PSERC

Transient Testing of Protective Relays:

Study of Benefits and Methodology

Final Project Report

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

A National Science Foundation

Industry/University Cooperative Research Center
since 1996
 Power Systems Engineering Research Center

Transient Testing of Protective Relays:

Study of Benefits and Methodology

Final Project Report

Project Team

Faculty
Mladen Kezunovic, Project Leader, Texas A&M University
Sakis Meliopoulos, Georgia Institute of Technology
Ward Jewell, Wichita State University

Graduate Students
Jinfeng Ren, Texas A&M University
Q. Binh Dam, Georgia Institute of Technology
Piyasak Poonpun and Miaolei Shao, Wichita State University

PSERC Publication 08-05

March 2008
Information about this project

For information about this project contact:

Mladen Kezunovic, Ph.D.

Texas A&M University
Department of Electrical Engineering
College Station, TX 77843-3128
Tel: 979-845-7509
Fax: 979-845-9887
Email: [email protected]

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

This is a project report from the Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC).
PSERC is a multi-university Center conducting research on challenges facing the electric
power industry and educating the next generation of power engineers. More information
about PSERC can be found at the Center’s website: http://www.pserc.org.

For additional information, contact:

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

Arizona State University
Department of Electrical Engineering
Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering
Phone: (480) 965-1879
Fax: (480) 965-0745

Notice Concerning Copyright Material

PSERC members are given permission to copy without fee all or part of this publication
for internal use if appropriate attribution is given to this document as the source material.
This report is available for downloading from the PSERC website.

©2008 Texas A&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology

and Wichita State University. All rights reserved.
 Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the industry advisors that actively participated in the discussions during
the course of this project: Bajarang Agrawal (Arizona Public Service), Ali A. Chowdhury
(California Independent System Operator), John Horwath (Exelon), Joseph Hughes
(Electric Power Research Institute), Richard Hunt (NxtPhase), Bill Middaugh (Tri-State
Generation and Transmission), and Don Sevcik (CenterPoint Energy).

Graduate students and research staff who carried out project activities over the years were
Jinfeng Ren and Chengzong Pang (Texas A&M University); Q. Binh Dam, George
Stefopoulos, and Dr. George Cokkinides, Visiting Professor (Georgia Institute of
Technology); and Miaolei Shao and Piyasak Poonpun (Wichita State University).

i
 Executive Summary

The operational security of the power system depends upon the successful performance
of the thousands of relays that protect the system from cascading failures, that protect
equipment, and that help balance load with generation when system frequency is too low
or too high. The failure of a relay to operate as intended may jeopardize the stability of
the entire system and equipment in it. In fact, major system failures after a disturbance
are more likely to be caused by unintended protective relay operation rather than by the
failure of a relay to take an action at all.
Appropriate relay testing provides one line of defense against relay failures. Relay
testing can help validate the design of relay logic, compare the performance of different
relays, verify selection of relay settings, identify system conditions that might cause
unintended relay operation, and carry out post-event analysis to understand the causes of
unintended or incorrect relay actions.
Relay testing improvements need to continue because of the new demands placed on
relays from power system conditions that are more variable in the past, because of high
customer expectations for power delivery reliability, and because of changing relay
technologies. The research described in this report describes new approaches for testing
distance relays, generator protection relays, and underfrequency load shedding relays.
Results are provided for actual relay testing.

Part I: Distance Relay Tests (Texas A&M University)

Distance relay testing can evaluate relay performance, calibrate relay settings, and
identify system conditions that could cause unexpected relay operation. Developing a
relay testing methodology requires consideration of how to model the power system to
simulate specific system disturbances, how to select and generate test scenarios, and how
to execute relay tests efficiently. The efficiency and effectiveness of relay testing can be
enhanced with a test case library containing scenarios that enable consistent yet robust
testing. In this research, a laboratory was used to test three different distance relays using
a proposed test methodology with associated test tools and test case library. The testing
focused on protective relay operation under transients. Conformance and compliance
tests were conducted.
• Conformance Test: The objective is to test the basic functionality of a relay, to
verify is operating characteristics, to calibrate the relay settings, and to implement
periodic maintenance testing. Statistical performance data are collected on relay
operating characteristics and tripping times using wide-ranging disturbance
conditions generated through simulation.
• Compliance Test: The objective is to test if actual relay performance matches
expected performance under atypical yet possible power system conditions. The
trip/no trip responses and relay operating time performance are measured under
specific scenarios. Compliance tests can be used in a post-event analysis to
analyze the causes of an unwanted relay operation
The IEEE Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) reference model and IEEE 14-
bus system were used to simulate disturbance scenarios. Software programs were
developed for automated testing for creating test cases, executing batch tests, and

ii
collecting relay event reports. The test case library included test scenarios, records from
digital fault recorders (DFRs) and blackout scenarios of interest.
Test results provided information that was not documented in the relay manuals, and
that definitely could affect proper coordination and performance of the relaying schemes.
The conformance test results indicated that relay operating characteristics should be
carefully selected applied to improve the dependability of the relaying scheme. The
compliance test results indicated that the zone 3 relays operated incorrectly in a few
unusual power system operating conditions. Thus, quadrilateral operating characteristic
may be needed to assure correct relay responses.

Part II: Generator Relay Tests (Georgia Institute of Technology)

Protective generator relays are usually tested against simplified generator models or
simplified test signals. Many factors may vary with the location and generator, including
the impedances of the network to where the generator is connected to, operating point,
grounding arrangements, etc. The testing also should ensure that the settings of the relay
are consistent with the intended protection scheme. Generator relay tests using realistic
models of the generator and the electric power system can verify consistent behavior of a
relay regardless of the protected generator, and assert that the intended protection
schemes are robust for a variety of fault conditions.
A comprehensive testing platform was built to reproduce and simulate conditions in
the system as close to reality as possible. The platform included (a) a power system
simulator to accurately compute short-circuit conditions as seen in an actual system by
the protective relays; (b) a signal conditioning unit that reproduces the simulated voltages
and currents at relay instrumentation voltage and current level, as if they were delivered
by actual potential and current transformers; and (c) a set of procedures to conduct and
validate the different tests of the generator relay, including relay connections, software
configuration, and different test scenarios. A comprehensive set of generator transient
events were created to exercise all the functions of a modern generator relay.
For accurate testing, as many common characteristics of all generators are needed to
simulate generator responses that are as close to field observations as possible. To
achieve the highest accuracy possible, the software platform included a full time domain,
transient, two-axis synchronous generator model with access to generator windings for
fault creation in the windings.
The simulation software models the power system more accurately than most other
existing approaches. The simulation software is based on full three-phase models of
power system components that are described by their physical parameters. The simulator
accurately simulates the dynamics of the models by using the quadratic numerical
integration method, which is more precise compared to other methods commonly used
methods in power system analysis.
Using virtual relay testing, configuration and waveform data were sent directly to the
inputs of the relay functions, and the relay outputs were processed on the host computer
with the benefits of specialized analysis software. Virtual testing facilitates relay testing
by eliminating the constraints of a hardware setup, including waveform generation,
wiring, and communications.
Comprehensive transient testing was conducted on two different generator protective
relays. The detailed results are given in the report.

iii
Part III: Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Tests (Wichita State University
Researchers)
If insufficient generation is available on the system to maintain stability, non-critical
loads can be removed (or shed) from the system to restore a balanced condition. Such
methods of automatic load shedding are designed as a last resort to prevent a major
system outage. Underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) relays detect overload conditions
by sensing low system frequency and shedding enough load to rebalance generation and
load, and reestablish the nominal frequency. UFLS relays are able to automatically
restore load after frequency recovery. UFLS is an effective and reliable method that helps
to prevent blackouts.
A review of the Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and
Canada: Causes and Recommendations, prepared by the U.S.-Canada Power System
Outage Task Force, indicates that, during the cascading events leading up to the
widespread blackout:
• UFLS relays operated properly, according to their settings
• Settings for some UFLS relays may not have been appropriate for their
applications
• Regardless of settings, load shedding by UFLS and undervoltage relays would not
be expected to mitigate the magnitude of events that occurred during this
disturbance.
While UFLS relays appeared to operate as set during the 2003 blackout, a number of
issues regarding their operation were nevertheless identified. These issues, which are not
addressed by conventional relay test methods, include the effects on relay operation of:
• Rate of change of frequency
• Continuous, rather than step, changes in frequency
• Rapid fluctuations, including both increases and decreases, in frequency
• Overfrequency events
• Other events identified by simulation or recording of actual events.
To address these issues, two test protocols, which go beyond those tests usually
performed using commercial UFLS relay test systems, were developed. The conformance
test protocol subjects a relay to a series of tests whose values are determined by the relay
specifications. The application test protocol subjects the relay to events generated through
simulations of a typical system using electromagnetic transients software. A third set of
tests can also be performed if actual recorded event data is available. Recorded events
can be played back in the laboratory to determine relay response to actual events.
Both conformance and application tests were performed on two commonly-used digital
UFLS relays. Relay response was out of manufacturers’ specifications for some of the
tests. Industry team members indicated, that the magnitude of the errors identified were
well within tolerances expected by industry, and that such errors had no practical effect
on the relays’ abilities to shed load as expected during underfrequency events.

Future Work:
It has been recognized that forming a library of test cases using records from blackouts
or common power system model would be quite beneficial. Developing methodology and
tools for both laboratory and field testing aimed at evaluating how GPS synchronized
IEDs, including relays, will perform under various operating conditions is also needed.

iv
 Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1
2.0 PART I: DISTANCE RELAY TEST (TAMU) ..................................................... 2
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Test Methodology ............................................................................................ 3
2.2.1 Test Classification ............................................................................... 3
2.2.2 Test System Model .............................................................................. 3
2.2.3 Test Scenarios Generation ................................................................. 6
2.2.4 Test Case Library ............................................................................. 10
2.3 Test Implementation ..................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Test Procedure .................................................................................. 12
2.3.2 Laboratory Setup .............................................................................. 14
2.4 Test Results .................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 Power System Data for Conformance Test .................................... 16
2.4.2 Power System Data for Compliance Test ....................................... 17
2.4.3 Distance Relay Setting ...................................................................... 17
2.4.4 Test Results and Analysis ................................................................. 18
2.5 Future Work .................................................................................................. 22
3.0 PART II: GENERATOR RELAY TEST (GATECH) ....................................... 23
3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Description of Platform ................................................................................ 24
3.2.1 Generator Protection Relays ............................................................ 24
3.2.2. Overview of the Testing Platform ................................................... 25
3.2.3 Software ............................................................................................. 25
3.2.4 Test Bench.......................................................................................... 29
3.2.5 Virtual Relay Testing ........................................................................ 33
3.3 Generation Relay Testing Setup .................................................................. 34
3.3.1 Purpose............................................................................................... 34
3.3.2 Event Simulation and Testing Procedure ....................................... 34
3.3.3 Description of Test System #1 .......................................................... 35
3.3.4 Description of Test System #2 .......................................................... 40
3.3.5 Beckwith Relay Setup ....................................................................... 43

v
 3.3.6 Simulation of Power System Events ................................................ 46
3.3.7 Reporting Tests and Simulated Events ........................................... 46
3.4 Basic Event Triggering and Oscillographic Record Analysis ................... 46
3.4.1 Beckwith M3425-A............................................................................ 46
3.4.2 SEL 300-G.......................................................................................... 50
3.5 Equations for the Protection Variables....................................................... 52
3.5.1 Notation.............................................................................................. 52
3.5.2 Setup 1 – Single Current Source at Neutral Side Only ................. 52
3.5.3 Setup 2 – Same Currents In and Out .............................................. 52
3.5.4 Operating Current and Restraint Current..................................... 53
3.6 Individual Protection Function Tests (M-3425A) ...................................... 53
3.6.1 Common Procedures ........................................................................ 53
3.6.2 Function 87 – Phase Differential ..................................................... 54
3.6.3 Function 27 – Phase Undervoltage .................................................. 57
3.7 Expanded Test Scenarios ............................................................................. 59
3.7.1 Mock Generator Acceleration ......................................................... 59
3.7.2 Three-Phase Fault with Unstable Swings after Clearance ............ 61
3.7.3 Wide-Area Partial Load Shedding .................................................. 63
3.7.4 Inadvertent Generator Breaker Operation .................................... 67
3.7.5 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response................................... 67
3.7.5 Disconnected Phase ........................................................................... 69
3.7.6 Three-Phase Fault followed by Generator Breaker Operation –
Test on Both Relays .......................................................................... 74
3.8 Future Work .................................................................................................. 77
4.0 PART III: LOAD SHEDDING RELAY TEST (WSU) ...................................... 78
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 78
4.1.1 Background ....................................................................................... 78
4.1.2 Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) Relay Introduction ..... 78
4.1.3 UFLS Tests ........................................................................................ 79
4.1.4 UFLS Research.................................................................................. 79
4.1.5 Report Organization ......................................................................... 80
4.2 Review of UFLS Relay Operation during the 2003 North American
Blackout ......................................................................................................... 80

vi
 4.2.1 Background ....................................................................................... 80
4.3 UFLS Relay Test System .............................................................................. 83
4.3.1 UFLS Relay Test System Overview................................................. 83
4.3.2 UFLS Relay Test System Hardware ............................................... 85
4.3.3 Software ............................................................................................. 86
4.3.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relays ........................................ 86
4.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relay Test Scenarios ............................ 87
4.4.1 Conformance Test ............................................................................. 87
4.4.2 Test Waveforms ................................................................................ 87
4.4.3 Application Test ................................................................................ 90
4.5 UFLS Relay Test Results .............................................................................. 93
4.5.1 Conformance Tests ........................................................................... 93
4.5.2 Application Tests ............................................................................... 94
4.6 Interpretation of the Results ...................................................................... 107
4.6.1 Conformance Tests ......................................................................... 107
4.6.2 Application Tests ............................................................................. 107
4.6.3 Error Analysis ................................................................................. 107
4.7 Future Work ................................................................................................ 110
5.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 111
5.1 Distance relays ............................................................................................. 111
5.2 Generator Relays ........................................................................................ 111
5.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding Relays ................................................... 112
6.0 PROJECT PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................. 113
7.0 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 114
APPENDIX A: LINE DISTANCE RELAY TEST ................................................... 117
A.1 Relay Settings .............................................................................................. 117
A.2 Test Results .................................................................................................. 120
APPENDIX B: GENERATOR RELAY TEST ......................................................... 159
B.1 Generator Relay Protection Scheme and Connections............................ 159
B.2 List of Generator Events for Relay Testing .............................................. 165
B.3 High-Fidelity Generator Model for Event Simulation ............................ 167
B.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 167
B.3.2 Synchronous Machine Full Transient Time-Domain Model ...... 168

vii
 B.3.3 Excitation System Model ................................................................ 181
B.3.4 Prime Mover System Model ........................................................... 190
B.4 Example Response Chart for Generator Relay Testing Events ............. 195
B.5 IEEE COMTRADE Standard Information for Relay Testing ............... 197
B.5.1 A Primer on the IEEE COMTRADE File Format ...................... 197
APPENDIX C: LOAD SHEDDING RELAY TEST ................................................ 200
C.1 Test Results .................................................................................................. 200
C.2 13-Bus Test System ..................................................................................... 241

viii
 List of Figures

Figure 2.1: One-line diagram for IEEE PSRC system ....................................................... 4

Figure 2.2: Detailed model for IEEE PSRC system .......................................................... 4
Figure 2.3: ATPdraw model for IEEE PSRC system ........................................................ 4
Figure 2.4: One line model for IEEE 14-bus system ......................................................... 5
Figure 2.5: ATPdraw model for IEEE 14-bus system ....................................................... 5
Figure 2.6: Batch simulation program block diagram ....................................................... 6
Figure 2.7: ATPdraw model for manual simulation .......................................................... 6
Figure 2.8: Test case library............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.9: Program interface for converting MAT file to RLA file ............................... 11
Figure 2.10: Program interface for converting ATP file to COMTRADE file ................ 11
Figure 2.11: Example for loading test cases .................................................................... 12
Figure 2.12: Example for waveforms displayed by Relay Assistant software ................ 12
Figure 2.13: Example of test result for internal fault ....................................................... 13
Figure 2.14: Example of event report shown as oscillograph .......................................... 13
Figure 2.15: Software framework for relay testing .......................................................... 14
Figure 2.16: Laboratory setup for relay testing ............................................................... 15
Figure 2.17: Block diagram for relay test environment ................................................... 15
Figure 2.18: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Conformance Test ... 16
Figure 2.19: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Compliance Test...... 17
Figure 2.20: Example of comparative test results ............................................................ 19
Figure 2.21: Three-phase voltage and current waveforms from relay event ................... 20
Figure 2.22: Out-of-step function and parameters ........................................................... 21
Figure 2.23: Load encroachment function and parameters .............................................. 22
Figure 3.1: Overall project approach ............................................................................... 23
Figure 3.2: The Beckwith M3425-A generator protection relay ..................................... 24
Figure 3.3: The SEL 300-G generator protection relay ................................................... 24
Figure 3.4: Overview of the testing platform................................................................... 25
Figure 3.5: Sample model definitions in the high-fidelity simulator software: (a)
transmission line physical design parameters and (b) three-phase substation bus
connections ......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 3.6: Comprehensive generator model of the software platform: (a) parameter
definition window and (b) visual representation of the connection points......... 27

ix
Figure 3.7: Simulation output in various forms stored in a COMPTRADE file ............. 28
Figure 3.8: Summary of the software portion of the testing platform ............................. 29
Figure 3.9: Test bench layout........................................................................................... 29
Figure 3.10: Picture of the actual laboratory setup .......................................................... 30
Figure 3.11: Test bench layout for relay testing with a scale model ............................... 31
Figure 3.12: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing ........... 32
Figure 3.13: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing ........... 33
Figure 3.14: Virtual relay testing principle ...................................................................... 34
Figure 3.15: Network schematic of test system #1 .......................................................... 35
Figure 3.16: Generator and step-up transformer grounding scheme ............................... 36
Figure 3.17: Settings for the generator grounding transformer ....................................... 36
Figure 3.18: Settings for the generator step-up transforme ............................................. 37
Figure 3.19: Settings for the transmission line in the test system.................................... 38
Figure 3.20: Settings for the equivalent source at the infinite source .............................. 39
Figure 3.21: Network schematic of test system #2 .......................................................... 40
Figure 3.22: Parameters for Generator 1 (Test System #2) ............................................. 41
Figure 3.23: Parameters for Generator 2 (Test System #2) ............................................. 42
Figure 3.24: Parameters for Generator 3 (Test System #2) ............................................. 43
Figure 3.25: General relay settings dialog box ................................................................ 45
Figure 3.26: Manual output contact control with IPSutility and visual feedback from the
relay .................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.27: The oscillograph retrieval screen ................................................................ 47
Figure 3.28: Graphical sample of the waveforms and state of the output contact ........... 49
Figure 3.29: Records of the initiation of the voltage supply to the relay......................... 50
Figure 3.30: Characteristic of Function 87 function with 0.3 A pickup and 10% slope . 54
Figure 3.31: Settings for the differential relay function .................................................. 54
Figure 3.32: Function 87, phase differential, waveforms for the combined pickup and
dropoff tests ........................................................................................................ 56
Figure 3.33: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from pickup and dropoff test
............................................................................................................................ 57
Figure 3.34: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from time delay test ............ 58
Figure 3.35: M-3425A relay retrieved waveforms for the protection scenario ............... 60
Figure 3.36: Capture of the waveforms sent to the relays for Test System #2 ................ 62

x
Figure 3.37: Principle for wide area partial load shedding .............................................. 63
Figure 3.38: RMS values of electric quantities until one second after load drop ............ 64
Figure 3.39: Expanded simulation shows continuous increase of generator frequency and
rotor slip.............................................................................................................. 66
Figure 3.40: Waveforms captured for inadvertent breaker operation .............................. 68
Figure 3.41: Generator 1 and load with per-phase circuit breaker .................................. 69
Figure 3.42: Response of the system after opening phase A of Generator 1 ................... 70
Figure 3.43: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Generator 1 ....... 71
Figure 3.44: Response of the system after opening phase A of Load 1........................... 72
Figure 3.45: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Load 1 ............... 73
Figure 3.46: Response on a three-phase fault followed by opening of generator breaker75
Figure 3.47: Superimposed relay measurements of phase A voltage after display scaling
time shifting ........................................................................................................ 76
Figure 3.48: Phase undervoltage output from (a) the 300-G and (b) the M-3425A relay 76
Figure 4.1: Configuration of UFLS relay test system ...................................................... 84
Figure 4.2: UFLS relay test system.................................................................................. 85
Figure 4.3: UFLS relay test system software ................................................................... 86
Figure 4.4: Frequency decay ............................................................................................ 88
Figure 4.5: Voltage with 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics .............................................. 88
Figure 4.6: Variable voltage magnitude........................................................................... 89
Figure 4.7: Single line diagram of 13-bus equivalent system .......................................... 90
Figure 4.8: Generator frequencies without UFLS implementation ................................. 91
Figure 4.9: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (1 step) ......................... 92
Figure 4.10: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (2 step) ....................... 92
Figure A.1: Phase distance protection ........................................................................... 118
Figure A.2: Power swing protection .............................................................................. 119
Figure A.3: Load encroachment protection ................................................................... 119
Figure B.1: Instrumentation connections of the generator protection relays ................. 160
Figure B.2: M-3425A detailed connections of measurement channels to relay inputs for a
typical protection scheme ................................................................................. 161
Figure B.3: M-3425 functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to the
relay .................................................................................................................. 162
Figure B.4: Typical connection diagram for the 300G relay ......................................... 163

xi
Figure B.5: 300G functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to the
relay .................................................................................................................. 164
Figure B.6: Connections between signal amplifiers and the tested generator relays..... 165
Figure B.7: Electrical model of a synchronous machine as a set of mutually coupled
windings ........................................................................................................... 168
Figure B.8: Mechanical model of synchronous machine as a rotating mass ................. 169
Figure B.9: Stator self-inductance as a function of θ ................................................... 171
Figure B.10: Mutual inductance between stator windings............................................. 172
Figure B.11: Elements of a generator excitation system ............................................... 182
Figure B.12: Voltage source with internal impedance................................................... 183
Figure B.13: Current source circuit ............................................................................... 184
Figure B.14: DC armature circuit with internal impedance ........................................... 185
Figure B.15: Elements of a generator prime mover system........................................... 190
Figure C.1: Excitation system model for synchronous machine ................................... 241
Figure C.2: Branch data of 13-bus equivalent system ................................................... 241

xii
 List of Tables

Table 2.1: Fault Scenarios for Conformance Test ............................................................. 7

Table 2.2: Non-fault Scenarios for Conformance Test ...................................................... 8
Table 2.3: Test scenarios for Compliance Tests .............................................................. 10
Table 2.4: Functions and software for selected distance relays ....................................... 15
Table 2.5: Power system data for Conformance Test ...................................................... 16
Table 2.6: Secondary impedances for Conformance Test ............................................... 16
Table 2.7: Power system data for Compliance Test ........................................................ 17
Table 2.8: Functions table applied for test ....................................................................... 18
Table 2.9: Example of statistical test results .................................................................... 19
Table 2.10: Summary for relays’ performance ................................................................ 19
Table 3.1: Function 87, trigger and target times and corresponding current ................... 55
Table 3.2: Function 87, trigger and drop-out times and corresponding currents ............. 56
Table 3.3: Function 27, times and voltage levels for function trigger and release .......... 58
Table 3.4: Function 27, time delay test results ................................................................ 59
Table 3.5: Settings for selected protection functions ....................................................... 61
Table 4.1: Characteristic of power amplifiers.................................................................. 85
Table 4.2: Relay 1 specifications ..................................................................................... 87
Table 4.3: Relay 2 specifications ..................................................................................... 87
Table 4.4: Settings of UFLS scheme ............................................................................... 91
Table 4.5: Load shedding time......................................................................................... 93
Table 4.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ............. 95
Table 4.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ............. 96
Table 4.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ............. 97
Table 4.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ............. 98
Table 4.10: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ............................................................................................. 99
Table 4.11: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 100
Table 4.12: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 101
Table 4.13: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 102

xiii
Table 4.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 103
Table 4.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 103
Table 4.16: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 104
Table 4.17: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 104
Table 4.18: Application test of relay 1 (Time Delay: 2 Cycles) .................................... 105
Table 4.19: Application test of relay 2 (Time Delay: 3 Cycles) .................................... 106
Table 4.20: Data for pickup frequency test (55 Hz Frequency Setpoint) ...................... 108
Table A.1: Setting table for SEL-421 for Conformance Test ........................................ 117
Table A.2: Setting table for SEL-421 for Compliance Test .......................................... 118
Table A.3: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-421 ................................................... 120
Table A.4: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-421 ................................................ 122
Table A.5: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-421 ................................................ 123
Table A.6: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-421 ................................................... 124
Table A.7: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-421 ................................................ 125
Table A.8: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-421 ................................................ 126
Table A.9: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-421 ................................................... 128
Table A.10: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-421 .............................................. 129
Table A.11: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-421 .............................................. 130
Table A.12: “Statistical” test results for internal faults for SEL-421 ............................ 130
Table A.13: Test results for no-fault scenarios for SEL-421 ......................................... 131
Table A.14: Compliance test result for SEL-421........................................................... 132
Table A.15: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-321 ................................................. 133
Table A.16: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-321 .............................................. 135
Table A.17: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-321 .............................................. 136
Table A.18: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-321 ................................................. 137
Table A.19: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-321 .............................................. 138
Table A.20: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-321 .............................................. 139
Table A.21: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-321 ................................................. 141
Table A.22: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-321 .............................................. 142
Table A.23: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-321 .............................................. 143

xiv
Table A.24: “Statistical” test results of internal faults for SEL-321.............................. 143
Table A.25: Test results of no-fault scenarios for SEL-321 .......................................... 144
Table A.26: Compliance test result for SEL-321........................................................... 145
Table A.27: Test results for condition F1 for GE D60 .................................................. 146
Table A.28: Test results for condition F2-1 for GE D60 ............................................... 148
Table A.29: Test results for condition F2-2 for GE D60 ............................................... 149
Table A.30: Test results for condition F3 for GE D60 .................................................. 150
Table A.31: Test results for condition F4-1 for GE D60 ............................................... 151
Table A.32: Test results for condition F4-2 for GE D60 ............................................... 152
Table A.33: Test results for condition F5 for GE D60 .................................................. 154
Table A.34: Test results for condition F6-1 for GE D60 ............................................... 155
Table A.35: Test results for condition F6-2 for GE D60 ............................................... 156
Table A.36: “Statistical” test results for internal faults for GE D60 ............................. 156
Table A.37: Test results of no-fault scenarios for GE D60 ........................................... 157
Table A.38: Compliance test result for GE D60 ............................................................ 158
Table B.1: Type, extension, and purpose of the three COMTRADE file types ............ 197
Table C.1: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ........... 200
Table C.2: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ............. 201
Table C.3: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1) ........... 202
Table C.4: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ........... 203
Table C.5: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ............. 204
Table C.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1) ........... 205
Table C.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ........... 206
Table C.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ............. 207
Table C.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2) ........... 208
Table C.10: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ......... 209
Table C.11: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ........... 210
Table C.12: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2) ......... 211
Table C.13: Actual time delay ....................................................................................... 212
Table C.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 213
Table C.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 214

xv
Table C.16: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 215
Table C.17: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 216
Table C.18: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 217
Table C.19: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 218
Table C.20: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 219
Table C.21: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 220
Table C.22: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 221
Table C.23: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 222
Table C.24: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 223
Table C.25: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 224
Table C.26: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 225
Table C.27: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 226
Table C.28: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 227
Table C.29: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 228
Table C.30: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 1) ........................................................................................... 229
Table C.31: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 230
Table C.32: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 230
Table C.33: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 231
Table C.34: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 231

xvi
Table C.35: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 232
Table C.36: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 232
Table C.37: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 233
Table C.38: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 233
Table C.39: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 234
Table C.40: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 234
Table C.41: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 235
Table C.42: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 235
Table C.43: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 236
Table C.44: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 236
Table C.45: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 237
Table C.46: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 237
Table C.47: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 238
Table C.48: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency
Change, Relay 2) ........................................................................................... 238
Table C.49: Application test of relay 1 (Time delay: 2 Cycles) .................................... 239
Table C.50: Application test of relay 2 (Time delay: 3 Cycles) .................................... 240
Table C.51: Exciter data ................................................................................................ 241
Table C.52: Generator data ............................................................................................ 241

xvii
1.0 Introduction

This report summarizes results from PSERC project T-30, “Transient Testing of
Protective Relays: Study of Benefits and Methodology”, which was a joint project
conducted by Texas A&M University (TAMU), Georgia Institute of Technology
(GaTech) and Wichita State University (WSU).

The TAMU team focused on the study of distance relay behavior under transient and
dynamic conditions. The GaTech team studied generator protection test requirements and
developed test methods. The WSU team approached load shedding relay test
requirements and performed series of tests to evaluate their performance. All activities
were aimed at specifying test requirements that reflect some difficult real time scenarios
and implementing novel test methodology and tools to perform such tests.

1
2.0 Part I: Distance Relay Test (TAMU)

2.1 Introduction
The security and reliability of power system highly depend on the performance of the
thousands of relays. The correct operation of protective relay is supposed to clear the
fault, as well as reduce and/or eliminate the impact of disturbances on power system. On
the contrary, unintended or incorrect operation may further deteriorate the system
condition and even jeopardize the stability of the entire system. A review of major system
disturbances, such as blackouts, indicates that a fatal consequence of a disturbance is
more likely to be caused by an unintended operation of a protective relay rather than the
non-action [1].

Appropriate relay testing should help validate the design of the relay logic, compare the
performance of different relays, verify selection of relay settings, identify vulnerable
conditions apt to causing unintended operations, and carry out post-event analysis for the
understanding of unintended or incorrect relay behavior. Many scientists and engineers
have put much effort in developing testing tools and methodologies. The Power System
Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society formed the working group
for Relay Performance Testing (I-13) in 1989, which promoted development of new relay
test approaches.

This section of the report describes the test classification, methodology, power system
modeling, test scenario generation, and creation of library of test case for testing distance
relays for transmission line protection. It also comments on implementation and
execution of tests on distance relays in TAMU’s lab, as well as on the results obtained by
such tests.

According to the difference in the input signals, the relay tests can be classified into two
categories: phasor-based and transient-based.

Phasor-based relay tests: Predefined phasors representing different pre-fault and fault
condition are used. Test waveforms can be derived by simulation from a simple power
system model. The ideal sinusoidal signals are then replayed into relay inputs. By
adjusting the magnitude and angle of the signals, the operating characteristic of a relay is
measured and compared to a generic one or the one given by the vendor.
Phasor-based relay testing method is a traditional one, which was widely used in the
field in the past. This steady state method cannot represent an actual situation during a
fault and may not be used to fully verify the security or dependability of a relay [2].

Transient-based relay tests: Transient signals used during testing represent actual
transients generated during faults. They are replayed into a relay through a digital
simulator. The transient signals can be obtained from simulated fault scenarios or
recorded waveforms from substations. Results of transient-based relay testing are more

2
accurate than those of traditional phasor-based methods because the waveforms are much
closer to the real fault signals [3].

2.2 Test Methodology

The test methodology including comprehensive power system modeling, generating test
scenarios, automating simulation and forming test case library is given as follows:
¾ Select “standard” power system models suitable for creating different disturbance
scenarios.
¾ Generate a set of test scenarios through simulation, and/or collect disturbances of
interest from digital fault recorder (DFR) and blackout events. Form a library of test
cases for easy reuse and utilization as a reference.
¾ Automate the simulation to minimize the test time.
¾ Implement comparative tests for a set of different relays with similar functions.
¾ Collect relay response events, analyze the results and summarize them in a test report
with comparative results.

2.2.1 Test Classification

The transient tests for distance relay were the focus of the TAMU group study. Two
different types of tests with different test objectives are defined: conformance test and
compliance test. The transient-based method is used to implement the conformance and
compliance test on distance relays at TAMU labs.

Conformance Test: The objective is to test the basic functionality of the relays, verify
the operating characteristics, calibrate relay settings and implement periodic maintenance
test. The concern of this test is the statistical performance related to the relay operating
characteristic and tripping time. To fulfill this test, a batch of test cases with a variety of
disturbance conditions including faults and non-faults are generated through simulation.

Compliance Test: The objective of compliance application test is to verify whether a

relay can operate correctly under peculiar circumstances in power system particularly
during abnormal operating conditions. That is to say, this type of test is to investigate the
compliance feature that “real” performance of a protective relay complies with its
expected performance. The concern of this test is the trip/no trip response and relay
operating time performance under specific scenarios. A typical example is the use of the
recorded data to analyze causes of an unwanted relay operation in a post-event analysis.

2.2.2 Test System Model

Power System Model for Conformance Test
Two power system models are used to simulate disturbances for the conformance test and
compliance test: IEEE PSRC system and IEEE 14-bus system respectively. A reference
model created by IEEE Power Engineering Society Power System Relaying Committee
(PSRC) used for conformance test is described in [4]. The one-line diagram is given in
Figure 2.1. This system has three sources, four buses and single and parallel mutual-
coupled overhead transmission lines. The detailed model is shown as Figure 2.2.

3
 BUS 1 BUS 2 BUS 4
nZL2 (1-n)ZL2

S1
Fault
S2
Location L5
ZL4
ZM
mZL1 (1-m)ZL1
CT PT

TR2
Alternate Alternate
Potential SW Potential
Location Location BUS 3
RELAY RELAY S3
ZL3

Alternate
Potential
Location
RELAY

Figure 2.1: One-line diagram for IEEE PSRC system

BUS1 L2F1 L2F3 L2F5 L2F7 BUS2

BUS4
L4F1 L4F5 S2
S1 SRC1 TR2H

L1LBK L1RBK
L4F3 TR2L
L4F7

L1F1 L1F3 L1F5 L1F7

RELAY RELAY
SRC3
L3RBK BUS3 S3

L3F1 L3F3 L3F5 L3F7 B3BK

RELAY

Figure 2.2: Detailed model for IEEE PSRC system

The ATPdraw implementation is given in Figure 2.3. This model is used for manual
simulation by setting various individual scenarios.

Figure 2.3: ATPdraw model for IEEE PSRC system

4
Power System Model for Compliance Model
The one-line diagram and ATPdraw model for IEEE 14-bus system are given as Figure
2.4 and Figure 2.5 [5]. It has 5 synchronous machines, 20 branches, 11 constant
impedance loads, circuit breakers, and voltage and current measurements. Various power
system disturbances can be simulated on this model as well as specific operating state
study to find vulnerable conditions apt to cause relay unintended operations.

Figure 2.4: One line model for IEEE 14-bus system

Figure 2.5: ATPdraw model for IEEE 14-bus system

5
 2.2.3 Test Scenarios Generation
Test Scenarios for Conformance Test
The IEEE PSRC reference system is used for conformance tests. Both automatic and
manual simulation can be implemented in ATP [6]. The Batch simulation program is
developed in MATLAB for PSRC reference model system is developed based on the text
version of atp file [7]. The simulation block diagram is given in Figure 2.6. This set up
can automatically simulate different fault scenarios with different fault types, locations,
resistances and inception angles. The output of the waveforms can be PL4, MAT
(converted by PL42MAT program) and COMTRADE (converted by PL42COM
program). The ATPdraw model is developed for manually generating test cases as shown
in Figure 2.7. For the batch simulation, the fault point should be within 10%-90% of the
line length because an ATP basic model has limitation for distributed line model. For the
fault positions between 0% and 10% between 90% and 100%, ATPdraw model is used.
For each simulation, fault type, location, resistance and inception angle in this case need
to be set manually and one scenario is generated at one time.

Figure 2.6: Batch simulation program block diagram

Figure 2.7: ATPdraw model for manual simulation

For the conformance test using the IEEE PSRC reference system, two categories of
scenarios are chosen: fault scenarios and non-fault scenarios. The detailed test items are
given in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2.

6
a) Fault Scenarios (dependability)
F1 – Internal Fault: Verify whether the relay has successful detected internal faults.
F2 – External Fault: Verify whether the relay has not tripped for faults outside the
protected zone.
F2-1: faults on Line 2
F2-2: faults on Line 4
F3 – One-End-Open Internal Fault: Verify the ability of the relay to detect a fault with
no infeed.
F4 – Switch onto Fault: Verify the ability of the relay to detect a fault immediately
after closing the line.
F4-1: Bus-side Potential Transformer
F4-2: Line-side Potential Transformer
F5 – Fault during Power Swing: Verify the ability of the relay to trip properly when a
fault occurs during a power swing.
F6 – Internal Fault during Frequency Fluctuation: Verify the capability of relay to trip
properly when the system frequency fluctuates within a normal range.
F6-1: Frequency increases to 60.5Hz
F6-2: Frequency decreases to 59.5Hz

Table 2.1: Fault Scenarios for Conformance Test

Condition Type Location [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω]
AG, BC, BCG 0, 5, 10, 25
F1 0, 50, 70, 90 0, 45, 90
ABC 0
AG, BCG 0, 10, 25
F2-1 10, 50, 90 0, 45, 90
BC, ABC 0
AG, BC, BCG,
F2-2 0, 50, 90 0, 45, 90 0
ABC
AG, BCG 0, 5
F3 0, 50, 90 0, 45, 90
BC, ABC 0
AG, BCG 0, 25
F4-1 0, 50, 90 0, 45, 90
BC, ABC 0
AG, BCG 0, 25
F4-2 0, 50, 90 0, 45, 90
BC, ABC 0
AG, BCG, BC,
F5 0, 50, 90 0, 45, 90 0
ABC
AG, BCG, BC,
F6-1 50, 90 0, 45, 90 0
ABC
AG, BCG, BC,
F6-2 50, 90 0, 45, 90 0
ABC

For the batch simulation, the fault point should be within 10%-90% of the line length
(ATP limitation for distributed line model). For the positions within 0% and 100%,
please note that the ATPdraw model is used.

7
b) No-fault Scenarios (security)
N1 – Line Closing: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip when line closing occurs.
N1-1: Bus-side Potential Transformer
N1-2: Line-side Potential Transformer
N2 – Loss of Potential: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip in case of loss of phase
voltage inputs.
N3 – Loss of Load: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip in case of loss of load.
N4 – Restoring the Potential: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip in case of
restoring the voltage inputs.
N5 – Power Swing: Verify the ability of the relay not to trip during a power swing
condition.
N6 – Load Encroachment: Verity the capability of the relay not to trip during heavy
sload.

Table 2.2: Non-fault Scenarios for Conformance Test

SW
Condition Object Operation
status
Three phases close after 2 cycles
N1 Open Line 1 breakers Phase A close after 2 cycles
Phase B, C close after 2 cycles
Remove S1, S2, S3 respectively after 2 cycles
Source S1, S2, Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles
N2 Close
S3 Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles
Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles
Bus 4 breaker Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles
Open
N3 Bus 2 breaker Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles
Close SW Open SW after 2 cycles
Restore S1, S2, S3 respectively after 2 cycles
Source S1, S2, Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles
N4 Close
S3 Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles
Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles
N5 Open Line 1 Power swing occurs after three-phase fault on Line 1
N6 – Line 1 Increase the load on Bus 2 from normal to maximum

For load encroachment scenarios, the use of different impedances measured by relays at
Bus 1 represents the various level of load increase. According to the system parameters,
the secondary impedances under normal load and maximum load are 57.4Ω and 7.86Ω
respectively. Four conditions whose corresponding secondary impedances are 31.88Ω,
22.34Ω, 12.74Ω and 7.90Ω were selected as the scenarios to execute the load
encroachment logic testing.

Test Scenarios for Compliance Test

The first task for the application of compliance test is to select those possible scenarios
which may cause relay unintended operation. Two approaches named steady state
approach and dynamic state approach are proposed to achieve this task.

8
 Steady state approach: This approach uses the steady state methods to find some
transmission lines that are designated as vulnerable lines due to stressed operating
conditions. Those important lines must have high security of the protection scheme. For a
given system, topology processing method [8] will find the lines, such as tie-lines, or
single-connection lines whose outage will disconnect the generator, load or even part of
an area, parallel lines, long lines, etc. Power flow method is used to identify transmission
lines which may have overload conditions and whose connected buses may have low
voltage problems. Under such conditions, the apparent impedance seen by distance relays
may fall into their backup protection zones. They may trip the lines and trigger the
cascading outage.

Dynamic state approach: This approach studies the protective relays in dynamic
conditions such as the case when after the fault and its clearing, the power swing occurs,
which may confuse some distance relays as the apparent impedance may fall into the
protection zones. The relays may operate as not intended and cause conditions that may
result in further tripping. The dynamic apparent impedance phasors can be retrieved from
the time domain transient stability analysis and such waveforms are evaluated to select
the power system scenarios of interest for the application relay tests [9].

For a large system, the number of relays that need to be carefully evaluated in detail will
be greatly reduced by using this approach. By having a digital relay model embedded in
EMTP/ATP [10] one can select a group of scenarios that could cause relay unwanted
operation. The EMTP/ATP relay model can be connected to the transmission line models
from the list created by the steady state and dynamic state study selections. We can obtain
each relay actions through a set of contingency scenarios. If incorrect relay operation is
found, that scenario will be recorded and saved into the test case library, which will be
used to validate behavior of physical relays.

The following conditions were used for tests using the IEEE 14-bus system for the
compliance test:
[A1]: Single 3-phase fault with critical clearing time (CCT) at the base load condition: to
verify relay operation (blocking) during stable power swing.
[A2]: Single 3-phase fault with critical clearing time (CCT) at the increased load
condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during stable power swing and
overload conditions.
[A3]: Two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time, second with
CCT, at the base load condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during stable
power swing.
[A4]: Two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time, second with
CCT, at the increased load condition: to verify relay operation (blocking) during
stable power swing and overload.

