unit On the previous page:
for a normal household in Green roofs in Germany
Germany for rainwater harvesting
and sustainable energy
Rainwater will be used for: production.
1. Toilet flush Source: Energy-
2. Washing machines Greenroof in Germany
3. Cleaning (Source Gunter Mann,
4. Gardening Optigrün AG) via
ResearchGate, 2017
The unit has two main
components: On this page:
1. Reservoir (here below- Decentralised rainwater
ground) with integrated harvesting unit
four cleaning steps Source: German Institute
2. System control unit with of Standardization via
a submersible pump slide player, 2019
and a supplemental
feed system
207 208
Process Involved Impacts

Policy of imperviousness fee is nationally enforced and Environmental Social Economic

thus adopted and implemented by various municipal
authorities at the city-scale in Germany. 75 GL of drinking water Greater awareness in More than 100
saved per year urban communities to commercial
manage runoff due to manufacturers of
The mechanism to calculate the fee is set by the Paved car parks replaced economic incentives rainwater tanks have
01 responsible municipal government and thus, with pervious pavements involved been reported in a 10-
varies between German cities (average €1.10 for year period
every m2). The two approaches include roughly More than 10,000 ha of roofs
assuming impervious areas based on the building slated to be “greened” 4000 jobs created
type and lot area, and actual measurement of across Germany
impervious surface for each property and its Before In Munich, 4.5 sq. km. of
connection to the drainage system using high- impervious surfaces have Germany is now a
resolution aerial imagery supported with data been disconnected from the world leader in the
from building permits. drainage system avoiding adoption of green roofs
3000 ML of runoff into the
Direct infiltration of stormwater is encouraged discharge
02 near the source with no permission requirements
for infiltration of mildly polluted stormwater.
Stormwater from large areas or roads with high
traffic flows requires permission and pre-treatment
before discharge.

Public information sessions and telephone

03 helplines ensure communication with the
community regarding fee incentive and its
benefits. Data gathered to calculate the fee is
After
Scale it Up!
now being used to develop local stormwater
management and flood protection measures. In the past, many places and cities have successfully
mandated regulations on the use of rainwater tanks in
The incentive, when combined with subsidies to residential areas. The same can be expanded to
increase green areas, can be twice as effective. implement the imperviousness fee that incentivises
04 In the case of Berlin, 65,000 m2 of green roofs
urban residents to reduce their rainwater runoff and
and 740,000 m2 of green areas on private On this page: contribute to the urban water management of the city.
properties were adopted for Rs 148 crore. Before and after satellite images of Prinzessinnengarten, This requires effective monitoring at the local levels for
Berlin, where a parking lot was converted into a mobile a successful implementation.
urban farm managed by the local community.
Source: Prinzessinnengarten.net,2019

On the next page:

Showcase projects of urban gardening in Berlin created
on a brownfield site Scan/Click to read more
Source: Berlin.de, 2020

209 210
 Project Rationale
PATHWAYS TO WATER RESILIENT SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES PROJECT
45 South Africa
Cities in South Africa are facing water scarcity and floods. The PaWs project tackles these
imbalances by exploring NbS and SUDS like rain gardens to capture and replenish rainwater. It
is a decentralised sustainability approach that creates water security and mitigates flood risks.
PaWS also focuses on knowledge generation, sharing, and capacity building for long term
Key Details resilience to climate change.
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered This project has primarily focused on two cities – Cape Town and Johannesburg, to explore the
City Rs. 8009 Crore Water security, flood potential of NbS and SUDS and their integration into the existing infrastructure. Interventions
management undertaken under the initiative include repurposing of existing stormwater ponds to multi-
functional blue-green infrastructure, recharge aquifers through stormwater infiltration, creation of
usable green spaces for the community, and so on.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP This decentralised systems enables better water management and treatment and reduces the risk
Ongoing since The University of Cape Town’s Water resilience using of floods while also improving the quality of water reaching surface water bodies and the
October, 2022 (UCT) Future Water Institute SUDS and NbS underground water.
and the University of
Copenhagen (UCPH)

School

South Africa
Outlet
Weir 2
On the previous page:
Stormwater pond retrofit
Swampy Area
Weir 1
illustrating the different
Infiltration components.
Swale Berm

Litter
On this page:
Traps Location of site, Fulham
Inlet 1
Cape Town Rd, Mitchells Plain, Cape
Town.
Riprap
Source: Pathways to
Water Resilient South
Inlet 2 African Cities, 2023

211 212
Mitchells Plain
Process Involved Impacts

The project involves physical experimentation for site Environmental Social Economic
assessment, design, monitoring, and evaluation and the
governance part which looks at policy, regulations, and Increased infiltration Increased green Cost savings by
capacity building. (83%) helps replenish community spaces retrofitting and
groundwater reserves integration of existing
Site assessment and design for a comprehensive Improved resident infrastructure
01 rainfall, soil, drainage, and other analysis to Dilution and denitrification engagement with
correctly identify locations for SUDS processes leading to environmental issues Creation of attractive
implementation. cleaner stormwater runoff and a sense of green spaces in cities,
ownership leading to a real estate
value boost
Adapting existing policies and regulations to
02 integrate SUDS and NbS into the existing
framework and infrastructure.

Capacity building among various stakeholders to

03 ensure city-wide adoption of NbS and enable
knowledge sharing through workshops.

Preparation of policy briefs and technical reports

04 documenting pilot projects, implementation
strategies, and details for ease of reference and
adoption to enable maximum scalability and
community engagement for the creation of
transferable knowledge and best practices. This Scale it Up!
can be scaled up to other cities in South Africa
with necessary adaptations to local conditions,
The Pathways to Water Resilient South African Cities
fostering strong community engagement throughout
project aims to create an impact in multiple cities in
the project lifecycle.
South Africa by creating a policy level framework,
guidelines for adoption and implementation, and
enabling their widespread sharing. This model can be
On this page: adopted globally after doing the necessary local
Top-Aerial image of stormwater pond site (before & after). adaptations. Cities can also learn from challenges
Middle-Groundwater monitoring wells.
Source: Pathways to water resilient South African cities – from mono-
faced by various implementation bodies across cities
functional to multi-functional stormwater infrastructure and the solutions devised by them for better execution
Below-Locals working on stormwater pond project in Cape Town, of NbS and SUDS for WSUD.
2023.

On the next page:

On-site surveys conducted for design development Scan/Click to read more
Source: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource
Management (University of Copenhagen), 2023
213 214
 Project Rationale
SUSTAINABLE URBANISM WITH GREEN ROOFS IN HOHLGRABENÄCKER
46 Stuttgart, Germany
Integrating green roofs into Stuttgart-Zazenhausen's "Hohlgrabenäcker" site promotes
sustainable urban development as outlined in the City of Stuttgart's 2010 land development
plan. They contribute to minimising environmental encroachment, creating ecological balance
and enhancing stormwater management. Green roofs reduce surface runoff, support
biodiversity, improve urban microclimate by mitigating the heat island effect, and lower
Key Details energy consumption for heating and cooling. They also enhance the aesthetic appeal of
buildings and offer recreational spaces, contributing to the community’s wellbeing and quality
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered of life.
Neighbourhood NA Urban Floods, Urban Heat Introduction
Islands
Implemented as part of Stuttgart's 2010 urban development plan, which has been in effect
since 2000, it is a project covering an area of 16.7 hectares, comprising 265 individual
residences and 9 multi-unit residential buildings. The strategy includes requirements for
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP environmentally friendly features such as green roofs, cisterns, and permeable pavements to
3 years Planning Authority, City of Cost-effective decentralised reduce the project's ecological footprint. Strategies were established after conducting an
Stuttgart stormwater management Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to address issues related to urban runoff and
ecological balance. With the incorporation of green roofs and other features, the initiative
manages stormwater runoff, conserves biodiversity, and enhances the local urban climate.

On the previous page:

Cistern installation

On this page:
Single-pitch roofs with
vegetation layer

Source: Ansel et al.,

2012

215 216
Process Involved Impacts
Before implementation, an Environmental Impact Environmental Social Economic
Assessment was conducted to evaluate the effects of
construction projects on various aspects of the Improving micro-climate Water-sensitive Savings in investment costs
surroundings. The project adheres to regulations such mandates help in compared to conventional
as the Water Act for Baden-Wurttemberg, which Groundwater recharge mainstreaming stormwater drainage
mandates stormwater infiltration or dual piping. The sustainable urban systems
development plan in Stuttgart also includes ecologically Stormwater storage for development
sensitive interventions like green roofs and stormwater demand augmentation
retention trenches. Enhancing community
resilience to
Green roofs serve as local rainwater storage and
environmental
01 detention measures, blending well with the challenges and climate
surrounding environment.
change

Underground cisterns, although not visible, collect

02 rainwater for irrigation and domestic purposes,
contributing to a sustainable development and
saving costs for residents.

