∞

Gamma function: Improper integral ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 > 0 is called second Eulerian or

∞
gamma function. It is denoted by 𝛤(𝑛) , i.e., 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 > 0

1
Beta function: Proper integral ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0 is called first Eulerian or
1
beta function. It is denoted by𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛), i.e., 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0
1
Question: Prove that Γ (2) = √𝜋

Proof: From the definition of Beta function we know that,

1
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥; 𝑚 > 0, 𝑛 > 0
0

1
Putting 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 2 in this formula we get
1 1
1 1 1
𝛽 (2 , 2) = ∫0 𝑥 2−1 (1 − 𝑥)2−1 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 1
Γ( )Γ( ) 1 𝜞(𝒎)𝜞(𝒏)
Or, 2
1 1
2
= ∫0 𝑥 −2 (1 − 𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 since 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) =
Γ( + ) 𝜞(𝒎+𝒏)
2 2

1
{Γ( )}2 1 𝑑𝑥
2
Or, = ∫0 1 1
Γ(1)
𝑥 2 (1−𝑥)2

Let, 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Limit: if 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0

𝜋
if 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 2

𝜋
1 2 sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃 𝜋/2
So,{Γ(2)}2 = ∫02 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

𝜋
1 2 2 𝜋
Or, {Γ(2)} = 2[𝜃]0 = 2 ( 2 − 0) = 𝜋

1
∴ Γ (2) = √𝜋 [Proved]

∞ 2 √𝜋
Question: Proved that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Proof: From the definition of Gamma function we know,

∞
Γ(n) = ∫0 𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 We put t = 𝑥 2 then 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Limit: If 𝑡 = 0 then 𝑥 = 0 and if 𝑡 = ∞ then 𝑥 = ∞

∞ 2
∴ Γ(n) = ∫0 (𝑥 2 )𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 2
or, Γ(n)=2 ∫0 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
Again putting, n=2 we get,

1 ∞ 2
Γ (2)= 2∫0 𝑥 0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∞ 2
or, √𝜋 = 2∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∞ 2 √𝜋
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [Proved]
2

Important Information:

(1) Γ(1) = 1
(2) Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)
(3) Γ(n + 1) = n! ; n positive integer
n 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 𝑛−6 5 3 1 1
(4) Γ (2) = ∙ ∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ Γ (2); n odd
2 2 2

Evaluate

𝜋/2
(a). ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2
(b). ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
(c). ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
1
(d). ∫0 𝑥 6 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution-(a):
𝜋/2
We put, I = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑚+1 𝑛+1
Γ( )Γ( )
We know that ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑚+𝑛+2
2
2Γ( )
2

Here m=6, n=0

 6+1 0+1 7 1
Γ( )Γ( ) Γ( )Γ( )
2 2 2 2
∴𝐼 = 6+2 =
2Γ( ) 2Γ(4)
2

531 1 1
. . Γ( ).Γ( ) 5√𝜋 √𝜋
or, 𝐼 = 2 2 22.3.2.1
2 2
= 32

𝜋/2 5𝜋
i.e. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = .
32

Solution-(b):
𝜋/2
We Put, I = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝑚+1 𝑛+1
Γ( )Γ( )
𝑚 𝑛 2 2
We know that ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑚+𝑛+2
2Γ( )
2

Here m=5, n=4

5+1 4+1 5
Γ( )Γ( ) Γ(3)Γ( )
2 2 2
𝐼 = 5+4+2 = 11
2Γ( ) 2Γ( )
2 2

5
2.1.Γ( ) 8
2
or, I = 975 5 = 315
2. . . Γ( )
222 2

𝜋/2 8
i.e. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 315

𝜋/2
Solution-(c): We Put, 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝑚+1 𝑛+1
Γ( )Γ( )
𝑚 𝑛 2 2
We know that ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑚+𝑛+2
2Γ( )
2

Here m=6, n=5

6+1 5+1 7
Γ( )Γ( ) Γ( )Γ(3)
2 2 2
𝐼 = 6+5+2 = 13
2Γ( ) 2Γ( )
2 2

7
Γ( ).2.1 8
2
or, I = 11 9 7 7 = 693
2. . . Γ( )
2 22 2

𝜋/2 8
i.e. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 693

1
Solution-(d): We Put, 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 6 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
 𝜋
2 Let 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃
6
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0 Limit: if 𝑥 = 0 then 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0
𝜋
𝜋
= ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 And if 𝑥 = 1 then 1= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 2