To see relay performance during out of step condition both at the base load and overload
conditions, the following tests are performed:
[A5]: Out of step: single 3-phase fault with clearing time larger than CCT at the base load
condition.

9
[A6]: Out of step: single 3-phase fault with clearing time larger than CCT at the increased
load condition.
[A7]: Out of step: two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time,
second with clearing time larger than CCT, at the base load condition.
[A8]: Out of step: two successive 3-phase faults, first fault with fixed clearing time,
second with clearing time larger than CCT, at the increased load condition.

Table 2.3: Test scenarios for Compliance Tests

Purpose Test Sequence Test Variations
Verify the relay ability not 3-phase fault, with critical clearing time Fault location: 10%,
[A1] to trip at stable power (CCT), base load condition 50%, 90%
swing
Verify the relay ability not
[A2] to trip at stable power 3-phase fault, with critical clearing time Same as above
swing and overload (CCT), increased load condition
conditions
Verify the relay ability not Two successive 3-phase faults, first with
[A3] to trip at stable power fixed clearing time, second with CCT, Same as above
swing base load condition
Verify the relay ability not
Two successive 3-phase faults, first with
to trip at stable power
[A4] fixed clearing time, second with CCT, Same as above
swing and overload
increased load condition
conditions
To see the relay 3-phase fault, with clearing time larger
[A5] performance at out of step Same as above
condition than CCT, base load condition
To see the relay 3-phase fault, with clearing time larger
[A6] performance at out of step Same as above
condition than CCT, increased load condition
To see the relay Two successive 3-phase faults, first with
[A7] performance at out of step fixed clearing time, second with clearing Same as above
condition time larger than CCT, base load condition
Two successive 3-phase faults, first with
To see the relay fixed clearing time, second with clearing
[A8] performance at out of step Same as above
condition time larger than CCT, increased load
condition

The purpose of those test scenarios is to study the influence of stable power swing, out of
step and overload conditions on distance relays.

2.2.4 Test Case Library

For each of the relay types considered, a library of power system models and disturbance
scenarios was created. As shown in Figure 2.8, the test scenarios generated for the
application of conformance test and compliance test are placed into the library. The
abnormal power system operating conditions and vulnerable transmission lines which
may cause relay unintended operations can also be described and stored into the library.
The scenarios of interest from digital fault recorder (DFR) records and blackout events
can be added to the library as well. The test case library can be used widely as reference
test cases for relay performance evaluation and trouble shooting.

10
 Figure 2.8: Test case library

2.3 Test Implementation

Two automatic conversion programs are developed in C++. One is to convert from MAT
file (generated through MATLAB/ATP) to RLA file (Relay Assistant software [11] file),
whose interface is shown in Figure 2.9. Another is to convert from ATP file to
COMTRADE file [12], as shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.9: Program interface for converting MAT file to RLA file

Figure 2.10: Program interface for converting ATP file to COMTRADE file

11
 2.3.1 Test Procedure
The procedure of performing relay test is described as follows:
1) Generate test scenarios. Test cases (ATP, MAT or COMTRADE file) are generated
through batch simulation program (ATP and MATLAB) and/or cases of interest are
selected from digital fault recorder (DFR) files or blackout event files.
2) Convert Data format. The program developed in C++ is used to automatically
convert various formats of test cases to the format which can be recognized by Relay
Assistant software, such as COMTRADE.
3) Create test session. The test session is created by loading selected test cases with
Relay Assistant software. Each test session contains specific scenarios sorted by different
types of disturbances or power system operating conditions. For example, the fault
session can be sorted by fault type, location, inception angle and resistance. Figure 2.11
and Figure 2.12 show the loading process and the loaded waveforms displayed in Relay
Assistant software user interface.

Figure 2.11: Example for loading test cases

Figure 2.12: Example for waveforms displayed by Relay Assistant software

12
 4) Set protective relays. The relay settings group corresponding to a given transmission
line and protection scheme is activated from the relay front-panel buttons or through the
relay setting program.
5) Execute simulation. The signal waveforms (voltage and current) are sent to the
digital simulator to generate the “real” voltage and current signals for relays.
6) Collect relay response or event report. The relay responds to the input signals for
each case and generates an event report containing the detailed operation information.
The trip signals are captured by simulator as output signals and used to automatically
calculate an operation feature such as tripping time. The event reports are collected by the
file retrieval program for further study. Figure 2.13 and Figure 2.14 show the relay
response captured by Relay Assistant software and event report containing oscillography
data recorded as COMTRADE file.

Figure 2.13: Example of test result for internal fault

Figure 2.14: Example of event report shown as oscillograph

13
 Figure 2.15 gives the framework for software implementation.

Figure 2.15: Software framework for relay testing

By executing the simulation, the signal waveforms (voltage and current) are sent from
computer to the digital simulator I/O box to generate the “real” voltage and current for
the relays. The distance relay will respond to the waveforms and send trip signal to the
simulator digital (contact) inputs if a fault is detected. Also the digital inputs can be sent
to relays through simulator digital outputs for certain purpose, such as the trip circuit
breaker signal, etc. Then the trip signal and event report are collected to analyze the relay
performance. Field recordings can also be replayed in Relay Assistant software to test
relays.

2.3.2 Laboratory Setup

The laboratory setup is shown in Figure 2.16. The major components include a PC used
to run related software programs, a digital simulator used to generate “real” voltage and
current signals and the physical relay under test. A commercial software program called
Relay Assistant residing on the PC communicates with digital simulator. It is capable of
sending transient voltage and current data and receiving contact status data [11]. The
digital simulator applies the voltage and current waveforms to the relay and records the
relay trip contact status. A relay setting software program residing on the PC
communicates with the relay to configure relay settings and an automated relay file
retrieval software program residing on the PC communicates to the relay to automatically
retrieve relay event reports triggered by certain pre-set conditions. The connections
between computer, digital simulator (amplifiers and D/A converters), and distance relay
are marked in Figure 2.16.

14
The test environment including the software and hardware as shown in Figure 2.17
describes the flow of relay test execution.

Figure 2.16: Laboratory setup for relay testing

Figure 2.17: Block diagram for relay test environment

2.4 Test Results

The SEL 321, SEL 421 and GE D60 distance relays were selected for the study. Table
2.4 lists their functions and software used for interfacing with computer. Comparative
study was carried out to evaluate these relays’ performance.

Table 2.4: Functions and software for selected distance relays

Type Function Manual Software
SEL-421 High-speed Line Protection, automation, and control system [13][14] SEL-5030 [15]
SEL-321 Phase and ground distance relay [16] SEL-5010 [17]
GE-D60 Transmission line distance relay [18] UR Setup [19]

15
 2.4.1 Power System Data for Conformance Test
For the Conformance Test, IEEE PSRC system is used. Relays are applied at Bus1 to
protect Line 1. Figure 2.18 shows the one-line diagram of transmission line model and
relay’s position. Table 2.5 lists the power system data for this application.

Figure 2.18: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Conformance Test

Table 2.5: Power system data for Conformance Test

Parameter Value
Nominal system line-to-line voltage 230kV
Nominal relay current 5A secondary
Nominal frequency 60Hz
Line 1 length 45miles
Line 1 impedances: Z1L1, Z0L1 41.0∠84.20 primary, 113.2∠81.70 primary
Zero-sequence mutual coupling: Z0M 72.23∠80.29250 primary
Source Bus1 impedances: Z1B1, Z0B1 17.78∠69.930 primary, 8.79∠72.120 primary
Line 4 impedances: Z4L1, Z4L2 33.77∠82.920 primary, 70.44∠81.230 primary
PTR (potential transformer ratio) 230kV: 100V = 2300
CTR (current transformer ratio) 2kA: 5A = 400
Ratio of CTR to PTR: k 0.1739
Phase rotation ABC

In order to calculate relay settings, the power system impedance should be converted
from primary to secondary using ratio k. Table 2.6 lists the corresponding secondary
impedances.

Table 2.6: Secondary impedances for Conformance Test

Parameter Value
Line 1 impedances: Z1L1, Z0L1 7.13∠84.20 secondary, 19.68∠81.70 secondary
Zero-sequence mutual coupling: Z0M 12.56∠80.29250 secondary
Source Bus1 impedances: Z1B1, Z0B1 3.09∠69.930 secondary, 1.53∠72.120 secondary
Line 4 impedances: Z4L1, Z4L0 5.87∠82.920 secondary, 12.25∠81.230 secondary

16
 2.4.2 Power System Data for Compliance Test
For the Compliance Test, IEEE 14-Bus system is used. Relays are applied at Bus2 to
protect the transmission line between Bus2 and Bus3. Figure 2.19 gives the one-line
diagram of transmission line model and relay’s position. Table 2.7 lists the power system
data for this application.

Figure 2.19: One-line diagram of the transmission line model for Compliance Test

Table 2.7: Power system data for Compliance Test

Parameter Value
Nominal system line-to-line voltage 138kV
Nominal relay current 5A secondary
Nominal frequency 60Hz
Line length 33miles
20.35∠76.640 primary, 50.88∠76.590 primary
Line 1 impedances: Z1L1, Z0L1
1.48∠76.640 secondary, 3.69∠76.590 secondary
PTR (potential transformer ratio) 138kV: 100V = 1380
CTR (current transformer ratio) 500A: 5A = 100
Ratio of CTR to PTR: k 0.0725
Phase rotation ABC

2.4.3 Distance Relay Setting

To fully test the relay functionality and operating characteristic three zone protection
schemes are applied in three selected relays. These applications are for a single circuit
breaker, three-pole tripping cases. Some functions, such as power swing, load
encroachment, etc, are applied as well to calibrate the relay performance during particular
power system operating conditions.

The applied functions are described as follows:

¾ Three zones of phase (mho) and ground (mho) distance protection
— Zone 1 – forward-looking, instantaneous under reaching protection, covers 80%
of the protected line.
— Zone 2 – forward-looking, time-delayed trip covers 100% of the protected line.
— Zone 3 – forward-looking, time-delayed trip covers 100% of the protected line,
backup protection for the adjacent downstream line.

17
¾ Switch Onto Fault (SOTF) protection, fast tripping when the circuit breaker closes
(This item is not applicable for Compliance Test).
¾ Power swing, Out-of-step logic, prevents unintended tripping when power swing
occurs.
¾ Load encroachment logic, prevents unintended tripping during increasing load
conditions.

Table 2.8 gives a brief summary of the functions applied for conformance test and
compliance test. The setting tables for tested relays are given in Appendix A.1. They
provide the crucial setting values for both conformance test and compliance test so that
the test can be repeated.

Table 2.8: Functions table applied for test

Function/Element Conformance Test Compliance Test
Fault Location Enabled Enabled
Phase Distance Mho 3-Zone Mho 3-Zone
Ground Distance Mho 3-Zone Mho 3-Zone
Switch Onto Fault Enabled Disabled
Power Swing/ Out of Step Enabled Enabled
Load Encroachment Enabled Enabled

2.4.4 Test Results and Analysis

According to the number of test repetitions for each test scenario, the test approach can
be divided into two classes: “random” tests and “statistical” tests. For the “random” tests,
each test case is applied only once, and the relay responses (trip or no trip, trip zone and
trip time) are recorded. For the “statistical” tests, some interesting scenarios are selected
and repeated 30 times, and the relay responses of each test are recorded to calculate the
trip or no trip rate, maximum trip time, minimum trip time, mean trip time and deviation
of trip time if the relays trip. The comparative results among the three relays are studied
as well.

The complete test results for all the test items listed in section 2.3.3 (Test Scenarios
Generation) as shown in Table 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 for the three selected distance relays can
be found in Appendix A.2. Two examples to describe how the statistical test results
would look like are given here.

One example obtained by executing conformance test on SEL-421 relay is given in Table
2.9. In this example, different test cases were simulated for different type of faults,
locations, and inception angles. Each test is repeated 30 times, and statistical methods are
used for determining operating time for the tested relay. One can notice very interesting
results with respect to differences in operating times for different fault conditions as well
as differences between maximal and minimal values of operating time for the same fault
condition.

18
 Table 2.9: Example of statistical test results
Type Loc [%] α [deg] Trip Zone No.T MeanT [ms] MaxT [ms] MinT [ms] Devtn [ms]
AG 50 0 I 30 22.57 24.30 20.60 0.85
AG 70 45 I 30 28.32 30.90 27.40 0.82
AG 90 90 II 30 318.20 357.1 313.4 7.87
BC 50 0 I 30 24.71 26.40 22.50 0.79
BC 70 45 I 30 28.64 30.30 26.80 0.83
BC 90 90 II 30 356.23 357.1 355.1 0.59
BCG 50 0 I 30 18.73 20.10 17.90 0.58
BCG 70 45 I 30 29.72 31.20 28.10 0.65
BCG 90 90 II 30 365.47 370.3 360.0 1.12
ABC 50 0 I 30 20.88 21.90 20.00 0.61
ABC 70 45 I 30 31.25 33.40 29.30 0.97
ABC 90 90 II 30 359.65 361.3 357.2 1.41

Another example obtained by applying conformance test is given in Figure 2.20. The
figure depicts a comparative analysis of trip time vs. fault incidence location for three
distance relays. Trip time shown in this figure is obtained statistically after several tests
cases are repeated. Relays are set to operate in zone 1 coving 80% of the line. An
interesting outcome is that the trip time, for some relays, becomes much longer than
expected.

Figure 2.20: Example of comparative test results

In general, the three relays operated correctly but some exceptions still exist as shown in
Table 2.10, which summarizes their performance.

Table 2.10: Summary for relays’ performance

Test Items SEL-421 SEL-321 GE D60
Wrong trip Zone (Z1→ Wrong trip Zone (Z1→ Wrong trip Zone (Z1→
F1
Z2), delayed trip time. Z2), delayed trip time. Z2), delayed trip time.
F2 Zone 3 failed to trip Zone 3 failed to trip Zone 3 failed to trip
F3-F6 Correct Correct Correct
N1-N6 Correct Correct Correct
A1-A7 Correct Correct Correct

19
For the unexpected operations that occurred in scenarios F1, details are given in
Appendix A.2 as shown in Table A.3, A.15 and A.27. It appears that the increased fault
resistance caused the incorrect operations. Even SEL-321 failed to trip when the
resistance increased to 10Ω. All these incorrect operations occurred because of the use of
Mho characteristic distance element. The situation can be improved by applying the
Quadrilateral characteristic for the distance element.

Zone 3 relay failed to trip as a backup protection for the adjacent downstream line under
the condition of Phase A to ground fault at the 90% location of the adjacent line. Results
are given in Table A.5, A.17 and A.29. Practically zone 3 protection elements are set to
trip breakers after certain time delay from the time the phase distance element or ground
distance element picks up so that coordination with zone 1 and zone 2 relays is achieved.
In this application, the time delay was set to commonly used 60 cycles. From the Figure
2.21 captured from SEL-421 relay event, we can clearly see that ground distance element
Z3G picked up instantaneously after single phase-to-ground fault occurred. Then a power
swing developed followed, which appeared as fault type transition to the relay and caused
phase distance element M3P to pick up. However, the apparent impedance seen by the
relay changed due to the impact of developed power swing. Thus, the both two protection
elements Z3G and M3P could not pickup and hold the pickup state for the preset time
delay (used to coordinate with zone 1 and zone 2 relays), which finally resulted in failing
to trip the breakers. Special protection scheme should be applied to improve the relaying
system for this condition. This test case is added to the test case library as an interesting
condition used to evaluate relay dependability feature.

Figure 2.21: Three-phase voltage and current waveforms from relay event

There are some cases that relays operated during non-faulted conditions, such as power
swing conditions listed in conformance test scenarios N5 as shown in Table 2.2 and
compliance test scenarios A1-A4 as shown in Table 2.3, and load encroachment
conditions listed in conformance test scenarios N6 as shown in Table 2.2. These

20
unintended relay operations were improved by utilizing out-of-step function and load
encroachment function respectively, which are residing in relays as protection elements.
Moreover, proper settings are essential for relaying scheme to solve the corresponding
situations. Figure 2.22 and Figure 2.23 present these two functions and their parameters.
Settings for the cases tested in the project can be found in Appendix A.1. These cases
discussed above are related to the relay security characteristics, which can also be added
to the test case library.

Figure 2.22: Out-of-step function and parameters

21
 Figure 2.23: Load encroachment function and parameters

These results provide important information which was not documented in the relay
manuals, and which definitely may affect proper coordination and application
performance of the relaying schemes. The conformance test results evaluate the operating
features and indicate that other function elements should be applied to improve the
dependability of the relaying scheme. The compliance test results indicate that the zone 3
relays operated incorrectly during some unusual power system operating conditions.
Thus, some special schemes should be carried out to improve these situations.

2.5 Future Work

The unintended operation of protective relays may cause cascades when power system
operates in abnormal conditions such as increasing heavy loads followed by multiple line
trips. Appropriate relay test can help evaluate relay performance, calibrate relay settings
and figure out the vulnerable conditions apt to causing relay unwanted operation. The
proposed test methodology includes the issues how to model power system used to
generate disturbances and study specific conditions, how to select and generate test
scenarios, and how to execute relay test in efficient way. An idea of forming a common
model to be used in industry for simulating transmission line disturbances and faults,
including cascading events, as well as forming a test case library for relay users so that
the test scenarios can be used repeatedly as a reference when evaluating or purchasing
relays should be pursued in the future.

22
3.0 Part II: Generator Relay Test (GaTech)

3.1 Overview
This document describes a comprehensive test platform for transient testing of protective
relays and its application to generator relay testing. Comprehensive transient testing of
generator relays requires testing for a variety of events that should exercise all the
functions of a modern generator relay. Most of the work has been focused on defining the
events for which the generator relays should be tested. We refer to these as
“comprehensive set of generator transient events”. The implementation of testing of
generator relays against these events requires an engine for creating the transient data for
these events and a platform to feed the transient data into a generator relay. For this
purpose a new, physically-based generator model was developed (two axes model with
access to generator windings for fault creation in the windings). The model has been
useful in creating the transient data for the defined events. In addition, a platform for
feeding the transient data into a system of amplifiers that create the actual voltages and
currents to be fed into the generator relay has been developed. The overall project
approach is illustrated in Figure 3.1.

Training on relay setup Begin relay testing (waveform playback)

Obtain new laboratory space

Begin relay testing

Ordering parts for scale model Assembly Setup Test (scale model)
Assembly of scale model Setup experiments Test the
permanently scale model

Development of generator model

Figure 3.1: Overall project approach

This part of the report is organized as follows:

Section 3.2 describes the platform for testing generator relays.
Section 3.3 describes the generator relay testing procedure.
Section 3.4 presents testing results and observations.
Section 3.5 provides a number of observations and conclusions.
There are several appendices supporting this report. Appendix B.1 provides a typical
modern generator relay connection. Appendix B.2 provides a comprehensive list of
events for testing generator relays. Appendix B.3 provides the high fidelity generator
model that is part of the high fidelity simulator. The simulator is used to create the events

23
listed in Appendix B.2. Appendix B.4 provides example generator relay responses to
specific events. Finally, Appendix B.5 provides the structure of the COMTRADE file.
The COMTRADE standard is used for exchange of testing cases.

3.2 Description of Platform

This section describes the platform for generator relay testing. The platform consists of
software and hardware that can create the appropriate signals at the correct voltage levels
for inputting into the relays. The section provides an overview of both the software and
the hardware. The actual relays that are tested are (a) the Beckwith M3425-A, and (b) the
SEL 300G generator relays. These relays were donated by Beckwith and SEL.
A description of the relays is provided followed by the testing hardware and software.

3.2.1 Generator Protection Relays

3.2.1.1 Beckwith M3425-A

One of the relays used in this study is the Beckwith M3425-A generator protection relay,
illustrated in Figure 3.2. It was kindly donated by its manufacturer, whose support is
hence greatly appreciated. The software to communicate with the relay through a serial or
Ethernet connection is provided by the manufacturer. The provided software can be used
to define relay parameters and protection scheme and retrieve recorded waveform data.
Many aspects of the operation of this relay are described in a comprehensive instruction
manual [20].

Figure 3.2: The Beckwith M3425-A generator protection relay

3.2.1.2 SEL 300-G

The second relay used in this study is the SEL 300-G illustrated in Figure 3.3. It has also
been donated by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL), and their support has been
instrumental in the setup of the laboratory.

Figure 3.3: The SEL 300-G generator protection relay

24
 3.2.2. Overview of the Testing Platform
A flexible testing platform has been developed to perform protective relay testing. The
overall testing platform is illustrated in Figure 3.4. The testing platform can reproduce the
voltage and current waveforms seen in the field by protective relays. Such simulated
signals are then sent to the different inputs of the tested relay. Specifically, these signals
are generated by simulating the power system under study on a computer. An event is
simulated in the system, and voltage and current waveforms at the location of the VT and
CT that are connected to the relay are recorded. With proper scaling factors, these
waveforms replicate the outputs of voltage transformers (VTs) or current transformers
(CTs). The recorded computer waveforms are then transformed into electrical signals
using a D/A converter and an amplifier. Finally, each output of the D/A converter-
amplifier block is equivalent to the output of a VT or a CT, and is sent to the proper input
of the relay under test. The constituent parts of the testing platform of Figure 3.4 are
described in detail in sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4.

Host Computer Signal Amplifier Transformer Bank Generator Relay

High-Fidelity Simulator Theater Signal Amplifier Step-up Transformers
Comprehensive Generator Model
PCI Board/Waveform Generator

Figure 3.4: Overview of the testing platform

3.2.3 Software
The first component of the testing platform is the high-fidelity simulation software
(program WinIGS-T). This computer program models the power system more accurately
than most of the other existing approaches. Precise models of power system components
allow an accurate simulation of a variety of events encountered by protective relays. The
ability to simulate these events in a laboratory setup provides a benchmark for the
robustness of the parameters entered in the considered generator protection schemes. In
this section a concise description of the software is provided. Elsewhere in the report this
software is utilized to develop transient waveforms for testing generator relays. The data
are stored in COMTRADE format and therefore can be used by other testing devices.

3.2.3.1 High-Fidelity Modeling and Simulation

The simulation software is based on full three-phase models of power system components
that are described in terms of their physical parameters. An example is provided in Figure
3.5. Models include transmission lines, transformers, circuit breakers, and synchronous
generators. All connections between the different models are explicitly represented with
bus-bar links and switchgear. This approach uses actual device parameters instead of

25
equivalent sequence parameters. The simulator accurately simulates the dynamics of the
models by using the quadratic numerical integration method, which is more precise
compared to other methods commonly used in power system analysis. The quadratic
integration method has significant advantages in terms of numerical properties and can
hence provide realistic results for a complete range of generator, transformer, and
transmission line events that can be tested in a laboratory setting.

(a) (b)

Figure 3.5: Sample model definitions in the high-fidelity simulator software: (a)
transmission line physical design parameters and (b) three-phase substation bus
connections

3.2.3.2 Comprehensive Generator Model

The focus of this part of the project is on testing generator relays. It is therefore desirable
to capture as many characteristics common to all of the generators as possible to simulate
a response of the generator that is as close to field observations as possible. To achieve
the highest accuracy possible, the software platform includes a full time domain,
transient, two-axis synchronous generator model. This model is described in greater
detail in Appendix B.3. Figure 3.6 illustrates the user interface for this model. The
generator model is physically based, with explicit representation of the actual stator and
rotor physical windings. Faults can therefore be simulated anywhere in the coils of the
generator, without any model complications and therefore this model can be used to study
and test the effectiveness of 100 % stator protection schemes. Harmonics generated by
the actual, non-sinusoidal winding layout are also accurately simulated, resulting in a
complete and accurate generator representation.

26
 (a) (b)
Figure 3.6: Comprehensive generator model of the software platform: (a)
parameter definition window and (b) visual representation of the connection points

3.2.3.3 Waveform Generation from Scenario Analysis

The simulation software has the capability to output the computed (simulated) waveforms
in the IEEE COMTRADE format [21]. The COMTRADE format is commonly used
between equipment manufacturers to exchange transient waveform data. The main
characteristics of COMTRADE files are compactness and ease of implementation. Once
recorded, the waveforms can be transferred to a computer for offline analysis and further
processing. A description of the IEEE COMTRADE format for the purpose of relay
testing can be found in Appendix B.5.

Within the simulation software there is output processing software that can present the
data in various forms, for example, the rms value of a certain waveform, the frequency of
a certain waveform, the phase angle of a certain waveform, etc. In other words, the
COMTRADE file may contain a number of time domain waveforms of physical
quantities, such as voltages and currents, also and computed waveforms such as phasors,
frequency, etc. Figure 3.7 illustrates these capabilities.

Using the above procedures a number of events have been simulated and the results
stored in COMTRADE format. These events will be described in subsequent sections.
The actual COMTRADE files have been uploaded in a web site for use by persons
involved in this project. The link to this web site is: http://www.xyz.com/.

27
 Simulated event

WinIGS test case models

Quasistatic time-domain simulation (phasor info)

Creation of full time-

domain waveforms

Generated full time-domain waveform

To COMTRADE file
To arbitrary waveform generator interface
Figure 3.7: Simulation output in various forms stored in a COMPTRADE file

3.2.3.4 Summary
The implementation of the software portion of the relay testing platform is summarized in
Figure 3.8.

28
 Simulated Event

Simulated Waveforms
WinIGS Test Case Models COMTRADE File
With Simulated Waveforms

Host Computer

Figure 3.8: Summary of the software portion of the testing platform

3.2.4 Test Bench

The second component of the testing platform is a test bench to reproduce conditions in
an actual power system that the tested relays have to protect.

3.2.4.1 Waveform Generator

After simulating the power system, waveforms of interest are recorded and played back
to different types of relays. A computer-controlled waveform generator is utilized to
generate voltage and current signals from the stored COMTRADE files. A D/A converter
and signal generator from National Instruments translates waveform data to analog
signals. The 10 V generated signals are amplified using theater sound equipment. The
30 V outputs of the sound equipment (audio amplifiers) are then stepped up to standard
relay voltages and currents (69 V or 115 V and 1 A or 5 A) through a transformer bank.
The final signals are directly sent to the relays, as they replicate the outputs of the VTs
and CTs in an actual power system. The layout of the test bench is presented in Figure
3.9. A picture of the actual setup is shown in Figure 3.10.

Emulated CT/PT
output
COMTRADE File
With Simulated Waveforms

Transformer Bank
PCI Board Step-up Transformers
Waveform Generator

10 V
115 V, 5A
Trip!

30 V, 5A
Host Computer Generator Relay
Signal Amplifier

Figure 3.9: Test bench layout

29
 Figure 3.10: Picture of the actual laboratory setup

3.2.4.2 Scale Model

In addition to the previously described testing platform, an alternative testing method has
been developed using a scaled power system model. The scale model represents a
simplified power system consisting of three substations, a generating substation, and two
transmission substations. The scaling factor is 1000:1. Despite the scaling, the model
includes all major elements of an actual power system, including transmission lines, a
source behind a step-up transformer, circuit breakers, disconnect switches, as well as
potential and current transformers for instrumentation. The source utilizes the output of
the waveform generator mentioned above. The scale model is used to test transient relay
response under actual rather than simulated conditions. Such conditions may also include
imbalances (inherent imbalances from transmission line construction) and asymmetrical
conditions (one or two phases disconnected). The model itself does not replicate the
effect of the rest of the system to the voltage source, since there is no feedback loop
between the two. The scale model is integrated with the rest of the testing platform as it is
illustrated in Figure 3.11. Construction details of the scaled power system are described
in [33], [34].

30
 Scale Model
Generator With All Instrumentation
Model
Simulated
Waveforms

PCI Board
Waveform Generator
Scale Model
Measurements

Trip!

Transformer
Host Computer
Bank Generator Relay
Signal Amplifier

Figure 3.11: Test bench layout for relay testing with a scale model

3.2.4.3 Auxiliary Independent Voltage and Current Channels

Relay testing utilizing either of the two systems described above requires the use of
independent voltage and current channels to generate the input signals to the relays at the
appropriate level. Specifically, the output of the scaled model of the power system or the
output of the COMTRADE data converted into analog are in general low level signals.
The independent voltage and current channels simply amplify these signals to levels
appropriate for input to the relays under test.

The independent voltage and current channels are designed to accept the output of (a) the
PC-controlled D/A converter and the existing theater amplifier or (b) the output of the
scaled power system model. As an example, the schematic of the voltage channel is
illustrated in Figure 3.12, and its actual layout is shown in Figure 3.13.

31
Figure 3.12: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing
(schematic, includes neutral voltage)

32
 Figure 3.13: Three-phase auxiliary voltage channels for relay and PMU testing
(actual layout)

The independent current channels have a similar design. For generator relay testing, a
minimum of four independent voltage channels and three independent current channels
are required.

3.2.5 Virtual Relay Testing

For completeness we discuss the process of virtual relay testing. The basic idea/objective
of the virtual relay testing is to test the manufacturers relay software directly without the
need to generate actual voltage and current inputs to the relay. Thus, the principle of
virtual testing is to perform the tests using only the binary code of the relay firmware.
Configuration and waveform data can be directly sent to the inputs of the relay functions,
and the relay outputs can be processed on the host computer with the benefits of
specialized analysis software. As a result, virtual testing eliminates the constraints of a
hardware setup, including waveform generation, wiring, and communications, and
facilitates the testing of the relays. Therefore, all the relay testing is performed on a host
computer as it is illustrated in Figure 3.14.

There is one major obstacle to virtual relay testing, however. Specifically, manufacturers
must be willing to provide the binaries of their relay functions, and this is currently not
the case. This approach also requires that manufacturers document the interface
parameters of their algorithms before the tests can be performed. Possible applications of
virtual relay testing are described in [22] and [23].

33
 Simulated Event
010010
110011
001110 Trip!
Simulated Waveforms
101101
WinIGS Test Case Models Relay Firmware
Function/Logic

Host Computer

Figure 3.14: Virtual relay testing principle

3.3 Generation Relay Testing Setup

This section presents the generator relay testing procedure. A test system has been
created for testing generator relays. The test system has been so selected as to be able to
create the events required for a comprehensive transient generator testing, i.e., cable of
creating all the transient events that are pertinent to generator relay operation.

3.3.1 Purpose
Protective relays are usually tested against simplified generator models that do not
account for variations in the electrical properties of the generator. Many factors such as
soil properties may vary with the location and generator and affect the grounding
impedance. Relays with identical settings and protecting the same type of generators are
expected to respond identically to a given power system event since the protection
schemes are digitally implemented. In reality, the responses may vary because the relays
operate in slightly different environments. Also, the waveforms seen by a relay may be
affected by factors internal or external to the system. More generally, it is necessary to
ensure the settings entered by protection engineers are consistent with the intended
protection scheme. The purpose of the tests is to verify a consistent behavior of the relays
regardless of the protected generator and to check that the intended protection schemes
are robust against the actual parameters of the system.

3.3.2 Event Simulation and Testing Procedure

The testing procedure for the available generator relays is as follows, and it can also be
applied to other types of protective relays. A set of events, including faults, imbalances,
over- and under-excitation is applied to a test system, and the behavior of the different
relay functions are checked against the intended protection scheme. The tests concern all
individual functions of the relay for each event, as some scenarios call certain functions
to target or trip and other functions to remain passive. The robustness of the applied
protection scheme is tested using different variants of the test system, where differences
consist in minor changes in the generator parameters. For both variants of the system, a

34
response that is identical to the intended protection scheme is expected.

3.3.3 Description of Test System #1

The first test system is illustrated with the following simplified network model in Figure
3.15.

Generator Breaker

1 2

BUSG BUS1 BUS2BUS3 FARSRC

G G

IM A
SECBUS1

Figure 3.15: Network schematic of test system #1

The test system above includes most aspects of the generator configuration. Specifically,
the network above consists of a comprehensive generator model behind a step-up
transformer, connected to an infinite source via a transmission line. An equivalent load is
present at the infinite source side to represent load conditions in the rest of the system.
The grounding connections of the generator and the transformer secondary are an integral
part of the test system. It is extremely important for all grounding aspects to be accurately
modeled. Indeed, the magnitude of ground fault currents is tied with the impedance of the
ground connection. As a result, explicit, comprehensive models of the generator and
transformer grounding are provided. The grounding scheme includes a low-rated resistor
at the secondary of a grounding transformer placed between the generator neutral and the
remote earth. Moreover, solid and resistive grounding can be modeled for both the
generator and the transformer.

With such a comprehensive model of generator grounding, it is possible to simulate a

wide range of conditions and submit the resulting voltage and current waveforms to the
generator protection relay for testing.

3.3.3.1 Generator Model

The full time transient generator model developed for this project is described in
Appendix B.3.
This is a 800 MVA, 15 kV generator operating at 60 Hz.
Line-to-neutral voltage: 8.66 kV
800
Nominal (base) current: I Base = = 30.8 kA
15 3

35
 3.3.3.2 Generator and Transformer Grounding
The test system provides an explicit model for generator and transformer grounding. The
grounding scheme in the test case is equivalent to the one illustrated in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.16: Generator and step-up transformer grounding scheme

The grounding resistor is 1 Ω behind a 8.66 kV/240 V single-phase grounding

transformer that sits between the generator neutral and the earth (Figure 3.17). The low-
side of the grounding transformer is connected to the same remote earth. The neutral of
the high-side of the step-up transformer is also connected to the same remote earth
through a grounding path. Note that the grounding path for the step-up transformer has a
resistance of 5 Ω.

Single Phase Transformer/Centertapped Secondary Accept

Title Transformer with Secondary Centertap (Single Phase) Cancel

Transformer Rating (kVA) 15.0

Side 1 kV Rating 8.66
Side 2 kV Rating 0.24
Series Resistance (pu) 0.005
Series Reactance (pu) 0.035

Side 1 Terminal Names Side 2

BUS1_N SECBUS1_L1

SECBUS1_NN

BUS1_G SECBUS1_L2
1
Circuit Number
Figure 3.17: Settings for the generator grounding transformer

36
 3.3.3.3 Step-up Transformer Model Settings
The transformer is a delta-wye step-up 600 MVA transformer. Low-side voltage is
15 kV, high-side transmission voltage is 230 kV (Figure 3.18).

3-Phase Transformer Cancel Accept

Transformer (Two-Winding, Three-Phase)

Side 1 Bus C c Side 2 Bus

BUS1A BUS2
a
15.0 kV 230.0 kV

Delta Wye B A b Delta Wye

a
0
Standard 30
Phase Connection A
Alternate

Transformer Rating (MVA) 600.0 Tap Setting (pu) 1.0

Minimum (pu) 1.0

Winding Resistance (pu) 0.004
Maximum (pu) 1.0
Leakage Reactance (pu) 0.075
Number of Taps 1
Nominal Core Loss (pu) 0.002

Nominal Magnetizing Current (pu) 0.005 Circuit Number 1

W inIGS-T - Form: IGS_M104 - Copyright © A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.18: Settings for the generator step-up transformer

3.3.3.4 Transmission Line Parameters

The transmission line is a 10-mile section with three phase overhead conductors and
shield wires. The line operates at 230 kV (Figure 3.19).

37
 3-Phase Overhead Transmission Line Accept
Three-Phase Overhead Transmission Line Cancel

Phase Conductors Type ACSR 28.0'

Size JOREE N1 N1

Shields/Neutrals Type HS
5/16HS B1 A1 C1
Size

Tower/Pole Type 101A

Circuit Number 1

Structure Name JellowJacket 67.8 feet

Tower/Pole Ground Impedance (Ohms)

25.0 0.0
R= X=
Get From GIS Line Length (miles) 10
Line Span Length (miles) 0.1
Soil Resistivity (Ohm-Meters) 100.0 GA. Power H-Frame WoodPole TOWER

Bus Name, Side 1 Circuit Number Bus Name, Side 2

BUS4 1 FARSRC

Operating Voltage (kV) 230.0

Insulated Shields
Insulation Level (kV)
Transposed Phases FOW (Front of Wave) 100.0
BIL (Basic Insulation Level) 100.0
Transposed Shields
AC (AC Withstand) 100.0

W inIGS-T - Form: IGS_M102 - Copyright © A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.19: Settings for the transmission line in the test system

38
 3.3.3.5 Equivalent Source and Infinite Bus
The source at the infinite bus has parameters illustrated in Figure 3.20 below.

Three Phase Source Behind Impedance Accept

Equivalent Infinite Source Cancel

Source Voltage Bus Name

Line to Neutral 132.79 kV Update L-N FARSRC
Line to Line 230.0 kV Update L-L
A
Phase Angle 0.0 Degrees C
Positive
Phase Sequence Negative
A
Zero
C B
Circuit Number 1 B

Source Impedance
Ohms PU Base
Positive Resistance 0.13225 0.002 800.0 MVA
Sequence Reactance 11.903 0.18 230.0 kV(L-L)

Resistance 0.26450 0.004 2.008 kA

Negative
Sequence Reactance 13.886 0.21 66.125 Ohms

Zero Resistance 0.52900 0.008

Sequence Reactance 5.2900 0.08

Update Ohms Update PU

W inIGS-T - Form: IGS_M110 - Copyright © A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.20: Settings for the equivalent source at the infinite source

3.3.3.6 Instrumentation Channels

Instrument channels are set as follows:
• Generator high-side PT: 15,000:120 (base line-to-neutral voltage is 8.66 kV and 69 V
for the high and low side respectively, and the generator is moderately grounded (not
solidly grounded))
• Generator neutral PT: 4:1 (measurement taken from low-side of grounding
transformer, ratio 240:69 ≈ 3.5)
• Generator CT, low-side and high-side (standard ratio): 35,000:5 (base current is
30.8 kA)
• Generator neutral CT: 240:5 (measurement from secondary of grounding transformer,
max current 240 A)
• PT/CT correction factor: we assume instrumentation channels are perfect. Therefore,
all additive correction factors are set to zero, and all multiplicative correction factors

39
 are set to unity.

3.3.4 Description of Test System #2

The second test system is depicted in Figure 3.21. The system consists of three generators
operating at 15, 18, and 20 kV (Figure 3.22, Figure 3.23, Figure 3.24), three-phase and
single-phase loads attached at the generator buses, and transmission lines connecting the
generators together. There is an additional load between generators 1 and 3. All
generators are behind step-up transformers that bring the voltage to 115 kV nominal. Like
the first test system, the neutral of each generator is connected to a grounding transformer
that carries a small resistance at its secondary. Meters capture the voltage and current
phasors out of the phase terminals of the generator and the neutral. The meters also
capture the frequency, real and reactive power, and rotor angle. The system is equipped
with fault logic models to simulate a range of system events and monitor the response of
the relay. The main focus is on Generator 1 (to the left in the figure). Waveforms with
fault events are recorded for this generator and played back in the tested relays. This
system is the starting point for a number of the tests described in this document, and the
system is modified to accommodate some of the scenarios simulated.

GNDRES3

P, Q, f, rotorPos
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

GEN3N
VA, VB, VC, VN
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q
1 2
P, Q, f, rotorPos LOAD3 GEN3H GEN3 P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q 1Ph
P/Q P/Q IA, IB, IC, IN
VA, VB, VC, VN P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

IA, IB, IC, IN

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q
P, Q, f, rotorPos
P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

LINETERM1 LINETERM2
VA, VB, VC, VN
1 2 1 2 P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

GEN1 GEN1H GEN2H GEN2

1Ph P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

1Ph IA, IB, IC, IN

GEN1N GEN2N P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

P/Q P/Q P/Q P/Q

GNDRES1 GNDRES2

Figure 3.21: Network schematic of test system #2

40
 Synchronous Generator Model Accept
Generating Unit 1 Cancel
Machine Identifier N/A In Service
Machine Status Out of Service Power Bus
Circuit Number 1
GEN1
Controls Nominal Voltage (kV) 15.0
PV Control
T Voltage Setpoint (pu) 1.0
PQ Control
Slack Voltage Regulated Bus
E GEN1

Per Unit Inertia Constant 2.5

Other Parameters
Output Power Minimum Power Maximum Power
Real 90.0 0.0 100.0 MW
Reactive 0.0 -50.0 50.0 MVAr

Reactive Power Allocation Factor 1.0

Source Impedance Ohms PU Base

Positive Resistance 0.0022500 0.001 100.0 MVA
Sequence Reactance 0.40500 0.18
15.000 kV
Negative Resistance 0.0022500 0.001
3.849 kA
Sequence Reactance 0.42750 0.19
2.250 Ohms
Zero Resistance 0.0022500 0.001
Sequence Reactance 0.22500 0.1

Update Ohms Update PU

WinIGS-Q - Form: IGS_M149 - Copyright © A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.22: Parameters for Generator 1 (Test System #2)

41
 Synchronous Generator Model Accept
Generating Unit 2 Cancel
Machine Identifier N/A In Service
Machine Status Out of Service Power Bus
Circuit Number 1
GEN2
Controls Nominal Voltage (kV) 18.0
PV Control
T Voltage Setpoint (pu) 1.0
PQ Control
Slack Voltage Regulated Bus
E GEN2

Per Unit Inertia Constant 3.0

Other Parameters
Output Power Minimum Power Maximum Power
Real 90.0 0.0 300.0 MW
Reactive 0.0 -100.0 100.0 MVAr

Reactive Power Allocation Factor 1.0

Source Impedance Ohms PU Base

Positive Resistance 0.0010800 0.001 300.0 MVA
Sequence Reactance 0.19440 0.18
18.000 kV
Negative Resistance 0.0010800 0.001
9.623 kA
Sequence Reactance 0.20520 0.19
1.080 Ohms
Zero Resistance 0.0010800 0.001
Sequence Reactance 0.10800 0.1

Update Ohms Update PU

WinIGS-Q - Form: IGS_M149 - Copyright © A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.23: Parameters for Generator 2 (Test System #2)

42
 Synchronous Generator Model Accept
Generating Unit 3 Cancel
Machine Identifier N/A In Service
Machine Status Out of Service Power Bus
Circuit Number 1
GEN3
Controls Nominal Voltage (kV) 20.0
PV Control
T Voltage Setpoint (pu) 1.0
PQ Control
Slack Voltage Regulated Bus
E GEN3

Per Unit Inertia Constant 2.5

Other Parameters
Output Power Minimum Power Maximum Power
Real 140.0 0.0 200.0 MW
Reactive 0.0 -50.0 50.0 MVAr

Reactive Power Allocation Factor 1.0

Source Impedance Ohms PU Base

Positive Resistance 0.0020000 0.001 200.0 MVA
Sequence Reactance 0.40000 0.2
20.000 kV
Negative Resistance 0.0020000 0.001
5.774 kA
Sequence Reactance 0.38000 0.19
2.000 Ohms
Zero Resistance 0.0020000 0.001
Sequence Reactance 0.20000 0.1

Update Ohms Update PU

WinIGS-Q - Form: IGS_M149 - Copyright © A. P. Meliopoulos 1998-2007

Figure 3.24: Parameters for Generator 3 (Test System #2)

3.3.5 Beckwith Relay Setup

3.3.5.1 Connections and Wiring

A schematic of the connections between the relay and the generator are shown in Figure
B.1 in Appendix B.1. This schematic is mostly derived from the connections diagrams in
the relay manual [20], and it would apply in the case of an actual generator protected by
the Beckwith relay. In this study, however, the generator instrumentation is simulated
with software and reproduced using a signal generator and amplifier. The connections
and wiring between the signal amplifier and the generator relay are shown in Figure B.6
in Appendix B.1.

