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Projectile Motion

Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object projected into the air, influenced by gravity and potentially air resistance. Key concepts include the independence of horizontal and vertical motion, the effects of initial velocity and launch angle on range and maximum height, and the parabolic trajectory followed by the projectile. Various formulas are provided to calculate parameters such as time of flight, maximum height, and horizontal range.

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12 views

Projectile Motion

Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object projected into the air, influenced by gravity and potentially air resistance. Key concepts include the independence of horizontal and vertical motion, the effects of initial velocity and launch angle on range and maximum height, and the parabolic trajectory followed by the projectile. Various formulas are provided to calculate parameters such as time of flight, maximum height, and horizontal range.

Uploaded by

divyanshc117
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Projectile Motion

Projectile motion is the motion of an object that is thrown or projected into the air and is subject
only to the force of gravity and air resistance (if present). Here are some key points about projectile
motion for a class 11 physics student:

1. Components of Velocity:

- Projectile motion can be analyzed as two independent components: horizontal (along the x-axis)
and vertical (along the y-axis).

2. Initial Velocity:

- An object is given an initial velocity in both the horizontal and vertical directions.

3. Independence of Motion:

- The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. This means the motion in one
direction does not affect the motion in the other direction.

4. Acceleration Due to Gravity:

- The only force acting on the projectile in the vertical direction is gravity (g), which causes a
constant acceleration downwards.

5. Vertical Motion:

- In the vertical direction, the object follows simple uniformly accelerated motion (SUVAT
equations), where the initial vertical velocity is zero, and the acceleration is -g (negative due to
downward motion).

6. Horizontal Motion:

- In the horizontal direction, there is no acceleration (assuming no air resistance), so the horizontal
velocity remains constant.

7. Range:

- The range is the horizontal distance traveled by the projectile before hitting the ground. It
depends on the initial velocity and launch angle.
8. Time of Flight:

- The time of flight is the total time the projectile is in the air. It depends on the initial velocity and
the launch angle.

9. Maximum Height:

- The maximum height reached by the projectile depends on the initial velocity and launch angle.

10. Projectile Trajectory:

- The path followed by the projectile is a parabolic trajectory.

11. Projectiles Launched at Different Angles:

- The range is maximum when the projectile is launched at an angle of 45 degrees.

12. Symmetry:

- The time taken to reach the highest point and the time taken to return to the same vertical
position are equal for a symmetric projectile motion.

13. Real-World Applications:

- Projectile motion is commonly observed in activities such as throwing a ball, firing a projectile, or
launching rockets.

14. Air Resistance:

- In the presence of air resistance, the motion becomes more complex as it introduces a horizontal
deceleration force, affecting the range and trajectory.

# Formulas
Projectile motion is a type of motion in which an object is thrown into the air and moves along a
curved path under the influence of gravity. It can be described using certain key formulas and
concepts. Here are the short notes and relevant formulas for projectile motion:

**Key Concepts:**
1. **Projectile**: An object that is launched into the air with an initial velocity and moves under the
influence of gravity.

2. **Horizontal Motion**: The horizontal component of motion is uniform and not affected by
gravity.

3. **Vertical Motion**: The vertical component of motion is uniformly accelerated due to gravity.

**Formulas:**

1. **Initial Velocity Components**:

- Horizontal Component (V₀x): V₀x = V₀ * cos(θ)

- Vertical Component (V₀y): V₀y = V₀ * sin(θ)

2. **Time of Flight (T)**: The total time the projectile is in the air.

- T = (2 * V₀ * sin(θ)) / g

3. **Maximum Height (H)**: The maximum vertical distance the projectile reaches.

- H = (V₀² * sin²(θ)) / (2 * g)

4. **Horizontal Range (R)**: The horizontal distance traveled by the projectile.

- R = (V₀² * sin(2θ)) / g

5. **Final Vertical Velocity (Vfy)**: The vertical velocity at any given time 't'.

- Vfy = V₀y - (g * t)

6. **Vertical Displacement (Δy)**: The vertical distance at any given time 't'.

- Δy = V₀y * t - (0.5 * g * t²)

7. **Horizontal Displacement (Δx)**: The horizontal distance at any given time 't'.

- Δx = V₀x * t
8. **Angle of Projection (θ)**: The angle at which the projectile is launched.

- θ = arctan((V₀y) / (V₀x))

9. **Range at Maximum Height (Rmax)**: The horizontal range when the angle of projection is 45
degrees.

- Rmax = (V₀²) / g

Remember that 'V₀' represents the initial velocity, 'θ' is the launch angle, 'g' is the acceleration due
to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s² on Earth), and 't' is the time elapsed.

These formulas can be used to analyze the motion of projectiles, including calculating various
parameters such as range, maximum height, and time of flight for objects in projectile motion.

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