Pervious pavements, designed to resemble

03 standard paving, help manage stormwater on-
site, reducing the need to drain excess water to a
separate stormwater pipeline.

Scale it Up!
Indian cities can adopt strategies from the Water Act
The implementation included cost analysis, where
for Baden-Württemberg, such as mandating
04 decentralised stormwater management was Stormwater infiltration and dual piping in new
shown to be more economical than conventional
developments. Integrating green roofs, permeable
methods, even with the installation costs of green
pavements, and rainwater storage systems into urban
roofs factored in.
On this page: planning can minimize runoff. Financial incentives for
Top-Groundwater recharge wells. sustainable practices, pilot projects, and public
Source: Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & education can further mainstream blue-green
Environmental Design, 2017 infrastructure.
Below-Infiltration pavement - buildup.
Source: Ansel et al., 2012

On the Next page

Scan/Click to read more
Single-pitch roofs with vegetation layer
Source: Ansel et al., 2012 217 218
 SOUTH EAST GLASGOW SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN WITH Project Rationale
ATTRACTIVE RAIN GARDENS AND COMMUNITY GREENSPACE
47 Glasgow, Scotland
The South East Glasgow Surface Water Management Plan (SWMP) is a crucial intervention
aimed at mitigating flood risks, enhancing biodiversity, and improving urban infrastructure in
Glasgow's south-east region. The project stands out for its integrated approach to water
management, combining flood prevention, ecological restoration, and urban cooling, thereby
promoting a sustainable and resilient urban environment.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget (Source) Challenges catered Glasgow's south-east region faces significant challenges related to heavy rainfall and outdated
City Rs. 50 Crore for Croftpark Urban flooding, drainage infrastructure, leading to frequent flooding and environmental degradation. The
Avenue (Glasgow City Region unregulated surface water area, characterised by urban greenspaces and residential zones, required urgent intervention
City Deal) runoff, sewer overflow and to address these issues. The South East Glasgow Surface Water Management Plan (SWMP),
spills funded by the Glasgow City Region City Deal, was developed to tackle these challenges. The
SWMP has delivered a number of retrofit surface water management interventions at Kings
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP Park, Croftfoot Park, Croftpark Avenue, and Croftfoot Primary School. The SWMP focuses on
1 year 6 months Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Swale collects runoff water, retrofitting existing infrastructure with sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), enhancing
Drainage Partnership (MGSDP)- which flows to a permeable- biodiversity through blue-green infrastructure, and improving community access to
Glasgow City Council, Scottish surfaced multi-use games greenspaces. The comprehensive plan aims to reduce flood risks, relieve pressure on the
Water and SEPA area, rain gardens combined sewer network, and create a more resilient urban landscape.

On the previous page:

Retrofitting of
raingardens on Croftpark
Avenue.

1. Commercial area with wide pavements and on- On this page:

street parking
2. Kingspark Primary School - Flat roofs on some King’s Park surface water
buildings. Large areas of paving with green management plan.
space at lower level. Provide educational
resource.
3. Residential Cul-de-Sac - Potential for stormwater Source: Glasgow City
planters and swale along the road and
raingardens in the front of houses Council, 2022
4. Under-utilised open space - Potential area for
SUDS features from road water if gullies are

219 220
covered.
*All plots/properties in the study area have the potential for
property level measures - waterbutts, planters etc.
Process Involved Impacts

Key processes involved in the stormwater management Environmental Social Economic

plans in Glasgow include the following:
Enhanced flood resilience Better access to green Reduced flood damage
spaces costs
Flood attenuation and storage by creation of Improved biodiversity
Improved recreational Increased property
01 retrofit swales and SUDS basins in Kings Park Increased carbon facilities values
and development of SUDS basins in Croftfoot
Park. sequestration
Enhanced urban Lowered sewer
cooling and air quality, maintenance expenses
better liveability
02 Watercourse restoration with daylighting sections
of the Spittal Burn to restore natural watercourses.

03 Blue-green infrastructure development by

installation of rain gardens along Croftpark
Avenue to manage surface water runoff along
with tree planting and creation of a woodland
walkway in Croftfoot Park.

04 Creation of educational and recreational spaces

including construction of an outdoor amphitheatre
and multi-use games area (MUGA) at Croftfoot
Primary School, integrating stormwater
management features.

Scale it Up!
Scaling up initiatives like the South East Glasgow
Surface Water Management Plan in Indian cities can
address rapid urbanization, inadequate drainage,
and unsustainable development. These initiatives
enhance urban resilience by improving flood
On this page:
Top-Typical cross-section of stormwater planter. management, biodiversity, infrastructure, and
Middle-Section through street rain tree. watercourse restoration, while integrating blue-green
Below-Green roofs for better stormwater management. infrastructure for overall sustainability.
On the next page:
SUDS designed rain trees.

Source: Source: Glasgow City Council, 2022 Scan/Click to read more

221 222
 FITZROY GARDENS STORMWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM: Project Rationale
A MODEL FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
48 Melbourne, Australia
The Fitzroy Gardens, due to their extensive stretch, have a high water demand for irrigation
purposes. It was, therefore, strategically chosen for the development of a water management
system, which utilises Melbourne’s stormwater runoff and harvests its rainwater. The Gardens
also offered a natural collection point for the drainage network, making it the optimal location
to maximise the system’s impact and efficiently address urban water sustainability in this area.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered In Melbourne, urban development needed to be harmonised with stormwater management
City Rs. 35 Crore Climate change impact on and water supply reliability, especially to sustain drought-prone periods. Fitzroy Gardens,
heritage and established in the mid-1800s, faces this challenge due to its substantial water needs.
environmentally significant
areas Melbourne introduced a pioneering stormwater harvesting system within the park to tackle this,
exemplifying Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). This case study delves into the system's
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP design intricacies, significant impact on water conservation, and broader environmental
1 year (2012-13) The City of Melbourne's Efficient stormwater and benefits. It serves as a model for sustainable solutions and water-sensitive design in urban
Urban Water Department rainwater management green spaces.
using WSUD

On the previous page:

Stormwater collection in
the park

On this page:
Set out plan and plan of
the dual underground
tank system at Fitzroy
Gardens

Source: Urban Water,

City of Melbourne, 2018

223 224
Process Involved Impacts

Developed by Melbourne’s Urban Water Department, Environmental Social Economic

the water management system provides 30 million litres
of water every year, helping the city to keep the Reduced reliance on Enhanced user Cost saving due to
heritage garden healthy and resilient to climate potable water for experience in the park reduced reliance on
change. irrigation purposes potable water
Increased public
Water collection network of drains and pipes Water conservation and awareness about water Water-sensitive design
easing of stress on conservation practices enables efficient
01 captures rainwater runoff from rooftops and existing water resources functioning of the
paved surfaces within the gardens. This
maximises the amount of rainwater collected for system throughout the
potential use. Climate change year
adaptation of heritage
greens Utilisation of natural
Filtration system is used to remove debris and drainage mechanism,
easing stress on existing
02 pollutants from the captured rainwater before drainage infrastructure
storage. This ensures that the water quality is
suitable for irrigating the gardens.

Biofiltration beds utilise natural processes to

03 remove nutrients from the filtered rainwater. This
further enhances water quality for irrigation
purposes.

Storage tanks in the form of two sizeable Scale it Up!

04 underground storage tanks hold the treated
rainwater. The size of these tanks considers
Melbourne's moderate rainfall patterns, ensuring Efficient utilisation of stormwater runoff in urban areas
sufficient water is collected during wet seasons to as well as the harvesting of rainwater is key to
sustain the irrigation needs throughout the year. achieving water sustainability in cities across the
world. This model of stormwater and rainwater
collection, storage, and reuse can reduce the climate-
related stress on the city’s water resources and it can
On this page:
Top-Schematic diagram of the garden’s water be easily replicated in other cities for innovative
management system. water-sensitive solutions.
Middle-Fitzroy Gardens after project completion.
Below-Collection of rainwater using grills.