3.3.5.2 Communications
The relay can be configured from a remote computer using serial communications
through a null-modem cable. Alternatively, the relay can be configured using an Ethernet
connection or even the front panel. The focus of this document is on serial
communications to take advantage of the manufacturer-provided configuration software.
The Beckwith M3425-A relay is built to listen to requests sent in a specific format known

43
as the BECO communications protocol (see [24] and [25] for more information). As a
result, the relay does not check the presence of a “client” or provide a prompt interface
with common terminal programs. When the relay receives a well-formed request, it
responds by constructing a formatted message that the client can retrieve. Response
messages may include requested data from the client such as set points, output status, and
full oscillograph records. While it is possible to implement this protocol independently,
the provided configuration software is a better choice for an initial approach. The
software makes the protocol requirements transparent to the user by translating basic
setup information into a request with the appropriate format.

3.3.5.3 Setup Software

The provided software consists of two separate computer programs: IPSCOM and
IPSutility. IPSCOM is a general program to setup, monitor, and retrieve relay
configuration and status data. It can translate and display the information retrieved from
the relay in a number of textual and graphical ways. While most parameters of the relay
can be set via IPSCOM, the program does not provide manual control of the output
contacts. IPSutility is a lightweight program that can perform a limited number of
operations. While very limited compared to IPSCOM, IPSutility can take control of the
output contacts.

A procedure to setup the relay and retrieve information is described in the following sub-
sections.

3.3.5.4 General settings

Establishing communications with the relay when it is connected to a computer through a
null-modem cable is very simple using the provided software:
- The communications port is set to COM1.
- The baud rate can be set to the highest supported value (9600 bps).
- Other fields are left untouched.
General settings pertain to the calibration of the relay and the availability of a number of
features. The IPSCOM program provides the user interface to define the general settings
(Figure 3.25).

44
 Figure 3.25: General relay settings dialog box

The user interface for general relay settings also provides inputs for the following
parameters:
- nominal current and voltage, CT and PT configuration and ratios, according to the
generator nominal voltage and current, and the instrumentation channel
parameters defined in section 3.3.3;
- state of the inputs: closed or open;
- seal-in time for each of the channels.
Nominal CT secondary current and base frequency cannot be changed as they are built
into the relay at the time of purchase.

3.3.5.5 Individual functions

Individual functions are configured using a specific screen for each function. The
intrinsics of each function is described in the instructions book of the relay. The IPSCOM
program also provides displays that summarize the parameters and status of all functions

45
in the relay.

3.3.5.6 GPS Synchronization

The tested relays can both synchronize their clocks to a signal provided from a GPS
antenna. Both relays have an IRIG-B input that enables this capability.

3.3.6 Simulation of Power System Events

The high-fidelity simulation software allows faults to be placed anywhere in the system.
Faults can be simulated anywhere along transmission lines, circuit connectors, as well as
inside the windings of generator models and transformers. A number of events can be
simulated with this model. First are faults outside of the generator and outside the
protection range of the generator relay. These events include faults at the transformer or
along the transmission line. For these events, the generator relay should not perform any
action, unless a certain amount of time has elapsed. Second are events inside the
protection range of the relay and events that concern the generator itself. These events
include ground faults inside the generator, turn-to-turn faults along the stator of the
generator, rotor faults, and excitation failures. The test simulates these generator events,
and the response of the relays to such events is noted. The simulated events can be
reproduced using WinIGS and following the suggested procedure provided in
Appendix B.2.

3.3.7 Reporting Tests and Simulated Events

The tests are reported in a relay response chart that contains a comprehensive set of
events used to test the response of each of the functions of the relay. Two copies of the
document are needed for each series of tests: one for the test itself and one for the
intended response of the relay for each of the events listed.
We provide a procedure to reproduce each event in the test system using the WinIGS
software in Appendix B.2. An example response chart of the relay for each of the events
simulated is given in Appendix B.4.

3.4 Basic Event Triggering and Oscillographic Record Analysis

3.4.1 Beckwith M3425-A

The Beckwith relay has the capability to record and store waveforms for a time window
that covers an event in the system. 16 oscillograph channels are available to record and
store various events. The waveform data can be downloaded at a later time to a remote
computer using the IPSCOM program or any software that is compatible with the
communication protocols of the relay.

3.4.1.1 Manual Event Triggering and Retrieval

It is possible to trigger the oscillograph and record measurements even if the relay does
not detect any event in the system. The following was performed for this basic operation:

46
 - Generate three-phase, balanced sinusoidal voltages, RMS value 69 V, in positive
sequence (120 degrees apart) using the waveform generator.
- Feed the voltage measurement inputs VA, VB, VC with the generated voltages (pins
38 to 43 at the back of the relay).
- Close output contact number 8 using the IPSutility.
With the default settings of the relay, closing an output contact using IPSutility triggers
the oscillograph and records a target hit. Upon contact closing, visual feedback is
provided by the relay with the target LED, the oscillograph trigger LED, and the output
contact LED illuminated. In addition, the relay flashes target information on the front
panel display (Figure 3.26).
Target and oscillograph Screen flashes target
trigger LED are lit. information.

Output LED is lit.

Figure 3.26: Manual output contact control with IPSutility and visual feedback
from the relay

The records generated from this event can be viewed and/or erased using the IPSCOM
program. Specifically, the oscillographic data can be downloaded in two formats:
COMTRADE or the proprietary Beco format (Figure 3.27). For compatibility, files are
downloaded in the COMTRADE format. Note that the relay can store up to 16
oscillograph records. The maximum number of records available can be configured from
the relay front panel or the configuration software.

Figure 3.27: The oscillograph retrieval screen

47
 3.4.1.2 Oscillographic Record Analysis
The waveform records comply with the 1999 version of the COMTRADE standard. The
record consists of three files: a text configuration file, a data file in the binary format
specified in the standard, and a header file. The configuration file is shown in Appendix
E. Twelve analog measurement channels include the three line voltages, the six phase
currents on each side of the coils, the neutral voltage and current, and one multi-purpose
voltage. The file has provisions for 40 status channels, but only 14 channels are utilized
to record the state of the 8 outputs and 6 inputs.

Having fed the relay with generated waveforms, the downloaded COMTRADE data can
be visualized to check consistency of the relay setup. The IGS-XFM program [22] and
the Waveform Analyzers software [23], both developed at Georgia Tech for the study of
protective relaying, can be used to display the data. Figure 3.28 shows an excerpt of the
generated voltages seen by the relay. In addition, the figure includes a plot of the status of
the output contact that has been toggled.

By default, the length of the retrieved oscillographic record is 4.6 seconds. There are
4480 data points sampled at 960 Hz (16 times the base system frequency). Records may
contain up to 472 cycles (7.8 seconds duration) at this fixed sampling rate. As expected,
the recorded values for the voltage waveforms are about 97 V peak, and a RMS value
that is stabilized between 68.80 and 68.95 V. The phases follow the positive sequence
order. The plot for Output 8 shows its status changing from zero (open) to one (closed).
Additionally, if the voltage inputs start less than 4 seconds before the output contact is
triggered, the oscillograph is able to record the connection of the relay to the voltage
source (Figure 3.29).

48
 Input Voltages (V) Output contact triggered
VA VB VC
100
++ ++ ++ ++
+ + + + +
+ + + +

+ + + +
50 + + ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++
+ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++
+ ++ ++

+ + + + +
+ + + VA
+ (V)
VB (V)
0 + +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++
VC (V)
+ + + + + + OUTPUT 8
+ + +

-50 + + + +
+ + + +

+ + + +
+ + + +
++ ++ ++ ++
-100
3490000 3500000 3510000 3520000 3530000 3540000
Time (µs)

Figure 3.28: Graphical sample of the waveforms and state of the output contact

(Scaled up) recorded by the Beckwith relay. For readability, data points are shown for
phase A voltage and output contact status only

49
 Input Voltages (V)
V
+ A
VB VC
100 +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
50
+
+ + + +

+ + + VA (V)
0 ++ +++++++++++ ++++++++++++ + + +
VB (V)
VC (V)

+ + + +
-50
+ + + +
+ + + +
-100 + +
260000 270000 280000 290000 300000 310000
Time (µs)

Figure 3.29: Records of the initiation of the voltage supply to the relay

3.4.2 SEL 300-G

The setup for the 300-G relay is performed through the SEL Acselerator QuickSet
software [15]. The system settings applied for the M3425-A relay are entered in the 300-
G relay as well. The 300-G relay has the capability to record and store waveforms for
time windows of different lengths to cover a variety of events in the system. The number
of oscillograph records available is only limited by memory. The waveform data can be
downloaded at a later time to a remote computer using the Acselerator program.

The records generated from this event can be viewed and/or erased using the provided
configuration software. Oscillograph data is downloaded in a proprietary event file
(CEV) format before it can be converted to COMTRADE by the viewing software.

3.4.2.1 Event Triggering, Retrieval, and Analysis

It is possible to manually trigger the oscillograph and record measurements even if the
relay does not detect any event in the system. This can be done directly using the
configuration software.

The waveform records comply with the 1991 version of the COMTRADE standard. The
record consists of three files: a text configuration file, a data file in text format, and a
header file. The file contains 12 analog measurement channels: phase, neutral, and

50
ground currents, phase and neutral voltages, power supply voltage, one multi-purpose
voltage, and a record of the frequency. The file has provisions for over 400 status
channels. The state of each function, output, and related variables is recorded in the file
as well. The downloaded COMTRADE data can be visualized using the IGS-XFM
program and the Waveform Analyzers software. By default, the length of the retrieved
oscillographic record is 256 data samples at 960 Hz (16 times the base system frequency,
total 266 ms). Analysis of event waveforms is described in the test case showing the same
waveform sent to both relays for comparison.

51
 3.5 Equations for the Protection Variables
This section presents the basic protection variables in generating unit protective relays. It
defines the notation and some basic tests to determine the proper connection to the inputs
of the relay.

3.5.1 Notation
Variable Description Functions
ĨNom Nominal CT secondary current (5 A) All

ĨPickup Pickup current (at CT secondary) All

ĨOp Operating current (at CT secondary) 87

ĨRestraint Restraint current (at CT secondary) 87

Suffix _X Corresponding variable on phase X on high- All

voltage side of generator (X is A, B, or C)

Suffix _x Corresponding variable on phase x on neutral All

side of generator (x is a, b, or c)

3.5.2 Setup 1 – Single Current Source at Neutral Side Only

~ ~ ~ ~ − j120° ~ ~ − j 240° ~
Va = V ; Vb = V e ; Vc = V e ; V = 1.0e jωt p.u.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I A = I B = I C = 0; I a = I ; I b = I e − j120° ; I c = I e − j 240° ; I = I (t )e jωt .
This setup reproduces a turn-to-ground fault on all three windings of the generator
simultaneously. In this case, the neutral current is equal to three times the zero sequence
current which is also zero with all three windings shorted to the ground simultaneously.
~ ~
As a result, the neutral voltage can be neglected, and I N = 0, VN = 0 .

3.5.3 Setup 2 – Same Currents In and Out

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Va = V ; Vb = Ve − j120° ; Vc = V e − j 240° ; V = 1.0e jωt p.u.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
IA = I a = I ; I B = I b = I e − j120° ; I C = I c = I e − j 240° ; I = I (t )e jωt .
No current is lost in any phase from the neutral to the transformer side of the generator.
This setup reproduces operating conditions that do not involve a fault or abnormal
conditions within the generator windings, and may also represent turn-to-turn fault
conditions.

52
 3.5.4 Operating Current and Restraint Current
Operating current:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I Op _ X = CTC × I X − I x = I X − I x (assumes matching CTs and correction factor CTC = 1)
Restraint current:
~ ~ ~ ~
~ CTC × I X + I x I X + I x
I Restraint_X = = (same assumption)
2 2

3.6 Individual Protection Function Tests (M-3425A)

3.6.1 Common Procedures

The M-3425A relay offers protection engineers the possibility to use different sets of
parameters simultaneously for the same relay function. This is as if the same function
was duplicated within the relay. In particular, each set of parameters includes a different
pickup level/zone and a different time delay. This is very useful for testing purposes as it
is possible to compare different settings in parallel or to compare different settings with
the same reference. Applicable functions, with at least two available sets of parameters,
are as follows:
21, 24 (definite time only), 27, 27TN, 32, 40, 49, 50, 50DT, 59, 59N, 59X, 64F, 81,
81A, 81R, 87, IPSLogic
Functions not listed above have only one set of parameters and cannot benefit from this
common procedure:
24 (inverse time), 25, 46, 50N, 50BF, 50/27, 51N, 51V, 59D, 60FL, 64B, 64S, 67N,
78, 87GD, BM, TC

3.6.1.1 Time Delay Testing

In one of the parameter sets used as a reference, the time delay is set to the lowest value
possible (1 cycle in most cases, which is an almost instantaneous output trigger), and a
reference output channel is selected. For each of the remaining parameter sets, the time
delay is set to values in increments up to the maximum possible delay, and an output
other than the reference output is selected. The pickup setting is the same in all the
parameter sets. Because the different parameter sets available can be enabled
simultaneously, it is possible to compare the behavior of the function with different time
delays in a single run. Specifically, the output switching times determine the accuracy of
the time delays in the relay.

3.6.1.2 Pickup Testing

In one of the parameter sets used as a reference, the pickup setting is set to the lowest
value possible. For the remaining parameter set(s), the pickup is set to values in
increments up to the maximum range possible. The time delay in all the parameter sets is
set to the minimum delay possible (in most cases 1 cycle for almost instantaneous
tripping). Because the different parameter sets available can be enabled simultaneously, it
is possible to compare the behavior of the function with different pickup settings in a
single run. Specifically, the levels where the functions trigger determine the accuracy of

53
the pickup setting in the relay.

3.6.2 Function 87 – Phase Differential

3.6.2.1 Description
This function trips when the operating current IOp exceeds a value that is a function of the
restraint current. For the Beckwith relay, we think the equation of the characteristic, in
term of RMS values, is
⎧max( I Pickup , I Restraint × slope) if I Restraint < 2 I Nom
I Op = ⎨
⎩ I Restraint × 4 × slope otherwise
The function takes one slope parameter and one pickup parameter. The function activates
designated outputs after a set delay. The characteristic is shown in Figure 3.30. Settings
for the IPSCOM program are shown in Figure 3.31.
Operating current (A)
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
Trip Block
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15
Restraint current (A)

Figure 3.30: Characteristic of Function 87 function with 0.3 A pickup and 10%
slope

Figure 3.31: Settings for the differential relay function

54
 3.6.2.2 Setup 1 – Single Current Source at Neutral Side Only
Assuming I(t) < 2 INom, the relationship between operating and restraint current becomes
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IX + Ix Ix
I Op _ X = I X − I x = − I x ; I Restraint_X = = ;
2 2
~ ~
Thus, I Op _ X = −2 I Restraint_X , and I Op _ X = 2 I Restraint_X .

3.6.2.3 Minimum Pickup and Dropout Level Test (Setup 1)

For the minimum pickup test, the slope coefficient must be made passive, i.e.
I Restraint × slope < I Pickup for all I Restraint < 2 I Nom
The slope coefficient becomes passive (does not affect the characteristic below 2 INom)
when
I
slope ≤ Pickup .
2 I Nom
Since the relay does not report function pickup in any of its outputs, we reduce the delay
from pickup to trigger to the minimum possible which is 1 cycle. The relay is set to
trigger Output #2 after one cycle. To test the function, we look in the recorded
waveforms the time when Output 2 changes from zero (inactive) to one (active).
The function is tested first with each neutral-side current input energized individually
while the others remain unenergized. Then, the function is tested with all three currents
active.

The first round of tests consist of applying a current ramp from 0 to 1.0 p.u., increasing at
0.05 p.u./s, and to note at which RMS value of the current the relay picks up/triggers the
function. For record purposes, the time refers to the time origin of the waveforms
retrieved from the relay. Note that the relay does not provide outputs for function targets;
therefore, targets are estimated using the 1-cycle delay setting entered for this relay
function. The results are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Function 87, trigger and target times and corresponding current
Run ID Phases Trigger Trigger Est. Est. Time for
time (µs) RMS target target 1.00 A
(A) time (µs) RMS (A) RMS
1011_171402 A +1232544 0.99507 +1216929 0.98645 +1314783
1011_172345 B +1232544 0.99800 +1216929 0.99292 +1261692
1011_173446 C +1220052 0.99142 +1204437 0.98689 +1283553
1011_150058 All +1220052 0.98615 +1204437 0.98340 +1436580

Remarks: The M3425-A has a current accuracy of ±3 % or 0.1 A. The current record is
offset by approximately –0.13 A, and this offset is observable when no current is flowing

55
through the relay. Some errors may occur when retrieving oscillograph records (corrupted
files, e.g. in 20071011_173446).

In the second round of tests, a sinusoidal waveform in a triangular envelope is utilized to

trigger the relay function and activate Output #2. The objective is to show that the output
contact (here Output #2) is deactivated when the RMS current falls to a value below the
pickup level defined for the relay. Settings are 0.80 A pickup, delay 1 cycle, slope 1 %,
and waveform with triangular envelope from 0 to 0.6 p.u. and 0.6 p.u to 0 at 0.1 p.u./s.
Again, each phase is tested individually for differential current pickup. An example of
recorded waveforms for the test on phase A is shown in Figure 3.32. Trigger and drop-
out times are shown in Table 3.2 and compared with the times computed RMS values
reach the pickup setting.

Ia (A)
OUTPUT 2
Ia_RMS

Figure 3.32: Function 87, phase differential, waveforms for the combined pickup
and dropoff tests

Table 3.2: Function 87, trigger and drop-out times and corresponding currents
Run ID Phases Trigger Trigger Drop-out Drop- Time Time for
time RMS time (µs) out for 0.80 0.80 A
(µs) (A) RMS A RMS RMS
(A) up down
1015_112933 A +936900 0.798317 +3339528 0.789908 +937941 +3279150
1015_111904 B +941064 0.790976 +3422808 0.790298 +961884 +3369717
1015_110813 C +936900 0.801595 +3335364 0.790668 +933777 +3276027

56
 3.6.2.4 Test of Slope (Setup 1)
It is not possible to test the slope using setup 1
since I Op = 2 I Restraint = slope × I Restraint , I Restraint < 2 I Nom ⇒ slope = 2 , and the slope factor
cannot be greater than 1.

3.6.3 Function 27 – Phase Undervoltage

3.6.3.1 Description
This function operates after a specified delay when the voltage on certain phases drops
and remains below a specified value.
General generator settings: these settings reproduce a voltage sag at the bus of the
generator: Triangular signal, maximum = 64 V RMS, minimum = 57 V, Slope at 0.03
p.u./s. The entire event lasts about 5 seconds.

3.6.3.2 Pickup Test (Setup 1)

The three sets of parameters are defined with voltage thresholds: 62 V, 60 V, and 58 V.
The time delay is set to the minimum possible (1 cycle). The response of the relay is
shown in Figure 3.33. Results are shown in Table 3.3.

VA (V)
OUTPUT 1
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 3
Thres_62V
Thres_60V
Thres_58V
VA_RMS

Figure 3.33: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms

from pickup and dropoff test

57
 Table 3.3: Function 27, times and voltage levels for function trigger and release
Set Measured Measured Time V Trigger Time V Release
pickup trigger release settles time settles time
level level (V) level (V) under above
(V) pickup pickup
level level

Output 62 61.79 62.78 678732 716208 4210845 4463808

1

Output 60 59.63 60.64 1413678 1515696 3468612 3664320

2

Output 58 57.92 58.83 2163198 2186100 2726379 2998080

3

3.6.3.3 Time Delay Test (Setup 1)

The threshold for the function is set to 60 V for all parameter sets. The delays are 1 cycle,
10 cycles, and 20 cycles. The response of the relay is shown in Figure 3.34.

VA (V)
OUTPUT 1
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 3
Thres_60V
VA_RMS

Figure 3.34: Function 27, phase undervoltage, waveforms from time delay test

Pickup voltage is 60.04 V. Note that from data, the relay waits until the RMS voltage on
phase A drops below 60.00 V for 4 sampling periods. The difference with the previous
experiment is that all settings have the same dropoff delay of 0.23 s (13.8 cycles) after the
RMS voltage permanently stays above 60.00 V. The dropoff voltage is 60.61 V. Results

58
are shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Function 27, time delay test results

Set delay Measured delay w.r.t. Operated RMS voltage (V)
(cycles) Output 1 (cycles)
Output 1 1 N/A 60.04
Output 2 10 8.99424 59.72
Output 3 20 18.9878 59.33

To check for time delay accuracy and check that the relay does not operate below the
time delay, all delays are set at 4 seconds (240 cycles). Then, the triangular function is
fed to the relay. As expected, there was no operation. Note that the general target LED
and the LEDs in the target pane are not illuminated, unless an output contact is triggered.
In particular, the target LEDs remains unlit voltage drops below the threshold and returns
above the threshold before the timeout has elapsed.

3.7 Expanded Test Scenarios

This section discusses a number of scenarios for testing generator relays that may involve
the triggering of multiple protective functions of the relay. For each one of the composite
scenarios, the appropriate data files in COMTRADE format have been generated and
briefly described in this section. The actual data can be found in the project web site.

3.7.1 Mock Generator Acceleration

3.7.1.1 Tested Functions

The following protection functions are included:
24 (V/Hz),
27 (undervoltage),
50 (overcurrent),
51V (inv. time overcurrent w/ voltage restraint),
59 (overvoltage),
81 (overfrequency).

For each protection function to be tested appropriate events are generated and stored in
COMTRADE format. These events have been uploaded to the project web site.

3.7.1.2 Description
This test scenario is meant to demonstrate the capabilities of the laboratory setup
described in section 3.2. Using Test System #1, a fault with an acceleration of the rotor of
the generator is simulated by configuring the voltage source to produce a voltage and
frequency ramp. For this experiment, the current is kept in phase with the voltage by
placing a symmetric resistive load between the phases and the neutral. Simulated voltages
vary from 12.3 to 14.5 kV L-L (57 to 67 V at the relays). Currents in each phase change

59
from 10.6 to 12.3 kA (1.52 to 1.75 A at the relay). The frequency changes from 60 to
62 Hz. All the changes take place in 3 seconds, while the waveforms are recorded
through the relays. The objective is to observe changes in the transient response as the
voltages and currents gradually rise. Finally, the voltage and current supply is
discontinued after 3 seconds to simulate circuit breaker operation. Recording continues
beyond 3 seconds to capture lingering changes in the relay status.

3.7.1.3 Example Results

Waveforms were recorded for the M-3425A relay only. Oscillograph data is retrieved
from the relay in IEEE binary COMTRADE format. The retrieved waveforms for the
phase voltages and outputs are shown in Figure 3.35. In particular, several changes in the
different output signals can be observed while the voltage ramps up.

VA

Output 1

Output 2

Output 3

Output 4

Output 5

Figure 3.35: M-3425A relay retrieved waveforms for the protection scenario

The protection settings and actual behavior are shown in Table 3.5 in relay metrics. The
protection scheme responded as expected despite simplifications in the experiment. The
frequency function failed to start in this particular trial, but responded in another run with
slightly different conditions.

60
 Table 3.5: Settings for selected protection functions
Function Setting Delay Out- Expected Observed
put response response
24 (V/Hz) 1.15 30 cycles 3 No trip No trip
27 (undervoltage) 58 V 1 cycle 1 Must Released VA
release = 58 V
50 (overcurrent) 1.60 A 1 cycle 2 Must trip Tripped
IA = 1.68 A
51V (inv. time 1.60 A 2.0 dial 4 Check Tripped
overcurrent w/
voltage restraint)
59 (overvoltage) 62 V 1 cycle 1 Must trip Tripped

81 (overfrequency) 61 Hz 3 cycles 5 Must trip No trip

All other functions --- --- 3 No trip No trip

3.7.2 Three-Phase Fault with Unstable Swings after Clearance

3.7.2.1 Tested Functions and Events

Functions: 21 (distance), 32 (directional power), 27 (phase undervoltage), 50
(overcurrent), 78 (out-of-step), 81* (frequency).
Events: 3-phase fault on transmission line, generator motoring, reactive power
transfer, system frequency increase/variations, system instability after fault clearing.

3.7.2.2 Description
Test System #2 is modified to include the fault logic to reproduce a three-phase fault on
one of the lines that connects Generator 2 (see Figure 3.21). The fault lasts 0.45 s and is
cleared by opening the circuit breakers at both ends of the considered line. The transient
swings are observed after the fault is cleared. The settings are selected for the system to
become unstable after fault clearance. This example is derived from transient stability test
systems.

3.7.2.3 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

Captures of voltage and current waveforms from Generator 1 sent to the relays are shown
in Figure 3.36. Waveforms for Generators 2 and 3 are similar. There are a few
phenomena common to unstable generator swings: voltage swings increase in magnitude,
transitions of the units from generating to motoring, and vice-versa, high fault currents,
acceleration of generator frequency, and drifting of rotor position. Considering the
individual relay functions, we expect the relays to trip for power reversal, frequency
increases, rotor position drifts, overcurrents, undervoltages, and so on. It is also desirable

61
to obtain a single response of the relays to this event, which is the triggering of the out-
of-step relay function (78) along with an indicator stating “Unstable swing.”

Generator1_VA_Time60Hz (volts)
12.25 k Generator1_VB_Time60Hz (volts)
Generator1_VC_Time60Hz (volts)
0.000

-12.25 k
Generator1_VN_Time60Hz (volts)
1.703 m

-6.288 u

-1.716 m
Generator1_IA_Time60Hz (volts)
18.65 k Generator1_IB_Time60Hz (volts)
Generator1_IC_Time60Hz (volts)
-216.2 m

-18.65 k
Generator1_IN_Time60Hz (volts)
1.703 m

-6.288 u

-1.716 m
Generator_1__Real_Power (W)
120.5 M Generator_1__Reactive_Power (VA)

-54.44 M

-229.4 M
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
179.9

-15.19 m

-180.0

27.5 28.0 28.5 Time (s)

Figure 3.36: Capture of the waveforms sent to the relays for Test System #2

62
 3.7.3 Wide-Area Partial Load Shedding

3.7.3.1 Functions and Events Tested

Functions: 81* (frequency),
Events: 10 % reduction of load (P and Q), sudden partial loss of load, frequency
increase/variations.

3.7.3.2 Description
Wide-area load shedding occur from the action of utilities or system operators when load
is in excess of the available power from the generators in service. Note that different
entities have called the population for voluntary load cuts (such as turning off lights),
simultaneously, region or nation-wide, for a short duration (five minutes), from the order
of 10 %. A simultaneous drop in load can lead to an undesired response from the system.
Using Test System #2, 10 % of the three-phase loads is shed after 1 second of simulation
(Figure 3.37). The responses of the generators are observed.

GNDRES3
Loads to be shed
(circuit breaker opens after about 1 second).
These loads represent 10% of the remaining load.

GEN3N

1 2
LOAD3 LOAD13 GEN3H GEN3
1Ph

1 2 1 2
GEN1 GEN1H LOAD12 GEN2H GEN2
LOAD11

GEN1N GEN2N

GNDRES1 GNDRES2

Figure 3.37: Principle for wide area partial load shedding

63
 3.7.3.3 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response
Averaged values are shown in Figure 3.38.

118.6 m
-5.575 u All neutral voltages

1.112 m
All neutral currents
-15.59 u

60.34
60.00
All generator frequencies

44.90 All rotor generator positions

4.915
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
8.710 k
8.660 k
Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)
10.43 k
10.39 k
Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)
11.61 k
11.55 k
Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)
3.570 k
3.273 k
Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.748 k
4.141 k
Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.107 k
3.755 k

157.7
All voltage and current phase angles
-123.9
Generator_1__Real_Power (W)
-83.03 M
-90.00 M
Generator_2__Real_Power (W)
-128.7 M Generator_3__Real_Power (W)
-146.7 M
Generator_3__Reactive_Power (VA)
-20.00 M Generator_1__Reactive_Power (VA)
-25.13 M
Generator_2__Reactive_Power (VA)
-14.53 M
-19.29 M

10.60 10.90 11.20 11.50

Figure 3.38: RMS values of electric quantities until one second after load drop

With the load reduced by 10 %, a similar drop and slight swing in current, real and
reactive power is observed. The voltage at the generator terminals increases by less than

64
1 % and remains at that level. Note that the phase angles of all the electric quantities does
not exhibit fast variations compared to unstable swings, but all angles do increase.
Similarly, the frequency increases up to 60.5 Hz one second after load has been cut.
Rotor angles seem to drift at a similar rate as well. In this situation, there is no
overcurrent, under/overvoltage, or fast swings. Only the frequency increases, and the
phenomenon may not be detected until after a second. After a second, frequency relays
are likely to pickup the frequency variation and trip the generators. Small swings of
power and currents go undetected. The expanded simulation over 8 seconds is shown in
Figure 3.39.

65
 Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
8.710 k

8.694 k

8.677 k

8.660 k
Generator_1__Real_Power (W)
-83.00 M

-85.33 M

-87.67 M

-90.00 M
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
180.0 Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg)
Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

59.97

-60.01

-180.0
Generator_1__Frequency (Hz)
63.61 Generator_2__Frequency (Hz)
Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

62.41

61.20

60.00

46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0

Figure 3.39: Expanded simulation shows continuous increase of generator

frequency and rotor slip

66
 3.7.4 Inadvertent Generator Breaker Operation

3.7.4.1 Functions and Events Tested

Events: Sudden loss of load (Generator 1), load exceeds generating capacity
(Generators 2 and 3), frequency increases or decreases, stator overloads.
Functions: 81* (frequency), 50 (overcurrent).

3.7.4.2 Description
Using Test System #2, a circuit breaker is placed on the high side of Transformer 1. The
circuit breaker is open after one second of simulation (simulation over 2 seconds).

3.7.5 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

The responses of Generators 1 to 3 are shown in Figure 3.40. Note that RMS voltages and
currents are plotted. The first thing to remark is that Generator 1 accelerates dramatically
to 70 Hz after losing the load. Generators 2 and 3 slow below 59 Hz in less than one
second to compensate for the additional burden. The evolution of rotor positions and
phase angles of all electrical variables reflect the fast changes in frequency. Synchronism
must be achieved again before Generator 1 can be reconnected.

For generator 1, the voltage increases by 5 % upon loss of load. The voltage decrease for
Generators 2 and 3 is about 2 %, while their current rises by 45 % and 21 % respectively.
The change in voltage is not likely to be detected by the relays; however, the relays will
most likely react to the instantaneous, significant increase in the stator current.

67
 Generator_1__Frequency (Hz)
69.97 Generator_2__Frequency (Hz)
Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

58.52
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
180.0 Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg)
Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-180.0

180.0

-180.0
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
9.070 k

8.660 k
Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)
10.39 k

10.22 k
Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)
11.55 k

11.34 k
Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)
3.540 k

5.700
Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)
5.267 k

3.629 k
Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.961 k

4.086 k

21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5

Figure 3.40: Waveforms captured for inadvertent breaker operation

68
 3.7.5 Disconnected Phase

3.7.5.1 Functions and Events Tested

Events: disconnected phase, imbalances.
Functions: 49 (negative sequence), *N (neutral-related functions), 27 (undervoltage),
46 (phase current balance), 47 (phase voltage balance), 50 (overcurrent), 59
(overvoltage).

3.7.5.2 Description
Test System #2 is modified to include per-phase breakers, so phases can be disconnected
independently of each other. The switches/breakers are located at the high-side of the
step-up transformer for Generator 1 and at the load connected to that generator (see
Figure 3.41). The first experiments involve opening one and two phases of the generator
breaker. The second type of experiments deals with opening one and two phases of the
three-phase load connected to Generator 1.

1 2
GEN1 GEN1CB GEN1H LOAD1

GEN1N

1Ph

GNDRES1

Figure 3.41: Generator 1 and load with per-phase circuit breakers

3.7.5.3 Generated Waveforms and Relay Response

The response of the system is observed in Figure 3.42, Figure 3.43, Figure 3.44 and
Figure 3.45. Relays should trigger on imbalance and frequency increase/swings. Large
voltage and current swings should be detected with instantaneous threshold functions.

69
 Generator_1__Frequency (Hz)
60.34 Generator_2__Frequency (Hz)
Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

59.82
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
38.05 Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg)
Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

2.524

180.0

-180.0
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
9.536 k Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

8.174 k
Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)
10.41 k Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.10 k
Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)
11.56 k Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

11.26 k
Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)
6.305 k Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.878 k
Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.589 k Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.143 k
Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.581 k Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

3.341 k

32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5

Figure 3.42: Response of the system after opening phase A of Generator 1

70
 Generator_1__Frequency (Hz)
61.04 Generator_2__Frequency (Hz)
Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

59.56
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
95.43 Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg)
Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-2.090

180.0

-180.0
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
9.789 k Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

5.297 k
Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)
10.47 k Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

9.370 k
Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)
11.63 k Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.51 k
Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)
9.883 k Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

5.705
Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)
6.214 k Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.196 k
Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)
5.092 k Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.586 k

43.0 43.5 44.0 44.5

Figure 3.43: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Generator 1

71
 Generator_1__Frequency (Hz)
60.80 Generator_2__Frequency (Hz)
Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

60.00
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
146.9 Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg)
Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

3.823

180.0

-180.0
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
8.967 k Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

8.530 k
Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)
10.54 k Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.34 k
Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)
11.71 k Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

11.51 k
Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.179 k Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.668 k
Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)
3.641 k Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.405 k
Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.100 k Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

3.408 k

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

Figure 3.44: Response of the system after opening phase A of Load 1

72
 Generator_1__Frequency (Hz)
61.59 Generator_2__Frequency (Hz)
Generator_3__Frequency (Hz)

60.00
Generator_1__Rotor_Position (Deg)
180.0 Generator_2__Rotor_Position (Deg)
Generator_3__Rotor_Position (Deg)

-180.0

180.0

-180.0
Generator_1__VA_Magnitude (V)
8.970 k Generator_1__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_1__VC_Magnitude (V)

8.494 k
Generator_2__VA_Magnitude (V)
10.54 k Generator_2__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_2__VC_Magnitude (V)

10.34 k
Generator_3__VA_Magnitude (V)
11.72 k Generator_3__VB_Magnitude (V)
Generator_3__VC_Magnitude (V)

11.51 k
Generator_1__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.049 k Generator_1__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_1__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.728 k
Generator_2__IA_Magnitude (A)
3.641 k Generator_2__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_2__IC_Magnitude (A)

1.192 k
Generator_3__IA_Magnitude (A)
4.088 k Generator_3__IB_Magnitude (A)
Generator_3__IC_Magnitude (A)

2.805 k

39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5

Figure 3.45: Response of the system after opening phases B and C of Load 1

73
 3.7.6 Three-Phase Fault followed by Generator Breaker Operation –
Test on Both Relays

3.7.6.1 Functions and Events Tested

Events: three-phase fault, all phases disconnected.
Functions: 21 (distance) (not implemented), 27 (undervoltage), 50 (overcurrent) (not
implemented).

3.7.6.2 Description
Test System #2 is modified to include the fault logic to reproduce a three-phase fault at
the step-up transformer of the generator. The fault starts at 00:47:05.200 and lasts 80 ms
(5 cycles) before it is cleared by opening the generator circuit breaker.

3.7.6.3 Comparison of Generated Waveforms and Relay-

Recorded Waveforms
The voltages seen at the generator terminals (as sent to the relays) are shown in
Figure 3.46. The voltage waveforms are sent to both the M-3425A and the 300-G relays
for comparison. Although current is also simulated in the test case, the current waveform
generator converter is not complete, and functions 21 and 50 in particular cannot be
tested. Overall, this test case reflects the closest setup of the desired laboratory setup for
relay testing, where simulated waveforms are fed into multiple relays.

The M-3425A relay reports the voltages seen at its terminals whereas the 300-G relay
reports the voltages as they should be at the PT based on input voltages. As a result, the
retrieved voltage records for both relays are put together so that they fit on the same
voltage scale and visible within the same display window. The superimposed relay
records for the voltage on phase A are shown in Figure 3.47. As expected, the voltage
recordings of the relays and the simulated voltages are consistent.

The statuses for the phase undervoltage function (27) for both relays are plotted in
Figure 3.48. The 300-G relay shows consistency in the triggering of the function. When
applying repeated loops of the voltage waveforms shown, regular switching can be heard.
Surprisingly, it is not quite the case for the M-3425A relay. First, the relay seems to
“miss” one out of every three faults. Even with 1 cycle trigger delay, the M-3425A does
not trigger its assigned output (Output 1) until after 7 cycles. In Figure 3.48, the dropoff
from the previous fault is visible.

74
 V_Phase_A (kV)
48.79 k

0.000

-48.79 k
V_Phase_B (kV)
48.79 k

0.000

-48.79 k
V_Phase_C (kV)
48.79 k

0.000

-48.79 k
I_Phase_A (kA)
495.0

0.000

-495.0
I_Phase_B (kA)
495.0

0.000

-495.0
I_Phase_C (kA)
495.0

0.000

-495.0

5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40

Figure 3.46: Response on a three-phase fault followed

by opening of generator breaker

75
 VA
50000

0
SimVA (kV)
BwVA (V)
SelVA (kV)

-50000
100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000
Time (µs)

Figure 3.47: Superimposed relay measurements of phase A voltage after display

scaling time shifting

VA (kV) VA (V)

5
50

0 0

VA(kV VA (V)
27P1 -50 OUTPUT 1
-5

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 1500000

(a) Time (µs) (b) Time (µs)

Figure 3.48: Phase undervoltage output from (a) the 300-G

and (b) the M-3425A relay

76
 3.8 Future Work
This project resulted in a library of events for transient testing of several key relay
functions. Considering the fact that many manufacturers of relays are moving in the
direction of incorporating phasor measurement capabilities into the relays, it is a natural
extension to apply these developed methods for the testing of these new relays and in
particular the functions that depend on GPS synchronization. For example, generator
relays with GPS synchronization provide an improved protection function against
unstable generator swings. The performance of this function is dependent upon the GPS
synchronization accuracy. New transient testing procedures can be developed for these
types of relays as an extension of the methodologies discussed in this section.

77
4.0 Part III: Load Shedding Relay Test (WSU)

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Background
Generation and demand must be continuously balanced in an ac system. During balanced
conditions, frequency is constant, at its nominal value. The nominal frequency in North
America is 60 Hz, while some countries maintain the frequency at 50 Hz.
Deviations from nominal frequency occur when generation and load are unbalanced. The
frequency increases when generation is greater than load and decreases when generation
is less than load. Frequency therefore can effectively indicate a balanced condition of
generation and load.

With continuously changing load, generating units automatically adjust their output to
follow load for small frequency deviations. Automatic generation control (AGC) operates
to restore frequency back to the nominal value. A significant imbalance between
generation and load, however, can exceed the AGC system’s ability, causing the power
system to fail, and those failures may cascade across a large part of the interconnected
system.

4.1.2 Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) Relay Introduction

If insufficient generation is available on the system to maintain stability, non-critical
loads can be removed (shed) from the system to restore a balanced condition and prevent
system failure. Such methods of automatic load shedding are designed as a last resort to
prevent a major system outage [1].

UFLS relays are used to detect overload conditions by sensing low system frequency and
shedding enough load to rebalance generation and load, and reestablish the nominal
frequency. UFLS relays are able to automatically restore load after frequency recovery.
UFLS is an effective and reliable method that helps to prevent blackouts.

Each UFLS relay may utilize a different method of frequency measurement based on its
manufacturer and technology. The following three types of UFLS relays are employed in
power system protection [26]:
• Electromechanical relays
• Solid-state (static) relays
• Microprocessor (digital) relays
UFLS relays play an important role in the current restructured power system. The
interconnected network expands the influence of UFLS relays to protect the whole
electric power system. The final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the U.S. and
Canada concludes that one of the three principle reasons for the widespread blackout is

78
“the relay protection settings for the transmission lines, generators and under-frequency
load shedding in the northeast may not be entirely appropriate and are certainly not
coordinated and integrated to reduce the likelihood and consequences of a cascade-nor
were they intended to do so” [1] [27]. The contributions of UFLS relays to the blackout
are reviewed in section 4.2.

