Application of Derivatives © Topic 1 Rate of Change of Quantities You have already studied derivatives of different types of functions in last chapter. Derivative is used in various disciplines. e.g., in engineering, science, social science, etc. Here, we wil provide simple application of it in rate of change, approximations, tangents and normals and to find the maximum and minimum value of the function. The derivative dx So, the rate of change of any physical quantities at any time is obtained by differentiating & physical quantity with respect to time. e.g., Let s be the distance measured from a fixed point after time f, then as represents the rated change of distance @) with respect to time (() dt ds represents the rate of change of variable y with respect to a definite valuet ie, =Speed dt If two variables are varying with respect to another variable t, i.e., y=f ©, and x =g (). Then, the rate of change of y with respect tox is dy dy _dt idea 2° a ag dx: ly _dy dt svati iz Provided “#0. or de a ge Wy chain rule of derivati!175 plication of Derivatives ” ‘Thus the rate of change of y with respect tox can be calculated using the rate of change of yand hat of x both with respect to f. Note « [2] {orf (xo)] represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = Xo wot i * is positive, ify increases as x increases and is negative, ify decreases as x increases. + Forrate of change of shadow, use the concept of similar triangles to establish the relationship between the variables. We is negative, then x is decreasing w.r.t. time(t) ait Sis, positive, then x is increasing wart time (t) Marginal Cost Marginal cost represents the instantaneous rate of change of the total cost at any level of output. IFC) represents the cost function for x units produced, then marginal cost, denoted by MC, is given by MC -tcw). Marginal Revenue Marginal revenue represents the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of iems sold at an instant. IfR() represents the revenue function forx units sold, then marginal revenue, denoted by MR, is given by mr= RO} Note Total cost = Fixed cost + Variable cost ie, C (x) = f(x) +(x), Sometimes, it is difficult to find the exact value of the function at a particular point. In such situation, we use the derivative to approximate the value of function, Approximation Let y = f (x) be a function of x and let Ax be a small change in x and Ay be the corresponding change'n y. ays, Then, el ete where, *e> 0 as Ax 0 t Ay = PERE te ie ay = iz O* (approximately) Also, fe + Ax) =f) + Ay S.. - fes na) Fes176 SRIMASTER for AHSEC Mathematics (ci,,, ' We define the following . () The differential of x, denoted by dz, is defined by dx = Ax. (% (ii) The differential of y, denoted by dy, is defined by dy = f' @)ax or dy (2). In case dx = Ax is relatively small when compared with x,dy is a good approximation of ty a, we denote it by dy ~ Ay. dent var Note This formula is very useful in the calculation of small changes (or errors) fa ened Went ete Corresponding to small changes (orerors) inthe independent variable and is of ge" mportanceinte theory of errors in Engineering, Physics, Statistios and several other branches of the Science The differential of the dependent variable is not equal to the increment of the variable whereas the differential of independent variable is equal to the increment of the variable. Algorithm to Find Out the Approximation Step I Choose the initial value of the independent variable asx and the changed valueasr+ Step II Find Ax and assume that dx =Ax. Step IM Find & from the given relation y = f (x). Step TV Find the value of ¥ at (,y). ix Step V Find dy by using the relation dy ~H an. Step VI Put Ai ly to obtain an approximate change in y. Some Important Terms = ‘Absolute Error The error Axin xis called the absolute error in x. i" A Ax + Relative Error tf axis anerrorinx then is caled the relative erorin x . ; ax 5 tage Error If Axis anerrorinx then “* 199i Percentagi xx *100is called percentage error in x. Derivatives are also applied to conclude the behaviour of the or decreasing on increasing the value of x which is discuseers on CtOnS Whether it is Increasing Function ie ‘Afunction f icalled an increasing function nits domain Dif x, cy = FG) SF 2), ae where x1)%2 €D. fFApplication of Derivatives 177 Strictly Increasing Function A function f is called a strictly increasing function in its domain D, if x1 L@1)2F (2). wherex,,x2 €D. Strictly Decreasing Function y A function f is called a strictly decreasing function in its domain D, if xy &2), where x, ,x2 €D. : x x Increasing and Decreasing Function at a Point ly Let x» be a point in the domain of definition of a real valued function f. Then, f is said to be increasing or strictly increasing, decreasing or strictly decreasing at x9, if there exists an open interval 1 containing x9, such that f is increasing or strictly increasing, decreasing or strictly decreasing, respectively in I. Increasing and Decreasing in Close Interval Let f be continuous on [a, 6] and differentiable on the open interval (a B). Then, ( Ff is increasing in [a, b], if f’ &) > 0 for each x €(@,b). (i) f is decreasing in [a,b], if f°) <0 for each x € @,2). (ii) f is a constant function in [a,b], if f" @)=0 for each x (4,0). In the adjoining figure, if (®) is increasing from x, to x and f() is decreasing from x2 tox3- Note . fis'strictly increasing in(a,b), if f'(x) > 0 foreach x (a, b). « fis strictly decreasing in(a,b), if f(x) <0 for each x €(a,b). = A function will be increasing (decreasing) in R, if it ‘is so in every interval of R. « Iffora given interval Ic: , function f increases for some values in land decreases for the other values in |: then we say function is neither increasing nor decreasing. y PF) >0 1) <0178 | (XEGIMASTER for AHSEC Mathematics (Class x1) Some Useful Results Area of a square = x? and perimeter = 4x, where x is the side of the square. \ Area of a rectangle = xy and perimeter = 2(x +y), where x and yare length and breadth of rectangle. Area of a trapezium = dium of parallel sides) x Perpendicular distance between them Area of a circle = nr? and circumference of a circle = 2nr, where ris the radius of circle. Volume of sphere = gar and surface area = 4nr2, where ris the radius of sphere. Total surface area of a right circular cylind curved surface area of right circular cylind: and volume = nrh, where ris the radius and his the height of the ylinder. 2Qnrh + 2nr?, th Volume of a right circular cone = dah, curved surface area = nr! and; total surface area= nr? + nl, where ris the radius, his the height and /is the slant height of the cone, Volume of a parallelopiped = xyz and surface area = 2(xy + yz + 2x), where xyand z are the dimensions of parallelopiped. Volume of a cube = x° and surface area = 6x2) where x is the side of the cube, 8, Area of an equilateral triangle = ~°(side)?