On the next page:

Creek-bed constructed as per the natural topography of Scan/Click to read more
land in the gardens.
Source: Urban Water, City of Melbourne, 2018

225 226
 GREEN AND CLEAN: WATER SUSTAINABILITY AT INDIAN INSTITUTE OF Project Rationale
MANAGEMENT BANGALORE (IIMB) CAMPUS
49 Bangalore, India
Bangalore's water scarcity drives IIMB's "Green and Clean" initiative. The project aims to
reduce reliance on municipal water by implementing water-sensitive urban design (WSUD)
elements. This approach promotes water conservation and creates a more sustainable campus
environment. The focus is on recycling and reusing water. Leading by example, IIMB hopes to
inspire other institutions and communities to adopt similar practices for water sustainability.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered IIMB faces significant challenges related to water scarcity. Recognising this, the "Green and
Building NA Limited water resources, Clean" initiative implements numerous strategies to promote water sustainability and resource
lack of awareness efficiency. Over the past nine years, WSUD efforts in the surrounding area have seen five
borewells out of 14 rejuvenated, contributing to water availability. Additionally, initiatives like
rainwater harvesting and recycling and reuse of treated sewerage water contribute to meeting
approximately 20% of the total water requirement in the area.
Project Duration Implemented by Project USP
NA IIMB Water conservation and Management of water, waste, energy, and holistic green initiatives are used to reduce the
energy saving overall carbon footprint of the campus.

On the previous page:

Rooftop rainwater
harvesting and solar
panels.

On this page:
Rainwater harvesting
channels on ground.

Source: IIMB, 2019

227 228
Process Involved Impacts

The project was initiated by the Department of Environmental Social Economic

Municipal Administration and Urban Development and
implemented by Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Reduced water Increased awareness Cost savings due to
Authority (HMDA). consumption about sustainable water reduced water
and energy practices consumption
Improved groundwater
Rooftop rainwater harvesting system captures rain quality and recharge Fosters collective
environmental
01 water, which is used for various non-potable Recharge of local responsibility on the
purposes like irrigation, toilet flushing, and
cleaning. aquifers educational campus

Water-efficient landscaping by using native and

02 drought-tolerant plants is used throughout the
campus, reducing the water requirement for
irrigation.

Wastewater treatment plant to enable and reuse

03 of wastewater for irrigation and other non-potable
applications.

Groundwater recharge wells are strategically

04 designed to infiltrate excess rainwater and treated
wastewater back into the ground, replenishing
the local aquifer and contributing to long-term
Scale it Up!
water sustainability.
IIMB’s WSUD strategies along with other green
initiatives for energy and waste management can be
adapted and scaled at educational campuses of
various scales across the world. Such initiatives
enable knowledge sharing through workshops and
online platforms and can empower institutions to
become water-secure leaders and also impact the
local communities in proximity of these educational
On this page: campuses.
Top-Sewage treatment plant for recycling and reusing water.
Middle-Groundwater recharge wells.
Below-Biogas plant.

On the next page: Scan/Click to read more

Extensive plantation on the campus.
Source: IIMB, 2019
229 230
 CITY WITHIN A GARDEN EMPHASISING ON GREEN ROOFS TO Project Rationale
IMPROVE AIR AND WATER QUALITY
50 Singapore
Since 1992, Singapore has aimed to become a "city within a garden," emphasising green
initiatives. With 148 acres of vegetated roof space, the city prioritises greenery, dedicating
9% of its land to parks and reserves. This effort has expanded the green space from 36% in
1986 to nearly 47% in 2013. Green roofs, which support vegetation atop buildings, provide
environmental benefits such as temperature regulation and improved air and water quality.
Key Details
Introduction
Scale Implementation Budget Challenges catered Covering approximately 272 square miles and home to 4.6 million people, Singapore's
Building-scale, Part of larger urban Storm water management, biggest challenge is space. The city-state faces typical urban issues such as high population
city-wide sustainability initiatives wasted surface run-off, density, limited space, and the need for efficient land use. In response, Singapore has
flooding, urban heat island adopted a holistic approach to urban planning, integrating nature into its urban fabric through
effect various initiatives, with green roofs playing a crucial role in this transformation. This trend is
Project Duration propelled by government initiatives, incentives, and a growing corporate focus on
Implemented by Project USP
environmental responsibility, despite challenges like structural considerations and initial costs.
Ongoing National Parks Board Extensive integration of
(N Parks), Housing green roofs & vertical
Development Board (HDB) greenery for enhanced
sustainability and liveability

On the previous page:

Creation of green spaces
on rooftops.
Source: Bizsu, 2024

On this page:
Vertical green space
creation.
Source: Skyrise
greenery, 2024

231 232
Process Involved Impacts
Vegetation

Green roofs maximise greenery in limited urban spaces Growing medium Environmental Social Economic
without compromising the building functionality. Living Drainage layer / water reservoir
roofs or eco-roofs are designed to support vegetation Insulation (optional) Reduction in urban Enhanced visual Reduce need for air
and greenery atop buildings using the following Membrane protection
heat island effect appeal, adding nature conditioning, saving
processes: & root barrier to urban areas energy
Roofing membrane Improved air quality and
Green roofs are composed of several layers, Structural
reduction in stormwater runoff Accessible green roofs Shield roofs, extended
including waterproofing membranes, root support serve as community lifespan, lower
01 barriers, drainage layers, growing medium, and Green roofs neutralise rain spaces maintenance costs
vegetation. The choice of vegetation, ranging acidity & reduce heavy metals
from grasses to small trees, depends on the in runoff by significant Improved food security Contribute to green
building design and capacity. percentages: lead by 99%, and self-sustainability building certifications
zinc by 96%, cadmium by by growing vegetables
Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the Typical Cross-section of a Green Roof System 92%, & copper by 97% and fruits Improve Green Mark
02 health of vegetation and the longevity of the ratings, incentivization
system. Habitat creation, food for developers
production
The five fundamental components of green roofs
03 include the vegetation layer, substrates or media
layer, filter layer, drainage or storage cells layer,
and protection membrane or root barrier layer.

Plant selection emphasizes species that tolerate

04 dry rooftop conditions, intense sunlight, and low
soil moisture. Rainwater stored in the soil media
and vegetation layer reduces peak flow and
volume compared to conventional roofs. Scale it Up!
The effectiveness of green roofs in stormwater Scaling up Singapore's green roof initiative in India
05 management hinges on their ability to retain can address urban challenges such as heat islands,
runoff, attenuate peak flow, and provide air pollution, and stormwater management to enhance
ecological benefits. environmental sustainability, improve air quality, and
On this page: reduce energy consumption. Incentivizing green roofs
Top-Typical cross section of a green roof system. through government policies and corporate initiatives
Source: N Parks, 2024
Middle-Urban agriculture on rooftops. can foster ecological balance and community well-
Source: Prince’s landscape pte ltd., 2024 being. Native plant species and cost-effective designs
Below-Green roofs for better stormwater management. can ensure adaptability and economic feasibility for a
Source: Green technology, 2013 greener, more resilient urban future in India.
On the next page:
Oasia hotel - green facade.
Source: Business Insider, 2023 Scan to read more

233 234
 WAY FORWARD

The Way Forward section of the Water Sensitive Urban

Design (WSUD) compendium provides a
comprehensive roadmap for the future. This section
maps the co-benefits of WSUD initiatives,
demonstrating their alignment with sustainable
development goals. By examining national and global
case studies, it highlights the synergy between local
actions and global sustainability objectives.
Additionally, it offers strategies for successful
implementation in urban settings and emphasizes the
importance of policy and framework alignment to
ensure long-term success and resilience in urban
water management.

01 02
CO-BENEFITS MAPPING
This section maps the 50 WSUD practices to evaluate HABITAT AND URBAN INCLUSIVE AND HEALTHY PLACEMAKING
URBAN WATER RESILIENCE, CIRCULAR AND INNOVATIVE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
their co-benefits across four parameters - urban water ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION FOR COMMUNITIES

resilience, circular and innovative closed-loop systems; Habitat

Restoration/
habitat and urban ecological restoration; inclusive and Ecological Improved
healthy placemaking for communities; and economic Storm water Accessible Health Nature Human Low
Protection and Groundwater Wastewater Management/ Green Blue Improvement/ Relationship/ Lesser Increased Operations
productivity. Restoration of Recharge/ Treatment and Reduced Rainwater Retention / Infrastructure/ Increased Reduced Community Diseases / Infrastructure Awareness/ Capacity Urban Employment Land Value/ & Quick Green
Water Quality Drought Flood Freshwater Sponge Sustainable Water Harvesting / Reconstructed Transportation Flora and Urban Heat/ Air Quality Connection/ Universal Improved Repurposing Aesthetic Community Building/Skill Agriculture/ and Revenue Real Estate Energy Low-cost Maintenance Execution Ratings/
Traditional Practice Innovative Practice Improvement Resilience Resilience Ecosystems Infrastructure Sanitation Consumption Reuse Drainage Network Fauna Urban cooling Improvement Recreation Access Public Health and Recycling Improvement Participation Development Food Security Generation Boost Saving Development Costs Time Certifications