4.1.3 UFLS Tests

The importance of UFLS relaying in preventing cascading outages warrants further
testing beyond the standard acceptance tests specified by manufacturers. A new test
protocol to meet these needs was developed for this project and is presented in section 4.4
of this report. The tests are specified in two parts, conformance and application tests. The
objectives of conformance tests are, similar to acceptance tests, to test the relay’s
function, verify its operating characteristics and calibrate the relay’s settings. Application
tests focus on how the relay performs during a specific event such as blackout or
islanding. Data for application tests can be obtained from simulations or from recorders
operating during the event. Application tests allow testing under realistic and relevant
conditions.

4.1.4 UFLS Research

During planning for this project, a number of issues regarding UFLS relays were raised
by PSERC industrial members. These included:
• A time delay, in addition to the time delay setting, has been observed in some
UFLS relays. This delay is investigated and quantified.
• Time delay settings are often given in cycles. Because frequency is changing
during the operation of a UFLS relay, it is important to verify whether this delay
is based on nominal frequency or actual frequency.
• Validation testing of UFLS relays is usually done with discrete changes in
frequency. Members wanted tests performed with continuous frequency decay.
Other issues identified during the course of the project are:
• Because many UFLS relays use zero-crossing as the method of calculating
frequency, distortion of the voltage waveform may obscure the point of the zero
crossing and affect the relay’s performance [26].
• Voltage magnitude may also affect the operation of UFLS relays, and an
understanding of these effects is important to a relay user. Each relay’s
specifications must be referenced when specifying the voltage levels for under-
voltage testing [26] [27].
The tests specified and the results presented in this report go beyond those usually
performed using commercial UFLS relay test systems. Some commercial systems are
capable of presenting waveforms contained in COMTRADE files to a relay under test,
but no standard files exist for such testing [27]. Such tests are presented as a result of this
project. Most commercial UFLS test systems still use pure sine waves for testing. A
protocol for testing with distorted waveforms is presented here.

79
 4.1.5 Report Organization
Section 4.2 of this report provides a summary of the 2003 North American blackout
report’s findings on UFLS operation [1]. Section 4.3 presents the UFLS relay test system
used at Wichita State, including system hardware and software. Section 4.4 presents
protocols for UFLS conformance and applications tests. Test results for two commonly-
used UFLS relays are presented in Section 4.5, with complete data shown in Appendix
C.1. Test interpretations are discussed in Section 4.6, followed by conclusions and
suggestions for further work in Section 4.7.

4.2 Review of UFLS Relay Operation during the 2003 North American
Blackout

4.2.1 Background
This is a review of the blackout final report [1] for references to load shedding relays.
UFLS and other relay protection settings are one of the three principal reasons given for
the blackout:
“Based on the investigation to date, the investigation team concludes that
the cascade spread beyond Ohio and caused such a wide spread blackout
for three principal reasons…

…Third, the evidence collected indicates that the relay protection

settings for the transmission lines, generators and under-frequency load-
shedding in the northeast may not be entirely appropriate and are
certainly not coordinated and integrated to reduce the likelihood and
consequences of a cascade—nor were they intended to do so.” [1, p. 73]

More specifically, regarding load shedding relays [1]:

“Automatic load-shedding measures are designed into the electrical
system to operate as a last resort, under the theory that it is wise to shed
some load in a controlled fashion if it can forestall the loss of a great deal
of load to an uncontrollable cause. Thus there are two kinds of automatic
load-shedding installed in North America—under-voltage load-shedding
(UVLS), which sheds load to prevent local area voltage collapse, and
under-frequency load shedding (UFLS), which is designed to rebalance
load and generation within an electrical island once it has been created by
a system disturbance.”
“Automatic under-voltage load-shedding (UVLS) responds directly to
voltage conditions in a local area. UVLS drops several hundred MW of
load in pre- selected blocks within urban load centers, triggered in stages
when local voltage drops to a designated level—likely 89 to 92% or even
higher—with a several second delay. The goal of a UVLS scheme is to
eliminate load in order to restore reactive power relative to demand, to
prevent voltage collapse and contain a voltage problem within a local

80
 area rather than allowing it to spread in geography and magnitude. If the
first load-shed step does not allow the system to rebalance, and voltage
continues to deteriorate, then the next block of UVLS is dropped. Use of
UVLS is not mandatory, but is done at the option of control area and/or
reliability council. UVLS schemes and trigger points should be designed
to respect the local area’s system vulnerabilities, based on voltage
collapse studies.
As noted in Chapter 4, there is no UVLS system in place within Cleveland
and Akron; had such a scheme been implemented before August, 2003,
shedding 1,500 MW of load in that area before the loss of the Sammis-Star
line might have prevented the cascade and blackout.”
“Automatic under-frequency load-shedding (UFLS) is designed for use in
extreme conditions to stabilize the balance between generation and load
after an electrical island has been formed, dropping enough load to allow
frequency to stabilize within the island. All synchronous generators in
North America are designed to operate at 60 cycles per second (Hertz)
and frequency reflects how well load and generation are balanced—if
there is more load than generation at any moment, frequency drops below
60 Hz, and it rises above that level if there is more generation than load.
By dropping load to match available generation within the island, UFLS is
a safety net that helps to prevent the complete blackout of the island,
which allows faster system restoration afterward. UFLS is not effective if
there is electrical instability or voltage collapse within the island.”
The report concludes that UFLS, but not UVFL, operated during the cascading failures in
attempts to stop the cascade. But the effects of load shedding were not sufficient:
“It must be emphasized that the entire northeast system was experiencing
large scale, dynamic oscillations in this period. Even if the UFLS and
generation had been perfectly balanced at any moment in time, these
oscillations would have made stabilization difficult and unlikely.” [1. p.
92]
The final report divides the blackout into seven phases. Most of the UFLS relays that
operated did so during phases 6D and 7, the final phase.
“In phase 6D, Cleveland area load was disconnected by automatic under-
frequency load-shedding (approximately 1,300 MW), and another 434
MW of load was interrupted after the generation remaining within this
transmission “island” was tripped by under-frequency relays. This sudden
load drop would contribute to the reverse power swing.” [1, p.88]
“In phase 7 (16:10:46 to 16:12 EDT), the large electrical island in the
northeast had less generation than load, and was unstable with large
power surges and swings in frequency and voltage. As a result, many lines
and generators across the disturbance area tripped, breaking the area
into several electrical islands. Generation and load within these smaller

81
 islands was often unbalanced, leading to further tripping of lines and
generating units until equilibrium was established in each island.” [1,
p.75]
The report’s conclusion on UFLS relay operation was that the relays operated as set, but
the settings may not have been optimal for system protection during cascading outages:
“Protective relay settings on transmission lines operated as they were
designed and set to behave on August 14. In some cases line relays did not
trip in the path of a power surge because the apparent impedance on the
line was not low enough—not because of the magnitude of the current, but
rather because voltage on that line was high enough that the resulting
impedance was adequate to avoid entering the relay’s target zone. Thus
relative voltage levels across the northeast also affected which areas
blacked out and which areas stayed on-line.”
“Power swings and voltage fluctuations caused by some initial events as
seen on August 14 can cause other lines to detect high currents and low
voltages that appear to be faults, even if faults do not actually exist on
those other lines. Protective relay systems work well to protect lines from
damage and to isolate them from the system under normal and abnormal
system conditions.”
“When power system operating and design criteria are violated because
several outages occur simultaneously, commonly used protective relays
that measure low voltage and high current cannot distinguish between the
currents and voltages seen in a system cascade from those caused by a
fault. This leads to more and more lines being tripped, widening the
blackout area.” [1, p. 73-74]
“Automatic load-shedding relay protection must avoid premature
tripping. It must be coordinated to reduce the likelihood of system break-
up, and once break-up occurs, to maximize an island’s chances for
electrical survival. [1, p. 92]
The report further concludes that UFLS operation while the system was still experiencing
dynamic conditions significantly reduced the beneficial effects of UFLS:
“Examination of the loads and generation in the Eastern New York island
indicates before 16:10:00 EDT, the area had been importing electricity
and had less generation on-line than load. At 16:10:50 EDT, seconds after
the separation along the Total East interface, the eastern New York area
had experienced significant load reductions due to under-frequency load-
shedding—Consolidated Edison, which serves New York City and
surrounding areas, dropped over 40% of its load on automatic UFLS. But
at this time, the system was still experiencing dynamic conditions—as
illustrated in Figure 6.26, frequency was falling, flows and voltages were
oscillating, and power plants were tripping off-line.”

82
 “Had there been a slow islanding situation and more generation on-line,
it might have been possible for the Eastern New York island to rebalance
given its high level of UFLS. But the available information indicates that
events happened so quickly and the power swings were so large that
rebalancing would have been unlikely, with or without the northern New
Jersey and southwest Connecticut loads hanging onto eastern New York.
This was further complicated because the high rate of change in voltages
at load buses reduced the actual levels of load shed by UFLS relative to
the levels needed and expected. [1, p. 98]
The report suggests that future protection systems should allow more coordination among
various transmission and generation relays:
“Protective relays are designed to detect short circuits and act locally to
isolate faulted power system equipment from the system—both to protect
the equipment from damage and to protect the system from faulty
equipment. Relay systems are applied with redundancy in primary and
backup modes. If one relay fails, another should detect the fault and trip
appropriate circuit breakers. Some backup relays have significant
“reach,” such that non-faulted line overloads or stable swings may be
seen as faults and cause the tripping of a line when it is not advantageous
to do so. Proper coordination of the many relay devices in an
interconnected system is a significant challenge, requiring continual
review and revision. Some relays can prevent resynchronizing, making
restoration more difficult.”
“System-wide controls protect the interconnected operation rather than
specific pieces of equipment. Examples include controlled islanding to
mitigate the severity of an inevitable disturbance and under-voltage or
under-frequency load shedding. Failure to operate (or misoperation of)
one or more relays as an event developed was a common factor in several
of the disturbances.”
UFLS and UVLS protection schemes resulted from recommendations made after
previous blackouts [1, p. 109]. It appears that load shedding relays operated properly,
according to their settings, during the 2003 blackout. But such operation was not
adequate to maintain system stability, and existing relays and protection schemes could
not be expected to mitigate such a fast-moving cascade.

4.3 UFLS Relay Test System

4.3.1 UFLS Relay Test System Overview

An existing relay test system [28] was upgraded and used for UFLS testing at Wichita
State. Figure 4.1 shows the configuration of this system, and Figure 4.2 shows the actual
lab setup. As shown in Figure 4.1, digital signals such as recorded waveforms, simulated
waveforms produced by an electromagnetic transients simulation [29], and arbitrary

83
programmed signals can be produced and played by a PC workstation. The digital
waveform is converted to analog by a high-resolution D/A converter. Then the analog
signal is sent to a power amplifier to obtain the voltage applied to the relay. This voltage
or current is sent to both the test relay and a datalogger. The test relay will respond to the
voltage and send a trip signal to the datalogger when the relay operates. By analyzing the
applied waveform and trip signal, relay performance can be evaluated. If the test relay is
equipped with a communication port, the computer can read information from the relay
or modify the relay settings.

Figure 4.1: Configuration of UFLS relay test system

84
 Figure 4.2: UFLS relay test system

4.3.2 UFLS Relay Test System Hardware

The major components of this UFLS relay test system are a desktop computer (PC),
digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, power amplifier, datalogger, and relay under test.
The PC is used for producing digital test waveforms, performing results analysis, and
modifying relays settings (for relays with a communication port). Application software to
generate and analyze waveforms, control relays, and perform simulations, is installed on
this PC.
A high-resolution D/A converter is used for converting the digital signal produced by the
PC into an analog signal. The power amplifier is used for amplifying the analog signal for
input to the relay. The characteristics of the power amplifiers available at Wichita State
are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Characteristic of power amplifiers

Three independent current sources 12 A rms, 10 kHz
One current source 80 A rms, 20 kHz
Three independent voltage sources 130 V rms, 10 kHz
6 kVA, 120 V to 500 V, Full power to 1
Single- or three-phase voltage source
kHz, Distortion to 20 kHz

The datalogger is used for recording the signals from power amplifiers as well as the
relay tripping signal from relay. Because the voltage or current received by the test relay
is identical to the one received by datalogger, relay performance can be evaluated by
comparing this voltage or current waveform and relay trip signal.

85
The relay under test can be an electromechanical, solid state, or microprocessor relay.
The relay receives the amplified analog signal and trips according to its setting. The relay
setting can be modified by the relay panel or by PC (for relays with a communication
port).

4.3.3 Software
Software is installed on the computer in order to produce the UFLS relay test waveforms.
As shown in Figure 4.3, the UFLS relay test system can produce test waveforms from
recorded signals, simulated signals, and arbitrary signals produced in software.

Figure 4.3: UFLS relay test system software

This relay test system can evaluate the relay performance during a specific event, such as
blackout or islanding. Data of such specific events come from recorders such as digital
fault recorders that were operating during the events, or from power system simulation
software. Arbitrary waveforms software is used in this relay test system to produce
specific waveforms such as pure sine waves, frequency ramping, harmonic distortion, and
variable voltage magnitudes.

4.3.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relays

This UFLS relay test system can test the three types of UFLS relays which are available
for application in load shedding schemes. These three types of UFLS relays are
electromechanical relays, solid-state (static) relays, and digital (microprocessor) relays.
In this project, two commonly-used digital UFLS relays were provided by their
manufacturers for testing. The specifications of each relay are shown in Table 4.2 and
Table 4.3 respectively.

86
 Table 4.2: Relay 1 specifications
Range 40.10 – 65.00 Hz
Frequency Setpoint
Accuracy ±0.01 Hz
Range 2.00 – 16000.00 cycles
Time delay
Accuracy 0.25 cycles or ±0.1% of setting

Table 4.3: Relay 2 specifications

Range 40.00 – 70.00 Hz
Frequency Setpoint
Accuracy ±0.01 Hz
Range 3 cycles – 990 seconds
Time delay ±1.0 cycle; ±2% of the setting or
Accuracy
±25ms, whichever is greater

4.4 Under-frequency Load Shedding Relay Test Scenarios

In this project, two UFLS relay test categories, conformance tests and application tests,
have been designed and implemented. For both test categories, different scenarios are
performed to validate two key settings of UFLS relays: pickup frequency and time delay.

4.4.1 Conformance Test

Conformance tests verify that the UFLS relay operates within manufacturer’s
specifications for various scenarios. Usually the relay’s specification is given under the
assumption that this relay is designed to operate with pure, undistorted waveforms. The
relay’s specification under distorted waveforms is not usually available, but this can be
important to relay application and is included in the test protocol for this project. Test
waveforms include pure sine waves, frequency ramping, harmonic distortion, and varying
voltage magnitudes.

4.4.2 Test Waveforms

4.4.2.1 Test Waveform Description

The test waveforms are classified into the following categories:
z Pure sinusoidal waveforms: The UFLS relay test system generates pure waveforms
like those used by manufacturers and utilities in conventional acceptance tests.
z Frequency ramping waveform (df/dt): Waveform signals with a discrete change in
frequency are normally used to test UFLS relays. However, the discrete change
cannot represent real situations where the frequency decays more gradually and
continuously. The UFLS relay test system allows a user to select different values
of df/dt, the frequency decay rate. Figure 4.4 shows four such values of df/dt, 0.1
Hz/sec, 0.2 Hz/sec, 0.4 Hz/sec, and 0.6 Hz/sec.

87
 60
59.9 df/dt = 0.1 Hz/sec
59.8 df/dt = 0.2 Hz/sec

Frequency (Hz)
59.7 df/dt = 0.4 Hz/sec
59.6 df/dt = 0.6 Hz/sec
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1
59
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.4: Frequency decay

z Harmonic waveform: Voltages with harmonic distortion may cause UFLS relay
misoperation. The reason is that harmonics can cause early, late, or multiple zero
crossings, which can affect the zero-crossing frequency measurements still used in
some commercial UFLS relays. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is normally used
for measuring harmonic distortion levels, and it is defined as follows [30]:

H 22 + H 32 + ... + H N2
THD = 4.1
H1
where H 2 , H 3 … H N are the amplitudes of harmonics and H1 is the amplitude of the
fundamental. The UFLS relay test system allows a user to choose the values of H1 , H 2 ,
H 3 … H N to produce a specified THD. Figure 4.5 shows a combination of common
harmonic voltages (5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th).

150
Magnitude (Voltages)

100

50

0
-0.0016 0.0034 0.0084 0.0134 0.0184 0.0234 0.0284 0.0334
-50

-100

-150
Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.5: Voltage with 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics

88
 z Variable voltage magnitude waveform: Voltages magnitudes may change
significantly during frequency excursions. UFLS relays commonly have an under-
voltage block function, which serves to block load shedding when voltage to the
relay is lost, and to block operation during fault conditions. Because voltage can
vary rapidly during cascading outages, it is still important to evaluate UFLS
performance under variable magnitude voltage. The UFLS relay test system allows
a user to specify different voltage magnitudes. Figure 4.6 shows a voltage
waveform with 6 cycles depressed.

150
Magnitude (Voltages)

100

50

0
-0.166 0.334 0.834 1.334 1.834 2.334 2.834 3.334
-50

-100

-150
Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.6: Variable voltage magnitude

4.4.2.2 Test Procedure

The test procedure for conformance tests is as follows:
z Pickup frequency test: Test the pickup frequency at varying pickup frequency
settings and rates of change of frequency. The minimum and maximum pickup
frequencies are specified by manufacturers. Pickup frequencies that include the
minimum and maximum, and several in between, are selected, with emphasis on
those usually used in practice. The rate of change of frequency df / dt is varied
from 0.1Hz/sec to 0.9 Hz/sec in 0.1 Hz/sec increments.
z Time delay test: Pickup frequency tests are performed with time delay settings of
6, 16, 36, and 66 cycles, and actual time delays are recorded. The tests are repeated
at the following specific pickup frequencies and time delays:
‹ 59.3 Hz, 15 second delay
‹ 59.5 Hz, 30 second delay
z Under-voltage frequency block test: The pickup frequency test is repeated at 55.0
Hz, 57.0 Hz, and 59.0 Hz settings with decay rates of 0.1 Hz/sec and 0.9Hz/sec, at
85%, and 115% voltage.
z Harmonic distortion test: The pickup frequency test is repeated at 55.0 Hz, 57.0
Hz, and 59.0 settings with decay rates of 0.1 Hz/s and 0.9Hz/s, with
‹ 5% 5th harmonic
‹ 5% 11th harmonic

89
 ‹ a combination of the most common harmonic voltages:
Vdistortion = 1/ 5 ⋅ V5 + 1/ 7 ⋅ V7 + 1/11 ⋅ V11 + 1/13 ⋅ V13 4.2
‹ 5% 11 + 5% 13th harmonics
th

4.4.3 Application Test

Application tests focus on how the UFLS relay performs during a specific event, such as
cascading blackout or islanding. Data for application tests come from simulations of the
events or recorders operating during the events. The UFLS relay test system can utilize
these recorded data to test a relay. A simulated 13-bus power system has also been
developed at Wichita State.

4.4.3.1 13-Bus System Description

A transient power system model has been adapted for application tests. This system is an
equivalent of a 13 bus system [31]. Figure 4.7 shows the single line diagram of the test
system. The rating of the synchronous machine connected to bus 3 is 200 MVA. An
IEEE type 1 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is used to represent the excitation
control of the generator, as shown in Figure 4.7. Part of the system is represented by its
Thevenin equivalent, and bus 13 is the load bus. The tie line between bus 1 and bus 7 can
be designed as a single or double circuit transmission line. The complete model and data
for the 13 bus system are given in Appendix C.2.

Figure 4.7: Single line diagram of 13-bus equivalent system

The modeling of loads is a complicated by the complexity of aggregated loads on the

system. In order to simulate the effects of load on system voltage and frequency changes,
the load at bus 13 is modeled by different compositions of resistive and inductive loads
(different power factors). Typically, power factor is varied from unity to 0.6 lagging in
increments of 0.1.

4.4.3.2 Simulation without UFLS Scheme

In this scenario, no UFLS scheme is implemented on the 13 bus system. The single tie
line between bus 1 and bus 7 is opened at 1 second. Figure 4.8 shows the comparison of
frequency responses of the generator for different compositions of load at bus 13.

90
Simulation results reveal that the frequency decay rate increases as inductive load is
increased. The voltage at bus13, however, decreases as the inductive load is increased.

62

60

58
Frequency (Hz)

P.F. = 1.0
P.F. = 0.9
56 P.F. = 0.8
P.F. = 0.7
P.F. = 0.6
54

52

50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.8: Generator frequencies without UFLS implementation

4.4.3.3 Simulation with UFLS Scheme

In this scenario, a UFLS scheme is implemented at bus 13. The settings of the UFLS
relay are shown in Table 4.4 [32]. The single tie line between bus 1 and bus 7 is opened
at 1 second. Figure 4.9 shows the comparison of frequency response of the generator after
implementing a single-step UFLS scheme at bus 13 (10% shedding at 59.3 Hz). Figure
4.10 shows the comparison of frequency responses of the generator after implementing a
two-step UFLS scheme at bus 13 (10% shedding at 59.3 Hz and 10% shedding at 58.9
Hz). As shown in Figure 4.10, system frequencies based on different compositions of
load were recovered after implementing the UFLS scheme. The minimum frequency
(saddle point in the curve), however, decreases as the inductive load is increased. For all
different compositions of load, 20% of the load has to be shed in 2 steps in order to
recover the frequency. Table 4.5 shows the time of load shedding for different
compositions of load. Table 4.5 reveals that the higher the inductance load percentage,
the earlier the UFLS relay operates.

Table 4.4: Settings of UFLS scheme

Amount of Load to be Dropped Minimum Frequency Setpoint
10% 59.3 Hz
10% 58.9 Hz
10% 58.5 Hz

91
 60.5

60

59.5

Frequency (Hz) 59
P.F.=1.0
58.5 P.F.=0.9
P.F.=0.8
58 P.F.=0.7
P.F.=0.6
57.5

57

56.5

56
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Times (Seconds)

Figure 4.9: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (1 step)

62

61.5

61

60.5
Frequency (Hz)

P.F. = 1.0
P.F. = 0.9
60 P.F. = 0.8
P.F. = 0.7
P.F. = 0.6
59.5

59

58.5

58
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (Seconds)

Figure 4.10: Generator frequencies with UFLS implementation (2 step)

92
 Table 4.5: Load shedding time
Time for first 10% Time for Second 10%
Load Composition
Load Shedding Load Shedding
P.F. = 1.0 1.752 Second 2.204 Second
P.F. = 0.9 1.663 Second 1.953 Second
P.F. = 0.8 1.588 Second 1.780 Second
P.F. = 0.7 1.525 Second 1.666 Second
P.F. = 0.6 1.471 Second 1.588 Second

4.4.3.4 Test Procedure

The application test procedure is:
• Apply different input waveforms from the scenarios described in section 4.4.3.2
and 4.4.3.3 to the UFLS relay being tested. At a setting of 59.3 Hz and 58.5 Hz,
the simulated waveform without the UFLS scheme (Figure 4.8) is applied. At a
setting of 58.9 Hz, the simulated waveform with the single-step UFLS scheme
(Figure 4.9) is applied. At a setting of 60.5 Hz, 61.0 Hz and 61.7 Hz, the
simulated waveform with the two-step UFLS scheme (Figure 4.10) is used.
• Test the pickup frequency at the following settings:
- Underfrequency settings: 59.3 Hz, 58.9 Hz and 58.5 Hz.
- Overfrequency settings: 60.5 Hz, 61.0 Hz and 61.7 Hz
• Record the actual pickup frequency to verify the relay operation.

4.5 UFLS Relay Test Results

The test methodology presented in the previous section for conformance and application
tests is applied to two commonly used underfrequency load shedding relays, which were
provided by their manufacturers for use in the project. One is static relay and the other
one is digital relay.

4.5.1 Conformance Tests

Conformance tests include pickup frequency and time delay tests. Waveforms with
different rates of frequency change, total harmonic distortion (THD), and variable voltage
magnitudes are applied to the relays.

4.5.1.1 Pickup Frequency Test

The test results for pickup frequency testing are shown in Table 4.6-4.9. Table 4.6
presents test results of relay 1 when tested at 100% input voltage and 0% THD. Table 4.7
shows the test results of relay 1 tested at 100% input voltage and 5% THD. Table 4.8
shows the results of relay 2 tested at 100% voltage and 0% THD. Table 4.9 shows the
results of relay 2 tested at 100% input voltage and 5% THD.

93
 4.5.1.2 Time Delay Test
Test results for time delay tests are shown in Tables 4.10-4.17. Table 4.10 and Table 4.11
show test results for relay 1 with 100% input voltage and 0% THD at different rates of
frequency change (0.1 and 0.9 Hz/sec. respectively). Table 4.12 and Table 4.13 show test
results for relay 1 with 100% input voltage and 5% THD at 0.1 and 0.9 Hz/s respectively.
Table 4.14 and Table 4.15 show the test results for relay 2 with 100% input voltage and
0% THD at 0.1 and 0.9 Hz/s respectively. Table 4.16 and Table 4.17 show the results for
relay 2 with 5% THD at 0.1 and 0.9 Hz/sec respectively.

4.5.2 Application Tests

Test scenarios outlined in section 4.4.3, representing realistic conditions, are simulated
and applied to the relays. The actual pickup frequencies are recorded. The application test
results are shown in Table 4.18 and Table 4.19.

For complete results, including testing at different input voltages (100%, 85% and 115%
of nominal) and different rates of frequency change (0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 Hz/s), please refer to
Appendix C.1.

94
 Table 4.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)
Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/second)
Setpoint (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.09 40.08 40.08 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.29 55.29 55.28 55.28 55.27 55.27 55.27 55.26
55.60 55.60 55.59 55.59 55.58 55.58 55.57 55.56 55.56 55.56
55.90 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.89 55.87 55.87 55.87 55.87 55.86
56.20 56.20 56.19 56.19 56.18 56.18 56.17 56.17 56.16 56.16
56.50 56.50 56.49 56.49 56.49 56.48 56.47 56.47 56.46 56.46
56.80 56.80 56.79 56.79 56.78 56.78 56.78 56.77 56.77 56.76
57.10 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.07 57.06
57.40 57.40 57.39 57.39 57.38 57.38 57.38 57.37 57.37 57.37
57.70 57.70 57.69 57.69 57.68 57.68 57.67 57.67 57.67 57.67
58.00 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97 57.97
58.30 58.30 58.29 58.29 58.29 58.28 58.27 58.27 58.26 58.26
58.60 58.59 58.59 58.59 58.58 58.58 58.58 58.57 58.57 58.57
58.90 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.89 58.88 58.87 58.87 58.86 58.86
59.20 59.20 59.19 59.19 59.18 59.18 59.18 59.17 59.17 59.17
59.50 59.50 59.49 59.49 59.48 59.48 59.47 59.47 59.47 59.46
59.80 59.80 59.79 59.79 59.78 59.78 59.78 59.77 59.77 59.77
60.10 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
60.40 60.40 60.41 60.42 60.42 60.42 60.43 60.44 60.43 60.44
60.70 60.70 60.71 60.71 60.72 60.73 60.72 60.73 60.74 60.73
61.00 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.03 61.03 61.04
61.30 61.31 61.31 61.31 61.31 61.32 61.32 61.33 61.34 61.33
61.60 61.60 61.61 61.61 61.62 61.62 61.63 61.62 61.63 61.64
61.90 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
62.20 62.21 62.21 62.21 62.21 62.22 62.23 62.22 62.23 62.24
62.50 62.50 62.51 62.51 62.52 62.52 62.52 62.53 62.54 62.53
62.80 62.80 62.81 62.81 62.81 62.82 62.83 62.82 62.83 62.84
63.10 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
63.40 63.40 63.41 63.41 63.41 63.42 63.43 63.42 63.43 63.44
63.70 63.70 63.71 63.71 63.72 63.72 63.72 63.73 63.73 63.73
64.00 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
64.30 64.30 64.31 64.31 64.32 64.33 64.32 64.33 64.34 64.33
64.60 64.60 64.61 64.61 64.62 64.62 64.63 64.62 64.63 64.64
64.90 64.90 64.91 64.91 64.92 64.92 64.92 64.93 64.94 64.93
65.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04

95
 Table 4.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.10 40.09 40.08 40.07 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 55.00 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.96 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.89 55.87 55.88 55.87 55.87 55.86
55.60 55.60 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.07 57.06
55.90 55.90 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97 57.97
56.20 56.20 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.89 58.87 58.87 58.87 58.87 58.86
56.50 56.50 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
56.80 56.80 61.00 61.01 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.03 61.03 61.04
57.10 57.10 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
57.40 57.40 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
57.70 57.70 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
58.00 58.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04
58.30 58.30
58.60 58.59
58.90 58.90
59.20 59.20
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.80
60.10 60.10
60.40 60.41
60.70 60.70
61.00 61.00
61.30 61.31
61.60 61.60
61.90 61.90
62.20 62.21
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.80
63.10 63.10
63.40 63.40
63.70 63.70
64.00 64.00
64.30 64.30
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.90
65.00 65.00

96
 Table 4.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency
Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.01 40.01
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.97 55.27 54.97 54.98 54.98
55.30 55.12 57.10 56.96 56.96 57.26 56.94 56.94 57.28 56.95 56.94
55.60 55.55 58.90 58.86 58.86 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.90
55.90 56.05 61.00 60.99 60.98 60.99 60.98 60.98 60.98 60.98 61.00
56.20 56.19 64.00 64.06 64.06 64.06 64.05 64.05 64.04 64.05 64.02
56.50 56.67 70.00 70.24 70.23 70.22 70.23 70.21 70.23 70.22 70.21
56.80 56.79
57.10 56.96
57.40 57.43
57.70 57.66
58.00 58.08
58.30 58.22
58.60 58.71
58.90 58.86
59.20 59.35
59.50 59.52
59.80 59.66
60.10 60.16
60.40 60.32
60.70 60.68
61.00 60.98
61.30 61.35
61.60 61.67
61.90 61.83
62.20 62.35
62.50 62.49
62.80 62.66
63.10 63.20
63.40 63.35
63.70 63.82
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.28
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.93
70.00 69.98

97
 Table 4.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)
Actual
Frequency Pickup Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Frequency Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 39.99 40.00 39.99 39.99 40.00 40.01 40.01
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.97 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.98 54.96 54.99
55.30 55.43 57.10 57.29 56.94 57.30 57.29 57.29 57.26 56.94 57.29
55.60 55.57 58.90 58.87 58.86 58.86 58.87 58.87 58.87 58.84 58.90
55.90 56.04 61.00 61.00 60.98 60.98 60.99 61.00 60.98 60.97 61.01
56.20 56.19 64.00 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.06 64.06 64.04 64.05
56.50 56.66 70.00 70.22 69.72 69.88 70.23 70.21 70.21 70.26 70.22
56.80 56.80
57.10 56.95
57.40 57.42
57.70 57.59
58.00 58.08
58.30 58.22
58.60 58.70
58.90 58.86
59.20 59.38
59.50 59.52
59.80 59.64
60.10 60.18
60.40 60.69
60.70 60.85
61.00 60.99
61.30 61.55
61.60 61.66
61.90 62.20
62.20 62.29
62.50 62.49
62.80 62.76
63.10 63.21
63.40 63.34
63.70 63.91
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.21
64.60 64.78
64.90 64.93
70.00 70.22

98
 Table 4.10: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.09 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.90 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.09 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.88 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.90 6 6.0 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.1
60.10 60.10 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.21 36 36.0 60.30 66 65.9
61.00 61.01 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.90 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 65.9
63.10 63.10 6 6.1 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.30 66 65.9
64.00 64.00 6 6.0 64.03 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.04 16 16.0 65.10 36 36.1 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

99
 Table 4.11: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 5.9 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 35.9 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 6.0 54.63 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.8
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.2 53.90 66 66.8
57.10 57.06 6 5.9 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.97 6 6.0 57.65 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.09 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 6.0 58.55 16 16.0 57.93 36 36.2 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.1 60.43 16 16.0 61.02 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.22 16 16.0 62.81 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.4
63.10 63.15 6 6.1 63.42 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.32 16 16.0 64.88 36 35.9 65.72 66 65.5
65.00 65.03 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.1 65.87 36 36.1 66.70 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

100
 Table 4.12: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.09 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.90 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.10 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.89 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.90 6 6.0 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.0
60.10 60.10 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.20 36 36.0 60.30 66 65.9
61.00 61.01 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.90 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 65.9
63.10 63.10 6 6.0 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.30 66 65.9
64.00 64.00 6 6.0 64.03 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.03 16 16.0 65.10 36 36.0 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

101
 Table 4.13: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 6.0 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 6.0 54.64 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.9
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.1 53.90 66 66.9
57.10 57.06 6 6.0 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.96 6 6.0 57.66 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.07 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 5.9 58.55 16 16.0 57.94 36 36.2 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.0 60.45 16 16.0 61.04 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.23 16 16.0 62.81 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.3
63.10 63.13 6 6.0 63.42 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.33 16 16.1 64.89 36 35.9 65.72 66 65.5
65.00 65.04 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.1 65.87 36 36.1 66.71 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

102
 Table 4.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 39.99 6 6.3 40.00 16 15.3 40.00 36 33.3 39.98 66 61.5
55.00 55.01 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.4 54.96 36 33.4 54.97 66 62.6
57.10 57.29 6 5.4 57.03 16 16.4 56.95 36 34.5 57.28 66 63.6
58.90 58.86 6 5.4 58.85 16 13.4 58.86 36 34.5 58.84 66 58.6
61.00 61.00 6 6.4 61.01 16 15.4 61.00 36 36.4 61.00 66 57.3
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.06 16 13.5 64.05 36 35.5 64.06 66 63.4
70.00 70.17 6 6.0 70.13 16 16.0 70.23 36 27.0 70.23 66 64.0

Table 4.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.01 6 6.3 40.00 16 16.4 39.94 36 34.0 39.94 66 65.9
55.00 54.91 6 6.0 54.92 16 12.5 54.93 36 33.8 54.96 66 66.7
57.10 57.26 6 6.4 57.10 16 16.5 57.27 36 33.8 56.93 66 65.7
58.90 59.02 6 6.4 58.88 16 16.5 58.76 36 30.8 58.78 66 61.6
61.00 61.01 6 5.4 60.97 16 16.4 60.98 36 36.1 61.01 66 63.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.5 64.06 16 15.4 64.09 36 33.2 64.11 66 62.1
70.00 69.98 6 6.0 70.11 16 16.0 70.25 36 33.8 70.28 66 62.3

103
 Table 4.16: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 40.00 16 16.3 40.00 36 34.3 39.99 66 61.5
55.00 55.07 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.4 54.98 36 34.4 54.97 66 64.5
57.10 56.95 6 5.4 56.96 16 16.4 57.26 36 35.5 56.94 66 57.5
58.90 58.85 6 5.4 58.85 16 14.4 58.85 36 33.5 58.85 66 61.6
61.00 60.99 6 6.5 61.00 16 15.4 60.99 36 33.4 61.01 66 57.3
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.05 16 16.5 64.05 36 35.5 64.06 66 64.4
70.00 70.22 6 5.0 70.21 16 16.0 70.236 36 28.0 70.23 66 57.0

Table 4.17: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.96 16 15.4 39.97 36 36.0 39.94 66 65.9
55.00 54.91 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.5 54.95 36 34.8 54.90 66 62.7
57.10 57.28 6 6.4 57.29 16 16.5 56.88 36 31.8 57.22 66 61.7
58.90 58.90 6 6.4 58.82 16 13.5 58.76 36 30.8 58.76 66 60.6
61.00 60.99 6 6.4 61.00 16 15.4 61.06 36 31.1 61.15 66 59.4
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.08 16 13.4 64.07 36 34.2 64.12 66 60.1
70.00 69.98 6 6.0 70.24 16 14.0 70.22 36 35.8 70.28 66 61.3

104
 Table 4.18: Application test of relay 1 (Time Delay: 2 Cycles)
Actual Pickup Actual Pickup Actual Pickup
Power Frequency
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Factor Setpoint (Hz)
Test no.1 Test no.2 Test no.3
1 60.5 60.398 60.364 60.396
0.9 60.5 60.377 60.381 60.440
0.8 60.5 60.400 60.385 60.389
0.7 60.5 60.386 60.374 60.389
0.6 60.5 60.396 60.373 60.362

1 61.0 60.995 60.990 61.001

0.9 61.0 61.001 61.008 61.004
0.8 61.0 60.993 61.072 60.991
0.7 61.0 61.069 60.988 60.996
0.6 61.0 60.997 60.992 61.000

1 61.7 61.743 61.730 61.732

0.9 61.7 61.720 61.739 61.730
0.8 61.7 61.734 61.735 61.729
0.7 61.7 61.727 61.732 61.728
0.6 61.7 61.679 61.664 61.680

1 59.3 59.414 59.409 59.391

0.9 59.3 59.401 59.389 59.384
0.8 59.3 59.401 59.382 59.395
0.7 59.3 59.374 59.367 59.357
0.6 59.3 59.375 59.400 59.413

1 58.9 58.845 58.854 58.857

0.9 58.9 58.905 58.987 58.916
0.8 58.9 58.836 58.833 58.848
0.7 58.9 58.387 58.383 58.396
0.6 58.9 58.885 58.902 58.888

1 58.5 58.303 58.302 58.300

0.9 58.5 58.647 58.412 58.304
0.8 58.5 58.329 58.388 58.274
0.7 58.5 58.298 58.302 58.281
0.6 58.5 58.286 58.290 58.283

105
 Table 4.19: Application test of relay 2 (Time Delay: 3 Cycles)
Actual Pickup Actual Pickup Actual Pickup
Power Frequency
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Factor Setpoint (Hz)
Test no.1 Test no.2 Test no.3
1 60.5 60.374 60.352 60.367
0.9 60.5 60.357 60.375 60.366
0.8 60.5 60.367 60.358 60.379
0.7 60.5 60.370 60.360 60.359
0.6 60.5 60.339 60.360 60.325

1 61.0 60.981 61.001 60.994

0.9 61.0 61.006 60.998 60.990
0.8 61.0 60.991 60.988 60.985
0.7 61.0 60.998 60.979 61.006
0.6 61.0 60.979 60.974 60.984

1 61.7 61.717 61.712 61.712

0.9 61.7 61.713 61.719 61.719
0.8 61.7 61.696 61.712 61.713
0.7 61.7 61.706 61.707 61.711
0.6 61.7 61.683 61.664 61.633

1 59.3 59.428 59.387 59.420

0.9 59.3 59.401 59.405 59.399
0.8 59.3 59.428 59.290 59.083
0.7 59.3 59.426 59.429 59.413
0.6 59.3 59.175 59.368 59.422

1 58.9 58.851 58.862 58.851

0.9 58.9 58.842 58.866 58.847
0.8 58.9 58.897 58.916 59.107
0.7 58.9 59.313 59.290 59.285
0.6 58.9 58.390 58.381 59.322

1 58.5 58.672 58.675 58.666

0.9 58.5 58.682 58.682 58.672
0.8 58.5 58.666 58.372 58.323
0.7 58.5 58.675 58.621 58.668
0.6 58.5 58.336 58.330 58.315

106
 4.6 Interpretation of the Results

4.6.1 Conformance Tests

The two relays operated differently under conformance tests. In some cases the relays
operated outside their specifications. For relay 1, pickup frequencies deviated from the
setpoint, and the deviation increased with increasing frequency decay rate. For the same
relay, time delays were outside specifications for high decay rates and long time delays.
For relay 2, actual pickup frequencies deviated from the setpoint and in some cases, were
out of specification. There is no trend in deviation regarding frequency decay rate for this
relay. Time delays were within specifications except at 0.9 Hz/sec rate of frequency
change and long time delay settings.
Discussion with utility users of these relays, however, indicate that the errors, while
outside specifications, are still very small, and are inconsequential for the users.

4.6.2 Application Tests

The specific dynamic test cases are applied to the relays. The actual pickup frequencies
are recorded. Both relays operated quite accurately at over-frequency setpoints (60.5,
61.0 and 61.7 Hz). Some deviations are observed at underfrequency settings (59.3, 58.9
and 58.5 Hz).

4.6.3 Error Analysis

UFLS testing requires very high accuracy in both delay time and frequency
measurements for accurate results. Because measured errors were very small, the test
system was reevaluated for its ability to discern such small variations in time and
frequency.
The accuracy of the relay test system depends upon the accuracy of each component of
the testing environment, including the waveform generators and the datalogging
equipment. Accuracy specifications for the two relays tested and the datalogger used are:
z Test Relay 1 (+/-0.01Hz , 0.25 cycle)
z Test Relay 2 (+/-0.01Hz , 1 cycle)
z Datalogger (100ppm or 0.0001% of the sampling rate)
Frequency is obtained by measuring time at each zero crossing, calculating the time
difference from the previous zero crossing, and inverting to obtain frequency. Once the
trip frequency is reached, cycles are counted until the time delay is reached, at which
time the relay should actually trip. For this method, the accuracy of both the datalogger
and relay may contribute error to the results.
In order to verify the error, the information from the datalogger is analyzed. Table 4.20
shows data recorded during relay testing. The voltage 0 column is the input voltage to the
relay, stepped down through a voltage transformer. The voltage 1 column is the operation
of relay’s output contact, which goes from approximately zero to a positive value when
the contact closes. The frequency of each cycle is calculated using interpolation to
improve accuracy. The pickup frequency was set at 55Hz. Time delay was set at 6 cycles.