6+1 2+1 7 3
Γ( )Γ( ) Γ( )Γ( )
2 2 2 2
= 6+2+2 =
2Γ( ) 2Γ(5)
2

531 1 1 1
. . .Γ( ). .Γ( ) 5𝜋
= 2 2 22.4.3.2.1
2 2 2
= 256

Determination of area:
Question-1: Find the area of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9
Solution: The equation of a circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 92 which can be written as
𝑦 2 = 92 − 𝑥 2 ∴ 𝑦 = √92 − 𝑥 2
The region is divided into four parts by x-axis and y-axis. If we find the area of the first quadrant
and then multiply by 4 we get the total area of the circle. For the first quadrant the limit of 𝑥
varies from 0 to 3. The area of the shaded region is 𝑦𝑑𝑥.
The total area of the circle
3
𝐴 = 4 ∫0 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥√32 − 𝑥 2 32 𝑥
= 4[ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) ] (3,0)
2 2 3 0
32
= 4 [0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(1) − (0 − 0)]
2
32 𝜋
=4× × 2 = 9𝜋 sq. unit
2

Question-2: Create a problem that involves finding the area of a region bounded by two curves
and solve it using definite integrals.
Problem: Find the area bounded by the curves y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay.
Solution: Given equations are,

y2 = 4ax …... (1)

x2 = 4ay …... (2)

Here the curve (1) is symmetrical about the x-axis and the curve (2) is symmetrical about the y-
axis.

For the points of intersection, from (2) putting the value of y in (1) we get,
2
𝑥2
(4𝑎) = 4𝑎𝑥

𝑥4
⇒ 16𝑎2 = 4𝑎𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 4 = 64𝑎3 𝑥

⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 64𝑎3 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 4𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎2 ) = 0

⇒ x = 0, 4a.

If x = 0 then y = 0 and if 𝑥 = 4𝑎 then 𝑦 = 4𝑎

Hence the two curves intersect at the points 𝑂(0, 0) and 𝐴(4𝑎, 4𝑎).
𝑥2
Let 𝑦1 = √4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑦2 =
4𝑎

3 4𝑎
4𝑎 4𝑎 𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝑥3
∴Area=∫0 ( 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ( √4𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑎)𝑑𝑥=[2√𝑎 3 − 4𝑎 ∙ ]
3
2 0

2 3 1 16𝑎2
= {2√𝑎 ∙ ∙ (4𝑎)2 − (4𝑎)3 } − (0 − 0) = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3 12𝑎 3

Exercise:
(1) Find the area of the circles given below.
(𝑖) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
(2) Find the area bounded by the curves y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y.
(3) Find the area bounded by the curves y2 = x and x2 = y.
 Area bounded by the polar curves:

If 𝑓(𝜃) is a single valued continuous function of 𝜃 in the interval [𝛼, 𝛽] and the area bounded by
1 𝛽
the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 is denoted by A then A = 2 ∫𝛼 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
.

Example-1: Find the area of a cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

Solution: Given that 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

Since putting −𝜃 for 𝜃 in (1) , the equation remains unchanged, so the curve is symmetrical
about the initial line.

If 𝑟 = 0 then 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0

⇒ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0

⇒ cos 𝜃 = −1 = cos(±𝜋)

⇒ 𝜃 = ±𝜋 .

Since the cardioid lies between 𝜃 = − 𝜋 and 𝜃 = 𝜋 . So, the limits of 𝜃 are from 0 to π for
the upper half of cardioid.
𝜋1 2 𝜋
If A is the area of cardioid then A = 2 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2

𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
= 𝑎2 ∫0 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2)2 𝑑𝜃 = 4𝑎2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2 𝑑𝜃

𝜃 1
We put 2 = 𝑡 then 2 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
Limits: If 𝜃 = 0 then t = 0 and If 𝜃 = 𝜋 then t = 2
𝜋
3 1 𝜋
∴ 𝐴 = 4𝑎2 . 2 ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 8𝑎2 . . [ using walle’s theorem]
4 2 2
 3
= 𝜋𝑎2 sq. unit
2

Question: Find the area of the cardioid 𝑟 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.

Solution: The given equation is 𝑟 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
The region is divided into two parts. So, the region is symmetric about y-axis.
𝜋 5𝜋
Putting 𝑟 = 0in (1) we get 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 ∴ 𝜃 = 2, 2
𝜋 5𝜋
Therefore, the cardioid situated between the line 𝜃 = and 𝜃 = . So, the left half of the
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
cardioid situated between the line 𝜃 = and 𝜃 =
2 2
The total area of the cardioid is
3𝜋
1
𝐴 = 2 ∫𝜋2 2 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 Y
2
𝜋
3𝜋 𝜃=
2 2
= ∫ (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2 X
3𝜋
2
= ∫ (1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2
3𝜋
2 1
=∫ (1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 2
2
3𝜋
2 1
=∫ {1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)} 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 2
2
3𝜋 3𝜋
2 3 1 𝜃=
2
=∫ ( − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 2 2
2
3𝜋
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 2
= [ 𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − ]𝜋
2 4
2
3 3𝜋 3 𝜋
=[ × + 0 − 0 − × − 0 − 0]
2 2 2 2
3𝜋
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2

Exercise:
(1) Find the area of a cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
(2) Find the area of the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃).
(3) Find the area of a cardioid 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