Kaban Lake Waterfront

Rain Gardens Underneath Begumpet Flyover
Interlinking of Lakes in Ahmedabad
Hatirjheel Area Water Management
Rajokri Lake Rejuvenation Project
Kyalasanahalli Lake Rejuvenation Project
Neknampur Lake Wetland Management
Artificial Lake Creation in Dwarka
Royal Botanical Garden Working Wetland
Rejuvenation of Parkes Wetlands
ABC Water Program: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
Qian’an Sanlihe River Ecological Corridor
Yamuna Biodiversity Park
Flood Mitigation in Rohingya Refugee Camps
Beijing Yongxing River Greenway
Minghu National Wetland Park
Canal Rehabilitation in Atlasville
Restoration of the Small Creek Concrete Channel
Angus Creek Stormwater and Reuse Scheme
Slacks Creek Catchment Recovery Project
Benjakitti Forest Park

235 236
CO-BENEFITS MAPPING
Integrating WSUD with urban planning, management, HABITAT AND URBAN INCLUSIVE AND HEALTHY PLACEMAKING
URBAN WATER RESILIENCE, CIRCULAR AND INNOVATIVE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
protection, and conservation at every stage of the urban ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION FOR COMMUNITIES

water cycle ensures sensitivity to natural hydrological Habitat

Restoration/
and ecological processes. This approach, mapped Ecological Improved
across 28 sub-parameters, can provide long-term water Storm water Accessible Health Nature Human Low
Protection and Groundwater Wastewater Management/ Green Blue Improvement/ Relationship/ Lesser Increased Operations
security, urban resilience, community health, and equity. Restoration of Recharge/ Treatment and Reduced Rainwater Retention / Infrastructure/ Increased Reduced Community Diseases / Infrastructure Awareness/ Capacity Urban Employment Land Value/ Quick Green
& Ratings/
Water Quality Drought Flood Freshwater Sponge Sustainable Water Harvesting / Reconstructed Transportation Flora and Urban Heat/ Air Quality Connection/ Universal Improved Repurposing Aesthetic Community Building/Skill Agriculture/ and Revenue Real Estate Energy Low-cost Execution
Maintenance Certifications
Traditional Practice Innovative Practice Improvement Resilience Resilience Ecosystems Infrastructure Sanitation Consumption Reuse Drainage Network Fauna Urban cooling Improvement Recreation Access Public Health and Recycling Improvement Participation Development Food Security Generation Boost Saving Development Costs
Time

Nanchang Fish Tail Park

Adyar Ecological Restoration Park
Qingshangang Wetland Sponge Project
Stormwater Management at Leidsche Rijn
Chennai Sponge Park
Restoration of Jamburi Park
Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
Biophilic Design of ITC Grand Chola
Shanghai Houtan Park
Community Inclusiveness in Cuttack
Rain Gardens in Renfrew Close
Climate Resilience in Onyika Settlement
SUDS for Flood Resilience in South Africa
Rehabilitation of Khajrana Talab & Mori Talab
Eco-sanitation in Special Needs School, Peru
Water Management in White Gum Valley
Rain City Strategy Vancouver
Østerbro Climate Resilient Neighbourhood
Green Dhaka Campaign
Water Balance in Chennai
Grey to Green Scheme

237 238
CO-BENEFITS MAPPING
HABITAT AND URBAN INCLUSIVE AND HEALTHY PLACEMAKING
URBAN WATER RESILIENCE, CIRCULAR AND INNOVATIVE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION FOR COMMUNITIES
Habitat
Restoration/
Ecological Improved
Storm water Accessible Health Nature Human Low
Protection and Groundwater Wastewater Management/ Green Blue Improvement/ Relationship/ Lesser Increased Operations
Treatment and Retention / Infrastructure/ Increased Infrastructure Awareness/ Employment Land Value/ Quick Green
Restoration of Recharge/ Reduced Rainwater Reduced Community Diseases / Capacity Urban &
Water Quality Drought Flood Sustainable Reconstructed Transportation Flora and Execution Ratings/
Freshwater Sponge Water Harvesting / Urban Heat/ Air Quality Connection/ Universal Improved Repurposing Aesthetic Community Building/Skill Agriculture/ and Revenue Real Estate Energy Low-cost Maintenance
Traditional Practice Certifications
Innovative Practice Improvement Resilience Resilience Ecosystems Infrastructure Sanitation Consumption Reuse Drainage Network Fauna Urban cooling Improvement Recreation Access Public Health and Recycling Improvement Participation Development Food Security Generation Boost Saving Development Costs
Time

Pine Street Rainwater Management Initiative

Imperviousness Fee in Germany
Water Resilient South African Cities Project
Green Roofs in Hohlgrabenäcker
South East Glasgow SWM Plan
Fitzroy Gardens Stormwater Harvesting
Green and Clean: IIMB
City Within a Garden, Singapore

Traditional practices in water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) focus on The four sections under which the case studies are mapped are derived from the elements of WSUD Habitat and Urban Ecological Restoration focuses on rehabilitating natural ecosystems within urban
basic water management methods, such as constructing canals and outlined in the Urban Snapshot section. Functionally similar co-benefits have been grouped together, such areas. This includes restoring wetlands, rivers, and green spaces to improve biodiversity, enhance
stormwater drains to redirect water away from urban areas. These as Microclimate Control being combined with Enhance Blue-Green Habitats & Biodiversity under the ecological health, and provide benefits such as flood mitigation, air quality improvement, and
practices prioritize rapid water removal to prevent flooding but often category of Habitat and Urban Ecological Restoration. habitat creation.
lead to water wastage and reduced groundwater recharge.
Urban Water Resilience refers to the capacity of urban systems to manage and adapt to water-related Inclusive and Healthy Placemaking for Communities emphasizes the creation of urban spaces that
Innovative practices integrate sustainable approaches that mimic natural challenges, such as flooding, droughts, and water scarcity, while maintaining essential functions and are accessible, safe, and beneficial for all residents. It prioritizes community engagement in the
hydrological processes. Examples include rainwater harvesting, services. It involves sustainable water management practices that enhance the city's ability to withstand design process, promoting health, well-being, and social cohesion through green spaces,
bioswales, permeable pavements, green roofs, and aquifer recharge. and recover from extreme weather events. recreational areas, and active transportation networks.
These methods enhance water infiltration, reduce runoff, improve water Image: Examples of Water
quality, and provide ecosystem benefits. Innovative WSUD practices are Sensitive Urban Design Circular and Innovative Closed-Loop Systems involve the efficient use and recycling of resources within Economic Productivity in the context of urban development refers to the capacity of a city to generate
more adaptable to climate change and urban resilience, promoting Source: WRI India, Illustration urban water management. These systems minimize waste by reusing water, energy, and materials, wealth and economic growth. It involves optimizing land use, infrastructure, and resources to
sustainable water management and environmental harmony. by Sindhuja Janakiraman creating a sustainable cycle that reduces environmental impact and conserves resources. enhance economic activities, create jobs, and improve the overall quality of life for residents.

239 240
CASES SYNERGY WITH SDGs

This section maps the contribution of water-sensitive urban design practices, from national and
international case studies, to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and how they are closely Kaban Lake Waterfront
interlinked. Further, this mapping evaluates the impact of the WSUD case studies on the 17 SDGs by Rain Gardens underneath Begumpet Flyover
categorising them into low, moderate, and high-impact categories. Interlinking of Lakes in Ahmedabad
Hatirjheel Area Water Management
WSUD practices have the potential to reduce the exposure and vulnerability of communities to climate- Rajokri Lake Rejuvenation Project
related extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks and disasters. They also Kyalasanahalli Lake Rejuvenation Project
foster equitable access to clean, safe water and basic sanitation services, directly aligning with Goal 1, Neknampur Lake Wetland Management
which aims to eradicate poverty in all forms everywhere. Further, WSUD practices can support Artificial Lake Creation in Dwarka
sustainable agricultural practices and help in achieving food security in communities, directly aligning Royal Botanic Garden Working Wetlands
with Goal 2 of the SDGs, which is Zero Hunger. Rejuvenation of Parkes Wetlands
ABC Water Program: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
Water is central to achieving Good Health and Well-being (Goal 3), and WSUD interventions can be Qian’an Sanlihe River Ecological Corridor
used to improve the quality of water, reduce water-borne diseases, improve the mental and physical well- Yamuna Biodiversity Park
being of all citizens, and promote a healthy and active lifestyle through the creation of open, Flood Mitigation in Rohingya Refugee Camps
recreational spaces and healthy biodiversity spots in urban areas. These interventions and spaces in turn Beijing Yongxing River Greenway
supplement Goal 4, which promotes inclusive, equitable, long-term learning opportunities for all, and Minghu National Wetland Park
Goal 5, which focuses on achieving gender equality. Women and girls can be empowered and Canal Rehabilitation in Atlasville
included in the process of bringing about water-related sustainability in urban areas. Restoration of the Small Creek concrete channel
Angus Creek Storm Water and Reuse Scheme
WSUD practices have a direct and high impact on SDG Goal 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation. Universal Slacks Creek Catchment Recovery Project
and equitable access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, reduced pollution and Benjakitti Forest Park
contamination of water, treatment and re-use of water to address scarcity and climate-related risks, Nanchang Fish Tail Park
preservation of water-related ecosystems, and integration of innovative practices and technologies to Adyar Ecological Restoration Park
achieve all-round water efficiency can all be cohesively addressed using WSUD interventions in the Qingshangang Wetland Sponge Project
design and planning of cities. Stormwater Management at Leidsche Rijn