107
Table 4.20: Data for pickup frequency test (55 Hz Frequency Setpoint)
Calculated
Voltage 0 Voltage
Row Frequency Remark
(Volt) 1(Volt)
(Hz)
51466 0.026034 -0.677606
51467 0.041324 -0.636893 Zero crossing
51468 -0.320540 -0.591092
51469 -0.292508 -0.504578
continue continue continue
51644 0.680957 -0.382441
51645 0.686053 -0.242492
51646 0.326738 -0.306105
51647 0.331834 -0.303560 55.294 Above setting frequency
51648 -0.012191 -0.293382
51649 -0.001998 -0.211957
continue continue continue
51826 0.652925 -0.031296
51827 0.637635 -0.016029
51828 0.296158 -0.069464
51829 0.288513 -0.008395 54.983 Below setting frequency
51830 -0.040223 -0.018574
51831 -0.045320 -0.000762
continue continue continue
52008 0.635087 0.271503
52009 0.614700 0.330027
52010 0.298706 0.317304
52011 0.270674 0.340205 54.959 Relay pickup here
52012 -0.055513 0.337660
52013 -0.080996 0.393640
continue continue continue
52192 0.288513 0.503055
52193 0.245191 0.503055
52194 -0.060610 0.464887
52195 -0.106480 0.469976
continue continue continue
52284 -0.139608 -0.222136
52285 -0.075900 -0.303560
52286 0.209514 -0.608904
continue continue continue
52374 0.298706 0.449619
52375 0.219708 0.518322
continue continue continue
53179 -2.817910 0.457253
53180 -2.687950 3.121370 Contact close here
(Source: NI VI Logger, Scan rate: 0.0001 second, Number of scans: 65404)

108
According to Table 4.20, the last cycle before the frequency decays to the set value of
55.0 Hz ends at row 51647 and 51648. By interpolating between row 51647 and 51648,
the zero crossing is estimated at:
0.331834
t1 = 51647 *0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.16479s
0.331834 − (−0.0121912)
The zero crossing one cycle before this is at:
0.0413239
t2 = 51467 *0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.14671s
0.0413239 − (−0.32054)
The period is:
T = t1 − t2 = 0.018s
Frequency can be calculated as follows:
1
f = = 55.294 Hz
T
At 55.294Hz, the relay does not trip because the frequency is still above the trip
frequency.
The next zero crossing is at rows 51829 and 51830. By interpolating between Row 51829
and 51830, the zero crossing is estimated at:
0.288513
t3 = 51829*0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.18298s
0.288513 − (−0.0555129)
The zero crossing one cycle before this is at row 51647 and 51648 which is t1.
The period is:
T = t3 − t1 = 0.018s
Frequency can be calculated as follows:
1
f = = 54.983Hz
T
The relay may trip here since the frequency is less than the setting. Possible time error (e)
in one cycle, based on datalogger specs, can be shown as follows:
T
e= *0.0001s *0.0001 = 1.819*10−6 s
0.0001
And the possible error in frequency calculation is:
1
f error1 = = 54.978 Hz
(T + e)
1
f error 2 = = 54.989 Hz
(T − e)
With consideration of datalogger error, the actual relay trip frequency was in the range
from 54.98 Hz to 54.99 Hz. The relay could trip within specs at this point, because its
specified accuracy of +/- 0.01Hz could allow 54.99 Hz to be sensed as 55.00 Hz. There is
a corresponding possibility that the relay will not trip even when the measured frequency
is calculated to be slightly (within 0.01 Hz) over the frequency setting.
In the next cycle, the zero crossing is at rows 52011 and 52012. By interpolating between
rows 52011 and 52012, the zero crossing is estimated at:

109
 0.270674
t4 = 52011*0.0001s + 0.0001s * = 5.201183s
0.270674 − (−0.05551)
The zero crossing one cycle before this is at Row 51829 and 51830 which is t3.
The period is:
T = t4 − t3 = 0.018s
Frequency can be calculated as follows:
1
f = = 54.9595Hz
T
The relay trips at this point. The pickup frequency is recorded at 54.96 Hz.
With consideration of test component’s error, the obtained result may deviate from the
actual one. In this specific case of the setting at 55Hz and 6 cycle time delay, the
measured pickup frequency can be either 55.00Hz or 54.96 Hz. while the recorded time
delay could vary between 6 cycles and 7 cycles.

4.7 Future Work

While the simulations provide good data for application tests, actual field data would
greatly enhance the testing protocol. A library of such recorded data should be developed.

A new IEEE guide [26] addresses issues regarding frequency relay testing. These issues
should be considered to improve the test system and protocol.

Although most of widely used relays today employ the zero-crossing technique to
measure frequency, some of new frequency relays may apply the other technologies. The
other frequency measuring techniques should be investigated, and if necessary,
algorithms for testing such relays should be developed and incorporated into the test
protocols.

110
5.0 Conclusion

5.1 Distance relays

This report describes a test lab setup developed at Texas A&M University for testing
distance relays. The test procedure of relay test implementation on the platform and the
use in relay testing are also presented. Three different distance relays are selected to
implement relay tests using the proposed methodology and tests results are given at the
end. The proposed test methodology together with the test tools and test case library
composes a comprehensive test environment for evaluating the dependability and security
features of protective relays.

In the course of study it became apparent that a differentiation between Conformance

Test and Compliance Test should be made to help focus on different types of design and
application tests. The Conformance test objective is to test the basic functionality of the
relays, verify the operating characteristics, calibrate relay settings and implement periodic
maintenance test. The concern of this test is the statistical performance related to the
relay operating characteristic and tripping time. To fulfill this test, a batch of test cases
with a variety of disturbance conditions including faults and non-faults are generated
through simulation. The Compliance test objective is to verify whether a relay can
operate correctly under peculiar circumstances in power system particularly during
abnormal operating conditions. This type of test is to investigate the compliance feature
that “real” performance of a protective relay complies with its expected performance. The
concern of this test is the trip/no trip response and relay operating time performance
under specific scenarios. A typical example is the use of the recorded data to analyze
causes of an unwanted relay operation in a post-event analysis.

The test results have shown that in the future it will be equally important to test relays for
dependability and security of operation. While the loss of security that resulted in over
tripping may have not been a concern in the future, due to heavily overloaded lines the
unwanted trips can lead to a cascading event ending in a black out. This report has shown
how the testing for security may be implemented.

5.2 Generator Relays

This report describes the configuration, simulation, and instrumentation requirements for
evaluating the performance of generator protection relays under realistic transient
conditions, as they may be encountered in a practical electric power system. As a result, a
comprehensive testing platform has been built to reproduce and simulate conditions in the
system as closely to reality as possible. The report presented the testing platform with an
emphasis on generator protective relays. The highlights of the platform include (a) a
power system simulator to accurately compute short-circuit conditions as seen in an
actual system by the protective relays; (b) a signal conditioning unit that reproduces the
simulated voltages and currents at relay instrumentation voltage and current level, as if

111
they were delivered by actual potential and current transformers; and (c) a set of
procedures to conduct and validate the different tests of the generator relay, including
relay connections, software configuration, and the different test scenarios.

An immediate application of the developed methodology and data base is to test the
settings of specific generator relays and the degree of coordination of the various relay
functions.

A future research direction would be to use the developed methodology in reverse mode,
i.e. for the purpose of estimating the model of the generator. Accurate generator modeling
remains an issue. Approaches to estimate the generator model in real time, while they
exist, have not provided robust performance and the resulting model does not exhibit
satisfactory agreement with observed generator response. It is expected that the
developed generator model can provide a real time estimation methodology that will be
robust and will result in an accurate generator model. The attractiveness of the approach
is that the entre procedure can be performed within the generator relay.

5.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding Relays

This report presents a new methodology specifically designed for UFLS relay testing.
The tests include conformance and application tests. Philosophies of testing are discussed
and test protocols are presented.

Test protocols provide realistic and relevant tests to more accurately simulate conditions
relays may encounter in service. While much relay testing is done with pure sinusoidal
waveforms, the protocols include distorted waveforms. Dynamic test cases are also
provided to test relays under specific conditions. The cases provided are from
simulations, but actual recorded data can also be used when available.

Two common UFLS digital relays were tested under the new protocol. The results show
the two relays operated differently during tests. Some small deviations from
manufacturers’ specifications were observed. The deviations recorded in application tests
are larger than those resulting from conformance tests. Discussions with utility users,
however, indicate that the deviations observed are inconsequential for the users.

The accuracy of testing components may contribute error to the acquired results. The
report analyzes how the error of testing components can affect the test results. Higher
accuracy can be achieved by upgrading to higher accuracy hardware, e.g., a datalogger
with higher sampling rate.

112
6.0 Project Publications

[1] N. Zhang, H. Song and M. Kezunovic, “Transient Based Relay Testing: A New
Scope and Methodology,” The 13th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical
Conference (MELECON ‘06), Torremolinos (Málaga), Spain, May 2006.
[2] M. Kezunovic, X. Luo, N. Zhang, and H. Song, “Testing and Evaluating New
Software Solutions for Automated Analysis of Protective Relay Operations,” The
7the International Conference on Power Systems Transients, Lyon, France, June
2007.
[3] M. Kezunovic, J. Ren, “New Test Methodology for Evaluating Protective Relay
Security and Dependability,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2008.
[4] Q. Binh Dam, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, “Relay Simulation and Testing Software
on the .NET Framework Environment,” IEEE Power Engineering Society
General Meeting, June 24-28 2007, Tampa, FL USA.
[5] Q. Binh Dam, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, “A Breaker-oriented, Three-phase IEEE
24-substation Test System” (submitted to IEEE Transactions)
[6] M. Shao, W. Jewell, “Analysis of Protective Relay Performance in the August
2003 North America Blackout”, Frontiers of Power Conference Proceedings,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA, October 2006.
[7] M. Shao, P. Poonpun, W. Jewell, “An Advanced Methodology for
Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Testing”, IEEE PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, Apr. 2008.

113
7.0 References

[1] U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, “Final Report on the August 14,
2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations”,
April 5, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www. nerc.com
[2] M. Kezunovic, Y.Q. Xia, Y. Guo, C.W. Fromen, D.R. Sevcik, “An Advanced
Method for Testing of Distance Relay Operating Characteristic,” IEEE
Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp149-157, January 1996.
[3] M. Kezunovic, B. Kasztenny, “Design, Optimization and Performance Evaluation
of the Relaying Algorithms, Relays and Protective System Using Advanced
Testing Tools,” IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp1125-
1139, October 2000.
[4] Power System Relaying Committee, “EMTP Reference Models for Transmission
Line Relay Testing Report,” draft 10a, Dec. 2004. [Online]. Available:
http://www.pes-psrc.org/
[5] S. K. M. Kodsi and C. A. Canizares, “Modeling and Simulation of IEEE 14 Bus
System with FACTS Controllers,” Technical Report 2003-3, Waterloo, Canada,
2003, [Online]. Available: http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca/~claudio/
[6] CanAm EMTP User Group, Alternative Transient Program (ATP) Rule Book,
Portland, OR, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.eeug.org/
files/secret/ATP_RuleBook
[7] The MathWorks, Inc., Using MATLAB, Natick, MA, July 2002. [Online].
Available: http://www.mathworks.com
[8] H. Song, M. Kezunovic, “A New Analysis Method for Early Detection and
Prevention of Cascading Events,” Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, No.
8, pp1132-1142, June 2007.
[9] F. Dobraca, M.A. Pai, P.W. Sauer, “Relay Margins as a Tool for Dynamical
Security Analysis”, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 12 (4), pp. 226-234,
Oct. 1990.
[10] X. Luo, M. Kezunovic, "Interactive Protection System Simulation Using ATP
MODELS and C++," IEEE 2005/2006 PES Transmission & Distribution
Conference & Exposition, Dallas, Texas, May 2006.
[11] Test Laboratories International, Inc. “Relay Assistant – Digital Simulator
Software,” [Online]. Available: http://www.tli-inc.com
[12] IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE),
IEEE Standard C37.111-1999, March 1999.
[13] Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. “SEL-421, SEL-421-1 Relay,
Protection and Automation System, Instruction Manual – User’s Guide”, Aug. 5,
2005.
[14] Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. “SEL-421, SEL-421-1 Relay,
Protection and Automation System, Instruction Manual – Applications
Handbook”, Aug. 5, 2005.
[15] Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. “ACSELERATOR QuickSet SEL-
5030 Software Version 2.4”, Aug. 5, 2005. [Online]. Available:
http://www.selinc.com/sel-5030.htm

114
[16] Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. “SEL-321, SEL-321-1 – Phase and
ground distance relay, directional over current relay, fault locator- Instruction
Manual”. Nov. 20, 2000.
[17] Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. “Relay Assistance Software SEL-5010
Version 4.7”, Nov.20, 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.selinc.com/sel-
5010.htm
[18] GE Multilin – D60 Line Distance Relay – Instruction Manual, 2006. [Online].
Available: http://www.geindustrial.com/multilin/manuals/d60.htm.
[19] GE EnerVista UR Setup Software Version 5.4 July 3, 2007. [Online]. Available:
http://www.geindustrial.com
[20] Beckwith M3425-A Generator Protection Instructions Book, [Online]. Available:
http://www.beckwithelectric.com/relays/m3425/m3425A.htm
[21] IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) for
Power Systems, IEEE Standard C37.111-1991 and C37.111-1999.
[22] A. P. Meliopoulos, G. J. Cokkinides, “A Virtual Environment for Protective
Relaying Evaluation and Testing,” IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp
104-111, Feb. 2004.
[23] Q. Binh Dam, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, “Relay Simulation and Testing Software
on the .NET Framework Environment,” IEEE Power Engineeering Society
General Meeting, June 24-28 2007, Tampa, FL USA.
[24] BECO2200-M-3425A, Communications Database for M3425A Integrated
Protection System (May 2006), [Online]. Available:
http://www.beckwithelectric.com/relays/m3425/m3425A.htm
[25] BECO2200 – Digital Communications Protocol, Revision 5 (June 1996),
[Online]. Available: http://www.beckwithelectric.com/relays/m3425/m3425A.htm
[26] IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal
Frequency Load Shedding and Restoration, IEEE Standard C37.111-1991,
C37.111-1999, IEEE Std C37.117-2007. [Online]. Available:
http://standards.ieee.org.
[27] M. Shao, P. Poonpun, W. Jewell, “An Advanced Methodology for
Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Testing”, IEEE PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, Apr. 2008.
[28] Ward Jewell, R.D.A. Rob, T. K. Wong, and A. Dakkak “Results of Protective
Relay Harmonic Waveform Distortion Testing Program,” Proceedings of the 7th
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Las Vegas,
October 1996.
[29] Alternative Transients Program. [Online]. Available: http://www.emtp.org.
[30] G. T. Heydt,” Electric Power Quality”, Second edition, Stars in a Circle
Publications, 1994.
[31] Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) Workbook Volume III, Electric
Power Research Institute, June 1989.
[32] MAAC Under-Frequency Load Shedding Program Requirements, June 21, 2005.
[Online]. Available: http://www.maac-rc.org/reference/b_8.pdf.
[33] S. Mohagheghi, R. H. Alaileh, G. Cokkinides and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, “A
laboratory setup for a substation scaled model”, Proceedings of Power Tech 2007
Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, July 1–5, 2007.

115
[34] S. Mohagheghi, R. H. Alaileh, G. Cokkinides and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos,
“Distributed state estimation using the SuperCalibrator concept: laboratory
implementation”, Proceedings of International Institute for Research and
Education in Power System Dynamics (iREP) 2007 Symposium, Charleston, SC
USA, Aug. 19–24, 2007.

116
Appendix A: Line Distance Relay Test

A.1 Relay Settings

Relays are set according to the test plan discussed in section 2 and the reference provided
by vendors [13], [14], [16], [18]. Table A.1 and Table A.2 are setting tables for SEL-421
relay for implementing conformance test and application test respectively. Setting tables
for SEL-321 relay are neglected because of the same parameters and similar setting
names. Figure A.1, A.2 and A.3 are given to present the settings for GE D60 instead of
listing parameters. For SEL-421 and SEL-321, the setting names come from the SEL
5030 and SEL 5010 respectively which are software used for manage relays [15], [17].
For GE D60, these figures are generated by EnerVista UR Setup software [19].

Table A.1: Setting table for SEL-421 for Conformance Test

Setting Name Value Setting Name Value
SID Station Identifier 230kV BUS1 Z1D Zone 1 Time Delay 0.0
RID Relay Identifier SEL-421-1 Z2D Zone 2 Time Delay 20.0
NUMBK 1 Z3D Zone 3 Time Delay 60.0
BID 1 Breaker 1 Identifier Breaker 1-Line 1 ESOTF Switch-Onto-Fault Y
NFREQ 60 ESPSTF N
PHROT ABC EVRST Y
ESS N 52AEND 10.0
CTRW 400 SOTFD 10.0
PTRY 2300 CLSMON IN102
VNOMY 100 EOOS Out-of-Step Y
Z1MAG 7.13 OOSB1 Block Zone 1 Y
Z1ANG 84.2 OOSB2 Block Zone 2 Y
Z0MAG 19.68 OOSB3 Block Zone 3 N
Z0ANG 81.7 OSBD 2.5
EFLOC Fault Location Y OSBLTCH Y
LL Line Length (mile) 45 EOOST N
E21P 3 X1T7 23.42
Z1P Zone 1 Reach 5.71 X1T6 8.56
Z2P Zone 2 Reach 7.13 R1R7 19.16
Z3P Zone 3 Reach 18.87 R1R6 4.3
Z1PD Zone 1 Time Delay 0.0 ELOAD Y
Z2PD Zone 2 Time Delay 20.0 ZLF 6.29
Z2PD Zone 3 Time Delay 60.0 ZLR 6.29
E21MG 3 PLAF 45.0
Z1MG Zone 1 Reach 5.71 NLAF -45.0
Z2MG Zone 2 Reach 7.13 PLAR 135.0
Z3MG Zone 3 Reach 18.87 NLAR 225.0
E21XG N E50P 1
Z1GD Zone 1 Time Delay 0.0 50P1P Level 1 Pickup 3.23
Z2GD Zone 2 Time Delay 20.0 67P1D Level 1 Time Delay 0.0
Z3GD Zone 3 Time Delay 60.0 67P1TC 1
k0M1 0.587 DIR3 F
k0A1 -3.92 TR Trip Z1T OR Z2T OR Z3T
ECDTD Y TRSOTF M2P OR Z2G OR M3P OR Z3G

117
 Table A.2: Setting table for SEL-421 for Compliance Test
Setting Name Value Setting Name Value
SID Station Identifier 138kV BUS2 Z3MG Zone 3 Reach 3.67
RID Relay Identifier SEL-421-1 E21XG N
NUMBK 1 Z1GD Zone 1 Time Delay 0.0
BID 1 Breaker 1 Identifier Breaker 1-Bus 2 Z2GD Zone 2 Time Delay 20.0
NFREQ 60 Z1D Zone 1 Time Delay 0.0
PHROT ABC Z2D Zone 2 Time Delay 20.0
ESS N Z3D Zone 3 Time Delay 60.0
CTRW 100 ESOTF Switch-Onto-Fault N
PTRY 1380 EOOS Out-of-Step Y
VNOMY 100 OOSB1 Block Zone 1 Y
Z1MAG 1.48 OOSB2 Block Zone 2 Y
Z1ANG 76.64 OOSB3 Block Zone 3 N
Z0MAG 3.69 OSBD 3.05
Z0ANG 76.59 OSBLTCH Y
EFLOC Fault Location Y EOOST I
LL Line Length (mile) 33 OSTD 0.625
E21P 3 X1T7 7.89
Z1P Zone 1 Reach 1.18 X1T6 2.14
Z2P Zone 2 Reach 1.78 R1R7 6.84
Z3P Zone 3 Reach 3.67 R1R6 1.09
Z1PD Zone 1 Time Delay 0.0 ELOAD Y
Z2PD Zone 2 Time Delay 20.0 ZLF 1.81
Z2PD Zone 3 Time Delay 60.0 ZLR 1.81
E21MG 3 PLAF 45.0
Z1MG Zone 1 Reach 1.18 NLAF -45.0
Z2MG Zone 2 Reach 1.78 PLAR 135.0
Z3GD Zone 3 Time Delay 60.0 NLAR 225.0
k0M1 0.726 DIR3 F
k0A1 -3.67 TR Trip Z1T OR Z2T OR Z3T
ECDTD Y ER Event Report Trigger M2P OR Z2G OR M3P OR Z3G

Figure A.1: Phase distance protection

118
 Figure A.2: Power swing protection

Figure A.3: Load encroachment protection

Note: Since GE D60 does not have the protection element special for the switch onto
fault condition, a combination of Line Pickup and Phase IOC is applied using FlexLogic
to realize this function.

119
 A.2 Test Results
Table A.3: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0127
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0141
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0136
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0192
AG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0232
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0203
AG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0238
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0242
AG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0253
AG 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0308
AG 70 0 5 Y 2 0.3549
AG 70 0 10 Y 2 0.3595
AG 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0294
AG 70 45 5 Y 2 0.3537
AG 70 45 10 Y 2 0.3577
AG 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0343
AG 70 90 5 Y 2 0.3570
AG 70 90 10 Y 2 0.3591
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3553
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3583
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3585
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0170
BC 0 0 5 Y 1 0.0162
BC 0 0 25 Y 1 0.0232
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0176
BC 0 45 5 Y 1 0.0199
BC 0 45 25 Y 1 0.0230
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0186
BC 0 90 5 Y 1 0.0213
BC 0 90 25 Y 1 0.0244
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0233
BC 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0242
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0242
BC 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0246
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0230
BC 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0237
BC 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0268
BC 70 0 5 Y 1 0.0302
BC 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0280
BC 70 45 5 Y 1 0.0299
BC 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0264
BC 70 90 5 Y 1 0.0284
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3578
BC 90 0 5 Y 2 0.3576

120
 BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3597
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
BC 90 45 5 Y 2 0.3584
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3567
BC 90 90 5 Y 2 0.3573
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0163
BCG 0 0 25 Y 1 0.0172
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0152
BCG 0 45 25 Y 1 0.0163
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0160
BCG 0 90 25 Y 1 0.0187
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0246
BCG 50 0 25 Y 1 0.0238
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0249
BCG 50 45 25 Y 1 0.0247
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0225
BCG 50 90 25 Y 1 0.0237
BCG 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0272
BCG 70 0 10 Y 1 0.0270
BCG 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0285
BCG 70 45 10 Y 1 0.0290
BCG 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0277
BCG 70 90 10 Y 1 0.0267
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3579
BCG 90 0 25 Y 2 0.3645
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3646
BCG 90 45 25 Y 2 0.3643
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3613
BCG 90 90 25 Y 2 0.3604
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0167
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0148
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0155
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0200
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0217
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0219
ABC 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0280
ABC 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0312
ABC 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0283
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3601
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3603
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3578

121
 Table A.4: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 10 0 0 N – –
AG 10 0 10 N – –
AG 10 45 0 N – –
AG 10 45 10 N – –
AG 10 90 0 N – –
AG 10 90 10 N – –
AG 50 0 0 N – –
AG 50 0 25 N – –
AG 50 45 0 N – –
AG 50 45 25 N – –
AG 50 90 0 N – –
AG 50 90 25 N – –
AG 90 0 0 N – –
AG 90 0 25 N – –
AG 90 45 0 N – –
AG 90 45 25 N – –
AG 90 90 0 N – –
AG 90 90 25 N – –
BC 10 0 0 N – –
BC 10 45 0 N – –
BC 10 90 0 N – –
BC 50 0 0 N – –
BC 50 45 0 N – –
BC 50 90 0 N – –
BC 90 0 0 N – –
BC 90 45 0 N – –
BC 90 90 0 N – –
BCG 10 0 0 N – –
BCG 10 0 10 N – –
BCG 10 45 0 N – –
BCG 10 45 10 N – –
BCG 10 90 0 N – –
BCG 10 90 10 N – –
BCG 50 0 0 N – –
BCG 50 0 25 N – –
BCG 50 45 0 N – –
BCG 50 45 25 N – –
BCG 50 90 0 N – –
BCG 50 90 25 N – –
BCG 90 0 0 N – –
BCG 90 0 25 N – –
BCG 90 45 0 N – –
BCG 90 45 25 N – –
BCG 90 90 0 N – –
BCG 90 90 25 N – –
ABC 10 0 0 N – –
ABC 10 45 0 N – –

122
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
ABC 10 90 0 N – –
ABC 50 0 0 N – –
ABC 50 45 0 N – –
ABC 50 90 0 N – –
ABC 90 0 0 N – –
ABC 90 45 0 N – –
ABC 90 90 0 N – –

Table A.5: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-421

Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 3 1.0206
AG 0 45 0 Y 3 1.0194
AG 0 90 0 Y 3 1.0214
AG 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0221
AG 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0201
AG 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0246
AG 90 0 0 N – –
AG 90 45 0 N – –
AG 90 90 0 N – –
BC 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3642
BC 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3644
BC 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3631
BC 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0320
BC 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0333
BC 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0312
BC 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0339
BC 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0351
BC 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0322
BCG 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3660
BCG 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3633
BCG 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3746
BCG 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0399
BCG 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0397
BCG 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0394
BCG 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0431
BCG 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0453
BCG 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0421
ABC 0 0 0 Y 3 1.0219
ABC 0 45 0 Y 3 1.0249
ABC 0 90 0 Y 3 1.0200
ABC 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0239
ABC 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0279
ABC 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0198
ABC 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0317
ABC 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0337
ABC 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0249

123
 Table A.6: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0231
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0210
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0229
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0236
AG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0247
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0222
AG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0237
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0236
AG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0253
AG 90 0 0 Y 1 0.3614
AG 90 45 0 Y 1 0.3590
AG 90 90 0 Y 1 0.3602
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0162
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0168
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0204
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0226
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0244
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0227
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3605
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3607
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3608
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0174
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0166
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0191
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0240
BCG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0229
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0241
BCG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0244
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0226
BCG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0235
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3592
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3604
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3600
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0159
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0161
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0180
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0208
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0227
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0221
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3615
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3654
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3645

124
 Table A.7: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0159
AG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0211
AG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0141
AG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0181
AG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0153
AG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0182
AG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0208
AG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0217
AG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0187
AG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0212
AG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0207
AG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0205
AG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0255
AG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0252
AG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0249
AG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0239
AG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0227
AG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0264
BC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0144
BC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0185
BC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0165
BC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0154
BC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0175
BC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0177
BC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0191
BC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0210
BC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0202
BCG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0151
BCG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0142
BCG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0145
BCG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0138
BCG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0144
BCG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0163
BCG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0162
BCG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0185
BCG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0189
BCG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0182
BCG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0201
BCG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0215
BCG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0194
BCG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0187
BCG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0215
BCG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0206
BCG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0209
BCG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0205
ABC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0148
ABC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0150

125
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
ABC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0156
ABC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0160
ABC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0142
ABC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0157
ABC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0183
ABC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0190
ABC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0189

Table A.8: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-421

Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0150
AG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0242
AG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0155
AG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0192
AG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0151
AG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0146
AG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0252
AG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0298
AG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0249
AG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0284
AG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0198
AG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0223
AG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0282
AG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0316
AG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0296
AG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0304
AG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0243
AG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0240
BC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0141
BC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0183
BC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0190
BC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0188
BC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0178
BC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0216
BC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0181
BC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0171
BC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0218
BCG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0150
BCG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0154
BCG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0146
BCG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0189
BCG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0144
BCG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0174
BCG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0191
BCG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0194
BCG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0188
BCG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0185
BCG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0219

126
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
BCG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0222
BCG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0193
BCG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0177
BCG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0201
BCG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0185
BCG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0221
BCG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0219
ABC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0148
ABC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0162
ABC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0150
ABC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0228
ABC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0331
ABC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0327
ABC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0322
ABC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0331
ABC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0333

127
 Table A.9: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0149
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0150
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0146
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0204
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0213
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0242
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3608
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3562
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3514
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0195
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0209
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0203
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0247
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0255
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0250
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3535
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3415
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3341
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0167
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0203
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0201
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0255
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0256
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0234
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3502
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3528
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3564
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0174
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0182
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0166
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0255
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0333
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0310
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3671
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3663
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3659

128
 Table A.10: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0202
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0206
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0234
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3531
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3546
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3547
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0248
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0237
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0217
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3561
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3553
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3543
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0252
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0249
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0227
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3596
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3587
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3586
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0216
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0229
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0219
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3595
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3597
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3527

129
 Table A.11: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-421
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0203
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0206
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0221
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3558
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3567
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3606
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0239
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0244
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0240
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3588
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3602
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3586
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0229
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0253
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0238
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3626
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3647
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3632
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0218
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0233
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0224
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3637
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3651
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3645

Table A.12: “Statistical” test results for internal faults for SEL-421
Loc α Rf Trip No. Mean T Max T Min T Devtn
Type
[%] [deg] [Ω] Zone T [ms] [ms] [ms] [ms]
AG 50 0 5 I 30 22.57 24.30 20.60 0.85
AG 70 45 0 I 30 28.32 30.90 27.40 0.82
AG 90 90 0 II 30 318.20 357.10 313.40 7.87
BC 50 0 5 I 30 24.71 26.40 22.50 0.79
BC 70 45 0 I 30 28.64 30.30 26.80 0.83
BC 90 90 0 II 30 356.23 357.10 355.10 0.59
BCG 50 0 25 I 30 18.73 20.10 17.90 0.58
BCG 70 45 10 I 30 29.72 31.20 28.10 0.65
BCG 90 90 0 II 30 365.47 370.30 360.00 1.12
ABC 50 0 0 I 30 20.88 21.90 20.00 0.61
ABC 70 45 0 I 30 31.25 33.40 29.30 0.97
ABC 90 90 0 II 30 359.65 361.30 357.20 1.41

130
 Table A.13: Test results for no-fault scenarios for SEL-421
Trip / Trip Trip
Type Operation
NoTrip Zone Time [s]
N1-1 Three phases close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-1 Phase A close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-1 Phase B, C close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Three phases close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Phase A close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Phase B, C close after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S2 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open SW after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N5 Power swing after three-fault occurred on Line1 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 31.88 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 22.34 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 13.74 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 7.90 N – –

131
 Table A.14: Compliance test result for SEL-421
Loc Fault Load Trip / no trip Trip / no trip on Power
Type CCT[s]
[%] Type Condition on Fault Swing or Out of Step
10 Y 0.346 N
Single 3-
A1 50 Base Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
Single 3-
A2 50 Over Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
Two 3-
A3 50 Base Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
Two 3-
A4 50 Over Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.716 Y
Single 3-
A5 50 Base Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
Single 3-
A6 50 Over Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
Two 3-
A7 50 Base Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
Two 3-
A8 50 Over Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y

132
 Table A.15: Test results for condition F1 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0164
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0147
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0170
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0211
AG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0216
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0209
AG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0228
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0238
AG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0230
AG 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0297
AG 70 0 5 Y 2 0.3622
AG 70 0 10 N – –
AG 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0308
AG 70 45 5 Y 2 0.3575
AG 70 45 10 N – –
AG 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0298
AG 70 90 5 Y 2 0.3605
AG 70 90 10 N – –
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3544
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3566
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3575
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0136
BC 0 0 5 Y 1 0.0132
BC 0 0 25 Y 1 0.0213
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0147
BC 0 45 5 Y 1 0.0167
BC 0 45 25 Y 1 0.0201
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0145
BC 0 90 5 Y 1 0.0169
BC 0 90 25 Y 1 0.0212
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0213
BC 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0239
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0218
BC 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0235
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0198
BC 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0225
BC 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0257
BC 70 0 5 Y 1 0.0273
BC 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0258
BC 70 45 5 Y 1 0.0288
BC 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0244
BC 70 90 5 Y 1 0.0262
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3543
BC 90 0 5 Y 2 0.3631
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3545
BC 90 45 5 Y 2 0.3627
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3539

133
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
BC 90 90 5 Y 2 0.3607
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0233
BCG 0 0 25 Y 1 0.0219
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0149
BCG 0 45 25 Y 1 0.0231
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0181
BCG 0 90 25 Y 1 0.0251
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0230
BCG 50 0 25 Y 1 0.0303
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0217
BCG 50 45 25 Y 1 0.0317
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0213
BCG 50 90 25 Y 1 0.0285
BCG 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0248
BCG 70 0 10 Y 1 0.0332
BCG 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0255
BCG 70 45 10 Y 1 0.0265
BCG 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0244
BCG 70 90 10 Y 1 0.0254
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3559
BCG 90 0 25 Y 2 0.3530
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3543
BCG 90 45 25 Y 2 0.3532
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3565
BCG 90 90 25 Y 2 0.3536
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0137
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0133
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0134
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0192
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0214
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0200
ABC 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0248
ABC 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0275
ABC 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0262
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3536
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3541
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3545

134
 Table A.16: Test results for condition F2-1 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 10 0 0 N – –
AG 10 0 10 N – –
AG 10 45 0 N – –
AG 10 45 10 N – –
AG 10 90 0 N – –
AG 10 90 10 N – –
AG 50 0 0 N – –
AG 50 0 25 N – –
AG 50 45 0 N – –
AG 50 45 25 N – –
AG 50 90 0 N – –
AG 50 90 25 N – –
AG 90 0 0 N – –
AG 90 0 25 N – –
AG 90 45 0 N – –
AG 90 45 25 N – –
AG 90 90 0 N – –
AG 90 90 25 N – –
BC 10 0 0 N – –
BC 10 45 0 N – –
BC 10 90 0 N – –
BC 50 0 0 N – –
BC 50 45 0 N – –
BC 50 90 0 N – –
BC 90 0 0 N – –
BC 90 45 0 N – –
BC 90 90 0 N – –
BCG 10 0 0 N – –
BCG 10 0 10 N – –
BCG 10 45 0 N – –
BCG 10 45 10 N – –
BCG 10 90 0 N – –
BCG 10 90 10 N – –
BCG 50 0 0 N – –
BCG 50 0 25 N – –
BCG 50 45 0 N – –
BCG 50 45 25 N – –
BCG 50 90 0 N – –
BCG 50 90 25 N – –
BCG 90 0 0 N – –
BCG 90 0 25 N – –
BCG 90 45 0 N – –
BCG 90 45 25 N – –
BCG 90 90 0 N – –
BCG 90 90 25 N – –
ABC 10 0 0 N – –
ABC 10 45 0 N – –

135
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
ABC 10 90 0 N – –
ABC 50 0 0 N – –
ABC 50 45 0 N – –
ABC 50 90 0 N – –
ABC 90 0 0 N – –
ABC 90 45 0 N – –
ABC 90 90 0 N – –

Table A.17: Test results for condition F2-2 for SEL-321

Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 3 1.0200
AG 0 45 0 Y 3 1.0177
AG 0 90 0 Y 3 1.0169
AG 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0219
AG 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0196
AG 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0210
AG 90 0 0 N – –
AG 90 45 0 N – –
AG 90 90 0 N – –
BC 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3613
BC 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3618
BC 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3596
BC 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0219
BC 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0221
BC 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0199
BC 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0246
BC 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0256
BC 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0243
BCG 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3629
BCG 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3610
BCG 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3773
BCG 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0222
BCG 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0224
BCG 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0195
BCG 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0246
BCG 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0265
BCG 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0251
ABC 0 0 0 Y 2 0.4062
ABC 0 45 0 Y 2 0.4032
ABC 0 90 0 Y 2 0.4182
ABC 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0186
ABC 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0208
ABC 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0188
ABC 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0258
ABC 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0262
ABC 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0247

136
 Table A.18: Test results for condition F3 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0322
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0341
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0328
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0342
AG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0339
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0316
AG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0349
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0332
AG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0339
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3679
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3685
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3668
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0152
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0156
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0175
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0205
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0212
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0219
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3570
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3598
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3585
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0249
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0227
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0182
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0212
BCG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0263
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0231
BCG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0221
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0215
BCG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0221
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3583
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3589
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3592
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0150
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0142
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0144
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0195
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0206
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0211
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3589
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3588
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3593

137
 Table A.19: Test results for condition F4-1 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0087
AG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0084
AG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0073
AG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0072
AG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0069
AG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0070
AG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0108
AG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0161
AG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0089
AG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0151
AG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0107
AG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0138
AG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0168
AG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0248
AG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0161
AG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0220
AG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0164
AG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0227
BC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0071
BC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0124
BC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0092
BC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0098
BC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0138
BC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0100
BC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0139
BC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0134
BC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0130
BCG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0066
BCG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0069
BCG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0071
BCG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0080
BCG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0078
BCG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0076
BCG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0087
BCG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.077
BCG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0116
BCG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0133
BCG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0105
BCG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0096
BCG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0139
BCG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0148
BCG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0129
BCG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0143
BCG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0110
BCG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0128
ABC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0068
ABC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0079

138
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
ABC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0077
ABC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0090
ABC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0093
ABC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0082
ABC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0104
ABC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0124
ABC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0109

Table A.20: Test results for condition F4-2 for SEL-321

Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0082
AG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0079
AG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0077
AG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0076
AG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0080
AG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0078
AG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0112
AG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0164
AG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0085
AG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0159
AG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0102
AG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0133
AG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0176
AG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0256
AG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0171
AG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0233
AG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0163
AG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0230
BC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0080
BC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0113
BC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0079
BC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0078
BC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0125
BC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0109
BC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0144
BC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0130
BC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0112
BCG 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0072
BCG 0 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0061
BCG 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0069
BCG 0 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0073
BCG 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0068
BCG 0 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0075
BCG 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0081
BCG 50 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0098
BCG 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0123
BCG 50 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0145
BCG 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0103

139
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Unit Trip Time [s]
BCG 50 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0102
BCG 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0143
BCG 90 0 25 Y SOTF 0.0150
BCG 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0132
BCG 90 45 25 Y SOTF 0.0147
BCG 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0117
BCG 90 90 25 Y SOTF 0.0136
ABC 0 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0073
ABC 0 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0076
ABC 0 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0080
ABC 50 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0074
ABC 50 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0084
ABC 50 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0088
ABC 90 0 0 Y SOTF 0.0107
ABC 90 45 0 Y SOTF 0.0101
ABC 90 90 0 Y SOTF 0.0111

140
 Table A.21: Test results for condition F5 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0151
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0169
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0172
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0204
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0225
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0248
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3625
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3603
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3598
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0159
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0192
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0164
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0231
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0229
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0238
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3662
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3553
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3612
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0148
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0186
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0178
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0232
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0226
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0242
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3582
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3608
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3564
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0144
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0149
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0157
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0211
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0225
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0229
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3577
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3600
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3595

141
 Table A.22: Test results for condition F6-1 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0223
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0207
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0250
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3567
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3543
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3551
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0221
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0213
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0211
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3556
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3565
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3549
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0213
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0225
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0203
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3548
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3554
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3537
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0206
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0208
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0204
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3548
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3570
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3555

142
 Table A.23: Test results for condition F6-2 for SEL-321
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0241
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0212
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0238
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3588
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3572
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3575
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0211
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0209
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0201
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3581
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3610
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3597
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0219
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0215
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0213
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3578
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3606
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3594
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0189
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0217
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0209
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3578
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3595
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3583

Table A.24: “Statistical” test results of internal faults for SEL-321

Loc α Rf Trip No. Mean T Max T Min T Devtn
Type
[%] [deg] [Ω] Zone T [ms] [ms] [ms] [ms]
AG 50 0 5 I 30 21.95 25.60 21.80 0.65
AG 70 45 0 I 30 30.12 33.60 29.70 0.66
AG 90 90 0 II 30 358.45 360.30 351.40 1.34
BC 50 0 5 I 30 24.66 26.90 22.70 0.72
BC 70 45 0 I 30 25.64 29.30 24.10 0.59
BC 90 90 0 II 30 358.42 360.70 352.20 1.51
BCG 50 0 25 I 30 28.24 30.50 26.90 0.59
BCG 70 45 10 I 30 25.86 27.90 24.00 0.45
BCG 90 90 0 II 30 359.08 362.70 355.20 1.27
ABC 50 0 0 I 30 20.05 21.30 19.20 0.46
ABC 70 45 0 I 30 26.85 28.40 26.10 0.58
ABC 90 90 0 II 30 355.71 358.10 353.5 1.03

143
 Table A.25: Test results of no-fault scenarios for SEL-321
Trip / No Trip Trip
Type Operation
Trip Zone Time [s]
N1-1 Three phases close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-1 Phase A close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-1 Phase B, C close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Three phases close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Phase A close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Phase B, C close after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S2 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open SW after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N5 Power swing after three-fault occurred on Line1 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 31.88 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 22.34 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 13.74 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 7.90 N – –

144
 Table A.26: Compliance test result for SEL-321
Loc Fault Load Trip / no trip Trip / no trip on Power
Type CCT[s]
[%] Type Condition on Fault Swing or Out of Step
10 Y 0.346 N
Single 3-
A1 50 Base Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
Single 3-
A2 50 Over Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
Two 3-
A3 50 Base Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
Two 3-
A4 50 Over Y 0.550 N
phase
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.716 Y
Single 3-
A5 50 Base Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
Single 3-
A6 50 Over Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
Two 3-
A7 50 Base Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
Two 3-
A8 50 Over Y 1.016 Y
phase
90 Y 1.432 Y

145
 Table A.27: Test results for condition F1 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0146
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0145
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0160
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0247
AG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0244
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0229
AG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0230
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0248
AG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0259
AG 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0296
AG 70 0 5 Y 2 0.3609
AG 70 0 10 Y 2 0.3621
AG 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0308
AG 70 45 5 Y 2 0.3601
AG 70 45 10 Y 2 0.3583
AG 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0302
AG 70 90 5 Y 2 0.3589
AG 70 90 10 Y 2 0.3587
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3615
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3602
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3588
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0164
BC 0 0 5 Y 1 0.0178
BC 0 0 25 Y 1 0.0180
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0189
BC 0 45 5 Y 1 0.0188
BC 0 45 25 Y 1 0.0244
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0180
BC 0 90 5 Y 1 0.0190
BC 0 90 25 Y 1 0.0211
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0225
BC 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0255
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0251
BC 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0254
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0231
BC 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0244
BC 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0279
BC 70 0 5 Y 1 0.0366
BC 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0286
BC 70 45 5 Y 1 0.0346
BC 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0282
BC 70 90 5 Y 1 0.0328
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3586
BC 90 0 5 Y 2 0.3650
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3598
BC 90 45 5 Y 2 0.3658
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3597

