EEL079P5E/ EE-5-57(TO)

Wireless Communications

Dr. Sudhakar Modem, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electrical Engg., IIT Jammu

1
Lecture Outline :
SI. Sessio
Topic
no. n
INTRODUCTION: Evolution of Various Generations of Wireless Communication Systems and
1. Standards, Review of Fundamentals of Digital Communication systems, Error Performance of 1-8
Communication Systems over AWGN Channel, Simulation model using Python/MATLAB
PRINCIPLES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS: Basics of Wireless Channel Modelling,
Delay Spread, Coherence Bandwidth, Coherence Time, Inter-symbol Interference and Doppler in
2. 9-16
Wireless Communication System, Classification of Fading Channels: Slow and Fast Fading, Flat and
Frequency Selective Fading, Rayleigh Fading Model, Simulation models using Python/MATLAB
SISO WIRELESS SYSTEMS OVER FADING CHANNELS: BER Performance of Wireless
Communication System over Fading Channels, Characterization of SNR in Wireless Communication
3. Systems, Concept of Diversity and its Classification, ML Detection and Channel Estimation in 17-24
Wireless Communications, Outage Probability and Ergodic Capacity Analysis for SISO Wireless
Channel, Asymptotic Analysis, Simulation models using Python/MATLAB
MULTIPLE ANTENNA BASED WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS: Introduction to SIMO,
MISO, and MIMO Communication Systems, MIMO Receivers: Zero Forcing (ZF), Minimum Mean
Square Error (MMSE), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for Optimal MIMO Transmission,
4. 25-32
Diversity Combining Techniques: Selection Combining (SC), Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC),
and Equal Gain Combining (EGC), Error and Outage Analysis of MIMO System over Fading
channel, Capacity of MIMO Channel, Simulation models using Python/MATLAB
SPACE TIME BLOCK CODES & OFDM: Introduction to Space-Time Block Code (STBC),
5. Orthogonal STBC: Alamouti STBC, Decoupled Detection of OSTBC, OFDM: Introduction to 33-40
Multicarrier Modulation, Simulation models using Python/MATLAB
Introduction to SDR & 5G testbed: Basics of SDR & 5G testbed, Basic transmission and
6. 41-42
reception using SDR & 5G testbed
I. INTRODUCTION
• Radio Communication was invented by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo
Marconi: Nikola Tesla made first public demonstration of Wireless
Telephony in 1893, and Marconi conducted first long distance
telegraphy 1897
• US Military used first walkie-talkie in 1940
• In 1979, the first commercial cellular phone service was launched by
the Nordic mobile Telephone (in Finland, Sweden, Norway,
Denmark)

*slideshare
I. INTRODUCTION
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves
are electromagnetic waves that antenna propagate
• Most of the signals are in 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900
MHz frequency bands

*slideshare, STL tech

I. INTRODUCTION
Frequency-reuse

• Mobile phone or cellular technology is widely used and is based upon

the concept of frequency re-use by the application on a series of
coverage cells.
• It has been in widespread use since the early 1980s.
• A cell is a basic geographical unit of cellular network with specific
frequency range. A cluster, is group of adjacent cells (usually 7), no
frequency re-use within cell

*https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles, Slideshare
I. INTRODUCTION
Multiple-Access Problem

• Base station need to serve multiple users in a cell.

• We use multiple access techniques to avoid interference among
senders and receivers.
• The major orthogonal Schemes:
○ Time Division Multiple Access
○ Frequency Division Multiple Access
○ Code Division Multiple Access

*https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles, Slideshare
I. INTRODUCTION
Multiple-Access Problem

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

*https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles, Slideshare
 II. Mobile Technology
Key cellular communications concepts
• A cellular communications system has a number of different areas, each of
which performs a different function. The main areas detailed below
▪ Mobile handset or user equipment: It connects to the network and enables the
user to access voice and data services. The user equipment could also be a
dongle used for accessing data on a laptop, etc. Ex: used for smart meter to
automatically send meter readings
▪ Radio access network: It implements a radio access technology. It provides
the link to the user equipment from the cellular network. RAN functionality is
typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as well as
the user equipment
▪ Core network: The core network is the hub of the cellular communications
system. It manages the overall system as well as storing user data, manages
access control, links to the external world and provides a host of other functions.

