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The document outlines an experiment focused on exploring internal and external commands of the Linux operating system. Internal commands, such as cd and pwd, are built into the shell and execute quickly, while external commands, like ls and cat, require a new process and are located in directories like /bin. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these commands for effective navigation, file management, and system administration in Linux.

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Jagruti Chavan
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120 views6 pages

Exp 1

The document outlines an experiment focused on exploring internal and external commands of the Linux operating system. Internal commands, such as cd and pwd, are built into the shell and execute quickly, while external commands, like ls and cat, require a new process and are located in directories like /bin. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these commands for effective navigation, file management, and system administration in Linux.

Uploaded by

Jagruti Chavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Computer Engineering

Experiment No.1
Explore the internal and external commands of Linux.
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Computer Engineering

Aim: Explore the internal and external commands of Linux.


Objective: The Linux command is a utility of the Linux operating system. All basic and
advanced tasks can be done by executing commands.
Theory:
They are grouped into two categories:

• Internal Commands : Commands which are built into the shell. For all the shell built-in
commands, execution of the same is fast in the sense that the shell doesn’t have to search
the given path for them in the PATH variable, and also no process needs to be spawned
for executing it.
Examples: source, cd, fg, etc.
• External Commands : Commands which aren’t built into the shell. When an external
command has to be executed, the shell looks for its path given in the PATH variable, and
also a new process has to be spawned and the command gets executed. They are usually
located in /bin or /usr/bin. For example, when you execute the “cat” command, which
usually is at /usr/bin, the executable /usr/bin/cat gets executed. Examples: ls, cat etc.

pwd : It gives absolute path to your current location i.e. current working directory.

napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~$ pwd
/home/napster

mkdir: It creates new directory/ folder.


napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~$ mkdir TRIAL

cd: It is used to change directory.


napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~$ cd TRIAL

cd .. : To come back to previous directory.

cd \ : Return to root directory.

touch: To create new files.


napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~/TRIAL$ touch hello.txt
To verify hello.txt is created or not:
napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~/TRIAL$ ls
Hello.txt
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Computer Engineering

6) ls: It lists the contents of files and directories. napster@napster-Veriton-


Series:~/TRIAL$ ls hello.txt TRIAL2

cat : 1) It can also use to create new file with content as shown below.
cat> hello.txt
hello from Shamika
2) It can also use to append the data into existing file as shown below.
cat>>hello.txt
How are you?
3) It is used to concatenate files.
napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~/TRIAL$ cat
hello.txt hi.txt hello from Shamika How are you?
Welcome to Os Lab.

mv: To rename a file from source to destination and To move file from one location to
other location.

napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~/TRIAL$ mv hi.txt how.txt

grep: It searches all text files in the current directory for lines containing “hello”
napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~/TRIAL$ grep hello *.txt hello from
Shamika

rm: remove / delete files.


napster@napster-Veriton-Series:~/TRIAL/TRIAL2$ rm how.txt

date: Print or set the system date and time ,Display the current time in the given
FORMAT, or set the system date.
b1@comp:~$ date
Fri Feb 16 15:43:44 IST 2018
time: Displays time of the system.

free: Shows amount of RAM In use.

echo: Echoes output on the screen.

clear: Clears the screen.


Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Computer Engineering

exit: Exit from the terminal.

man : (man commandname) Gives description about the command.

gedit: To open text editor.


ps : Report a snapshot of the current processes. ps displays information about a selection
of the active processes. cal : Displays a calendar.
wc : print newline, word, and byte counts for each file, Print newline, word, and byte counts
for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified.
chmod - change file mode bits
chmod changes the file mode bits of each given file according to mode, which can
be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing
the bit pattern for the new mode bits.
chown - change file owner and group
chown changes the user and/or group ownership of each given file. If only an owner (a
user name or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and
the files' group is not changed. If the owner is followed by a colon and a group name
(or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is
changed as well.

Code and output:


1) Linux commands
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Computer Engineering
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Computer Engineering

2) User Commands

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we explored the internal and external commands of the Linux operating
system. Internal commands, being built into the shell, execute faster as they do not require
searching through directories. Examples include cd, pwd, and echo. External commands, on
the other hand, require execution from directories like /bin or /usr/bin, leading to the creation
of a new process. Examples include ls, cat, and grep. Understanding these commands is
essential for efficient navigation, file management, and system administration in Linux. This
knowledge serves as a foundation for mastering more advanced Linux operations.

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