241 242
CASES 240
SYNERGY WITH SDGs 241

Goal 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, can complement and support the use of sustainable and
renewable sources of energy for all systems, technologies, and processes of WSUD interventions.
Innovation, application/installation, operations, and maintenance of water-sensitive interventions are an
opportunity to generate new productive employment, decent work, and economic growth (Goal 8) in the Chennai Sponge Parks
process of building resilient infrastructure, while also promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialisation Restoration of Jamburi Park
and fostering innovation (Goal 9). Making human settlements inclusive, safe, and resilient (Goal 11 - Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
Sustainable Cities and Communities) through knowledge-sharing related to WSUD among countries, Biophilic Design of ITC Grand Chola
communities, and organisations can further reduce inequalities within and among countries (Goal 10). Shanghai Houtan Park
Achieving water security, efficiency, and resilience to water-related disasters through WSUD practices is Community Inclusiveness in Cuttack
an effective tool to holistically create sustainable cities and communities. Further, reduced water demand Rain Gardens in Renfrew Close
in urban areas by treatment, reuse, and recycling of water through various innovative and modern Climate Resilience in Onyika Settlement
technologies is essential to achieve responsible consumption and production patterns in cities (Goal 12). SUDS for Flood Resilience in South Africa
Rehabilitation of Khajrana Talab & Mori Talab
The WSUD case studies in this compendium have a high impact on three goals, Goal 13 - Climate Eco-sanitation in Special Needs School, Peru
Action, Goal 15 - Life on Land, and Goal 17 - Partnerships for Goals. These three goals are intrinsically Water Management in White Gum Valley
interlinked with the impacts that WSUD practices can bring about to combat climate change; protect and Rain City Strategy Vancouver
restore biodiversity and ecosystems; and reverse the degradation of habitats through local, national and Østerbro Climate Resilient Neighbourhood
global partnerships to ensure urgent action towards all these goals. Green Dhaka Campaign
Water Balance in Chennai
By showcasing a high impact on multiple SDGs, this analysis demonstrates how WSUD practices can be Grey to Green Scheme
transformative tools for achieving sustainable urban development. Apart from their synergy with SDGs, Pine Street Rainwater Management Initiative
WSUD interventions can create long-term, holistic changes across social, environmental, and economic Imperviousness Fee in Germany
dimensions in urban areas, globally, through peaceful, just, and strong institutional partnerships, Water Resilient South African Cities Project
effective governance, and integrated water-sensitive planning. Green Roofs in Hohlgrabenäcker
South East Glasgow SWM Plan
Fitzroy Gardens Stormwater Harvesting
Green and Clean: IIMB
City Within a Garden, Singapore

243 244
POLICIES & MISSIONS IN ALIGNMENT
WITH WSUD
THE COMPENSATORY
NATIONAL WATER POLICY, AFFORESTATION FUND (CAF) Scan/Click to read more
Scan/Click to read more
2012 ACT, 2016

Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation
To propose frameworks for Equity in water supply Setting up of a State Water
To establish funds under the Treatment of catchment areas Compensatory Afforestation Fund
conservation, development, Conservation of water bodies Regulatory Authority.
public accounts of India and Forest management Management and Planning
and improved management Floodplain management Encouraging the private sector to
each State to manage Biodiversity protection and Authority (CAMPA) is set up in
of water resources as well as Community participation become a service provider in the
monies received from user management states for monitoring, technical
for optimum development of River-sensitive master planning public private partnership model to
agencies for compensatory Managing human-wildlife assistance, and evaluation of
inter-state rivers and river Reducing non-revenue water meet agreed terms of service
afforestation and forest conflicts compensatory afforestation
valleys in India. Groundwater recharge delivery.
conservation. Engaging local communities activities.
Adequate grants to the States to
Soil-water conservation The State and Union territories are
update technology, design practices,
required to submit the Annual Plan
planning practices, etc.
of Operations , prepared by State
CAMPA in accordance with the
provisions of CAF Act, 2016.

NATIONAL WATER NATIONAL MISSION FOR

Scan/Click to read more Scan/Click to read more
MISSION, 2012 CLEAN GANGA (NMCG)

Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation
Conservation of water, Recycling of waste water Bureau of Water Use Efficiency has Effective abatement of Pollution abatement The World Bank has supported
minimising wastage, and Adoption of innovative been set up for implementation pollution and rejuvenation of Afforestation, wetland NMCG by providing technical
ensuring its more equitable technologies Projects are funded by Research & the river Ganga and conservation for maintaining e- assistance and financing of US $ 1
distribution both across and Rainwater harvesting Development Wing of the maintaining ecological flow flow billion (approx. 4600 crore)
within States through Community participation Department of Water Resources, to ensure healthy water Groundwater recharge The investments required for
integrated water resources Groundwater recharge River Development & Ganga quality and environmentally People’s participation projects are shared between Centre
development and Adopting water efficient Rejuvenation and their progress is sustainable development. Capacity Building and Ganga-State Governments on a
management. irrigation systems monitored through Indian National 70:30 basis.
Committee on Climate Change.

245 246
POLICIES & MISSIONS IN ALIGNMENT
WITH WSUD
MISSION LIFESTYLE FOR
SMART CITIES MISSION Scan/Click to read more Scan/Click to read more
ENVIRONMENT (LiFE)

Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation
To promote urban areas Community-centric planning & Central Government will give To initiate changes in Promoting indigenous practices Coordinated and concerted actions
that provide essential implementation financial support to the extent of extensive industrial and Reducing non-renewable by Ministries/Departments.
infrastructure and Using resources sustainably Rs.100 crore per city per year. governmental strategies energy consumption MoEFCC has prepared a
environmentally sustainable Multifunctional public spaces Citizens’ aspirations were captured that are able to facilitate Promoting rainwater harvesting comprehensive and non-exhaustive
surroundings, and ensure a Smart mobility in the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) sustainable consumption Adopting sustainable food list of 75 LiFE actions for individuals,
satisfactory standard of Smart governance prepared by the selected cities. as well as production. systems communities, and institutions.
living for residents through 45% of the projects are funded Reducing non-revenue water Identification of Key Performance
the implementation of through Mission grants, 21 % Indicators (KPIs) and impact of LiFE
intelligent solutions. through convergence, 21 % through actions after the baseline survey.
Public Private Partnerships (PPP), and
rest from other sources.

ATAL MISSION FOR

ATAL BHUJAL YOJANA Scan/Click to read more REJUVENATION AND URBAN Scan/Click to read more

TRANSFORMATION (AMRUT)

Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation
Community-led sustainable Providing basic services to Stormwater drainage For cities with less than one lakh
ground water management, Community-centric planning & Atal Jal is relied upon to acquire households and strengthen Conservation of water bodies population, 50% of the project to be
which can be scaled to implementation consistency in the fund flows and infrastructures in cities, Groundwater recharge funded by Centre
improve the groundwater Groundwater recharge expenditure filing systems with the which will improve the Developing green spaces and For cities with population one lakh
resources in water stressed Improving water-use efficiency help of Government of India’s (GoI’s) quality of life for all, parks to ten lakh, 33% of the project to be
areas (7 states: Gujarat, Decentralised management of online Expenditure, Advance, and especially the Reusing treated used water funded by Centre
Haryana, Karnataka, water Transfer (EAT) Module in the Public marginalised communities. Reducing non-revenue water For Million Plus population cities,
Madhya Pradesh, Financial Management System Enhancing urban planning 25% of the project funded by Centre
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, (PFMS).
Uttar Pradesh). The State Level Steering Committee is
responsible for overall functioning.