*Wikipedia
II. Mobile Technology

GENERATION APPROX LAUNCH YEAR FOCUS

1G 1979 Mobile voice

2G 1991 Mobile voice

3G 2001 Mobile Broadband

4G 2009 Mobile Broadband

5G 2020 Ubiquitous connectivity

II. Mobile Technology

*Slideshare
II. Mobile Technology

*Slideshare
II. Mobile Technology

• The cellular communications systems grew rapidly and as an example

it was estimated that within the United Kingdom more calls were
made using mobile phones than wired devices in 2011.

• In 2015 more than 7 billion mobile subscriptions (for all

technologies) were active. This is a major feat when it is realized that
the global population was just over 7 billion (more than one
subscription).

*https://www.electronics-notes.com/articl
es
Grading Policy
SI.
Evaluation Percentage
no.
1. Quizzes and Exams 20+50
Programming Assignments:
2. 20
Best four Modules out of five
3. 6G related seminars/projects 10

Total 100
Text Book:
•Aditya K. Jagannatham, "PRINCIPLES OF MODERN WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS", McGraw-Hill Education
Reference:
● David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, “Fundamentals of Wireless
Communications”, Cambridge University Press.
● Andrea Goldsmith, “Wireless Communications”, Cambridge
University Press.
● Theodore Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practice”, Prentice Hall.
● William Stallings, “Wireless Communications & Networks”, Pearson
Education.
II. Mobile Technology

GENERATION APPROX LAUNCH YEAR FOCUS

1G 1979 Mobile voice

2G 1991 Mobile voice

3G 2001 Mobile Broadband

4G 2009 Mobile Broadband

5G 2020 Ubiquitous connectivity

II-A. Mobile Technology
1G
● Licensed Spectrum
● Frequency Reuse
● Coordinated network for Seamless access and
seamless mobility

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
1G
Limitations:
● Limited Capacity: Inefficient use of limited spectrum

● Limited Scalability: Devices are heavy, power

inefficient and high cost

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
2G
● Providing mobile services to the masses - more
people, in more places

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
2G
● Concurrently developed in USA and Europe in the 1980’s
● The Europe system is called GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications) and deployed in early 1990’s
● Services:
○ Voice, 3.1 kHz
○ SMS (Short Message Service)
■ 1985 GSM standard allows message of at most 160
Chars. Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi billion $
industry
○ GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
■ GSM upgrade provide data transmission upto 114
kbps. Used to send text, audio, video message, etc.
■ GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony - 2G service
similar to 3G
*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
2G
● Physical channel: Each time slot on a carrier is referred to as
a physical channel
● Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted
between mobile station (MS) and base transceiver system
(BTS). Logical channels are traffic channel and control
channel.

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
2G
● Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available
on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz ranges.
● Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies

● Architecture

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
2G
● Mobile 2G technologies enabled more users.

● GSM Devices

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
3G
● CDMA enables users to share same frequency and
communicate at the same time

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
3G
● CDMA provided unprecedented voice capacity

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
3G

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
3G
● 3G evolved mobile for data

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
3G
● 3G device

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
4G (LTE)
● Faster and better mobile broadband experience

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
4G (LTE)
● LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
● Next generation mobile broadband technology
● Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
● More data capacity

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
4G (LTE)
● 4G LTE is first global standard for mobile broadband

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
4G (LTE)
● 4G Device

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
4G (LTE)

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
4G (LTE)

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
5G
● 5G is packet switched wireless system with wide
coverage and high throughput
● 5G uses OFDM and millimeter wireless that enable
data rate of 20 Mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz
● 5G is going to be a packet based network
● Frequency bands are really high
○ 28GHz, 37GHz, 39GHz, 42GHz, 60GHz
○ Typically called millimeter wave (1-10 millimeter)
● Limitation is short range due to higher frequency

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
5G

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
5G

*Slideshare
II-A. Mobile Technology
1G-5G

*Youtube
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
● Noise is undesirable signal which affects the
original signal
● Noise causes – Atmospheric electromagnetic
noise, communication
equipment, Thermal noise, etc.
● Other limitation of channel – Delay
Distortion, Attenuation (due to distance)

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
● Types of noise
○ Natural noise
○ Thermal noise
○ Shot noise
○ Low Frequency or Flicker Noise
○ Excess Resistor Noise
○ Burst or Popcorn Noise

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
Natural noise:
● Naturally occurring due to external noise sources include
○ Electric storms
○ Lighting
○ Ionospheric effects, etc.
● Also called Sky noise or Cosmic noise. It includes noise
from galaxy, solar noise, ‘hot spot’ due to oxygen and
water vapour resonance in the earth’s atmosphere

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
Thermal noise:
● This type of noise is generated by all resistances (e.g. a
resistor, semiconductor, the resistance of a resonant
circuit, i.e. the real part of the impedance, cable etc.)

