Question 2

1. Searchable (Interface)

Purpose: Defines search capability contract

Methods:

• boolean matches(String query) - Checks if item matches search criteria

2. User (Abstract Class)

Purpose: Base class for all library users

Instance Variables:

• private String name

• private String id

• private String contactInfo

Methods:

• abstract void borrowBook(Book book)

• abstract void returnBook(Book book)

• abstract List<Book> getBorrowedBooks()

• boolean matches(String query) (Implements Searchable)

• Getters for name, ID, contact info

3. Student (Concrete Class)

Inherits: User
Purpose: Handles student-specific operations
Additional Variables:

• private String major

• private int maxBooksAllowed = 5

• private List<Book> borrowedBooks

Methods:

• void borrowBook(Book book) (Override)

• void returnBook(Book book) (Override)

• List<Book> getBorrowedBooks() (Override)

4. Faculty (Concrete Class)

Inherits: User
Purpose: Handles faculty-specific operations
Additional Variables:

• private String department

• private int maxBooksAllowed = 10

• private List<Book> borrowedBooks

Methods:

• void borrowBook(Book book) (Override)

• void returnBook(Book book) (Override)

• List<Book> getBorrowedBooks() (Override)

5. Book (Class)

Implements: Searchable
Purpose: Represents book entities
Variables:

• private String title

• private String author

• private String isbn

• private boolean available

Methods:

• boolean matches(String query) (Search implementation)

 • Getters/Setters for all fields

• boolean isAvailable()

• void setAvailable(boolean available)

6. Loan (Class)

Purpose: Tracks borrowing transactions

Variables:

• private Book book

• private User user

• private LocalDate dueDate

• private LocalDate returnDate

• private static final double DAILY_FINE = 0.50

Methods:

• double calculateFine() - Computes overdue charges

• Getters/Setters for returnDate and other fields

7. Library (Class)

Purpose: Core system operations

Variables:

• private List<Book> books

• private List<User> users

• private List<Loan> loans

Methods:

• void addBook(Book book)

• void removeBook(Book book)

• List<Book> searchBooks(String query)

• Loan borrowBook(User user, Book book, LocalDate dueDate)

 • Loan returnBook(User user, Book book, LocalDate returnDate)

• User findUserById(String userId)

8. Staff (Class)

Purpose: Handles administrative tasks

Variables:

• private Library library

Methods:

• void addBook(Book book)

• void removeBook(Book book)

• void registerUser(User user)

• void removeUser(User user)

9. LibrarySystemApp (Main Class)

Purpose: User interface and program flow

Variables:

• private static Library library

• private static Staff staff

• private static Scanner scanner

Key Methods:

• main() - Entry point

• handleStaffActions() - Staff menu

• handleUserActions() - User menu

• borrowBook(User user) - Borrowing workflow

• returnBook(User user) - Returning workflow

• searchBooks() - Search interface

• viewFines(User user) - Fine display

 Java code

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

interface Searchable {
boolean matches(String query);
}

abstract class User implements Searchable {

private String name;
private String id;
private String contactInfo;

public User(String name, String id, String contactInfo) {

this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.contactInfo = contactInfo;
}

public abstract void borrowBook(Book book);

public abstract void returnBook(Book book);
public abstract List<Book> getBorrowedBooks();

@Override
public boolean matches(String query) {
return name.contains(query) || id.contains(query);
}

// Getters
public String getName() { return name; }
public String getId() { return id; }
public String getContactInfo() { return contactInfo; }
}

class Student extends User {

private String major;
private int maxBooksAllowed = 5;
private List<Book> borrowedBooks = new ArrayList<>();

public Student(String name, String id, String contactInfo, String major) {

super(name, id, contactInfo);
this.major = major;
}

@Override
public void borrowBook(Book book) {
if (borrowedBooks.size() >= maxBooksAllowed) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Borrowing limit reached");
}
borrowedBooks.add(book);
book.setAvailable(false);
}

@Override
public void returnBook(Book book) {
if (!borrowedBooks.remove(book)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Book not borrowed by this user");
}
book.setAvailable(true);
}

@Override
public List<Book> getBorrowedBooks() {
return new ArrayList<>(borrowedBooks);
}
}

class Faculty extends User {

private String department;
private int maxBooksAllowed = 10;
 private List<Book> borrowedBooks = new ArrayList<>();

public Faculty(String name, String id, String contactInfo, String department) {

super(name, id, contactInfo);
this.department = department;
}

@Override
public void borrowBook(Book book) {
if (borrowedBooks.size() >= maxBooksAllowed) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Borrowing limit reached");
}
borrowedBooks.add(book);
book.setAvailable(false);
}