146
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time[s]
BC 90 90 5 Y 2 0.3632
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0178
BCG 0 0 25 Y 1 0.0182
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0191
BCG 0 45 25 Y 1 0.0187
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0173
BCG 0 90 25 Y 1 0.0167
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0235
BCG 50 0 25 Y 1 0.0233
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0256
BCG 50 45 25 Y 1 0.0260
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0245
BCG 50 90 25 Y 1 0.0243
BCG 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0267
BCG 70 0 10 Y 1 0.0279
BCG 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0288
BCG 70 45 10 Y 1 0.0295
BCG 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0271
BCG 70 90 10 Y 1 0.0282
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3595
BCG 90 0 25 Y 2 0.3591
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3609
BCG 90 45 25 Y 2 0.3589
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3636
BCG 90 90 25 Y 2 0.3593
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0166
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0171
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0158
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0221
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0219
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0234
ABC 70 0 0 Y 1 0.0292
ABC 70 45 0 Y 1 0.0302
ABC 70 90 0 Y 1 0.0270
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3546
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3592
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3593

147
 Table A.28: Test results for condition F2-1 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 10 0 0 N – –
AG 10 0 10 N – –
AG 10 45 0 N – –
AG 10 45 10 N – –
AG 10 90 0 N – –
AG 10 90 10 N – –
AG 50 0 0 N – –
AG 50 0 25 N – –
AG 50 45 0 N – –
AG 50 45 25 N – –
AG 50 90 0 N – –
AG 50 90 25 N – –
AG 90 0 0 N – –
AG 90 0 25 N – –
AG 90 45 0 N – –
AG 90 45 25 N – –
AG 90 90 0 N – –
AG 90 90 25 N – –
BC 10 0 0 N – –
BC 10 45 0 N – –
BC 10 90 0 N – –
BC 50 0 0 N – –
BC 50 45 0 N – –
BC 50 90 0 N – –
BC 90 0 0 N – –
BC 90 45 0 N – –
BC 90 90 0 N – –
BCG 10 0 0 N – –
BCG 10 0 10 N – –
BCG 10 45 0 N – –
BCG 10 45 10 N – –
BCG 10 90 0 N – –
BCG 10 90 10 N – –
BCG 50 0 0 N – –
BCG 50 0 25 N – –
BCG 50 45 0 N – –
BCG 50 45 25 N – –
BCG 50 90 0 N – –
BCG 50 90 25 N – –
BCG 90 0 0 N – –
BCG 90 0 25 N – –
BCG 90 45 0 N – –
BCG 90 45 25 N – –
BCG 90 90 0 N – –
BCG 90 90 25 N – –
ABC 10 0 0 N – –
ABC 10 45 0 N – –

148
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
ABC 10 90 0 N – –
ABC 50 0 0 N – –
ABC 50 45 0 N – –
ABC 50 90 0 N – –
ABC 90 0 0 N – –
ABC 90 45 0 N – –
ABC 90 90 0 N – –

Table A.29: Test results for condition F2-2 for GE D60

Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 3 1.0217
AG 0 45 0 Y 3 1.0182
AG 0 90 0 Y 3 1.0193
AG 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0240
AG 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0205
AG 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0251
AG 90 0 0 N – –
AG 90 45 0 N – –
AG 90 90 0 N – –
BC 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3632
BC 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3649
BC 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3628
BC 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0190
BC 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0228
BC 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0230
BC 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0267
BC 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0280
BC 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0253
BCG 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3650
BCG 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3653
BCG 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3637
BCG 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0204
BCG 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0228
BCG 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0226
BCG 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0239
BCG 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0261
BCG 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0263
ABC 0 0 0 Y 2 0.3675
ABC 0 45 0 Y 2 0.3677
ABC 0 90 0 Y 2 0.3639
ABC 50 0 0 Y 3 1.0204
ABC 50 45 0 Y 3 1.0213
ABC 50 90 0 Y 3 1.0208
ABC 90 0 0 Y 3 1.0267
ABC 90 45 0 Y 3 1.0279
ABC 90 90 0 Y 3 1.0264

149
 Table A.30: Test results for condition F3 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0280
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0275
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0284
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0288
AG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0296
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0282
AG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0294
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0287
AG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0282
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3613
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3595
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3608
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0272
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0274
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0289
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0280
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0291
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0282
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3599
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3588
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3593
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0267
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0266
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0277
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0259
BCG 50 0 5 Y 1 0.0282
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0285
BCG 50 45 5 Y 1 0.0276
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0299
BCG 50 90 5 Y 1 0.0297
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3594
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3601
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3618
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0276
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0282
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0274
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0272
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0271
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0277
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3586
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3599
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3590

150
 Table A.31: Test results for condition F4-1 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 0.0139
AG 0 0 25 Y 0.0146
AG 0 45 0 Y 0.0137
AG 0 45 25 Y 0.0128
AG 0 90 0 Y 0.0129
AG 0 90 25 Y 0.0142
AG 50 0 0 Y 0.0165
AG 50 0 25 Y 0.0205
AG 50 45 0 Y 0.0157
AG 50 45 25 Y 0.0181
AG 50 90 0 Y 0.01175
AG 50 90 25 Y 0.0186
AG 90 0 0 Y 0.0226
AG 90 0 25 Y 0.1374
AG 90 45 0 Y 0.0203
AG 90 45 25 Y 0.1402
AG 90 90 0 Y 0.0201
AG 90 90 25 Y 0.1390
BC 0 0 0 Y 0.0125
BC 0 45 0 Y 0.0135
BC 0 90 0 Y 0.0141
BC 50 0 0 Y 0.0148
BC 50 45 0 Y 0.0172
BC 50 90 0 Y 0.0170
BC 90 0 0 Y 0.0177
BC 90 45 0 Y 0.0189
BC 90 90 0 Y 0.0197
BCG 0 0 0 Y 0.0122
BCG 0 0 25 Y 0.0130
BCG 0 45 0 Y 0.0140
BCG 0 45 25 Y 0.0144
BCG 0 90 0 Y 0.0129
BCG 0 90 25 Y 0.0141
BCG 50 0 0 Y 0.0157
BCG 50 0 25 Y 0.0164
BCG 50 45 0 Y 0.0144
BCG 50 45 25 Y 0.0184
BCG 50 90 0 Y 0.0161
BCG 50 90 25 Y 0.0146
BCG 90 0 0 Y 0.0182
BCG 90 0 25 Y 0.0174
BCG 90 45 0 Y 0.0210
BCG 90 45 25 Y 0.0218
BCG 90 90 0 Y 0.0191
BCG 90 90 25 Y 0.0204
ABC 0 0 0 Y 0.0128
ABC 0 45 0 Y 0.0143

151
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Time [s]
ABC 0 90 0 Y 0.0134
ABC 50 0 0 Y 0.0140
ABC 50 45 0 Y 0.0147
ABC 50 90 0 Y 0.0151
ABC 90 0 0 Y 0.0173
ABC 90 45 0 Y 0.0199
ABC 90 90 0 Y 0.0173

Table A.32: Test results for condition F4-2 for GE D60

Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 0.0143
AG 0 0 25 Y 0.0147
AG 0 45 0 Y 0.0132
AG 0 45 25 Y 0.0140
AG 0 90 0 Y 0.0125
AG 0 90 25 Y 0.0135
AG 50 0 0 Y 0.0166
AG 50 0 25 Y 0.0211
AG 50 45 0 Y 0.0167
AG 50 45 25 Y 0.0193
AG 50 90 0 Y 0.0160
AG 50 90 25 Y 0.0184
AG 90 0 0 Y 0.0213
AG 90 0 25 Y 0.1376
AG 90 45 0 Y 0.0193
AG 90 45 25 Y 0.1405
AG 90 90 0 Y 0.0197
AG 90 90 25 Y 0.1384
BC 0 0 0 Y 0.0132
BC 0 45 0 Y 0.0147
BC 0 90 0 Y 0.0146
BC 50 0 0 Y 0.0152
BC 50 45 0 Y 0.0181
BC 50 90 0 Y 0.0154
BC 90 0 0 Y 0.0179
BC 90 45 0 Y 0.0190
BC 90 90 0 Y 0.0203
BCG 0 0 0 Y 0.0124
BCG 0 0 25 Y 0.0127
BCG 0 45 0 Y 0.0124
BCG 0 45 25 Y 0.0133
BCG 0 90 0 Y 0.0137
BCG 0 90 25 Y 0.0140
BCG 50 0 0 Y 0.0148
BCG 50 0 25 Y 0.0164
BCG 50 45 0 Y 0.0158
BCG 50 45 25 Y 0.0177
BCG 50 90 0 Y 0.0152

152
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Time [s]
BCG 50 90 25 Y 0.0148
BCG 90 0 0 Y 0.0170
BCG 90 0 25 Y 0.0179
BCG 90 45 0 Y 0.0210
BCG 90 45 25 Y 0.0207
BCG 90 90 0 Y 0.0211
BCG 90 90 25 Y 0.0212
ABC 0 0 0 Y 0.0135
ABC 0 45 0 Y 0.0127
ABC 0 90 0 Y 0.0130
ABC 50 0 0 Y 0.0139
ABC 50 45 0 Y 0.0146
ABC 50 90 0 Y 0.0141
ABC 90 0 0 Y 0.0178
ABC 90 45 0 Y 0.0165
ABC 90 90 0 Y 0.0171

153
 Table A.33: Test results for condition F5 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0152
AG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0155
AG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0163
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0242
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0232
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0267
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3633
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3642
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3601
BC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0191
BC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0189
BC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0194
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0254
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0266
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0240
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3332
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3226
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3176
BCG 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0196
BCG 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0197
BCG 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0200
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0251
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0271
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0247
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3576
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3608
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3588
ABC 0 0 0 Y 1 0.0185
ABC 0 45 0 Y 1 0.0175
ABC 0 90 0 Y 1 0.0184
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0232
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0234
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0247
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3614
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3621
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3617

154
 Table A.34: Test results for condition F6-1 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0234
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0232
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0264
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3614
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3602
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3606
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0242
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0259
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0237
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3598
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3595
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3597
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0259
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0249
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0228
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3595
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3607
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3588
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0217
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0229
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0234
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3610
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3621
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3589

155
 Table A.35: Test results for condition F6-2 for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Inception Angle [deg] Resistance [Ω] Trip / no trip Trip Zone Trip Time [s]
AG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0250
AG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0222
AG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0227
AG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3607
AG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3603
AG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3593
BC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0211
BC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0260
BC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0245
BC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3596
BC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3594
BC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3587
BCG 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0212
BCG 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0250
BCG 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0240
BCG 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3598
BCG 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3596
BCG 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3583
ABC 50 0 0 Y 1 0.0229
ABC 50 45 0 Y 1 0.0230
ABC 50 90 0 Y 1 0.0234
ABC 90 0 0 Y 2 0.3607
ABC 90 45 0 Y 2 0.3594
ABC 90 90 0 Y 2 0.3582

Table A.36: “Statistical” test results for internal faults for GE D60
Loc α Rf Trip No. Mean T Max T Min T Devtn
Type
[%] [deg] [Ω] Zone T [ms] [ms] [ms] [ms]
AG 50 0 5 I 30 24.78 25.40 23.80 0.21
AG 70 45 0 I 30 31.12 32.80 30.40 0.17
AG 90 90 0 II 30 359.04 360.30 358.1 0.18
BC 50 0 5 I 30 25.92 26.80 24.90 0.19
BC 70 45 0 I 30 27.79 29.10 27.00 0.20
BC 90 90 0 II 30 359.97 361.40 359.20 0.19
BCG 50 0 25 I 30 23.86 24.60 22.80 0.17
BCG 70 45 10 I 30 30.05 31.70 29.40 0.22
BCG 90 90 0 II 30 363.43 370.50 358.4 0.20
ABC 50 0 0 I 30 21.92 23.90 21.1 0.23
ABC 70 45 0 I 30 30.04 31.90 29.5 0.18
ABC 90 90 0 II 30 360.56 362.10 359.60 0.20

156
 Table A.37: Test results of no-fault scenarios for GE D60
Trip / No Trip Trip
Type Operation
Trip Zone Time [s]
N1-1 Three phases close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-1 Phase A close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-1 Phase B, C close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Three phases close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Phase A close after 2 cycles N – –
N1-2 Phase B, C close after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S2 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S2, S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles N – –
N2 Remove S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open Bus 2 breaker after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open Bus 4 breaker after 2 cycles N – –
N3 Open SW after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S2, S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1, S2, S3 simultaneously after 2 cycles N – –
N4 Restore S1, then S2 after 2 cycles, then S3 after 2 cycles N – –
N5 Power swing after three-fault occurred on Line1 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 31.88 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 22.34 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 13.74 N – –
N6 Secondary Impedance: 7.90 N – –

157
 Table A.38: Compliance test result for GE D60
Type Loc [%] Fault Type Load Condition Trip / no trip CCT[s] Trip / no trip
10 Y 0.346 N
A1 50 Single 3-phase Base Y 0.550 N
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
A2 50 Single 3-phase Over Y 0.550 N
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
A3 50 Two 3-phase Base Y 0.550 N
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.346 N
A4 50 Two 3-phase Over Y 0.550 N
90 Y 0.716 N
10 Y 0.716 Y
A5 50 Single 3-phase Base Y 1.016 Y
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
A6 50 Single 3-phase Over Y 1.016 Y
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
A7 50 Two 3-phase Base Y 1.016 Y
90 Y 1.432 Y
10 Y 0.716 Y
A8 50 Two 3-phase Over Y 1.016 Y
90 Y 1.432 Y

158
Appendix B: Generator Relay Test

B.1 Generator Relay Protection Scheme and Connections

The protection scheme to be reproduced to test the generator protection relays are shown
in Figure B.1. The figure shows what measurements the relay accepts, namely high-side
voltage, high-side and low-side currents, neutral currents and voltages, and zero sequence
currents and voltages. All measurements are connected to a specific measurement
channel of the relay. The relay has 12 inputs total, and all 12 inputs are utilized to test the
different protection schemes supported by the relay. A detailed schematic of the same
protection scheme is shown in Figure B.2 for the M-3425A relay and Figure B.3 for the
300G relay. The figures all come from the data sheets available from the relay
manufacturers. The connections for the typical protection scheme shown in these figures
enable a number of functions that are identified in Figure B.4 by their number.

The developed laboratory setup does not use measurements from actual CTs or VTs.
Instead, the CT and VT signals are simulated using the software platform and recreated
using a waveform generator. Part of the waveform generator is a theater amplifier that
scales the output of the D/A converter from 10 V to 30 V. For voltage measurements, the
output of the amplifier is brought to the nominal voltage of the relay (69 V) using a
booster transformer bench. The final cabling is shown in Figure B.5.

159
 Generator Protection Relay

Figure B.1: Instrumentation connections of the generator protection relays

160
Figure B.2: M-3425A detailed connections of measurement channels to relay inputs
for a typical protection scheme (taken from [20] page 2–10)

161
Figure B.3: M-3425 functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to
the relay (taken from [20], page 2–5)

162
Figure B.4: Typical connection diagram for the 300G relay (available from the
manufacturer data sheet)

163
Figure B.5: 300G functions available from typical voltage and current wirings to
the relay (available from the manufacturer data sheet)

164
 Figure B.6: Connections between signal amplifiers and the tested generator relays

B.2 List of Generator Events for Relay Testing

This Appendix describes the suggested procedures for reproducing specific events to test
the generator relay. In reality, several of these events may happen simultaneously as a
result of a larger event in the power system, such as a fault or a large-scale action on the
system. The present capabilities of the proposed generator model (see Appendix B.3) for
transient events simulation are also listed in this appendix.

165
 Generator
Model
Events Procedure to Reproduce Support
SLG Fault HV Side Place a SLG fault on the HV-side of transformer/line. N/A
Place a LLG fault on the HV side of the N/A
LLG Fault HV Side transformer/line.
LL Fault HV Side Place a LL fault on the HV side of the transformer/line. N/A
Place a 3ph fault on the HV side of the N/A
3Ph Fault HV Side transformer/line.
Place a SLG fault on the LV-side of N/A
SLG Fault LV Side transformer/connector.
Place a LLG fault on the LV side of the N/A
LLG Fault LV Side transformer/connector.
Place a LL fault on the LV side of the N/A
LL Fault LV Side transformer/connector.
Place a 3ph fault on the LV side of the N/A
3Ph Fault LV Side transformer/connector.
Stator-Ground Fault 0- Create a terminal at a designated turn in the stator. Included
100% Place a SLG fault at the created terminal.
Stator Turn-to-Turn Fault Create a terminal at two designated turns (on same Included
(winding1, winding2) phase) (generator model required). Place a short-
(same phase) circuit between the two created terminals.
Stator Turn-to-Turn Fault Create a terminal at two designated turns (on two Included
(winding1, winding2) different phases) (generator model required). Place a
(different windings) short-circuit between the two created terminals.
Create a terminal at a designated turn in the rotor Included
Rotor-Ground Fault 0- (generator model required). Place a SLG fault at the
100% created terminal.
Rotor Turn-to-Turn Fault Create a terminal at two designated turns (on same Included
(winding1, winding2) phase) (generator model required). Place a short-
(same phase) circuit between the two created terminals.
Rotor Turn-to-Turn Fault Create a terminal at two designated turns (on two Included
(winding1, winding2) different phases) (generator model required). Place a
(different phases) short-circuit between the two created terminals.
Disconnected Rotor Model
Brushes ? extension
Turn the exciter off or apply an excitation voltage of Included
Disruption of Exciter zero.
Loss of Prime Mover Use governor fault logic to cancel prime mover torque Included
Included
P Load > P Generation Increase the rated P of the equivalent load above the (governor
(rated) rated P of the generators. output limit)
P Load << P Generation Decrease the rated P of the equivalent load below the Included
(rated) rated P of the generators.
Included
Q Load > Q Generation Increase the rated Q of the equivalent load above the (exciter
(rated) rated Q of the generators. saturation)
Q Load << Q Generation Decrease the rated Q of the equivalent load below the Included
(rated) rated Q of the generators.
Adjust the power flow so that the generator receives Included
Generator Motoring (%) power.
Reactive Power Transfer Adjust power flow to the desired Q output of the Included
(power, direction) generator. (exciter

166
 Generator
Model
Events Procedure to Reproduce Support
setting)
Disconnected Phase / N/A
Breaker Stuck Pole Open a phase of the generator breaker.
Open one or several phases of the circuit breaker N/A
(Sudden) Loss of Load protecting the load.
System Frequency See increase the load above ratings of all the N/A
Drop/Increase generators.
Variation in System N/A
Frequency Ditto
Create a terminal at two designated turns (on same N/A
Transformer Winding phase) (transformer model required). Place a short-
Fault (one phase only) circuit between the two created terminals.
The output of the voltage/current transformers is set to N/A
Loss of VT fuse / Loss of zero by opening the CT connector or short-circuiting
Instrumentation the VT.
Starting Generator in Model
Sync with System Ramp up generator and synchronize. extension
Inadvertent Energizing by Start the exciter and stator by bypassing the command Model
Control Circuits circuits. extension
Generator Breaker Fails N/A
to Open Simulate a breaker failure.
Generator Open Breaker N/A
Flashover Simulate a breaker failure.
Compute the expected duty and compare to rating of N/A
Excess Breaker Duty the breaker.
System Instability after Simulate a fault, clear it after a critical delay that will N/A
Disturbance Clearing make the system unstable.

B.3 High-Fidelity Generator Model for Event Simulation

B.3.1 Introduction
A comprehensive generator model has been developed to recreate the power system
events listed in Appendix B.2 with the desired accuracy. The model consists of a
generating unit with a synchronous generator and its control subsystems for 3-phase
power system analysis. This appendix describes the full time-domain model that is used
for transient analysis. The model includes representation of the synchronous generating
units and the generator control systems, such as exciter and turbine-governor subsystems.
The model is first presented in its usual compact form. Subsequently, the model is
quadratized. The dynamic models are also integrated using the quadratic integration rule,
yielding the quadratic algebraic companion form. Finally, fault models are also included
so that internal faults and disturbances can be represented and simulated (such as loss of
excitation, loss of prime mover, internal winding faults, etc).
A small number of scenarios shown in Appendix B.2 are not presently directly supported
by the generator model. They are marked as “model extension.” As the generator model
is further extended, support for these test cases will be progressively completed.

167
 B.3.2 Synchronous Machine Full Transient Time-Domain Model
This model is used for full time-domain transient simulation of a synchronous generator
with two damper windings. The current time domain model is based on a linear flux
current relation, however, it can be easily extended to include nonlinear effects and
harmonics.
1. Compact Model
Figure B.7 illustrates the electrical subsystem model of a synchronous machine with two
damper windings as a set of mutually coupled circuits.

phase a
magnetic axis reference
ia(t)

θ va(t)

ra

d-axis

ω
iD(t)
if(t)
+
vf(t)_ in(t)
vn(t)

iQ(t)

rb ic(t)
rc
vc(t)
q-axis

ib(t)
vb(t)

Figure B.7: Electrical model of a synchronous machine as a set of mutually coupled

windings

Figure B.8 illustrates the model of the mechanical subsystem of the synchronous
machine, which is a rotating mass subject to a mechanical torque as well as an
electromagnetic torque.

168
 Tem(t)

ωm

Tm(t)

Figure B.8: Mechanical model of synchronous machine as a rotating mass

(1) Electrical Equations

Straightforward circuit analysis leads to the derivation of an appropriate mathematical
model. In Figure B.7, the stator and rotor windings of the synchronous machine are: three
phase stator windings, a, b, and c, a field winding, f, and two damper windings D, Q
acting along the d- and q- axes respectively, with d-axis pointing to the positive magnetic
axis of the field winding. It is assumed that the phase windings are wye-connected. Note
that all inductors are mounted on the same magnetic circuit and thus they are all
magnetically coupled. The angular position of the rotating rotor θm (t ) is of the form:

π
θm (t )=ωsmt + δ m (t ) + (C.2.1)
p

where ω sm is the mechanical synchronous speed; p is the number of poles.

p p p
With θ(t )= θm (t ) , ωs = ωsm , δ(t )= δm (t ) , then we have:
2 2 2
π
θ(t )=ωst + δ(t ) + (C.2.1a)
2
The quantities θ (t ) , ω s δ (t ) are now referring to electrical quantities, and are the
electrical angle, the electrical synchronous angular velocity and the power angle
respectively.
Application of Kirchhoff's voltage law and Faraday’s Law to the circuit of Figure B.7
yields
d
v abc (t )=Rabc iabc (t )+ λ abc (t )+Γv n (t ) (C.2.2)
dt
0 = i a ( t ) + ib ( t ) + i c ( t ) + i n ( t ) (C.2.3)
d
v fDQ (t ) = R fDQ i fDQ (t ) + λ fDQ (t ) + Ev fn (t ) (C.2.4)
dt
where
v abc (t ) = [v a (t ) vb (t ) vc (t )]
T

169
 v fDQ (t )=[v f (t ) v D ( t ) v Q ( t )]T =[ v f (t ) 0 0 ]T

iabc (t ) = [ia (t ) ib (t ) ic (t )]
T

[
i fDQ (t ) = i f (t ) i D (t ) iQ (t ) ] T

λ abc (t ) = [λ a (t ) λ b (t ) λ c (t )]
T

[
λ fDQ (t ) = λ f (t ) λ D (t ) λ Q (t ) ] T

Rabc = diag (ra rb rc ) = diag (r r r )

R fDQ = diag (r f rD rQ )
Γ = [1 1 1]
T

E = [1 0 0]
T

λ abc (t ) is the vector consisting of magnetic flux linkages of phase a, b, and c. λ fDQ (t )
is the vector consisting of magnetic flux linkages of the field winding f, the D-damper
winding, and the Q-damper winding.
In equations (C.2.2) and (C.2.4), the magnetic flux linkages are complex functions of the
rotor position and the electric currents flowing in the various windings of the machine.
Assuming a linear flux-current relationship, the magnetic flux linkages of the phase a, b,
and c windings are:

λ a (t ) = Laa ia (t ) + Lab ib (t ) + Lac ic (t ) + Laf i f (t ) + LaD i D (t ) + LaQ iQ (t )

λ b (t ) = Lba ia (t ) + Lbb ib (t ) + Lbc ic (t ) + Lbf i f (t ) + LbD i D (t ) + LbQ iQ (t )
λ c (t ) = Lca ia (t ) + Lcb ib (t ) + Lcc ic (t ) + Lcf i f (t ) + LcD i D (t ) + LcQ iQ (t )
λ f (t ) = L fa ia (t ) + L fb ib (t ) + L fc ic (t ) + L ff i f (t ) + L fD i D (t ) + L fQ iQ (t )
λ D (t ) = LDa ia (t ) + LDb ib (t ) + LDc ic (t ) + LDf i f (t ) + LDD i D (t ) + LDQ iQ (t )
λQ (t ) = LQa ia (t ) + LQb ib (t ) + LQc ic (t ) + LQf i f (t ) + LQD i D + LQQ iQ (t )

Lii is the self-inductance of winding i, while Lij ( i ≠ j ) is the mutual inductance

between windings i and j. Many of the inductances in above equations are dependent on
the position of the rotor, which is time varying. Thus these inductances are time
dependent. We can apply the same procedure to the rotor windings, which results in the
following matrix notation:

⎡ λ abc (t ) ⎤ ⎡ Lss (θ(t )) Lsr (θ(t ))⎤ ⎡ iabc (t ) ⎤

⎢λ (t )⎥ = ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ (C.2.5)
⎣ fDQ ⎦ ⎣ Lrs (θ(t )) Lrr ⎥⎦ ⎣i fDQ (t )⎦

170
 where
⎡ Laa (θ(t )) Lab (θ(t )) Lac (θ(t ))⎤
Lss (θ(t )) = ⎢⎢ Lab (θ(t )) Lbb (θ(t )) Lbc (θ(t ))⎥⎥
⎢⎣ Lac (θ(t )) Lbc (θ(t )) Lcc (θ(t )) ⎥⎦
⎡ Laf (θ(t )) LaD (θ(t )) LaQ (θ(t ))⎤
⎢ ⎥
Lsr (θ(t )) = ⎢ Lbf (θ(t )) LbD (θ(t )) LbQ (θ(t ))⎥
⎢ Lcf (θ(t )) LcD (θ(t )) LcQ (θ(t )) ⎥⎦
⎣
Lrs (θ(t )) = LTsr (θ(t ))
⎡ L ff L fD L fQ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
Lrr = ⎢ L fD LDD LDQ ⎥
⎢ L fQ LDQ LQQ ⎥⎦
⎣

Laa , Lbb , and Lcc are the stator self-inductances, and generally depend on rotor
position. An approximate expression of this dependence is:
Laa (t ) = Ls + Lm cos(2θ (t ) )
(
Lbb (t ) = Ls + Lm cos 2θ (t ) − 2π
3
)
(
Lcc (t ) = Ls + Lm cos 2θ (t ) + 2π
3
)
where Ls is the self-inductance due to space-fundamental air-gap flux and the armature
leakage flux; the additional component that varies with 2θ is due to the rotor saliency.
A typical variation of Lii is shown in Figure B.9.
L ii

Lm
Ls

0 π θ

Figure B.9: Stator self-inductance as a function of θ

L ff , LDD , and LQQ are the rotor self-inductances. They are approximately constant:
L ff = L f LDD = LD LQQ = LQ

Lab , Lbc , and Lca , are the stator mutual inductances. They are negative and depend on
the rotor position θ(t ) . Approximate expressions for these functions are:
(
Lab (t ) = Lba (t ) = − M S − Lm cos 2 θ (t ) + π
6
) = −M S (
− Lm cos 2θ (t ) + π
3
)
Lbc (t ) = Lcb (t ) = − M S − Lm cos 2(θ (t ) − π ) = − M − Lm cos(2θ (t ) − π )
2 S

171
 Lca (t ) = Lac (t ) = − M S − Lm cos 2 θ (t ) − 7π( 6
) = −M S (
− Lm cos 2θ (t ) − π
3
)
A typical variation of Lij is shown in Figure B.10.

L ba

0 π θ

Lm
-M s

Figure B.10: Mutual inductance between stator windings

L fD , LDQ , and LQf are the rotor mutual inductances, assumed constant and independent
of θ(t ) , because the rotor windings are stationary with one another:
L fD = LDf = M R LDQ = LQD = 0 LQf = L fQ = 0 .

Laf , Lbf , and Lcf are the mutual inductances between stator and rotor windings. They
depend on the rotor position θ(t ) as follows:
Laf ( t ) = L fa ( t ) = M F cos θ( t )
(
Lbf ( t ) = L fb ( t ) = M F cos θ( t ) − 2π
3
)
Lcf (t ) = L fc (t ) = M F cos(θ (t ) − 4π ) = M (
cos θ (t ) + 2π )
3 F 3
Similarly,
LaD ( t ) = LDa ( t ) = M D cos θ( t )
(
LbD (t ) = LDb (t ) = M D cos θ(t ) − 2π
3
)
LcD (t ) = LDc (t ) = M D cos(θ (t ) − 4π ) = M (
cos θ (t ) + 2π )
3 D 3

The damper winding Q is orthogonal to the D winding. According to our definition of

rotor d-axis and q-axis, we have:
( )
LaQ (t ) = LQa (t ) = M Q cos θ(t ) − π = M Q sin θ(t )
2
(
LbQ (t ) = LQb (t ) = M Q cos θ (t ) − π − 2π = M Q sin θ (t ) − 2π
2 3
)
3
( )
LcQ (t ) = LQc (t ) = M Q cos(θ (t ) − π − 4π ) = M Q sin(θ (t ) − 4π ) = M Q sin(θ (t ) + 2π )
2 3 3 3

Actually the inductances are perturbed from sinusoidal variation with harmonics.
Generally speaking, these harmonics are kept low with the use of distributed coils, double

172
layers and fractional pitch. The inclusion and effect of harmonics can be included in the
above formulation. In the current model, however, these phenomena are omitted.

We can see that the inductance matrix in equation (C.2.5) is time dependent and
nonlinear because many inductances are trigonometric functions of θ(t ) .

In summary the model of the electrical subsystem of the synchronous machine is

d
v abc (t )= Rabc iabc (t ) + λ abc (t )+Γv n (t ) (C.2.2)
dt
0 = ia (t ) + ib (t ) + ic (t ) + in (t ) (C.2.3)
d
v fDQ (t ) = R fDQ i fDQ ( t ) + λ fDQ ( t ) (C.2.4)
dt
⎡ λ abc (t ) ⎤ ⎡ Lss (θ(t )) Lsr (θ(t ))⎤ ⎡ iabc (t ) ⎤
⎢λ (t )⎥ = ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ (C.2.5)
⎣ fDQ ⎦ ⎣ Lrs (θ(t )) Lrr ⎥⎦ ⎣i fDQ (t )⎦

(2) Mechanical System

The dynamics of the synchronous machine rotor is determined by the motion equations:
dω m (t )
J = Tm (t ) + Te (t ) + T fw (t ) (C.2.6)
dt
dθ m (t )
= ω m (t ) (C.2.7)
dt

where J is the rotor moment of inertia;

Tm (t ) is the mechanical torque applied on the rotor shaft by a prime mover
system;
Te (t ) is the electromagnetic torque developed by the generator;
T fw (t ) is the friction and windage torque;
θ m (t ) is the mechanical rotor position;
ω m (t ) is the mechanical rotor speed.

Based on the power balance in the synchronous machine, the electromagnetic torque,
Pcf (t ) − Pem (t ) ∂w fld (t )
Te (t ) = = , is determined by the amount of power converted from
ω m (t ) ∂θ m
electrical power into mechanical power, Pem (t ) and the amount of power in the coupling
dw fld (t )
field between stator and rotor, Pcf (t ) = , and can be computed by differentiating
dt
the field energy function w fld (t ) w.r.t. the rotor mechanical position θm (t ) , using the
dθ m
principal of virtual work displacement, using the fact that ω m (t ) = . The total power
dt
converted from mechanical into electrical is:

173
 T
⎛ dλ fDQ (t ) ⎞
T
⎛ dλ (t ) ⎞
Pem (t ) = ⎜ abc ⎟ iabc (t ) + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ i fDQ (t )
⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
or
Pem (t ) = eabc (t ) T iabc (t ) + e fDQ (t ) T i fDQ (t ) (C.2.8)

Since this procedure is quite tedious if we work in actual phase quantities, another, more
simple and practical, way of computing the electromagnetic torque is to go backwards
from the torque expression in the d-q-o reference frame, after applying the d-q-o
transformation. This procedure provides the following relationship for the
electromagnetic torque:
1
T e (t ) = − ⋅ (i a (t )λ b (t ) − i a (t )λ c (t ) + i b (t )λ c (t ) − i b (t )λ a (t ) + i c (t )λ a (t ) − i c (t )λ b (t ) ) (C.2.9)
3

The friction and windage torque can be modeled as a quadratic function of the rotational
speed of the rotor:
Twf (t ) = −(D fw ⋅ ω m (t ) + D ′fw ⋅ ω m (t ) 2 ) (C.2.10)

In summary the model of the mechanical subsystem of the synchronous machine is:
dω m (t )
J = Tm (t ) + Te (t ) + T fw (t ) (C.2.6)
dt
dθ m (t )
= ω m (t ) (C.2.7)
dt
1
Te (t ) = − ⋅ (i a (t )λ b (t ) − i a (t )λ c (t ) + i b (t )λ c (t ) − i b (t )λ a (t ) + i c (t )λ a (t ) − i c (t )λ b (t ) ) (C.2.9)
3
Twf (t ) = −(D fw ⋅ ω m (t ) + D ′fw ⋅ ω m (t ) 2 ) (C.2.10)
π
θm (t )=ωsmt + δ m (t ) + (C.2.1)
p

Multiplying equations (C.2.6), (C.2.7) and (C.2.1) by p / 2 and substituting we get the
equivalent equations including the electrical quantities ω (t ) , θ (t ) , δ (t ) , instead of the
mechanical ω m (t ) , θ m (t ) , δ m (t ) .
2 J dω (t )
= Tm (t ) + Te (t ) (C.2.11)
p dt
dθ (t )
= ω (t ) (C.2.12)
dt
1
Te (t ) = − ⋅ (i a (t )λ b (t ) − i a (t )λ c (t ) + i b (t )λ c (t ) − i b (t )λ a (t ) + i c (t )λ a (t ) − i c (t )λ b (t ) )
3
(C.2.13)
Twf (t ) = −(D fw ⋅ ω m (t ) + D ′fw ⋅ ω m (t ) 2 ) (C.2.14)
π
θ(t )=ωst + δ(t ) + (C.2.15)
2

174
We have derived electrical and mechanical equations for the synchronous machine. They
are quite complex because some model equations are nonlinear and time varying.

(3) Summary of Compact Model

Combining the equations described in the previous two sections we get the compact
model of the synchronous generator. The equations are renumbered to make the model
description mode legible.
d
v abc (t )=Rabc iabc (t )+ λ abc (t )+Γv n (t ) (cm.1)
dt
in (t ) = − ia (t ) − ib (t ) − ic (t ) (cm.2)
dλ f (t )
0 =r f i f (t ) + − v f (t ) + v fn (t ) (cm.3)
dt
i fn (t ) = −i f (t ) (cm.4)
dω m (t )
Tm (t ) = J − Te (t ) − Twf (t ) (cm.5)
dt
dθ (t )
0 = m − ωm (t ) (cm.6)
dt
p
0 = θ (t )− θ m (t ) (cm.7)
2
p
0 = ω (t ) − ω m (t ) (cm.8)
2
π
0 = −θ (t ) +ω s t + δ (t ) +
(cm.9)
2
dλ ( t )
0 = RDQ iDQ ( t ) + DQ (cm.10)
dt

0 = λ abc (t ) − Lss (θ (t ))i abc (t ) − Lsr (θ (t ))i fDQ (t ) (cm.11)

0 = λ fDQ (t ) − Lrs (θ (t ))iabc (t ) − Lrr i fDQ (t ) (cm.12)

⎡ 0 1 − 1⎤
1
0 = Te (t ) + ⋅ i abc (t ) ⋅ ⎢⎢− 1 0 1 ⎥⎥ ⋅ λ abc (t ) (cm.13)
3
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 0 ⎥⎦

0 = Twf (t ) + (D fw ⋅ ω m (t ) + D ′fw ⋅ ω m (t ) 2 ) (cm.14)

where:
RDQ = diag (rD rQ ) .
[
λ DQ (t ) = λ D (t ) λ Q (t ) ]T

175
2. Quadratic Model
Based on the analysis of the previous section and the presented compact model the
following expanded quadratized model can be obtained. Additional state variables are
introduced to expand the model and make it easier to formulate and to cast it in quadratic
form. The set of state variables and the state numbering of the model is:

External States:
Index Variable Description
0 va (t ) terminal voltage of stator phase A (kV)
1 vb (t ) terminal voltage of stator phase B (kV)
2 vc (t ) terminal voltage of stator phase C (kV)
3 vn (t ) terminal voltage of stator neutral (kV)
4 v f (t ) terminal voltage of rotor field winding (kV)
5 v fn (t ) terminal voltage of rotor field winding neutral (kV)
6 Tm (t ) mechanical torque at machine shaft (MNm)
Internal States:
Index Variable Description
7 ea (t ) derivative of stator phase A flux (kV)
8 eb (t ) derivative of stator phase B flux (kV)
9 ec (t ) derivative of stator phase C flux (kV)
10 e f (t ) derivative of rotor field flux (kV)
11 e D (t ) derivative of D-damper flux (kV)
12 eQ (t ) derivative of Q-damper flux (kV)
13 θm (t ) rotor angular position w.r.t. a stationary reference axis
(rad)
14 machine mechanical shaft speed (rad/s)
15 c(t ) cos( θ (t ) ) [state 22]
16 s (t ) sin( θ (t ) ) [state 22]
17 machine accelerating torque (MNm)
18 Te (t ) machine electrical torque (MNm)
19 T fw (t ) friction and windage torque (MNm)
20 y1 (t ) internal variable y1 (rad/s)
21 y 2 (t ) internal variable y2 (rad/s)
22 θ (t ) electrical rotor position angle (rad)
23 ω (t ) machine electrical shaft speed (rad/s)
24 δ( t ) machine power angle (rad)
25 ia (t ) current through stator phase A (kA)
26 ib (t ) current through stator phase B (kA)

176
Index Variable Description
27 ic (t ) current through stator phase C (kA)
28 i f (t ) current through field winding (kA)
29 iD (t ) current through rotor d-axis damper-winding (kA)
30 iQ (t ) current through rotor q-axis damper-winding (kA)
31 λ a (t ) flux linkage through stator winding of phase A (kWb)
32 λ b (t ) flux linkage through stator winding of phase B (kWb)
33 λ c (t ) flux linkage through stator winding of phase C (kWb)
34 λ f (t ) flux linkage through rotor field winding (kWb)
35 λ D (t ) flux linkage through rotor d-axis damper-winding
(kWb)
36 λQ (t ) flux linkage through rotor q-axis damper-winding
(kWb)
37 stator self inductance, phase A (H)
38 Lbb (t ) stator self inductance, phase B (H)
39 Lcc (t ) stator self inductance, phase C (H)
40 Lab (t ) stator mutual inductance, phases AB (H)
41 Lbc (t ) stator mutual inductance, phases BC (H)
42 Lca (t ) stator mutual inductance, phases CA (H)
43 Lba (t ) stator mutual inductance, phases BA (H)
44 Lcb (t ) stator mutual inductance, phases CB (H)
45 Lac (t ) stator mutual inductance, phases AC (H)
46 Laf (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, AF (H)
47 Lbf (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, BF (H)
48 Lcf (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, CF (H)
49 L fa (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, FA (H)
50 L fb (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, FB (H)
51 L fc (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, FC (H)
52 LaD (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, AD (H)
53 LbD (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, BD (H)
54 LcD (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, CD (H)
55 LDa (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, DA (H)
56 LDb (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, DB (H)
57 LDc (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, DC (H)
58 LaQ (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, AQ (H)

177
 Index Variable Description
59 LbQ (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, BQ (H)
60 LcQ (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, CQ (H)
61 LQa (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, QA (H)
62 LQb (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, QB (H)
63 LQc (t ) stator-rotor mutual inductance, QC (H)

Through Variables:
Index Variable Description
0 ia (t ) current through stator winding of phase a
1 ib (t ) current through stator winding of phase b
2 ic (t ) current through stator winding of phase c
3 in (t ) current through stator neutral
4 i f (t ) current through rotor field winding
5 i fn (t ) current through rotor field winding (neutral side)
6 Tm (t ) mechanical torque applied on the machine shaft
(MNm)

The model equations are:

External equations:
ia = ia (t )
ib = ib (t )
ic = ic (t )
in = −ia (t ) − ib (t ) − ic (t )
i f = i f (t )
i fn = −i f (t )
Tm = Tm (t )

Internal equations:
dλ a (t )
= ea (t )
dt
dλb (t )
= eb (t )
dt
dλc (t )
= ec (t )
dt
dλ f (t )
= e f (t )
dt

178
dλ D (t )
= e D (t )
dt
dλQ (t )
= eQ (t )
dt
dθ m (t )
= ω m (t )
dt
dω m (t ) 1
= Tacc (t )
dt J
dc(t )
= y1 (t )
dt
ds(t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
0 = Tacc (t ) − Te (t ) − Tm (t ) − T fw (t )
1
0 = Te (t ) + (ia (t )λb (t ) − ia (t )λc (t ) + ib (t )λc (t ) − ib (t )λa (t ) + ic (t )λa (t ) − ic (t )λb (t ) )
3
0 = Twf (t ) + Dwf ω m (t ) + Dwf′ ω m (t ) 2
0 = y1 (t ) + s(t ) ⋅ ω (t )
0 = y 2 (t ) − c(t ) ⋅ ω (t )
p
0 = θ (t ) − θ m (t )
2
p
0 = ω (t ) − ω m (t )
2
π
0 = δ (t ) − θ (t ) + ω s t +
2
0 = ea (t ) + ra ia (t ) − v a (t ) + v n (t )
0 = eb (t ) + rb ib (t ) − vb (t ) + v n (t )
0 = ec (t ) + rc ic (t ) − vc (t ) + v n (t )
0 = e f (t ) + r f i f (t ) − v f (t ) + v fn (t )
0 = e D (t ) + rD i D (t )
0 = eQ (t ) + rQ iQ (t )
0 = λ a (t ) − Laa (t )ia (t ) − Lab (t )ib (t ) − Lac (t )ic (t ) − Laf (t )i f (t ) − LaD (t )i D (t ) − LaQ (t )iQ (t )
0 = λb (t ) − Lba (t )ia (t ) − Lbb (t )ib (t ) − Lbc (t )ic (t ) − Lbf (t )i f (t ) − LbD (t )i D (t ) − LbQ (t )iQ (t )
0 = λc (t ) − Lca (t )ia (t ) − Lcb (t )ib (t ) − Lcc (t )ic (t ) − Lcf (t )i f (t ) − LcD (t )i D (t ) − LcQ (t )iQ (t )
0 = λ f (t ) − L fa (t )ia (t ) − L fb (t )ib (t ) − L fc (t )ic (t ) − L f i f (t ) − M R iD (t ) − L fQ iQ (t )
0 = λD (t ) − LDa (t )ia (t ) − LDb (t )ib (t ) − LDc (t )ic (t ) − M R i f (t ) − LD iD (t ) − LDQ iQ (t )
0 = λQ (t ) − LQa (t )ia (t ) − LQb (t )ib (t ) − LQc (t )ic (t ) − LQf i f (t ) − LQD iD (t ) − LQ iQ (t )
0 = Laa (t ) − Ls − Lm c(t ) 2 + Lm s(t ) 2

179
 2π 2π 2π
0 = Lbb (t ) − Ls − Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 + Lm cos( ) s(t ) 2 + 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s(t )
3 3 3
2π 2π 2π
0 = Lcc (t ) − Ls − Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 + Lm cos( ) s(t ) 2 − 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s(t )
3 3 3
π π π
0 = Lab (t ) + M s + Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 − Lm cos( ) s (t ) 2 − 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s (t )
3 3 3
0 = Lbc (t ) + M s + Lm cos(π )c(t ) − Lm cos(π ) s(t ) + 2 Lm sin(π )c(t ) s(t )
2 2

7π 7π 7π
0 = Lca (t ) + M s + Lm cos( )c(t ) 2 − Lm cos( ) s (t ) 2 + 2 Lm sin( )c(t ) s (t )
3 3 3
0 = Lba (t ) − Lab (t )
0 = Lcb (t ) − Lbc (t )
0 = Lac (t ) − Lca (t )
0 = Laf (t ) − M F c(t )
2π 2π
0 = Lbf (t ) − M F cos( )c(t ) − M F sin( ) s (t )
3 3
4π 4π
0 = Lcf (t ) − M F cos( )c(t ) − M F sin( ) s(t )
3 3
0 = L fa (t ) − Laf (t )
0 = L fb (t ) − Lbf (t )
0 = L fc (t ) − Lcf (t )
0 = LaD (t ) − M D c(t )
2π 2π
0 = LbD (t ) − M D cos( )c(t ) − M D sin( ) s (t )
3 3
4π 4π
0 = LcD (t ) − M D cos( )c(t ) − M D sin( ) s(t )
3 3
0 = LDa (t ) − LaD (t )
0 = LDb (t ) − LbD (t )
0 = LDc (t ) − LcD (t )
0 = LaQ (t ) − M Q s(t )
2π 2π
0 = LbQ (t ) − M Q cos( ) s(t ) + M Q sin( )c(t )
3 3
4π 4π
0 = LcQ (t ) − M Q cos( ) s(t ) + M Q sin( )c(t )
3 3
0 = LQa (t ) − LaQ (t )
0 = LQb (t ) − LbQ (t )
0 = LQc (t ) − LcQ (t )

Note that L fQ = LQf = 0 and LDQ = LQD = 0 since the Q and D windings are

180
perpendicular.