247 248
FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES IN
ALIGNMENT WITH WSUD
URBAN RIVER MANAGEMENT URBAN GREENING
Scan/Click to read more Scan/Click to read more
PLAN (URMP) FRAMEWORK GUIDELINES, 2014

Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation
To help the river cities Floodplain management Setting up of a URMP Working To enhance ecosystem Enhancing the landscape The Guidelines suggests steps for
systematically and Conservation of water bodies Group health, minimise disruption Enhancing groundwater protection of trees and enhancing
holistically plan for Increased reuse of treated used City’s Baseline Assessment of the 10 to natural habitats, and percolation their lives while undertaking
interventions required to water objectives of URMP ensure aesthetically Protection from water logging concretization of pavements.
revive and maintain the Leveraging on the economic Aligning proposed interventions with pleasing, resilient and floods A Central Resource Centre should
rivers in a sustainable potential of the river Central/State Missions for landscapes while be set up to aid and advice the
manner. Encouraging citizen-Led implementation prioritising biodiversity and State Governments, Municipal
activities Using Compensatory Afforestation environmental Corporations, and other agencies
Fund Management and Planning conservation. dealing with matters pertaining to
Authorities for implementation. Horticulture and Landscaping.

STRATEGIC GUIDELINES FOR

Scan/Click to read more ADVISORY ON URBAN
MAKING RIVER SENSITIVE Scan/Click to read more
WATERBODY REJUVENATION
MASTERPLANS

Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation Aim Elements aligning with WSUD Implementation
To look at the river-city River management in the Creating a systematic rehabilitation To provide guidance for Holistic water management Conducting a situation assessment,
interaction closely, and Planning Landscape plan for such encroaching entities, developing effective through addressing the engaging stakeholders and selecting
arrive at solutions to Planning for urban water creating green buffers, soft scaping, Waterbody Rejuvenation catchment appropriate interventions leading to
enhance this interaction in a bodies & wetlands deconcretizing, etc. Plans, focusing on holistic Protection from floods development of a Detailed Project
more sustainable manner. Enhancing river management Adopting revised building bye-laws assessments, treatment Enhancing groundwater Report (DPR).
and governance and citizen- for incorporating guidelines on measures, stakeholder Improving water-quality and Executing the plan and monitoring
river connect household sewer connections engagement, and biodiversity progress regularly.
Creating riparian zones with Using Transferable Development establishing an institutional Engaging communities for Establishing an institutional
native species and maintaining Rights (TDR) to incentivise private framework to ensure action framework for its sustainable
green cover for groundwater property owners to handover critical sustainable management management, involving the
recharge groundwater recharge areas of waterbodies. community, and ensuring adequate
capacity building and financing.
249 250
KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR
IMPLEMENTATION
01. Kaban Lake Waterfront, Tatarstan, Russia 04. Hatirjheel Area Water Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh
The case study brings out design elements like series of floating
boardwalks and platforms that can regenerate a waterfront in a short For wetland restoration in urban areas, it is important to understand
span of time (Project completed in 1 year). water flow dynamics, sources of water inputs (e.g., surface runoff,
groundwater), and historical hydrology of the wetland area.
To treat the urban runoff, terraced wetlands and bioswales have been
incorporated as a water remediation buffer along the lake shore. As in this case, by adding additional drainage infrastructure, cities
can manipulate the flow of water to improve water quality within the
While applying such floating structures in and around a lake, non- wetland and incoming water sources.
invasive anchoring techniques must be designed to prevent damage to
the lakebed and aquatic habitats.

02. Rain Gardens Underneath Begumpet Flyover, Hyderabad, India 05. Rajokri Lake Rejuvenation Project, Delhi, India
Rain gardens require a gentle natural slope to typically slow down the Best practices like Rajokri lake are a combination of bioremediation,
run-off and hold water for soaking. They are effective when they are rainwater harvesting, and stormwater management.
shaped longer instead of wider, thus making them easily replicable in
drains and river buffers. For replicating the constructed wetland element, it is important to size
the wetland for handling the expected volume of wastewater.
The design of such green-blue slopes must incorporate native species
of trees and plants that are water-friendly and can help with reducing As in Rajokri’s case, the design of the wetland must minimise human
odour and removing sediments and nutrients. Because of the proximity contact with untreated wastewater, especially in public or recreational
to the drain, the natural slopes within such places must be stabilised to areas.
prevent erosion.

03. Interlinking of Lakes in Ahmedabad, India

06. Kyalasanahalli Lake Rejuvenation Project, Bangalore, India
This kind of project is ideal for cities where there is an opportunity to
connect green-blue networks as a continuum to address issues of For any city to begin a rejuvenation project on a water body, it is very
water logging. (e.g., The lakes in Ahmedabad were found to be important to understand the type of waterbody (as per the Wetland
smaller than five hectares, limiting their capacity to store rainwater as Classification System defined in the national Wetland Atlas, March
an isolated system). 2011).

As in the case study, it is very important to understand water flow This practice can be replicated in large natural waterbodies with
patterns, seasonal variations, water balance, and water quality to natural buffer areas.
avoid harm to local ecosystems. A robust engineering design is crucial
to ensure efficient water transfer including appropriate channel For growing a Miyawaki forest as in this case study, the plantation
dimensions, control structures (like gates and weirs), etc. density must be 3 to 7 native trees per square metre (Guidelines for
Development of Miyawaki Forest, ICLEI).

251 252
KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
07. Neknampur Lake Wetland Management 10. Rejuvenation of Parkes Wetlands

This is one of the cost-effective nature based solutions for a water body This case study is an example of reusing old treatment ponds by
with secondary treated wastewater. scientifically designing and implementing earthwork to create natural
bodies that act as complex habitats for flora and fauna.
Constructed wetlands work most effectively for secondary wastewater The natural greens in between these ponds have been imagined as
treatment but do not help with strong odour. the connecting greens that act as the movement channels for both
people using the space and the fauna.
A combination of actions like treatment ponds, aeration, and exclusive
immersion ponds as well as citizen awareness are needed for The wetlands have been designed to withstand droughts that are a
successful implementation. common occurence in Australia, also using native plants that can
survive drought or regenerate when conditions improve.

08. Artificial Lake Creation in Dwarka 11. ABC Water Program: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
This ‘parkland’ design of intervention is suitable for cities that are
For a newly developed lake that collects treated used water for looking to re-naturalize the river channel by reclaiming and restoring
groundwater recharge, it is essential that the treated water discharged the floodplains as a multifunctional green area. ( In this case, with the
from the STP into the lake follows the norms prescribed by CPCB to ability to carry 40% more water than the previous channel).
avoid the risk of polluting the entire aquifer.
One of the important elements of this design is the soil bioengineering
It is important that such a practice is not carried out in the vicinity of a technique that is less expensive to install and maintain compared to
drinkable water source. traditional concrete drainage channels.

Regular monitoring and testing of both the treated wastewater and the Soil bioengineering requires a combination of civil engineering design
groundwater are essential in such a case. principles with plants and natural materials such as rocks, and relies
on plant roots for soil stabilisation (“Kallang River Bishan Park,” 2014)

09. Royal Botanic Gardens – Working Wetlands 12. Qian’an Sanlihe River Ecological Corridor
This case study is an example of restoring 100-300 m wide smaller
This case study provides insights into transformation of an existing river streams, making use of the differential altitudes that exist
garden into a functional rain garden, located above a drain using naturally.
Canna Lily- an ornamental species that can survive in dry conditions
and infrequent rainfall. The naturally occurring levels can be transformed into multiple water
course riparian wetland systems. Thus, when the river’s water level
The project use elements such as pollution trap upstream of the rain drops to its lowest point, pools of water remain in the wetlands,
garden to maintain acceptable levels of water quality, and an creating a “Green River”.
ornamental garden bed that acts as a bioretention system.
The Project propagates the idea of ‘messy nature’ by using low-
In such cases, undertaking regular maintenance is crucial for the long
maintenance native vegetation, lush wetland species, and self-
term sustainability of the rain garden treatment system.
reproductive wild flowers while preserving all the exiting matured
trees.

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13. Yamuna Biodiversity Park 16. Minghu National Wetland Park
Restoring floodplains for large rivers, such as in this case study, is
contingent to earmarking of active floodplains by the development This case study has been conceived at a macro scale, making it
authorities with no development. crucial to study the drainage basin of the river.
Biodiversity parks as this one offer an opportunity to create a mosaic All the existing streams, fishponds, and low-lying areas in the basin
of wetlands together with the grasslands and floodplain forest have been integrated into the ecological purification system along the
communities. river, acting as a series of purification wetlands with different
capacities.
To treat highly alkaline soil with extremely saline underground water,
strategies like ecological succession were used. This is done in a The design advocates a low carbon landscape, using materials and
phased approach, starting with pioneer species that can be native plant species that lower the overall emissions and help in
established quickly and that improve soil quality, followed by carbon fixation.
secondary and climax species to create a stable and diverse
ecosystem.