@Override
public void returnBook(Book book) {
if (!borrowedBooks.remove(book)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Book not borrowed by this user");
}
book.setAvailable(true);
}

@Override
public List<Book> getBorrowedBooks() {
return new ArrayList<>(borrowedBooks);
}
}

class Book implements Searchable {

private String title;
private String author;
private String isbn;
private boolean available;

public Book(String title, String author, String isbn, boolean available) {

this.title = title;
 this.author = author;
this.isbn = isbn;
this.available = available;
}

@Override
public boolean matches(String query) {
return title.contains(query) || author.contains(query) || isbn.contains(query);
}

// Getters & Setters

public boolean isAvailable() { return available; }
public void setAvailable(boolean available) { this.available = available; }
public String getTitle() { return title; }
public String getAuthor() { return author; }
public String getIsbn() { return isbn; }
}

class Loan {
private Book book;
private User user;
private LocalDate dueDate;
private LocalDate returnDate;
private static final double DAILY_FINE = 0.50;

public Loan(Book book, User user, LocalDate dueDate) {

this.book = book;
this.user = user;
this.dueDate = dueDate;
}

public double calculateFine() {

LocalDate actualReturnDate = (returnDate == null) ? LocalDate.now() : returnDate;
if (actualReturnDate.isBefore(dueDate) || actualReturnDate.isEqual(dueDate)) return
0.0;
long daysOverdue = actualReturnDate.toEpochDay() - dueDate.toEpochDay();
return daysOverdue * DAILY_FINE;
}
 // Getters & Setters
public void setReturnDate(LocalDate returnDate) { this.returnDate = returnDate; }
public Book getBook() { return book; }
public User getUser() { return user; }
public LocalDate getDueDate() { return dueDate; }
}

class Library {
private List<Book> books = new ArrayList<>();
private List<User> users = new ArrayList<>();
private List<Loan> loans = new ArrayList<>();

public void addBook(Book book) { books.add(book); }

public void removeBook(Book book) { books.remove(book); }
public void addUser(User user) { users.add(user); }
public void removeUser(User user) { users.remove(user); }

public List<Book> searchBooks(String query) {

return books.stream()
.filter(book -> book.matches(query))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}

public Loan borrowBook(User user, Book book, LocalDate dueDate) {

if (!book.isAvailable()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Book not available");
Loan loan = new Loan(book, user, dueDate);
loans.add(loan);
user.borrowBook(book);
return loan;
}

public Loan returnBook(User user, Book book, LocalDate returnDate) {

Loan loan = loans.stream()
.filter(l -> l.getBook().equals(book) && l.getUser().equals(user))
.findFirst()
.orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalArgumentException("Loan not found"));
loan.setReturnDate(returnDate);
 user.returnBook(book);
return loan;
}

public User findUserById(String userId) {

return users.stream()
.filter(u -> u.getId().equals(userId))
.findFirst()
.orElse(null);
}

public List<Loan> getLoansByUser(User user) {

return loans.stream()
.filter(loan -> loan.getUser().equals(user))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}

public class LibrarySystemApp {

private static Library library = new Library();
private static Staff staff = new Staff(library);
private static Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

public static void main(String[] args) {

while (true) {
System.out.println("\n=== Library Management System ===");
System.out.println("1. Staff Actions");
System.out.println("2. User Actions");
System.out.println("3. Exit");
System.out.print("Select option: ");

try {
int choice = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine();

switch (choice) {
case 1:
handleStaffActions();
 break;
case 2:
handleUserActions();
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Exiting system...");
return;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid option!");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
scanner.nextLine();
}
}
}

private static void handleStaffActions() {

while (true) {
System.out.println("\nStaff Menu:");
System.out.println("1. Add Book");
System.out.println("2. Register User");
System.out.println("3. Back to Main");
System.out.print("Select option: ");

try {
int choice = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine();

switch (choice) {
case 1:
addBook();
break;
case 2:
registerUser();
break;
case 3:
return;
 default:
System.out.println("Invalid option!");
}
} catch (InputMismatchException e) {
System.out.println("Invalid input! Please enter a number.");
scanner.nextLine();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

private static void addBook() {

try {
System.out.print("Enter book title: ");
String title = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter author: ");
String author = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter ISBN: ");
String isbn = scanner.nextLine();

Book book = new Book(title, author, isbn, true);

staff.addBook(book);
System.out.println("Book added successfully!");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error adding book: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void registerUser() {

try {
System.out.print("Enter name: ");
String name = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter ID: ");
String id = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter contact info: ");
String contact = scanner.nextLine();
 System.out.println("Select user type:");
System.out.println("1. Student");
System.out.println("2. Faculty");
int type = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine();