The model is a 64-order model consisting of 64 states: 7 external states and 57 internal.
Of the internal states 10 are dynamic and 47 algebraic. The model consists of 10
differential and 54 algebraic equations. The number of equations is equal to the number
of states, thus the model is consistent. The state vector is defined as:

X = XV [ T
Xe
T
X mech
T
XI
T
Xλ
T
X L1
T
X L2 ]
T T

where
X V = va[ vb vc vn vf v fn ]
Tm ,
T

= [e ]
T
Xe a eb ec ef eD eQ ,
X mech = ϑm [ ωm c s Tacc Te T fw y1 y2 ϑ ω δ , ]
T

X I = [ia iQ ] ,
T
ib ic if iD
X λ = [λa λb λc λ f λD λQ ]T ,
X L1 = Laa [ Lbb Lcc Lab Lbc Lca Lba Lcb Lac Laf Lbf Lcf L fa L fb L fc ]
T

,
X L 2 = LaD [ LbD LcD LDa LDb LDc LaQ LbQ LcQ LQa LQb ]
T
LQc .

The through variables are:

[
I = ia ib ic in if i fn Tm 0 ... 0 ]
T

B.3.3 Excitation System Model

The basic function of an excitation system is to provide direct current to the synchronous
machine field winding and control the performance of the generating unit in terms of
voltage and reactive power flow as well as the enhancement of system stability. This is
achieved by controlling the field voltage and thereby the field current. The elements of an
excitation system and a functional block diagram of a typical system are shown in Figure
B.11.

181
 Limiters and
protective circuit

Terminal voltage
transducer and
load compensator

To power system
Ref. Regulator Exciter Generator

PSS

Figure B.11: Elements of a generator excitation system

1. Constant Excitation Model (no exciter dynamics)

In this model the dynamic effects of the excitation and voltage regulation system are
ignored. In the full time domain transient analysis it is assumed that a constant DC
voltage source is connected to the field terminal that can act as an ideal voltage source, a
voltage source with internal resistance or as an ideal current source.
Three operating modes are specified for the time domain model:
The model provides a constant DC field voltage to the generator field terminal. The filed
voltage does not change during transient operation of the generator, but is kept constant.
It is equivalent to connecting an ideal constant DC source to the generator field.
The model operates as a constant DC voltage source behind an internal impedance. It is
equivalent to connecting a DC voltage source with an internal impedance to the field
terminal of the generator. The internal EMF of the DC source is constant, but the field
voltage is not constant, as there is a voltage drop across the internal source impedance
that is proportional to the field current.
The model provides a constant DC field current value to the generator field winding. The
field current is kept constant during the transient operation of the generator. It is
equivalent to connecting an ideal current source to the generator field winding. This
mode may cause numerical problems in the time domain simulation, because of the step
changes in the field winding current, due to the series connection of a current source with
an inductor. Therefore, its implementation might not be practical.

(1) Compact Model

Three modes of operation are defined:

(a) Constant field voltage mode,

(b) DC voltage source mode, and
(c) Current source mode.

182
 (a) Constant field voltage mode
The constant field voltage mode assumes that the field voltage is specified and remains
constant. The simpler way to represent this mode of operation is by a minor internal
modification of the synchronous generator model. More specifically, the states v f (t ) and
v fn (t ) are converted from external to internal and the field terminal is removed. The two
external equations for the above states are replaced by the internal equations:
v f (t ) = Vspecified
v fn (t ) = 0
Note, that special care needs to be taken in this case, in case a loss of excitation fault is to
be applied. In that case, the only possible and meaningful fault that can be considered is a
full loss of excitation, in which case the applied voltage becomes zero. This is equivalent
to replacing the above two equations by:
v f (t ) = 0
v fn (t ) = 0
(b) DC voltage source mode
The DC voltage source mode assumes that a constant, non-ideal DC source, with an
internal impedance (Figure B.12) is connected to the field terminal, supplying the field
voltage.
i1(t) r L
v1(t)

+
_

v2(t)
i2(t)
Figure B.12: Voltage source with internal impedance

The compact model is:

di1 (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL − gV DC (C.3a.1)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3a.2)
1
where g = is the conductance of the resistor and VDC denotes the voltage value of
r
the source.
(c) Current Source
The current source diagram is illustrated in Figure B.13.

183
 i1(t)
v1(t)

v2(t)
i2(t)
Figure B.13: Current source circuit

The compact model is:

i1 (t ) = − I DC (C.3a.3)
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3a.4)
I DC denotes the value of the current source.

(2) Quadratic Model

(a) Constant field voltage mode

The above compact model is linear and simple in formulation. There is, therefore, no
need for quadratization or casting it into the standard quadratized form.
(b) DC voltage source mode
The model can be rewritten in a standardized form as:
i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3a.5)
i2 (t ) = −i L (t ) (C.3a.6)
diL (t )
= y1 (t ) (C.3a.7)
dt
0 = v L (t ) − v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (C.3a.8)
1
0 = y1 (t ) − v L (t ) (C.3a.9)
L
(c) Current Source

The above compact model is linear and simple in formulation. There is, therefore, no
need for quadratization or casting it into the standard quadratized form.

2. Generic Exciter Model

This model of the excitation system assumes that a DC generator is acting as the
excitation system of the unit. The model is similar to the DC exciter model, but it is a
little bit simpler and more generic. The exciter is again modeled as a DC source with
internal impedance connected to the field terminal, as with the constant excitation model.
However, now the DC source is not constant. It is assumed to be a DC motor and its
armature is connected to the filed of the generator. The source impedance is simply the
armature impedance of the DC machine.

(1) Compact Model

The voltage source with internal resistance is illustrated in Figure B.14.

184
 i1(t) r L
v1(t)

+
_

v2(t)
i2(t)
Figure B.14: DC armature circuit with internal impedance

The compact model, if no limits are imposed is:

di (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL 1 − gV DC (C.3b.1)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3b.2)
dV DC (t )
TE = −(K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) ⋅ V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.3)
dt
= −V R (t ) + K A R f (t ) − A F V DC (t ) + K A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
dV (t ) K K
TA R
dt TF
(C.3b.4)
dR f (t ) K
TF = − R f (t ) + F V DC (t ) (C.3b.5)
dt TF
1
where g = is the conductance of the resistor. The function S E (VDC ) models the
r
saturation of the exciter. Its form has not been decided yet. If no exciter saturation is
modeled then S E (VDC ) = 0 . The first differential equation represents the dynamics of the
DC machine. The armature dynamics are neglected. The second differential equation
models the voltage regulator. Vref . is a model input, while Vt (t ) is a feedback of the unit
terminal voltage that is to be regulated. It can be uncompensated or compensated, to
accommodate parallel operation of two units connected at the same bus, using load
compensation. The last differential equation models the dynamic behavior of the
stabilizing transformer or the system.
If non-windup limits are imposed to the voltage regulator output the compact model
becomes:
If V Rmin < VR (t ) < VRmax
di (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL 1 − gV DC (C.3b.6)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3b.7)
dV DC (t )
TE = −(K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) ⋅ V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.8)
dt
= −VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) − A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
dVR (t ) K K
TA (C.3b.9)
dt TF

185
 dR f (t ) KF
TF = − R f (t ) + V DC (t ) (C.3b.10)
dt TF
dV R (t )
else if VR (t ) ≤ VRmin and <0
dt
di (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL 1 − gV DC (C.3b.11)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3b.12)
dV DC (t )
TE = −(K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) ⋅ V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.13)
dt
V R (t ) = VRmin (C.3b.14)
= 0 ⇔ 0 = −VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) − A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
dVR (t ) K K
dt TF
(C.3b.15)
dR f (t ) K
TF = − R f (t ) + F V DC (t ) (C.3b.16)
dt TF
dV R (t )
else if V R (t ) ≥ VRmax and >0
dt
di (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL 1 − gV DC (C.3b.17)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3b.18)
dV DC (t )
TE = −(K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) ⋅ V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.19)
dt
V R (t ) = VRmax (C.3b.20)
= 0 ⇔ 0 = −VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) − A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) ) (C.3b.21)
dVR (t ) K K
dt TF
dR f (t ) KF
TF = − R f (t ) + V DC (t ) (C.3b.22)
dt TF
dV R (t )
else if VR (t ) ≤ VRmin and ≥0
dt
di (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL 1 − gV DC (C.3b.23)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3b.24)
dV DC (t )
TE = −(K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) ⋅ V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.25)
dt
= −VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) − A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
dVR (t ) K K
TA (C.3b.26)
dt TF
dR f (t ) KF
TF = − R f (t ) + V DC (t ) (C.3b.27)
dt TF

186
 V R (t ) = VRmin (C.3b.28)
dV R (t )
else if V R (t ) ≥ VRmax and ≤0
dt
di (t )
i1 (t ) = g (v1 (t ) − v 2 (t ) ) − gL 1 − gV DC (C.3b.29)
dt
i2 (t ) = −i1 (t ) (C.3b.30)
dV DC (t )
TE = −(K E + S E (V DC (t )) ) ⋅ V DC (t ) + V R (t ) (C.3b.31)
dt
= −VR (t ) + K A R f (t ) − A F VDC (t ) + K A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
dVR (t ) K K
TA (C.3b.32)
dt TF
dR f (t ) KF
TF = − R f (t ) + V DC (t ) (C.3b.33)
dt TF
V R (t ) = VRmax (C.3b.34)

(2) Quadratic Model

The models are presented assuming the limits are imposed. If not, then the model is
equivalent with the case that the limits are not hit. The model can be rewritten in a
standardized form as follows:
If V Rmin < VR (t ) < VRmax
i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.35)
i2 (t ) = −i L (t ) (C.3b.36)
Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.37)
dV DC (t )
= y1 (t ) (C.3b.38)
dt
dV R (t )
= y 2 (t ) (C.3b.39)
dt
dR f (t )
= y 3 (t ) (C.3b.40)
dt
di L (t )
= y 4 (t ) (C.3b.41)
dt
K 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) − VR (t ) + S E (t ) ⋅ V DC (t ) (C.3b.42)
TE TE TE

VR (t ) − A R f (t ) + A F VDC (t ) − A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
1 K K K K
0 = y 2 (t ) + (C.3b.43)
TA TA T ATF TA
1 K
0 = y 3 (t ) + R f (t ) − F2 VDC (t ) (C.3b.44)
TF TF
1
0 = y 4 (t ) − v L (t ) (C.3b.45)
L
0 = v L (t ) − v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.46)

187
0 = S E (t ) − S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.47)
else if VR (t ) ≤ V R
min
and y 2 (t ) < 0
i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.48)
i2 (t ) = −i L (t ) (C.3b.49)
Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.50)
dVDC (t )
= y1 (t ) (C.3b.51)
dt
0 = VR (t ) − VRmin (C.3b.52)
dR f (t )
= y 3 (t ) (C.3b.53)
dt
di L (t )
= y 4 (t ) (C.3b.54)
dt
K 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) − VR (t ) + S E (t ) ⋅ V DC (t ) (C.3b.55)
TE TE TE
0 = y 2 (t ) (C.3b.56)
1 K
0 = y 3 (t ) + R f (t ) − F2 VDC (t ) (C.3b.57)
TF TF
1
0 = y 4 (t ) − v L (t ) (C.3b.58)
L
0 = v L (t ) − v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.59)
0 = S E (t ) − S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.60)
else if V R (t ) ≥ VRmax and y 2 (t ) > 0
i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.61)
i2 (t ) = −i L (t ) (C.3b.62)
Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.63)
dVDC (t )
= y1 (t ) (C.3b.64)
dt
0 = VR (t ) − VRmax (C.3b.65)
dR f (t )
= y 3 (t ) (C.3b.66)
dt
di L (t )
= y 4 (t ) (C.3b.67)
dt
K 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) − VR (t ) + S E (t ) ⋅ V DC (t ) (C.3b.68)
TE TE TE
0 = y 2 (t ) (C.3b.69)
1 K
0 = y 3 (t ) + R f (t ) − F2 VDC (t ) (C.3b.70)
TF TF

188
 1
0 = y 4 (t ) − v L (t ) (C.3b.71)
L
0 = v L (t ) − v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.72)
0 = S E (t ) − S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.73)
else if VR (t ) ≤ VRmin and y 2 (t ) ≥ 0
i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.74)
i2 (t ) = −i L (t ) (C.3b.75)
Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.76)
dVDC (t )
= y1 (t ) (C.3b.77)
dt
0 = VR (t ) − VRmin (C.3b.78)
dR f (t )
= y 3 (t ) (C.3b.79)
dt
di L (t )
= y 4 (t ) (C.3b.80)
dt
K 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) − VR (t ) + S E (t ) ⋅ V DC (t ) (C.3b.81)
TE TE TE

VR (t ) − A R f (t ) + A F VDC (t ) − A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
1 K K K K
0 = y 2 (t ) + (C.3b.82)
TA TA T ATF TA
1 K
0 = y 3 (t ) + R f (t ) − F2 VDC (t ) (C.3b.83)
TF TF
1
0 = y 4 (t ) − v L (t ) (C.3b.84)
L
0 = v L (t ) − v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.85)
0 = S E (t ) − S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.86)
else if V R (t ) ≥ V and y 2 (t ) ≤ 0
R
max

i1 (t ) = iL (t ) (C.3b.87)
i2 (t ) = −i L (t ) (C.3b.88)
Vs (t ) = Vs (t ) (C.3b.89)
dVDC (t )
= y1 (t ) (C.3b.90)
dt
0 = VR (t ) − VRmax (C.3b.91)
dR f (t )
= y 3 (t ) (C.3b.92)
dt
di L (t )
= y 4 (t ) (C.3b.93)
dt
K 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + E VDC (t ) − VR (t ) + S E (t ) ⋅ V DC (t ) (C.3b.94)
TE TE TE

189
 VR (t ) − A R f (t ) + A F VDC (t ) − A (Vref . − Vt (t ) + Vs (t ) )
1 K K K K
0 = y 2 (t ) + (C.3b.95)
TA TA T ATF TA
1 K
0 = y 3 (t ) + R f (t ) − F2 VDC (t ) (C.3b.96)
TF TF
1
0 = y 4 (t ) − v L (t ) (C.3b.97)
L
0 = v L (t ) − v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) + ri L (t ) + VDC (t ) (C.3b.98)
0 = S E (t ) − S E [VDC (t )] (C.3b.99)

B.3.4 Prime Mover System Model

The prime mover system converts the prime sources of electrical energy into mechanical
energy that is applied to the generator and therefore converted into electrical energy. The
prime mover governing systems control the active power produced by the unit and the
system frequency. This function is commonly referred to as load-frequency control or
automatic generation control (AGC). A functional block diagram of a prime mover
system is illustrated in Figure B.15.

Figure B.15: Elements of a generator prime mover system

1. Compact Model
The compact model of a generic turbine-governor system is a second order dynamical
system. The governor is represented as a single time-delay unit and the turbine as a
second time delay until. Nonlinearities are introduced in the system by the conversion of
mechanical power to mechanical torque and by adding a non-windup limiter that limits

190
the output of the governor. Two operating modes are defined: (a) the unit is not on AGC
(automatic generation control) and (b) the unit is on AGC. In the first case a feedback is
taken from the electrical power produced by the unit; this is compared to a power
production setpoint and the error is the input of the governor system. In the second case,
where the unit is on AGC, the speed setpoint is provided as reference and it is compared
to a speed feedback. The error is fed to the governor system after being amplified by the
droop of the unit. Based on the above description four modes of operation are defined: (1)
Unit is not on AGC, limits are not considered; (2) unit is not on AGC, limits are
considered; (3) unit is on AGC, limits are not considered; (4) unit is on AGC, limits are
not considered.

(1) Unit is not on AGC, limits are not considered

The compact model is of the form:
dP (t )
TG T = Pset − Pm (t ) − PT (t )
dt
dP (t )
Tt m = PT (t ) − Pm (t )
dt
P (t )
Tm (t ) = m
ω m (t )
(2) Unit is not on AGC, limits are considered
The compact model is of the form:
If P min ≤ PT (t ) ≤ P max
dP (t )
TG T = Pset − Pm (t ) − PT (t )
dt
dP (t )
else if PT (t ) < P min and T <0
dt
PT (t ) = P min
dPT (t )
= 0 ⇔ Pset − Pm (t ) − PT (t ) = 0
dt
dP (t )
else if PT (t ) > P max and T >0
dt
PT (t ) = P max
dPT (t )
= 0 ⇔ Pset − Pm (t ) − PT (t ) = 0
dt
dP (t )
Tt m = PT (t ) − Pm (t )
dt
P (t )
Tm (t ) = m
ω m (t )
(3) Unit is on AGC, limits are not considered
The compact model is of the form:
dP (t ) 1
TG T = Pset − ⋅ (ω set − ω m (t ) )
dt R

191
 dPm (t )
Tt = PT (t ) − Pm (t )
dt
P (t )
Tm (t ) = m
ω m (t )
(4) Unit is on AGC, limits are considered
The compact model is of the form:
If P min ≤ PT (t ) ≤ P max
dP (t ) 1
TG T = Pset − ⋅ (ω set − ω m (t ) )
dt R
dP (t )
else if PT (t ) < P min and T <0
dt
PT (t ) = P min
dPT (t ) 1
= 0 ⇔ Pset − ⋅ (ω set − ω m (t ) ) = 0
dt R
dP (t )
else if PT (t ) > P max and T >0
dt
PT (t ) = P max
dPT (t ) 1
= 0 ⇔ Pset − ⋅ (ω set − ω m (t ) ) = 0
dt R
dP (t )
Tt m = PT (t ) − Pm (t )
dt
P (t )
Tm (t ) = m
ω m (t )

2. Quadratic Model
The model can be brought into the standard quadratic form by the introduction of
additional state variables:
(1) Unit is not on AGC, limits are not considered
The model in standard form is:
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPT (t )
= y1 (t )
dt
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
1 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + PT (t ) + Pm (t ) − Pset
TG TG TG
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
(2) Unit is not on AGC, limits are considered

192
The model in standard form is:
If P min ≤ PT (t ) ≤ P max
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPT (t )
= y1 (t )
dt
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
1 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) + PT (t ) + Pm (t ) − Pset
TG TG TG
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
else if PT (t ) < P min and y1 (t ) < 0
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
0 = PT (t ) − P min
0 = y1 (t )
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
dPT (t 0
else if PT (t ) > P max and >0
dt
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
0 = PT (t ) − P max
0 = y1 (t )
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
(3) Unit is on AGC, limits are not considered
The model in standard form is:
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPT (t )
= y1 (t )
dt
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt

193
 1 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) − ω m (t ) + ω set (t ) − Pset
RTG RTG TG
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
(4) Unit is on AGC, limits are considered
The model in standard form is:
If P min ≤ PT (t ) ≤ P max
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPT (t )
= y1 (t )
dt
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
1 1 1
0 = y1 (t ) − ω m (t ) + ω set (t ) − Pset
RTG RTG TG
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
dPT (t 0
else if PT (t ) < P min and <0
dt
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
0 = PT (t ) − P min
0 = y1 (t )
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1
dPT (t 0
else if PT (t ) > P max and >0
dt
Tm (t ) = w(t ) Pm (t )
dPm (t )
= y 2 (t )
dt
0 = PT (t ) − P max
0 = y1 (t )
1 1
0 = y 2 (t ) + Pm (t ) − PT (t )
Tt Tt
0 = ω m (t ) w(t ) − 1

194
 B.4 Example Response Chart for Generator Relay Testing Events
This Appendix provides the chart with the expected relay response for each of the
simulated events listed in Appendix B.2.

195
 2)
2)
g

ing
n)

ing
rin

n
its

ole

ind
ind
lea

ctio
tio

w
w
C

kP

,
ire

,
r

s te

nta

d
uc
l
ce

g1
t

,
e

g1
ve

Sy
o

)
S
me

)
an

en

)
as
h

u
ho

)
t
b

r
ntr

ed
i

we
e

er
t

ted

s
ed
nc
Op Circu
las
tur

te d

wi
e
ra t
Co

(
(p o
Ins
cw
F

0%
(
(ra
ra t
ue

t
ult

sh

t
( ra
n(

l
Dis

by

n
yn

)
of

er
er

10
ul
B

o
f

o
i

-
o
Fa
S

req

-10 ndin
g

t
s
r

au
a
er

on

Bru indin
ad

(%
F
ss
n

Fa
t
n

r
ati
e/
ft

t
ra
in

lt 0
o

a
zi

lt 0
g

e
ing
uty

rF

e
yD

u
t

e
ra

e
u
i
as
d

ne
in
or

Tra
D
ya

d
u rn
rg i

a
tem p/Inc

i
n
ke

ne
nc

i
i
n B ils to
r

F
ne

xc

Sid
s

S
Ph
ilit

Si d
d
T
e
e

-
rat

er
e

i e
Ge ion (
y
ne

G
ea

Si d
dR
d
ss

G
r

to
fE

VS
S
E

Ge

nd

VS
to -
qu
rW
fu
ne

nd
Q

P
ow

HV
LV
M
B
Op

HV
LV
e

t
e

VS
Lo

t
in

<

rn-
<

l
HV i d e
ou
rn-

lt H e
m

or
Fre of Lo reak
In

u
> Q ener
VT
n ts

u
ult

ult
ult
u
tor
tor

n)

lt L Side
T
f
e

a
t
g G se / L

on

Gr
T
d<
sB

au
a
-
d>
d<
i

ult
u
fo r

n
n
m
m

-
rat
e

r
tive otor
t

Fa s
F

E
s

Fa
Fa
ad
a

r
de

F
s

a
era
era

c
d

to
tor
oa
oa
rtin

co
rup
co

F
Fa
dv

ne
n
n

to
tor
a
mm stab

G
h
G
hF
ri a

ste
ce
ste reake reak

G
G
ss

Lo
Lo
e
o

SL ven
LL
LL
3P
SL
LL
LL
3P
Sta ult L
Sta Grou de
Ro
Ro
Dis
Dis necte urn F 0%
P L ion o otor
PL
Q
Q
G
Re
Dis
(Su necte
Sy
Va
T ra
L
Sta
In a
Ge rtent
Ge
Ex
Sy
Co
Functions
Distance 21 r r r r n n n n n Will trip only in the last resort
V/Hz 24 r n n
Ph UndV 27 n n n n n n n n n n r r r n Faults on the monitored phase
3h UndV 27TN r Fault near neutral of high-impedance grounded generator. Use with 59N for 100% stator protection
Dir Pow 32 n n r n
Loss Fld 40 r r r
Neg Seq 46 n n n n n n n r Line faults: relay must wait for line breakers to open.
Stat OvrL 49 n n n n n n n n No pickup outside of immediate protection zone.
Ph OvrC 50 r r r r n n n n r No pickup outside of immediate protection zone. Can detect breaker flashover.
Brk Fail 50BF r r Breaker must have been triggered by another function, or manually.
DT OvrC 50DT r r r r r r Will trip in split-ph. diff. cfg., with fault btw 2 coils on a single phase. Incompatible with 50Bf, 87, 87GD.
N OvrC 50N r r r r
Inadv Enr 50/27 r r
1/T N OvrC 51N n n r r r At generator or step-up transformer neutral

196
1/T Ph OvrC 51V n n n n n n n n n s n s Voltage control/restraint will inhibit/slow function if voltage is out of range
Ph OvrV 59 n n n
3h V Diff 59D r Use with 59N for 100% stator gnd fault protection. Pos. seq underV will block function (gen. offline).
N OvrV 59N r r r 90-95% stator protection on high-impedance grounded gen. Use with 27TN for 100% stator protection.
Misc OvrV 59X n n r When split-phase differential is not applicable. Canbe used for bus ground faults.
VT FusLoss 60FL r
ResDirOvrC 67N n n r r r n The current must be within a certain angle range. Incompatible with 87GD.
OutOfStep 78 r
OvrF/UndF 81 n n n r r Delays: > 5 cycles. Do not use if generator is offline.
F Accum 81A r Few minutes outside nominal frequency is acceptable.
dF/dt 81R r
Ph Diff 87 r r r r r
Gnd Diff 87GD r r r For low-impedance grounded generators. Incompatible with 67N.
IPS IPS Programmable triggers.
Brk Mon BM r
TripCkt Mon TC r Checks that the output contact closes when a closed breaker is triggered.
Sync Chk 25 r
Fld Gnd 64F r
Br LiftOff 64B r
100% Stat 64S r
r Relay function should trip
n Relay function should enter target zone, but not (necessarily) trip
blank Function should not trip at all
No functions should operate/cease to operate as a result of the loss of VTs or CT
IPS Logic is aset of programmable triggers that operate whenever a set of conditions, from other relay functions or other external link, are met.
Each trigger can, in turn, activate a contact or launch functions outside of the relay.
 B.5 IEEE COMTRADE Standard Information for Relay Testing

B.5.1 A Primer on the IEEE COMTRADE File Format

The IEEE COMTRADE computer file format is commonly used for compatibility when
distributing or exchanging instrumentation records among different entities. The standard
ensures that all the parties involved are on the same page and deal with the same
information. In addition, the standard has made the presentation of data simple enough so
it can easily be implemented on a computer, and the files are structured in such a way that
makes it possible for a person to look up basic information. The standard was first
approved in 1991 and revised in 1999 [21]. Note that generally speaking, the 1999
version is a superset of the initial 1991 version. As a result, awareness of the version
utilized is necessary to anticipate any misinterpretation of the data. This section briefly
describes important aspects of the COMTRADE format. Please refer to the full text of
the standard [21] for detailed information.
A waveform record in IEEE COMTRADE format consists of three computer files that
share the same name, but have different extensions. The purpose of each file is outlined
in Table B.1.

Table B.1: Type, extension, and purpose of the three COMTRADE file types
File Type Extension Purpose
Configuration file .CFG Provides information about the record and the
measurements it contains
Data file .DAT Contains the raw measurement data in a
compacted form
Header file (optional) .HDR Contains other relevant information for the user

B.5.1.1 The Configuration File

The configuration file is a text file in which each line has a specific meaning. Also, in
each line, each piece of information is delimited by commas, and the position of the
information within the line confers it a special meaning. A configuration file downloaded
from the Beckwith relay is used as an example that illustrates the layout of the
configuration file.

197
BECKWITH ELECTRIC CO. , 150,1999 Title, device ID, standard version
52,12A,40D Number of channels: total, analog, digital
1, VA,,,V,0.0353,0,-0082,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S Analog channel information (in this order):
2, VB,,,V,0.0353,0,-0082,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S - number, label, phase, circuit ID,
3, VC,,,V,0.0353,0,-0069,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S - units,
4, VX,,,V,0.0353,0,-0053,-32767,32767,0001.4, 1,S
5, VN,,,V,0.0353,0,-0040,-32767,32767,0001.0, 1,S - scale and offset factors,
6, IA,,,A,0.0105,0,00000,-32767,32767,00010,1,S - skew,
7, IB,,,A,0.0105,0,00020,-32767,32767,00010,1,S - min and max encoded value,
8, IC,,,A,0.0105,0,00035,-32767,32767,00010,1,S - CT/PT primary and secondary ratings,
9, IN,,,A,0.0105,0,00385,-32767,32767,00010,1,S - S or P to represent a primary or secondary
10, Ia,,,A,0.0105,0,00016,-32767,32767,00010,1,S reading.
11, Ib,,,A,0.0105,0,00019,-32767,32767,00010,1,S
12, Ic,,,A,0.0105,0,00047,-32767,32767,00010,1,S
1 ,OUTPUT 1,,,0 Digital/status channels (in this order):
2 ,OUTPUT 2,,,0 - number,
3 ,OUTPUT 3,,,0 - label,
4 ,OUTPUT 4,,,0
5 ,OUTPUT 5,,,0 - phase,
6 ,OUTPUT 6,,,0 - circuit ID,
7 ,OUTPUT 7,,,0 - default status value (0 or 1).
8 ,OUTPUT 8,,,0
9 ,NOT USED,,,0
10 ,NOT USED,,,0
11 ,NOT USED,,,0
12 ,NOT USED,,,0
13 ,NOT USED,,,0
14 ,NOT USED,,,0
15 ,NOT USED,,,0
16 ,NOT USED,,,0
17 ,NOT USED,,,0
18 ,NOT USED,,,0
19 ,NOT USED,,,0
20 ,NOT USED,,,0
21 ,NOT USED,,,0
22 ,NOT USED,,,0
23 ,NOT USED,,,0
24 ,NOT USED,,,0
25 ,INPUT 1 ,,,0
26 ,INPUT 2 ,,,0
27 ,INPUT 3 ,,,0
28 ,INPUT 4 ,,,0
29 ,INPUT 5 ,,,0
30 ,INPUT 6 ,,,0
31 ,NOT USED,,,0
32 ,NOT USED,,,0
33 ,NOT USED,,,0
34 ,NOT USED,,,0
35 ,NOT USED,,,0
36 ,NOT USED,,,0
37 ,NOT USED,,,0
38 ,NOT USED,,,0
39 ,NOT USED,,,0
40 ,NOT USED,,,0
60 System operating frequency (Hz)
1 Sampling rate count
960,04480 Sampling rate, last index at sampling rate
15/03/2007,11:03:17.895000 Date, time of first data sample (dd/MM/yyyy)
15/03/2007,11:03:21.402000 Date, time of trigger point (dd/MM/yyyy)
BINARY File type: ASCII or binary
1 Time stamp multiplication factor

198
 B.5.1.2 The Data File
Data files contain raw, encoded values of the waveform records. Actual values of the
measurements xActual are encoded in integer format to compact the data while preserving a
good accuracy level. As a result, the range of values for the encoded measurements xCoded
is between –99999 to +99999 (–32767 to +32767 in binary data files where numbers are
converted to 16-bit integers). The values are scaled and offset for each measurement
channel according to the scale factor a and the offset number b specified in the
configuration file, and following the equation
xActual = a xCoded + b.
Digital channels use 0 or 1 to store status variables.
In text data files (supported for both 1991 and 1999 versions of COMTRADE), each
recorded time instant occupies one line. For every time instant, channel values appear in
the order defined in the configuration file. Values are delimited with commas. If there is
no data for a given time instant, a blank is utilized instead of an actual number.
In binary data files introduced with COMTRADE 1999, each time instant occupies a
fixed amount of memory equal to the number of bytes necessary to store sample number
(32 bits), time (32 bits), analog (16 bits/channel), and digital channels (16 bits for every
partial of full group of 16 channels). Records for time instants and channel values are
placed next to each other with no separators.
Many programming platforms provide functions to deal with comma-separated values or
fixed-length records. As a result, the focus of the standard is the data itself rather than the
algorithms to access the data.

B.5.1.3 The Header File

The optional header file was introduced with the 1999 COMTRADE revision. The file is
intended to contain additional information relevant to the data, to the attention of the user.
Header files have no specific format constraints or restrictions and do not participate in
the processing of the data.

B.5.1.4 Time Stamp and Protective Relay Testing

Since it takes different times (order of microseconds) for faults propagate to different
measurement locations, the time stamp is the only reference available to position the
measurements relatively to each other. An accurate time stamp is critical for fault
analysis involving waveform data from instruments at different distances from the
computer system. With GPS-synchronized devices, the accuracy of the time stamp helps
mitigating the inconsistencies between the received waveforms.
The COMTRADE format provides time stamp information in three forms: two time
stamps for the beginning of the record and the beginning of the event, and a time stamp
multiplication factor. The time stamp multiplication factor should be combined with the
sampling rate to determine the actual time increment between samples.