14. Flood Mitigation in Rohingya Refugee Camps

17. Canal Rehabilitation in Atlasville
This case study is one of the practical solutions to better utilise space in
crowded settlements while enabling communities to produce Nature based Solutions such as geomats used in this case, must be
vegetables and support their own livelihoods. laid to stabilise the canal banks, thus preventing soil erosion due to
water flow and reduce sedimentation in the canal.
For decentralised plant-based wastewater treatment that has been
applied in this case, it is important to choose plants with extensive root While using geomats, it is essential that the porosity of this mat must
systems to maximise the surface area for microbial activity and match the local soil conditions to facilitate water infiltration and reduce
pollutant absorption. runoff.

Regular maintenance of such systems is very important. It includes It is essential to go for native or adapted plant species that are resilient
routine maintenance of vegetation and periodically removing to local climatic variations and soil conditions.
accumulated sediments to prevent clogging and maintain flow rates.

15. Beijing Yongxing River Greenway 18. Restoration of the Small Creek concrete
The case is suitable for cities looking to transform concrete channels to
This example is most suited for drains/ seasonal rivers that have a living waterway.
natural buffer or space for restoring natural buffers in dense urban
areas. In this case, the land use planning has set aside about 100 One of the major steps in this restoration was removing silt and
meters at the west side of the river as public green space. contaminants deposited in the channel. In this case, removal of 108
tonnes of sediment, 863 kg of nitrogen and 149 kg of phosphorous
This also demonstrates the in-situ restoration of the drain through ‘cut from the waterways is undertaken annually. 3,600 cubic metres of soil
and fill’ technique to create a sponge riparian corridor. By using only is removed to create deeper pond areas
cut and fill on site, different levels and landforms have been created
with a shallow area near the drain shore and higher areas for the Riffles - a deposition of coarse sediment has been created in this to
walkways. protect fish from predators and provide shelter and food.

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25. Stormwater Management at Leidsche Rijn 28. Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
This provides an example for greenfield developments where
This case study presents a classic example of grey-blue-green
greens can be seamlessly integrated into contemporary building
system, integrating nature based solutions with engineering
design and architecture.
measures to achieve a sustainable urban drainage infrastructure.
It is an example of the city’s vision of a “city in the garden”, acting
It has a combination of pumping stations that circulate the required
as a space that would both enable communities to bond and
amount of water in order to ensure water quality, main dams and
interact and attract investors as well as talents from emerging
secondary dams, bioswales in living areas that temporarily capture
markets.
and filter storm water, permeable pavings, and green banks.
The energy and water use in this modern landscape has been
It also demonstrates retention of biodiversity by providing fish
optimised by using the horticultural waste for energy and rain water
passages.
capture.

26. Chennai Sponge Parks 29. Biophilic Design of ITC Grand Chola
The biophilic design incorporated in this case study is easily
For sponge parks to be successful, it is important to identify such replicable by mimicking the natural environment using elements
green spaces in low lying areas of a city, particularly in areas with such as natural light, water, and vegetation.
no large water bodies acting as water sinks.
Making use of the large footprint of the hotel, the design features a
It is also important to strategically locate the sponge park based on large indoor garden with natural light and a waterfall to create a
an existing park with surrounding roads to ensure a guaranteed calming and rejuvenating environment.
water flow, as well as taking into account the condition of the soil.
Sustainable water management practices, integrating natural
This will not be suitable for areas with a shallow groundwater vegetation, and using eco-friendly, non-toxic, and renewable
table. materials has also been adopted.

30. Shanghai Houtan Park

The case demonstrates how a brownfield industrial site can be

27. Restoration of Jamburi Park transformed into a Green Expo, demonstrating green technologies
and transition into a permanent public waterfront park.
This case study shows how an existing water body can be
transformed into a green space within high density urban Cascades and terraces have been used to create different filtration
settlements. and treatment areas to oxygenate the nutrient rich water, remove and
retain nutrients, and reduce suspended sediments .
The area has been converted into a public place by simple
interventions like planting various fruit, forest, and flower trees on It also demonstrates how river banks can be naturalized by replacing
both banks of the lake. the existing concrete floodwall with a more habitat friendly riprap that
allows native species to grow along the riverbank while protecting the
shoreline from erosion.

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19. Angus Creek Stormwater and Reuse Scheme 22. Nanchang Fish Tail Park

The case study provides an effective model of harvest and reuse, The case study offers green blue system practices that are adapted to
harvesting rainwater from large building footprints such as car variable water levels for regions with monsoon or variable climates.
parkings and stadium roofs.
It can also be applied to areas with monsoon-flood-adapted marsh
Harvested stormwater is used for the international sporting facility, thus landscape or saturated soil that have a tendency to get inundated
demonstrating use of harvested water for non-potable use within the during annual monsoon floods.
large complex itself, that can be adopted by large footprint buildings
and complexes in any city. As in this case, the plantation strategy for cities with such water
extremes (dry and wet) may include various species of emergent,
This has demonstrated the proven alternative water supply and storage floating, and underwater plants that are adapted to large water-level
during drought conditions, reducing the reliance on potable water. fluctuations and can also cope with the dry season.

20. SLACKS CREEK CATCHMENT RECOVERY PROJECT

23. Adyar Ecological Restoration Park
This is a pertinent and relevant case of restoring a watershed /
catchment disrupted by urbanisation by restoring the two major creeks. This intervention is an example of restoring unique ecosystems, in this
case, an estuarine river ecosystem with coastal ecology.
One of the major interventions in this is restoring the riparian
vegetation along the waterways by removing the weeds and planting It is pertinent for such projects that the city must undertake detailed
90,000 native species. studies on the ecosystem’s water management, flora and fauna habitat
mapping, wetland ecology, architecture, and landscaping.
Mimicking the natural flow of water in the area, it has been ensured
that the waterways are connected for many aquatic species, including It is also important in such unique ecosystems to mimic the natural
fish. Special attention has been given to the fishways - corridors for floral and faunal diversity. In this case, 172 species are planted to
fish to move up or down stream. provide a green cover and typical vegetation of the Coromandel
coast.

21. Benjakitti Forest Park

24. Qingshangang Wetland Sponge Project
The case study is a demonstration of how underutilised spaces in a city
can be reused and regenerated as green areas.
This practice can be implemented in rivers, stream channels, and
It is an example of how a prime land at the heart of the city has been drains, leveraging their natural elevation. In this case, an 8-meter
transformed as a low-maintenance regenerative system that intercepts elevation was used to treat combined sewer overflows with the
and reduces the destructive force of storm water, filters contaminated sewage water discharged through sponge facilities rather than
water, and provides a much-needed wildlife habitat. going directly into the water bodies.

The park offers a replicable modular approach wherein the existing The project also demonstrates that the surrounding built can also
materials and earthwork have been used to create three constructed start acting as a sponge facility with grass swales, rainwater
wetlands, scattered with hundreds of mini-islands, by simple cut and gardens and infiltration pavements, and rainwater storage
fill procedures. modules, laid out in the project area.

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31. Community Inclusiveness in Cuttack 34. SUDS for Flood Resilience in South Africa
When a city is looking to implement community level interventions to
enhance the access to basic services, smaller interventions like revival Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) look beyond
of dug wells can be taken up that are less cost intensive and time stormwater drainage for quantity (flow) management to the larger
consuming. preservation of the environment.

In such cases, it is important to inventorize such water sources with the SUDS can be applied at the source by incorporating elements like
help of the community and monitor the levels and quality of these green roofs, soakaways, and vegetated strips and at the local level
water sources. by creating detention ponds, infiltration basins, and constructed
wetlands.
In such cases, educating and engaging the community is of prime
importance to ensure the long term maintenance and sustenance of The Operation & Maintenance strategy of such systems must be
such initiatives. formulated and implemented at regular intervals.

32. Rain Gardens in Renfrew Close 35. Rehabilitation of Khajrana Talab & Mori Talab
When designing a rain garden, it is important to account for the An integrated water balance and quality model has been used by
extreme rainfall events that may lead to inundation. As in this case, the the city of Indore, that considers water demand, existing water
rain gardens are sized to accommodate a 1 in 10 year rainfall event. sources and supplies, pollution, population growth scenarios, as
well as sewerage, solid waste and sanitation arrangements. This is
These rain gardens can be designed to fulfil different functions. In important for any city to assess the water bodies and prioritise
Renfrew, the ‘ornamental’ rain garden is designed as a 1 in 100 restoration.
year +30%, with a clearly defined 1 in 2 year central planted basin.
One of the key actions for successful implementation has been
The ‘productive’ rain garden is sized for a 1 in 1 year event only and ensuring the ownership by the community, concerned officials,
was designed for use as a space for residents to grow their own food. elected representatives, and other stakeholders to conserve the
lake.