User newUser;
if (type == 1) {
System.out.print("Enter major: ");
String major = scanner.nextLine();
newUser = new Student(name, id, contact, major);
} else if (type == 2) {
System.out.print("Enter department: ");
String dept = scanner.nextLine();
newUser = new Faculty(name, id, contact, dept);
} else {
System.out.println("Invalid user type!");
return;
}
staff.registerUser(newUser);
System.out.println("User registered successfully!");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error registering user: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void handleUserActions() {

try {
System.out.print("\nEnter your user ID: ");
String userId = scanner.nextLine();
User user = library.findUserById(userId);

if (user == null) {
System.out.println("User not found!");
return;
}

while (true) {
 System.out.println("\nUser Menu:");
System.out.println("1. Borrow Book");
System.out.println("2. Return Book");
System.out.println("3. Search Books");
System.out.println("4. View Fines");
System.out.println("5. Back to Main");
System.out.print("Select option: ");

int choice = scanner.nextInt();

scanner.nextLine();

switch (choice) {
case 1:
borrowBook(user);
break;
case 2:
returnBook(user);
break;
case 3:
searchBooks();
break;
case 4:
viewFines(user);
break;
case 5:
return;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid option!");
}
}
} catch (InputMismatchException e) {
System.out.println("Invalid input! Please enter a number.");
scanner.nextLine();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
private static void borrowBook(User user) {
try {
System.out.print("Enter search query (title/author/ISBN): ");
String query = scanner.nextLine();
List<Book> availableBooks = library.searchBooks(query).stream()
.filter(Book::isAvailable)
.collect(Collectors.toList());

Book selectedBook = selectBook(availableBooks);

if (selectedBook == null) return;

LocalDate dueDate = LocalDate.now().plusDays(user instanceof Student ? 14 : 30);

library.borrowBook(user, selectedBook, dueDate);
System.out.println("Book borrowed successfully! Due date: " + dueDate);
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
System.out.println("Borrowing failed: " + e.getMessage());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void returnBook(User user) {

try {
List<Book> borrowedBooks = user.getBorrowedBooks();
if (borrowedBooks.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("You have no books to return.");
return;
}

Book selectedBook = selectBook(borrowedBooks);

if (selectedBook == null) return;

Loan loan = library.returnBook(user, selectedBook, LocalDate.now());

double fine = loan.calculateFine();
if (fine > 0) {
System.out.printf("Book returned late! Fine: $%.2f%n", fine);
} else {
System.out.println("Book returned successfully!");
 }
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Return failed: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void searchBooks() {

try {
System.out.print("Enter search query (title/author/ISBN): ");
String query = scanner.nextLine();
List<Book> results = library.searchBooks(query);

if (results.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("No books found.");
return;
}

System.out.println("\nSearch Results:");
results.forEach(book -> System.out.printf(
"- %s by %s (ISBN: %s) %s%n",
book.getTitle(),
book.getAuthor(),
book.getIsbn(),
book.isAvailable() ? "[Available]" : "[Borrowed]"
));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Search error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void viewFines(User user) {

List<Loan> userLoans = library.getLoansByUser(user);
double totalFine = 0.0;

System.out.println("\nCurrent Fines:");
for (Loan loan : userLoans) {
double fine = loan.calculateFine();
if (fine > 0) {
 System.out.printf("- %s: Due %s, Fine $%.2f%n",
loan.getBook().getTitle(),
loan.getDueDate(),
fine
);
totalFine += fine;
}
}
System.out.printf("Total fines due: $%.2f%n", totalFine);
}

private static Book selectBook(List<Book> books) {

try {
if (books.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("No books found!");
return null;
}

System.out.println("\nSelect a book:");
for (int i = 0; i < books.size(); i++) {
Book book = books.get(i);
System.out.printf("%d. %s by %s [%s]%n",
i + 1,
book.getTitle(),
book.getAuthor(),
book.isAvailable() ? "Available" : "Borrowed");
}

System.out.print("Enter book number (0 to cancel): ");

int choice = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine();

if (choice == 0) return null;

if (choice < 1 || choice > books.size()) {
System.out.println("Invalid selection!");
return null;
}
 return books.get(choice - 1);
} catch (InputMismatchException e) {
System.out.println("Invalid input! Please enter a number.");
scanner.nextLine();
return null;
}
}
}

class Staff {
private Library library;

public Staff(Library library) { this.library = library; }

public void addBook(Book book) { library.addBook(book); }
public void removeBook(Book book) { library.removeBook(book); }
public void registerUser(User user) { library.addUser(user); }
public void removeUser(User user) { library.removeUser(user); }
}

output

if we select option one the out put looks like