● The law relating noise power, N, to the temperature and

bandwidth is
N=kTB watts,
‘k’ is boltzmann’s constant and ‘B’ is bandwidth

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
Thermal noise:
● Thermal noise is often referred to as ‘white noise’ because
it has uniform ‘spectral density’.

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
Shot noise:
● Shot noise was originally used to describe noise due to
random fluctuations in electron emission from cathodes in
vacuum tube.
● Shot noise is found to have uniform spectral density as for
thermal noise
Low Frequency or Flicker noise:
● Active devices, ICs, diodes, transistors etc also exhibits a
low frequency noise, which is frequency dependent

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
Excess Resistor noise:
● Thermal noise in resistors does not vary with frequency,
as noted previously
● However, additional frequency dependent noise referred
to as excess noise generated with many resistors involved
Burst noise or Popcorn noise:
● Some semiconductors also produce burst or popcorn noise
with a spectral density which is proportional to (1/f)2

*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
Central Limit theorem:
In probability theory, the central limit theorem
(CLT) states that, under appropriate conditions, the
distribution of a normalized version of the sample
mean converges to a standard normal distribution.
This holds even if the original variables themselves
are not normally distributed.

*Wikipedia
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
● Additive White
Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) Channel:

● Wireless Channel:

*Google
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
● Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) Channel:
○ Additive: Noise is usually
additive in that it adds to the
information bearing signal.
○ White: Power Spectral Density
is uniform
○ Gaussian: Generally consider
that noise voltage have a
Gaussian or Normal
distribution.
*Slideshare
III. Basics of Digital (Data)
Communication Systems
● Gaussian/Normal Random Variable
○ Probability density function (PDF) is given by

*Slideshare
IV. Basics of Random Variable
● Signal: Any signal conveys information about state of
physical system
○ Deterministic
○ Random
● Deterministic: It can be modelled as function of time
Ex: x(t)=sin(ωt)
● Random: It can be modelled as random/stochastic
process
○ Characterized by statistical properties
○ Probability density function (PDF)
○ Moment generating function (MGF)
○ Mean, correlation function, etc.
IV. Basics of Random Variable
● Random Variable: It is variable that assumes
numerical values associated with the random outcome
of an experiment
○ Discrete Type
■ Number of calls
■ People in line
■ Steps to Eiffel tower
○ Continuous Type
■ Length
■ Volume
■ Time
■ Weight
IV. Basics of Random Variable
A. Discrete Random Variable

● Probability distribution of discrete random variable

specifies the probability associated with each
possible outcome
○ P(xi)≥0
○ ∑P(xi)=1
● Mean of discrete random variable
µ=E(X)= ∑xiP(xi)

● Variance of discrete random variable

σ2=E( (X-µ) 2 )= ∑ (xi-µ) 2 P(xi)
IV. Basics of Random Variable
A. Discrete Random Variable

• Binomial Distribution
• Fixed no. of trails –n
• Trails are independent
• Probability of success –p

• Mean µ=np , Variance σ2=npq

Ex: If a die is tossed 4 times, probability of getting ‘5’ in

three times?
IV. Basics of Random Variable
A. Discrete Random Variable

• Exponential Random Variable

• Count of events occurs in a given interval of time(or space)
• Events must be independent

λ- mean of success , n- is number of success

Ex: Number of phone calls in exchange, number of births in a

area

• Geometric RV, Negative Binomial RV, etc.

IV. Basics of Random Variable
A. Continuous Random Variable

• Gaussian/Normal Random Variable

• Probability density function (PDF) is given by
IV. Basics of Random Variable
A. Continuous Random Variable

• Rayleigh : -

• Chi-Square: -

• Exponential: - ,

• Gamma -
IV. Basics of Random Variable
Suggested texts and reference materials

● A. Papoulis and S. U. Pillai, "Probability,

Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes,"
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
● John G Proakis and Salehi, Digital Communication,
Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007.