33. Climate Resilience in Onyika Settlement 36. Eco-sanitation in Special Needs School, Peru
Ecological sanitation projects are best applied in poor suburbs and
This is an example of building resilience of informal settlements that are based on decentralised dry sanitation solutions (dehydrating
emerge on the river banks and drain channels, and lack the most toilets). They are suitable for areas where water scarcity is a major
basic services. problem.

In such cases, initiatives like urban food gardens or small scale They offer two forms of reuse: dehydrated and hygienised excrements
gardens are developed with the community to resolve water can be used to improve and fertilize the sandy soils around many
problems as well as create alternatives for food security. AHs, and the greywater with urine can be used for irrigation and
fertilization (N, P) as well.

In such cases, it is very important to educate and sensitize the

community to make them interested in the reuse of treated effluents.

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37. Water Management in White Gum Valley 40 Green Dhaka Campaign

This case study is an example for cities to involve and push water wise This is an example for cities looking to develop an open area with
development through private developers with their program opportunities to connect with nature as well as have options for
“Innovation through Demonstration”. recreation for all age groups.

It is a form of incentivisation, wherein the households are provided Another key action towards a successful management of the parks
with sustainable packages that include simple HH level measures like: has been partnership with private companies, allowing room for
1. The supply and installation of a complete solar PV system. efficiency and innovation in day-to-day maintenance.
2. The supply and installation of an above-ground plumbed rainwater
tank (minimum 3,000L) with pump and accessories.
3. The supply and planting of a large (100 L pot size) deciduous shade
tree.

38. Rain City Strategy Vancouver 41. Water Balance in Chennai

It is a policy level intervention towards rainwater management, which The Water Balance Program of Chennai is for cities that are
can be contextualised for cities with erratic rainfall. looking to use nature based solutions to restore and retrofit the
existing water infrastructure at the building complex level.
It looks at creating Green Rainwater Infrastructure (GRI) in streets and
public spaces, buildings and sites, and parks and beaches. The program is fit for areas having potential for aquifer recharge.
As in this case, the broken infrastructure has been repaired to
The city level policy has set measurable targets such as capturing and collect rainwater, and wastewater is being treated locally in order
cleaning rainwater from 40% of Vancouver’s impervious areas by to replenish the aquifer, thus ensuring local water security and
2050. climate resilience.

39. Østerbro Climate Resilient Neighbourhood 42. Grey to Green Scheme, Sheffield
This can be adapted in cities looking to future proof the city and the Grey to Green program of Sheffield requires any other city
communities against heavier rain and torrential downpours. implementing it to evaluate their existing grey mobility and drainage
infrastructure for green blue systems.
Copenhagen is implementing this by using the wide old streets as
opportunities and proposing that 20% of the asphalted areas in the The innovative engineering measures include planting beds that
neighbourhood become green spaces that can be used for storm capture and hold on to plastics from car tyres and road wear and other
water management. pollutants, preventing them from reaching the watercourses.

It looks at implementation through tangible outcomes such as green To replicate this, the old catchments become the areas of intervention
corridors, green courtyards, climate resilient blocks, and citizens’ from where the water is redirected to the river, making sure it is done
own climate projects. sustainably with clean and slow flows.

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KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
43. Pine Street Rainwater Management Initiative 46. Green Roofs in Hohlgrabenäcker
In dense areas of Indian cities where there is no space available on
This is for the cities that have the opportunity to transform their streets
ground, green roofs can help fight against progressive concretization.
into Green Rainwater Infrastructure - a cost-effective approach to
rainwater management that protects, restores, and mimics the natural
The choice of plants for a green roof depends on several factors, such
water cycle.
as the climate, season, roof slope, soil depth, water availability, and
desired aesthetic and ecological benefits. Some common examples
Bioretention soil, which is a specialised mix of sand and organic
are succulents, grasses, herbs, wildflowers, and sedums.
matter, is used. The design allows for infiltration while still providing
adequate nutrients to support thriving plant communities.
A key component of a green roof system is the waterproofing and
drainage layer.

44. Imperviousness Fee in Germany 47. South East Glasgow Surface Water Management Plan
Based on polluter’s pay principle, imperviousness fee has been This is applicable for areas and cities that are extensively developed
designed by cities in Germany to incentivise infiltration and reduce and suffer from historical flooding due to their limited drainage
runoff through an efficient drainage system. capacity.

It is charged on properties that collect both runoff and wastewater in The first step in this plan is the identification of areas at greatest risk
the same pipe. of river, coastal, and surface water flooding.

This can be rolled out based on the size of the built-up areas It works on the principles of infiltration and permeable surfaces,
(impervious surface) from which the water drains into the rainwater collecting and conveying the water following the natural slope, and
sewer. To minimise the fee, households need to minimise the storing and delaying the water surplus so as to avoid overflow of
discharge. existing systems.

45. Water Resilient South African Cities Project 48. Fitzroy Gardens Stormwater Harvesting

The strategy is for cities in regions facing recurrent water scarcity. This is an example of protecting heritage structures/ landscapes
Here, a combination of both dry detention ponds and wet retention that are now susceptible to drought and water stresses.
ponds form part of the urban stormwater management system.
The Fitzroy Gardens stormwater harvesting system captures, treats,
It is largely for cities aiming to convert engineered single-purpose and stores stormwater to be reused for irrigation in the park,
stormwater ponds into multi-functional spaces that can provide a reducing the pressure on freshwater sources for irrigation.
range of water-related biodiversity and amenity functions.
The large landscape has been used as an opportunity to create
The pre-implementation study would include design and construction different filtration chambers underground and use biofiltration and
of the pond retrofit, evaluation of aquifer recharge under different disinfectant to treat it to be used for irrigation.
scenarios, and evaluation of the water quality and treatment potential.

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KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
49. Green and Clean: IIMB
Large institutional and government complexes (such as IIMB) in
cities can be made more sustainable by using eco-friendly and
locally-sourced materials, implementing rainwater harvesting,
recharging aquifers, and having a recycling centre.

In such cases, the water demand of these complexes are met

through inhouse systems. In IIMB, on average, 20% of the total
water requirement is met by rejuvenated bore wells and rainwater
harvesting measures on campus.

50. City Within a Garden, Singapore

For any city facing challenges of less space, transboundary water
dependence, and high densities, the pointed and actionable vision
that Singapore has been successful in implementing must be the
guiding template.

The five pointed objectives are: establishing world-class gardens,

optimising urban spaces for greenery and recreation, enriching
biodiversity, enhancing competencies of landscape and
horticultural industry, and engaging and inspiring communities to
co-create. These can be emulated in any city’s master plan.

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CONCLUSION
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is not just a conceptual framework; it is a practical and essential
approach to addressing the pressing challenges of water management in urban areas, especially in the
face of recurrent flooding, droughts, and rapid urbanisation. As cities around the world strive to become
more resilient and sustainable, WSUD offers a pathway to better manage water resources, reduce
environmental impacts, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents.

This compendium, inspired by successful applications of WSUD in Australia and beyond, seeks to
bridge the knowledge gap on how to effectively implement WSUD in dense urban contexts. It presents a
collection of innovative and diverse solutions—ranging from land-efficient to cost-effective strategies—
that have been successfully applied in various global and Indian cities. The case studies and best
practices highlighted within this compendium showcase the spectrum of WSUD initiatives, from
government-led visions to community-driven actions, and from planning and policy frameworks to on-
ground implementations.

One of the core messages of this compendium is the recognition that water management is not the sole
responsibility of any single institution. It requires the collaboration of various stakeholders, including
government agencies, the private sector, academia, and civil society. This multidisciplinary approach is
crucial for integrating WSUD principles into urban planning, ensuring that water is considered not only
as an ecological resource but also as a vital element of social, cultural, and community life.

The compendium emphasizes the importance of making water an integral part of both built and green
urban development, aligning with the natural urban water cycle as closely as possible. It serves as a
guide for city officials to supplement conventional approaches to water resource management with
innovative WSUD practices. By understanding and leveraging the interconnections between surface and
groundwater sources, cities can create more sustainable and water-secure urban environments.

Lastly, it brings together learnings from the AIWASI - demonstrating that WSUD is crucial to promote
sustainable and inclusive urban development and ensuring that cities and urban communities are
resilient, water-sensitive, and capable of meeting the challenges posed by climate change. Lastly, it is
guiding document for all the water stakeholders of any city towards a future where water is seamlessly
integrated into the fabric of urban life.

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detailed bibliography