199
Appendix C: Load Shedding Relay Test

C.1 Test Results

Table C.1: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)

Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/second)

Frequency
Setpoint (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.09 40.08 40.08 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.29 55.29 55.28 55.28 55.27 55.27 55.27 55.26
55.60 55.60 55.59 55.59 55.58 55.58 55.57 55.56 55.56 55.56
55.90 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.89 55.87 55.87 55.87 55.87 55.86
56.20 56.20 56.19 56.19 56.18 56.18 56.17 56.17 56.16 56.16
56.50 56.50 56.49 56.49 56.49 56.48 56.47 56.47 56.46 56.46
56.80 56.80 56.79 56.79 56.78 56.78 56.78 56.77 56.77 56.76
57.10 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.07 57.06
57.40 57.40 57.39 57.39 57.38 57.38 57.38 57.37 57.37 57.37
57.70 57.70 57.69 57.69 57.68 57.68 57.67 57.67 57.67 57.67
58.00 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97 57.97
58.30 58.30 58.29 58.29 58.29 58.28 58.27 58.27 58.26 58.26
58.60 58.59 58.59 58.59 58.58 58.58 58.58 58.57 58.57 58.57
58.90 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.89 58.88 58.87 58.87 58.86 58.86
59.20 59.20 59.19 59.19 59.18 59.18 59.18 59.17 59.17 59.17
59.50 59.50 59.49 59.49 59.48 59.48 59.47 59.47 59.47 59.46
59.80 59.80 59.79 59.79 59.78 59.78 59.78 59.77 59.77 59.77
60.10 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
60.40 60.40 60.41 60.42 60.42 60.42 60.43 60.44 60.43 60.44
60.70 60.70 60.71 60.71 60.72 60.73 60.72 60.73 60.74 60.73
61.00 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.03 61.03 61.04
61.30 61.31 61.31 61.31 61.31 61.32 61.32 61.33 61.34 61.33
61.60 61.60 61.61 61.61 61.62 61.62 61.63 61.62 61.63 61.64
61.90 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
62.20 62.21 62.21 62.21 62.21 62.22 62.23 62.22 62.23 62.24
62.50 62.50 62.51 62.51 62.52 62.52 62.52 62.53 62.54 62.53
62.80 62.80 62.81 62.81 62.81 62.82 62.83 62.82 62.83 62.84
63.10 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
63.40 63.40 63.41 63.41 63.41 63.42 63.43 63.42 63.43 63.44
63.70 63.70 63.71 63.71 63.72 63.72 63.72 63.73 63.73 63.73
64.00 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
64.30 64.30 64.31 64.31 64.32 64.33 64.32 64.33 64.34 64.33
64.60 64.60 64.61 64.61 64.62 64.62 64.63 64.62 64.63 64.64
64.90 64.90 64.91 64.91 64.92 64.92 64.92 64.93 64.94 64.93
65.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04

200
 Table C.2: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.10 40.09 40.08 40.08 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 55.00 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.96 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.88 55.88 55.87 55.87 55.86 55.85
55.60 55.60 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.07 57.06
55.90 55.90 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97
56.20 56.20 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.88 58.88 58.87 58.87 58.86 58.86
56.50 56.50 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
56.80 56.80 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.03 61.03 61.04
57.10 57.10 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
57.40 57.40 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
57.70 57.70 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
58.00 58.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.02 65.02 65.03 65.04
58.30 58.30
58.60 58.60
58.90 58.90
59.20 59.20
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.80
60.10 60.10
60.40 60.40
60.70 60.70
61.00 61.00
61.30 61.30
61.60 61.60
61.90 61.90
62.20 61.20
62.50 62.51
62.80 62.81
63.10 63.11
63.40 63.40
63.70 63.70
64.00 64.01
64.30 64.30
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.90
65.00 65.00

201
 Table C.3: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 1)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.10 40.09 40.08 40.08 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 55.00 54.99 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.88 55.87 55.87 55.87 55.86 55.86
55.60 55.60 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.06 57.06
55.90 55.90 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97 57.97
56.20 56.20 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.89 58.88 58.87 58.87 58.86 58.86
56.50 56.50 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
56.80 56.80 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.02 61.03 61.04
57.10 57.10 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
57.40 57.40 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
57.70 57.70 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
58.00 58.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04
58.30 58.30
58.60 58.59
58.90 58.90
59.20 59.20
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.80
60.10 60.11
60.40 60.40
60.70 60.70
61.00 61.00
61.30 61.30
61.60 61.60
61.90 61.90
62.20 62.21
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.80
63.10 63.11
63.40 63.40
63.70 63.71
64.00 64.00
64.30 64.30
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.90
65.00 65.00

202
 Table C.4: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.10 40.09 40.08 40.07 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 55.00 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.96 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.89 55.87 55.88 55.87 55.87 55.86
55.60 55.60 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.07 57.06
55.90 55.90 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97 57.97
56.20 56.20 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.89 58.87 58.87 58.87 58.87 58.86
56.50 56.50 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
56.80 56.80 61.00 61.01 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.03 61.03 61.04
57.10 57.10 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
57.40 57.40 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
57.70 57.70 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
58.00 58.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04
58.30 58.30
58.60 58.59
58.90 58.90
59.20 59.20
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.80
60.10 60.10
60.40 60.41
60.70 60.70
61.00 61.00
61.30 61.31
61.60 61.60
61.90 61.90
62.20 62.21
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.80
63.10 63.10
63.40 63.40
63.70 63.70
64.00 64.00
64.30 64.30
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.90
65.00 65.00

203
 Table C.5: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.10 40.09 40.08 40.07 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 55.00 54.99 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.96 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.88 55.88 55.87 55.87 55.86 55.86
55.60 55.60 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.06 57.06
55.90 55.90 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.96
56.20 56.20 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.89 58.88 58.87 58.87 58.86 58.86
56.50 56.50 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
56.80 56.80 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.02 61.03 61.04
57.10 57.10 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
57.40 57.40 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
57.70 57.70 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
58.00 58.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04
58.30 58.30
58.60 58.59
58.90 58.89
59.20 59.20
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.80
60.10 60.10
60.40 60.41
60.70 60.70
61.00 61.00
61.30 61.30
61.60 61.60
61.90 61.90
62.20 62.20
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.80
63.10 63.10
63.40 63.40
63.70 63.70
64.00 64.01
64.30 64.30
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.90
65.00 65.00

204
 Table C.6: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 1)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.10 40.09 40.10 40.09 40.08 40.07 40.07 40.06 40.06 40.04 40.04
55.00 55.00 55.00 54.99 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.96 54.96
55.30 55.30 55.90 55.89 55.89 55.88 55.88 55.87 55.87 55.87 55.86
55.60 55.60 57.10 57.09 57.09 57.09 57.08 57.07 57.07 57.07 57.06
55.90 55.90 58.00 57.99 57.99 57.98 57.98 57.97 57.97 57.97 57.96
56.20 56.20 58.90 58.89 58.89 58.88 58.88 58.87 58.88 58.86 58.86
56.50 56.50 60.10 60.11 60.11 60.12 60.12 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.13
56.80 56.80 61.00 61.01 61.01 61.02 61.02 61.03 61.02 61.03 61.04
57.10 57.10 61.90 61.91 61.91 61.92 61.92 61.92 61.93 61.94 61.93
57.40 57.40 63.10 63.11 63.11 63.12 63.12 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.13
57.70 57.70 64.00 64.01 64.01 64.02 64.02 64.03 64.02 64.03 64.04
58.00 58.00 65.00 65.01 65.01 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.02 65.03 65.04
58.30 58.29
58.60 58.60
58.90 58.90
59.20 59.20
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.80
60.10 60.10
60.40 60.40
60.70 60.70
61.00 61.00
61.30 61.31
61.60 61.60
61.90 61.90
62.20 62.20
62.50 62.51
62.80 62.80
63.10 63.11
63.40 63.40
63.70 63.70
64.00 64.00
64.30 64.30
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.90
65.00 65.00

205
 Table C.7: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.01 40.01
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.97 55.27 54.97 54.98 54.98
55.30 55.12 57.10 56.96 56.96 57.26 56.94 56.94 57.28 56.95 56.94
55.60 55.55 58.90 58.86 58.86 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.90
55.90 56.05 61.00 60.99 60.98 60.99 60.98 60.98 60.98 60.98 61.00
56.20 56.19 64.00 64.06 64.06 64.06 64.05 64.05 64.04 64.05 64.02
56.50 56.67 70.00 70.24 70.23 70.22 70.23 70.21 70.23 70.22 70.21
56.80 56.79
57.10 56.96
57.40 57.43
57.70 57.66
58.00 58.08
58.30 58.22
58.60 58.71
58.90 58.86
59.20 59.35
59.50 59.52
59.80 59.66
60.10 60.16
60.40 60.32
60.70 60.68
61.00 60.98
61.30 61.35
61.60 61.67
61.90 61.83
62.20 62.35
62.50 62.49
62.80 62.66
63.10 63.20
63.40 63.35
63.70 63.82
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.28
64.60 64.60
64.90 64.93
70.00 69.98

206
 Table C.8: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 39.99 39.98 40.00 39.99 39.99 40.00 40.01 40.01
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.97 54.97 54.98 55.27 54.99 55.00 54.96 54.98
55.30 55.12 57.10 57.08 56.95 57.28 56.94 57.28 57.29 56.94 57.29
55.60 55.56 58.90 58.85 58.87 58.85 58.86 58.85 58.87 58.86 59.22
55.90 56.04 61.00 60.99 60.98 60.99 60.99 60.99 60.97 60.98 61.00
56.20 56.20 64.00 64.05 64.04 64.04 64.06 64.06 64.07 64.04 64.05
56.50 56.67 70.00 70.25 70.22 69.70 70.23 70.24 70.24 70.23 70.22
56.80 56.81
57.10 56.95
57.40 57.43
57.70 57.72
58.00 58.07
58.30 58.21
58.60 58.72
58.90 58.87
59.20 59.36
59.50 59.50
59.80 59.66
60.10 60.17
60.40 61.31
60.70 60.62
61.00 60.99
61.30 61.36
61.60 61.66
61.90 61.81
62.20 62.34
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.65
63.10 63.20
63.40 63.34
63.70 63.51
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.28
64.60 64.35
64.90 64.92
70.00 70.24

207
 Table C.9: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 0% THD, Relay 2)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 39.99 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.01
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.97 54.97 54.97 54.98 54.97 55.30 55.01 54.98
55.30 55.43 57.10 56.95 56.97 57.29 56.96 57.31 56.97 56.96 56.94
55.60 55.57 58.90 58.85 58.86 58.86 58.86 58.85 58.85 58.86 58.86
55.90 56.03 61.00 60.99 61.00 60.99 61.00 60.98 60.98 60.98 60.99
56.20 56.18 64.00 64.06 64.05 64.06 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.08
56.50 56.66 70.00 70.23 70.23 69.70 70.22 70.23 70.24 70.15 70.22
56.80 56.80
57.10 56.95
57.40 57.41
57.70 57.59
58.00 57.99
58.30 58.22
58.60 58.71
58.90 58.86
59.20 59.37
59.50 59.52
59.80 59.65
60.10 60.18
60.40 60.59
60.70 60.64
61.00 60.98
61.30 61.54
61.60 61.62
61.90 62.20
62.20 62.35
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.66
63.10 63.22
63.40 63.34
63.70 63.91
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.20
64.60 64.34
64.90 64.92
70.00 70.21

208
 Table C.10: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (100% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 39.99 40.00 39.99 39.99 40.00 40.01 40.01
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.97 54.98 54.98 54.97 54.97 54.98 54.96 54.99
55.30 55.43 57.10 57.29 56.94 57.30 57.29 57.29 57.26 56.94 57.29
55.60 55.57 58.90 58.87 58.86 58.86 58.87 58.87 58.87 58.84 58.90
55.90 56.04 61.00 61.00 60.98 60.98 60.99 61.00 60.98 60.97 61.01
56.20 56.19 64.00 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.06 64.06 64.04 64.05
56.50 56.66 70.00 70.22 69.72 69.88 70.23 70.21 70.21 70.26 70.22
56.80 56.80
57.10 56.95
57.40 57.42
57.70 57.59
58.00 58.08
58.30 58.22
58.60 58.70
58.90 58.86
59.20 59.38
59.50 59.52
59.80 59.64
60.10 60.18
60.40 60.69
60.70 60.85
61.00 60.99
61.30 61.55
61.60 61.66
61.90 62.20
62.20 62.29
62.50 62.49
62.80 62.76
63.10 63.21
63.40 63.34
63.70 63.91
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.21
64.60 64.78
64.90 64.93
70.00 70.22

209
 Table C.11: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (85% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)
Rate of
Frequency Frequency Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Change Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz/s) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 39.99 39.97 39.99 40.00 40.00 40.00
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.98 54.98 54.97 55.03 54.96 54.98 54.97 54.99
55.30 55.30 57.10 57.29 56.94 57.28 57.28 57.29 57.29 57.16 57.28
55.60 55.56 58.90 58.85 58.86 58.85 58.85 58.85 58.87 58.84 58.85
55.90 56.04 61.00 60.99 61.00 60.97 60.98 60.99 60.98 60.98 60.99
56.20 56.19 64.00 64.06 64.06 64.07 64.06 64.05 64.06 64.05 64.07
56.50 56.67 70.00 70.08 69.73 69.71 70.21 70.22 70.24 70.24 70.22
56.80 56.80
57.10 56.97
57.40 57.43
57.70 57.58
58.00 58.08
58.30 58.27
58.60 58.73
58.90 58.88
59.20 59.37
59.50 59.51
59.80 59.65
60.10 60.18
60.40 60.33
60.70 60.80
61.00 60.99
61.30 61.39
61.60 61.67
61.90 62.23
62.20 62.36
62.50 62.51
62.80 62.64
63.10 63.21
63.40 63.34
63.70 63.90
64.00 64.05
64.30 64.20
64.60 64.32
64.90 64.93
70.00 70.21

210
 Table C.12: Actual pickup frequency in Hz (115% Voltage, 5% THD, Relay 2)
Actual
Frequency Pickup Frequency Rate of Frequency Change (Hz/s)
Setpoint Frequency Setpoint
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 39.99 39.99 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
55.00 54.97 55.00 54.98 54.97 54.96 54.97 54.97 55.02 54.96 54.98
55.30 55.24 57.10 57.29 56.94 57.28 57.28 57.29 56.97 56.95 57.19
55.60 55.57 58.90 58.85 58.86 58.85 58.86 58.86 58.87 58.85 58.85
55.90 55.72 61.00 60.99 60.98 60.98 60.97 60.98 60.99 60.98 60.99
56.20 56.19 64.00 64.06 64.05 64.05 64.05 64.04 64.06 64.06 64.04
56.50 56.65 70.00 70.24 70.21 69.71 70.24 70.16 70.11 70.23 70.22
56.80 56.79
57.10 56.96
57.40 57.43
57.70 57.58
58.00 58.07
58.30 58.27
58.60 58.71
58.90 58.86
59.20 59.37
59.50 59.49
59.80 59.70
60.10 60.17
60.40 60.69
60.70 60.84
61.00 60.99
61.30 61.52
61.60 61.67
61.90 62.23
62.20 62.36
62.50 62.50
62.80 62.65
63.10 63.20
63.40 63.33
63.70 63.93
64.00 64.06
64.30 64.20
64.60 64.34
64.90 64.92
70.00 70.22

211
 Table C.13: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.09 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.90 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.09 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.88 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.90 6 6.0 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.1
60.10 60.10 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.21 36 36.0 60.30 66 65.9
61.00 61.01 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.90 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 65.9
63.10 63.10 6 6.1 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.30 66 65.9
64.00 64.00 6 6.0 64.03 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.04 16 16.0 65.10 36 36.1 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

212
 Table C.14: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.07 6 6.0 40.00 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.80 16 16.0 54.43 36 36.1 53.88 66 66.5
55.90 55.88 6 6.0 55.70 16 16.0 55.34 36 36.1 54.79 66 66.5
57.10 57.08 6 5.9 56.90 16 16.0 56.55 36 36.1 56.02 66 66.4
58.00 57.98 6 6.0 57.81 16 16.0 57.46 36 36.0 56.94 66 66.4
58.90 58.88 6 6.0 58.71 16 16.0 58.36 36 36.1 57.85 66 66.4
60.10 60.12 6 6.0 60.28 16 16.0 60.61 36 35.9 61.12 66 65.6
61.00 61.02 6 6.0 61.19 16 16.0 61.51 36 35.9 62.01 66 65.6
61.90 61.92 6 6.0 62.08 16 16.0 62.41 36 36.0 62.89 66 65.6
63.10 63.12 6 6.0 63.28 16 16.0 63.59 36 36.0 64.07 66 65.6
64.00 64.02 6 6.0 64.18 16 16.0 64.49 36 36.0 64.96 66 65.7
65.00 65.02 6 6.0 65.17 16 16.1 65.49 36 36.0 65.94 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 17.51 sec

213
 Table C.15: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Actual Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Time Delay Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 5.9 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 35.9 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 6.0 54.63 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.8
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.2 53.90 66 66.8
57.10 57.06 6 5.9 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.97 6 6.0 57.65 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.09 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 6.0 58.55 16 16.0 57.93 36 36.2 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.1 60.43 16 16.0 61.02 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.22 16 16.0 62.81 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.4
63.10 63.15 6 6.1 63.42 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.32 16 16.0 64.88 36 35.9 65.72 66 65.5
65.00 65.03 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.1 65.87 36 36.1 66.70 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

214
 Table C.16: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.10 6 6.0 40.05 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.1
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.90 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.09 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.88 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.89 6 6.0 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.0
60.10 60.10 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.20 36 36.0 60.31 66 65.9
61.00 61.00 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.91 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 66.0
63.10 63.11 6 6.0 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.30 66 66.0
64.00 64.01 6 6.0 64.04 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.03 16 16.1 65.10 36 36.0 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

215
 Table C.17: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.07 6 6.0 40.00 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.80 16 16.0 54.43 36 36.1 53.88 66 66.5
55.90 55.88 6 6.0 55.70 16 16.0 55.34 36 36.1 54.79 66 66.5
57.10 57.08 6 5.9 56.90 16 16.0 56.55 36 36.1 56.02 66 66.4
58.00 57.98 6 6.0 57.81 16 16.0 57.46 36 36.1 56.94 66 66.4
58.90 58.88 6 6.0 58.70 16 16.0 58.37 36 36.0 57.85 66 66.4
60.10 60.12 6 6.0 60.28 16 16.0 60.61 36 35.9 61.12 66 65.6
61.00 61.02 6 6.0 61.19 16 16.0 61.51 36 35.9 62.01 66 65.6
61.90 61.92 6 6.1 62.08 16 16.0 62.40 36 35.9 62.89 66 65.7
63.10 63.13 6 6.0 63.27 16 16.0 63.60 36 36.0 64.07 66 65.6
64.00 64.02 6 6.0 64.18 16 16.1 64.49 36 36.0 64.96 66 65.7
65.00 65.02 6 6.0 65.17 16 16.1 65.49 36 36.1 65.95 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 17.51 sec

216
 Table C.18: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 5.9 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 35.9 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 5.9 54.63 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.8
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.2 53.90 66 66.9
57.10 57.06 6 6.0 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.96 6 6.0 57.65 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.07 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 5.9 58.55 16 16.0 57.93 36 36.2 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.0 60.43 16 16.0 61.02 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.33 16 16.0 61.92 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.22 16 16.0 62.81 36 35.9 63.66 66 65.3
63.10 63.13 6 6.0 63.42 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.33 16 16.0 64.89 36 35.9 65.71 66 65.5
65.00 65.04 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.0 65.87 36 36.1 66.70 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

217
 Table C.19: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.09 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.89 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.09 6 6.1 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.88 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.90 6 5.9 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.0
60.10 60.11 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.20 36 36.0 60.31 66 66.0
61.00 61.00 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.90 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 65.9
63.10 63.11 6 6.0 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.29 66 66.0
64.00 64.00 6 6.0 64.04 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.03 16 16.1 65.10 36 36.0 65.19 66 66.0

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

218
 Table C.20: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.07 6 6.0 40.00 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.80 16 16.0 54.43 36 36.1 53.88 66 66.5
55.90 55.87 6 6.0 55.70 16 16.0 55.34 36 36.1 54.80 66 66.5
57.10 57.08 6 6.0 56.90 16 16.0 56.55 36 36.1 56.02 66 66.4
58.00 57.98 6 6.0 57.81 16 16.0 57.46 36 36.0 56.94 66 66.4
58.90 58.88 6 5.9 57.81 16 16.0 58.37 36 36.0 57.85 66 66.4
60.10 60.12 6 6.0 60.28 16 16.0 60.62 36 35.9 61.12 66 65.6
61.00 61.02 6 6.0 61.19 16 16.0 61.51 36 35.9 62.00 66 65.6
61.90 61.92 6 6.0 62.08 16 16.0 62.41 36 36.0 62.89 66 65.7
63.10 63.12 6 6.0 63.28 16 16.0 63.59 36 36.0 64.08 66 65.6
64.00 64.02 6 6.0 64.18 16 16.1 64.50 36 36.0 64.95 66 65.7
65.00 65.02 6 6.0 65.17 16 16.1 65.49 36 36.0 65.94 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 17.51 sec

219
 Table C.21: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 6.0 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 35.9 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 6.0 54.64 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.9
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.1 53.90 66 66.9
57.10 57.06 6 5.9 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.96 6 6.0 57.65 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.09 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 5.9 58.55 16 16.0 57.93 36 36.2 57.01 66 66.8
60.10 60.13 6 6.0 60.45 16 16.0 61.04 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.05 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.24 16 16.0 62.81 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.4
63.10 63.13 6 6.1 63.42 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.32 16 16.0 64.89 36 35.9 65.72 66 65.5
65.00 65.04 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.1 65.88 36 36.1 66.70 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

220
 Table C.22: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.09 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.90 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.10 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.89 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.90 6 6.0 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.0
60.10 60.10 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.20 36 36.0 60.30 66 65.9
61.00 61.01 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.90 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 65.9
63.10 63.10 6 6.0 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.30 66 65.9
64.00 64.00 6 6.0 64.03 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.03 16 16.0 65.10 36 36.0 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

221
 Table C.23: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.07 6 6.0 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.80 16 16.0 54.43 36 36.1 53.88 66 66.4
55.90 55.88 6 6.0 55.70 16 16.0 55.34 36 36.1 54.79 66 66.5
57.10 57.08 6 6.0 56.90 16 16.0 56.55 36 36.0 56.02 66 66.4
58.00 57.98 6 6.0 57.81 16 16.0 57.46 36 36.0 56.94 66 66.4
58.90 58.88 6 5.9 58.71 16 16.0 58.37 36 36.0 57.85 66 66.4
60.10 60.12 6 6.0 60.28 16 16.0 60.62 36 35.9 61.12 66 65.6
61.00 61.02 6 6.0 61.19 16 16.0 61.52 36 35.9 62.01 66 65.6
61.90 61.92 6 6.0 62.08 16 16.0 62.41 36 36.0 62.89 66 65.6
63.10 63.12 6 6.0 63.28 16 16.0 63.59 36 35.9 64.07 66 65.7
64.00 64.02 6 6.0 64.18 16 16.0 64.49 36 36.0 64.95 66 65.7
65.00 65.02 6 6.0 65.17 16 16.0 65.49 36 36.1 65.94 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 17.51 sec

222
 Table C.24: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Actual Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Time Delay Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 6.0 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 6.0 54.64 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.9
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.1 53.90 66 66.9
57.10 57.06 6 6.0 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.96 6 6.0 57.66 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.07 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 5.9 58.55 16 16.0 57.94 36 36.2 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.0 60.45 16 16.0 61.04 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.23 16 16.0 62.81 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.3
63.10 63.13 6 6.0 63.42 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.33 16 16.1 64.89 36 35.9 65.72 66 65.5
65.00 65.04 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.1 65.87 36 36.1 66.71 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

223
 Table C.25: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.10 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.1
55.00 55.00 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.89 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.09 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.89 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.89 6 6.0 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.0
60.10 60.10 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.20 36 36.0 60.30 66 65.9
61.00 61.00 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.1 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.91 6 6.0 61.94 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 65.9
63.10 63.11 6 6.1 63.13 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.29 66 65.9
64.00 64.01 6 6.0 64.04 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 66.0
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.03 16 16.0 65.10 36 36.1 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

224
 Table C.26: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.07 6 6.0 40.00 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.80 16 16.0 54.43 36 36.1 53.88 66 66.5
55.90 55.88 6 6.0 55.70 16 16.0 55.34 36 36.1 54.79 66 66.4
57.10 57.07 6 6.0 56.90 16 16.0 56.55 36 36.0 56.02 66 66.5
58.00 57.98 6 6.0 57.81 16 16.0 57.46 36 36.1 56.95 66 66.4
58.90 58.88 6 5.9 58.71 16 16.0 58.37 36 36.0 57.85 66 66.4
60.10 60.12 6 6.0 60.28 16 16.0 60.62 36 35.9 61.12 66 65.6
61.00 61.02 6 6.0 61.19 16 16.0 61.51 36 36.0 62.01 66 65.6
61.90 61.92 6 6.0 62.08 16 16.0 62.40 36 35.9 62.89 66 65.6
63.10 63.12 6 6.0 63.28 16 16.0 63.60 36 35.9 64.07 66 65.6
64.00 64.02 6 6.0 64.18 16 16.0 64.49 36 36.0 64.96 66 65.7
65.00 65.02 6 6.0 65.17 16 16.0 65.48 36 36.0 65.94 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 17.51 sec

225
 Table C.27: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 5.9 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 35.9 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 5.9 54.63 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.9
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.1 53.90 66 66.8
57.10 57.06 6 5.9 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.96 6 6.0 57.65 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.09 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 5.9 58.55 16 16.0 57.93 36 36.1 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.0 60.43 16 16.0 61.02 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.0 62.24 16 16.0 62.80 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.4
63.10 63.14 6 6.1 63.41 16 16.0 64.00 36 35.9 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.32 16 16.1 64.89 36 35.8 65.71 66 65.5
65.00 65.04 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.0 65.88 36 36.1 66.70 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

226
 Table C.28: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.09 6 6.0 40.04 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.1
55.00 54.99 6 6.0 54.96 16 16.0 54.89 36 36.0 54.78 66 66.1
55.90 55.90 6 6.0 55.86 16 16.0 55.79 36 36.0 55.68 66 66.1
57.10 57.10 6 6.0 57.06 16 16.0 56.99 36 36.0 56.88 66 66.1
58.00 58.00 6 6.0 57.96 16 16.0 57.89 36 36.0 57.79 66 66.1
58.90 58.90 6 5.9 58.86 16 16.0 58.79 36 36.0 58.69 66 66.0
60.10 61.11 6 6.0 60.14 16 16.0 60.21 36 36.0 60.30 66 65.9
61.00 61.00 6 6.0 61.04 16 16.0 61.10 36 36.0 61.20 66 65.9
61.90 61.90 6 6.0 61.93 16 16.0 62.00 36 36.0 62.10 66 66.0
63.10 63.10 6 6.0 63.14 16 16.0 63.20 36 36.0 63.30 66 65.9
64.00 64.00 6 6.0 64.04 16 16.0 64.10 36 36.0 64.19 66 65.9
65.00 65.00 6 6.0 65.03 16 16.0 65.10 36 36.1 65.19 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 15.38 sec

59.50 30 sec 31.65 sec

227
 Table C.29: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.07 6 6.0 40.00 16 16.0 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.80 16 16.0 54.43 36 36.1 53.88 66 66.5
55.90 55.88 6 6.0 55.70 16 16.0 55.34 36 36.1 54.79 66 66.5
57.10 57.07 6 6.0 56.90 16 16.0 56.55 36 36.1 56.02 66 66.5
58.00 57.97 6 6.0 57.81 16 16.0 57.46 36 36.1 56.94 66 66.4
58.90 58.88 6 6.0 58.71 16 16.0 58.37 36 36.0 57.85 66 66.4
60.10 60.12 6 6.0 60.28 16 16.0 60.62 36 35.9 61.12 66 65.6
61.00 61.02 6 6.0 61.18 16 16.0 61.52 36 35.9 62.01 66 65.6
61.90 61.92 6 6.0 62.08 16 16.0 62.40 36 36.0 62.89 66 65.6
63.10 63.12 6 6.0 63.28 16 16.0 63.59 36 36.0 64.07 66 65.6
64.00 64.02 6 6.0 64.18 16 16.0 64.49 36 36.0 64.96 66 65.7
65.00 65.02 6 6.0 65.17 16 16.1 65.48 36 36.1 65.94 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 17.51 sec

228
 Table C.30: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 1)
Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Tripped Tripped Tripped Tripped
Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time Delay Time
Setpoint Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
(Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.10 40.04 6 6.0 40.00 16 15.9 40.00 36 36.0 40.00 66 66.0
55.00 54.96 6 6.0 54.64 16 16.0 53.97 36 36.1 52.98 66 66.9
55.90 55.86 6 6.0 55.53 16 16.0 54.88 36 36.1 53.90 66 66.9
57.10 57.06 6 6.0 56.74 16 16.0 56.10 36 36.1 55.15 66 66.8
58.00 57.96 6 6.0 57.65 16 16.0 57.03 36 36.1 56.09 66 66.8
58.90 58.86 6 5.9 58.55 16 16.0 57.93 36 36.1 57.01 66 66.7
60.10 60.13 6 6.0 60.43 16 16.0 61.04 36 35.9 61.92 66 65.3
61.00 61.04 6 6.0 61.35 16 16.0 61.93 36 35.9 62.80 66 65.3
61.90 61.93 6 6.1 62.22 16 16.0 62.80 36 35.9 63.67 66 65.4
63.10 63.13 6 6.1 64.32 16 16.0 63.99 36 35.8 64.83 66 65.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.0 64.32 16 16.1 64.89 36 35.9 65.72 66 65.5
65.00 65.04 6 6.0 65.31 16 16.1 65.87 36 36.0 66.70 66 66.1

59.30 15 sec 19.52 sec

229
 Table C.31: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 39.99 6 6.3 40.00 16 15.3 40.00 36 33.3 39.98 66 61.5
55.00 55.01 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.4 54.96 36 33.4 54.97 66 62.6
57.10 57.29 6 5.4 57.03 16 16.4 56.95 36 34.5 57.28 66 63.6
58.90 58.86 6 5.4 58.85 16 13.4 58.86 36 34.5 58.84 66 58.6
61.00 61.00 6 6.4 61.01 16 15.4 61.00 36 36.4 61.00 66 57.3
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.06 16 13.5 64.05 36 35.5 64.06 66 63.4
70.00 70.17 6 6.0 70.13 16 16.0 70.23 36 27.0 70.23 66 64.0

Table C.32: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Time Actual
Frequency Actual
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint Time Delay
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz) (Cycles)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.99 16 16.3 39.96 36 33.7 39.99 66 66.7
55.00 54.98 6 5.9 54.96 16 15.4 54.96 36 35.6 54.93 66 63.1
57.10 56.95 6 5.4 56.94 16 15.5 56.94 36 35.6 56.90 66 61.1
58.90 58.87 6 6.4 58.86 16 16.5 58.86 36 35.6 58.80 66 62.1
61.00 60.99 6 4.4 60.99 16 16.4 60.95 36 36.3 61.04 66 56.9
64.00 64.05 6 6.5 63.96 16 16.5 64.07 36 34.3 64.07 66 64.0
70.00 70.21 6 6.0 70.25 16 13.1 70.18 36 35.9 70.25 66 63.6

230
 Table C.33: Actual time delay (100% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.01 6 6.3 40.00 16 16.4 39.94 36 34.0 39.94 66 65.9
55.00 54.91 6 6.0 54.92 16 12.5 54.93 36 33.8 54.96 66 66.7
57.10 57.26 6 6.4 57.10 16 16.5 57.27 36 33.8 56.93 66 65.7
58.90 59.02 6 6.4 58.88 16 16.5 58.76 36 30.8 58.78 66 61.6
61.00 61.01 6 5.4 60.97 16 16.4 60.98 36 36.1 61.01 66 63.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.5 64.06 16 15.4 64.09 36 33.2 64.11 66 62.1
70.00 69.98 6 6.0 70.11 16 16.0 70.25 36 33.8 70.28 66 62.3

Table C.34: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.2 40.01 16 16.3 40.00 36 33.3 39.96 66 62.5
55.00 55.04 6 5.9 54.98 16 14.4 54.97 36 36.4 54.97 66 58.5
57.10 57.29 6 6.4 57.05 16 15.4 57.29 36 36.5 56.93 66 64.6
58.90 58.87 6 5.4 58.86 16 13.4 58.85 36 32.5 58.85 66 59.6
61.00 61.00 6 6.4 60.99 16 14.4 60.99 36 33.4 61.01 66 58.3
64.00 64.01 6 6.5 64.03 16 16.5 64.06 36 34.4 64.06 66 63.4
70.00 70.23 6 5.0 70.21 16 14.0 70.23 36 34.0 70.22 66 65.0

231
 Table C.35: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 39.99 6 6.3 39.98 16 15.3 39.99 36 35.7 39.92 66 61.7
55.00 55.04 6 6.0 54.97 16 15.5 54.94 36 31.6 54.94 66 65.1
57.10 57.29 6 6.4 56.96 16 15.5 57.27 36 36.6 56.91 66 63.1
58.90 58.85 6 6.4 58.86 16 16.5 58.84 36 34.6 58.84 66 64.1
61.00 60.99 6 4.4 61.00 16 16.4 61.05 36 30.3 61.00 66 63.9
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.05 16 16.5 64.07 36 33.3 64.09 66 59.5
70.00 70.12 6 6.0 70.24 16 13.0 70.24 36 32.9 70.27 66 59.6

Table C.36: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.98 16 15.4 39.98 36 36.0 39.74 66 64.9
55.00 54.95 6 6.0 54.95 16 14.5 54.91 36 32.8 54.97 66 66.7
57.10 56.94 6 5.4 56.95 16 15.5 56.83 36 27.8 56.87 66 60.6
58.90 59.22 6 5.4 58.83 16 13.5 58.78 36 31.8 58.72 66 60.6
61.00 61.00 6 5.4 60.98 16 15.4 61.05 36 32.1 61.17 66 52.5
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.07 16 14.4 64.04 36 34.2 64.13 66 58.1
70.00 70.23 6 6.0 70.23 16 16.0 70.22 36 35.8 70.29 66 59.3

232
 Table C.37: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 39.99 6 6.2 39.99 16 16.3 40.00 36 35.3 39.99 66 65.5
55.00 55.01 6 5.9 54.97 16 14.4 54.96 36 30.4 54.96 66 61.6
57.10 56.95 6 6.4 56.95 16 14.4 56.96 36 36.4 57.29 66 63.6
58.90 58.86 6 6.4 58.84 16 14.4 58.86 36 33.5 58.85 66 62.6
61.00 60.98 6 6.4 60.98 16 16.4 60.99 36 35.4 61.00 66 59.3
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.02 16 16.5 64.06 36 35.4 64.06 66 64.4
70.00 70.19 6 6.0 70.23 16 14.0 70.23 36 34.0 70.24 66 57.0

Table C.38: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.99 16 16.3 39.97 36 34.7 39.96 66 64.7
55.00 54.98 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.4 54.97 36 36.6 54.93 66 63.1
57.10 56.96 6 6.4 56.96 16 16.5 57.08 36 36.6 56.92 66 64.1
58.90 58.86 6 6.4 58.85 16 16.5 58.84 36 35.6 58.81 66 61.1
61.00 60.99 6 4.4 61.00 16 14.4 61.02 36 30.3 61.08 66 55.9
64.00 64.05 6 6.5 64.04 16 16.5 63.95 36 36.3 64.08 66 63.0
70.00 70.22 6 6.0 70.24 16 14.0 70.24 36 34.9 70.02 66 61.6

233
 Table C.39: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 0% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.01 6 6.3 40.01 16 16.4 39.98 36 36.0 39.92 66 64.9
55.00 54.91 6 6.0 54.98 16 16.5 54.97 36 35.8 54.96 66 66.7
57.10 56.93 6 5.4 56.91 16 13.5 57.08 36 36.8 56.91 66 64.7
58.90 58.84 6 5.4 58.80 16 12.5 58.78 36 30.8 58.83 66 65.6
61.00 60.97 6 6.4 60.99 16 16.4 61.00 36 35.1 61.12 66 56.4
64.00 64.04 6 6.5 64.03 16 16.4 64.06 36 35.2 64.07 66 63.1
70.00 70.23 6 6.0 70.24 16 14.0 70.27 36 32.8 70.29 66 59.3

Table C.40: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 40.00 16 16.3 40.00 36 34.3 39.99 66 61.5
55.00 55.07 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.4 54.98 36 34.4 54.97 66 64.5
57.10 56.95 6 5.4 56.96 16 16.4 57.26 36 35.5 56.94 66 57.5
58.90 58.85 6 5.4 58.85 16 14.4 58.85 36 33.5 58.85 66 61.6
61.00 60.99 6 6.5 61.00 16 15.4 60.99 36 33.4 61.01 66 57.3
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.05 16 16.5 64.05 36 35.5 64.06 66 64.4
70.00 70.22 6 5.0 70.21 16 16.0 70.236 36 28.0 70.23 66 57.0

234
 Table C.41: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.99 16 16.3 39.96 36 33.7 39.95 66 63.7
55.00 55.04 6 5.9 54.94 16 13.4 54.94 36 33.6 54.91 66 60.1
57.10 56.94 6 6.4 57.30 16 16.5 57.01 36 36.6 56.94 66 66.1
58.90 58.86 6 6.4 58.84 16 13.5 58.86 36 36.6 58.85 66 65.1
61.00 61.00 6 5.4 60.98 16 15.4 61.01 36 35.3 61.06 66 57.9
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.05 16 16.5 64.05 36 36.3 64.07 66 63.5
70.00 70.23 6 5.1 70.24 16 14.0 70.22 36 35.9 70.26 66 59.6

Table C.42: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.96 16 15.4 39.97 36 36.0 39.94 66 65.9
55.00 54.91 6 5.9 54.97 16 15.5 54.95 36 34.8 54.90 66 62.7
57.10 57.28 6 6.4 57.29 16 16.5 56.88 36 31.8 57.22 66 61.7
58.90 58.90 6 6.4 58.82 16 13.5 58.76 36 30.8 58.76 66 60.6
61.00 60.99 6 6.4 61.00 16 15.4 61.06 36 31.1 61.15 66 59.4
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.08 16 13.4 64.07 36 34.2 64.12 66 60.1
70.00 69.98 6 6.0 70.24 16 14.0 70.22 36 35.8 70.28 66 61.3

235
 Table C.43: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 39.99 6 6.3 39.99 16 16.3 39.99 36 32.3 39.99 66 63.5
55.00 55.01 6 5.9 54.97 16 16.4 54.98 36 35.4 54.97 66 65.6
57.10 57.28 6 6.4 57.29 16 14.4 57.03 36 36.5 56.95 66 64.6
58.90 58.85 6 5.4 58.87 16 14.4 58.86 36 34.5 58.84 66 62.6
61.00 61.00 6 4.4 60.99 16 16.4 60.99 36 33.4 61.00 66 62.3
64.00 64.05 6 6.5 64.06 16 14.5 64.05 36 34.4 64.06 66 64.4
70.00 70.23 6 6.0 70.22 16 14.0 70.21 36 28.0 70.23 66 64.0

Table C.44: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.99 16 16.4 39.98 36 34.7 39.91 66 59.7
55.00 54.98 6 6.0 54.97 16 14.4 54.94 36 33.6 54.95 66 65.1
57.10 57.05 6 6.4 57.12 16 16.4 56.95 36 35.6 56.88 66 59.1
58.90 58.86 6 6.4 58.84 16 13.5 58.86 36 34.6 58.81 66 60.1
61.00 61.01 6 4.4 61.00 16 13.4 60.97 36 36.3 61.04 66 63.9
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.06 16 14.5 63.99 36 36.3 64.07 66 63.5
70.00 70.21 6 6.0 70.23 16 16.0 70.12 36 35.9 70.23 66 62.6

236
 Table C.45: Actual time delay (85% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.3 39.87 16 10.4 39.97 36 36.0 39.94 66 66.9
55.00 54.95 6 5.9 54.95 16 14.5 54.97 36 36.8 54.92 66 63.7
57.10 57.29 6 6.4 57.29 16 16.5 57.21 36 29.8 56.83 66 58.6
58.90 58.85 6 6.4 58.84 16 14.5 58.78 36 31.8 58.80 66 63.6
61.00 61.00 6 5.4 60.99 16 16.4 61.06 36 30.1 61.17 66 52.5
64.00 64.05 6 5.5 64.06 16 16.4 64.02 36 35.7 64.15 66 58.1
70.00 70.06 6 6.0 70.18 16 16.0 70.25 36 35.8 70.02 66 63.3

Table C.46: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.1 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.01 6 6.2 40.00 16 16.3 40.00 36 35.3 39.94 66 65.5
55.00 55.01 6 5.9 54.98 16 16.4 54.95 36 27.4 54.97 66 58.5
57.10 56.95 6 6.4 57.28 16 15.4 57.01 36 36.5 56.95 66 64.6
58.90 58.86 6 6.4 58.86 16 14.4 58.86 36 35.5 58.84 66 62.6
61.00 60.99 6 6.4 60.98 16 15.4 61.00 36 32.4 60.99 66 60.3
64.00 64.06 6 6.5 64.05 16 15.5 64.06 36 35.4 64.06 66 62.4
70.00 70.23 6 5.0 70.20 16 16.1 70.24 36 32.0 70.20 66 61.0

237
 Table C.47: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.5 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.00 6 6.2 39.98 16 15.3 39.96 36 33.7 39.95 66 63.7
55.00 55.04 6 5.9 54.96 16 15.4 54.96 36 34.6 54.95 66 65.1
57.10 56.95 6 6.4 57.29 16 15.5 56.95 36 35.6 57.28 66 65.1
58.90 58.86 6 6.4 58.86 16 16.5 58.85 36 36.6 58.83 66 63.1
61.00 60.99 6 6.4 60.90 16 16.4 61.04 36 29.3 61.00 66 63.9
64.00 64.05 6 6.5 64.06 16 16.4 64.06 36 35.3 64.08 66 62.5
70.00 70.22 6 6.0 70.15 16 16.0 70.10 36 35.9 70.26 66 60.6

Table C.48: Actual time delay (115% Voltage, 5% THD, 0.9 Hz/sec Rate of Frequency Change, Relay 2)
Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual Actual Time Actual
Frequency
Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time Pickup Delay Time
Setpoint
Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay Frequency Setpoint Delay
(Hz)
(Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles) (Hz) (Cycles) (Cycles)
40.00 40.01 6 6.3 39.99 16 15.4 39.98 36 36.0 39.92 66 64.9
55.00 54.95 6 5.9 54.97 16 16.5 54.98 36 36.8 54.93 66 64.7
57.10 57.11 6 6.4 57.26 16 14.5 56.93 36 35.8 56.90 66 62.7
58.90 58.85 6 6.4 58.81 16 12.5 58.83 36 34.8 58.85 66 66.6
61.00 61.00 6 5.4 60.97 16 16.4 61.04 36 32.1 61.07 66 59.4
64.00 64.07 6 5.0 64.07 16 15.4 64.07 36 35.2 64.08 66 62.1
70.00 70.05 6 6.0 70.20 16 16.0 70.21 36 35.8 70.24 66 63.3

238
 Table C.49: Application test of relay 1 (Time delay: 2 Cycles)
Actual Pickup Actual Pickup Actual Pickup
Power Frequency
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Factor Setpoint (Hz)
Test no.1 Test no.2 Test no.3
1 60.5 60.398 60.364 60.396
0.9 60.5 60.377 60.381 60.440
0.8 60.5 60.400 60.385 60.389
0.7 60.5 60.386 60.374 60.389
0.6 60.5 60.396 60.373 60.362

1 61.0 60.995 60.990 61.001

0.9 61.0 61.001 61.008 61.004
0.8 61.0 60.993 61.072 60.991
0.7 61.0 61.069 60.988 60.996
0.6 61.0 60.997 60.992 61.000

1 61.7 61.743 61.730 61.732

0.9 61.7 61.720 61.739 61.730
0.8 61.7 61.734 61.735 61.729
0.7 61.7 61.727 61.732 61.728
0.6 61.7 61.679 61.664 61.680

1 59.3 59.414 59.409 59.391

0.9 59.3 59.401 59.389 59.384
0.8 59.3 59.401 59.382 59.395
0.7 59.3 59.374 59.367 59.357
0.6 59.3 59.375 59.400 59.413

1 58.9 58.845 58.854 58.857

0.9 58.9 58.905 58.987 58.916
0.8 58.9 58.836 58.833 58.848
0.7 58.9 58.387 58.383 58.396
0.6 58.9 58.885 58.902 58.888

1 58.5 58.303 58.302 58.300

0.9 58.5 58.647 58.412 58.304
0.8 58.5 58.329 58.388 58.274
0.7 58.5 58.298 58.302 58.281
0.6 58.5 58.286 58.290 58.283

239
 Table C.50: Application test of relay 2 (Time delay: 3 Cycles)
Actual Pickup Actual Pickup Actual Pickup
Power Frequency
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Factor Setpoint (Hz)
Test no.1 Test no.2 Test no.3
1 60.5 60.374 60.352 60.367
0.9 60.5 60.357 60.375 60.366
0.8 60.5 60.367 60.358 60.379
0.7 60.5 60.370 60.360 60.359
0.6 60.5 60.339 60.360 60.325

1 61.0 60.981 61.001 60.994

0.9 61.0 61.006 60.998 60.990
0.8 61.0 60.991 60.988 60.985
0.7 61.0 60.998 60.979 61.006
0.6 61.0 60.979 60.974 60.984

1 61.7 61.717 61.712 61.712

0.9 61.7 61.713 61.719 61.719
0.8 61.7 61.696 61.712 61.713
0.7 61.7 61.706 61.707 61.711
0.6 61.7 61.683 61.664 61.633

1 59.3 59.428 59.387 59.420

0.9 59.3 59.401 59.405 59.399
0.8 59.3 59.428 59.290 59.083
0.7 59.3 59.426 59.429 59.413
0.6 59.3 59.175 59.368 59.422

1 58.9 58.851 58.862 58.851

0.9 58.9 58.842 58.866 58.847
0.8 58.9 58.897 58.916 59.107
0.7 58.9 59.313 59.290 59.285
0.6 58.9 58.390 58.381 59.322

1 58.5 58.672 58.675 58.666

0.9 58.5 58.682 58.682 58.672
0.8 58.5 58.666 58.372 58.323
0.7 58.5 58.675 58.621 58.668
0.6 58.5 58.336 58.330 58.315

240
 C.2 13-Bus Test System

VREF
VTR KR KA KE Efd
1 + sTR 1 + sTA 1 + sTE

sK F
1 + sTF

Figure C.1: Excitation system model for synchronous machine

Table C.51: Exciter data

KA TA KE TE KF TF KR TR
400 0.02 1 0.015 0.03 0.5 0.524 0.03

Table C.52: Generator data

Ra Xl Xd Xq Xd’ Xq’ Xd’’ Xq’’
0.001 0.15 1.7 1.64 0.2383 1.64 0.185 0.185
Td0’ Tq0’ Td0’’ Tq0’’ X0 J
6.1949 0 0.0287 0.075 1.4 0.181

Figure C.2: Branch data of 13-bus equivalent system

241