A project report

on
ARDUINO BASED RFID ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

Submitted by

Shaik Shoyab Aslam 180060020

D.Tirumala Tarun 180060022

Lavanya Ainala 180060024

Sec - 1, Batch -6A

I/IV BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

(SEMESTER-II)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. K. UDAY KIRAN SIR
Assistant Professor

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation

VADDESWARAM-522 502
April 2019

i
 KL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Analog Electronics Circuits and Design (18EC2103)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Shaik Shoyab Aslam -180060020,

Mr.D.Tirumala Tarun 180060022, Ms. lavanya Ainala-180060024 of
section 1 studying II/IV B.Tech in EEE has satisfactorily completed project
AURDINO BASED RFID ATTENDANCE SYSTEM in the semester III
during the academic year 2019-2020

Signature of Course Instructor Signature of Course Coordinator

KASI UDAY KIRAN KASI UDAY KIRAN

Signature of HOD
S.V.N .LALITHA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to our honourable President Sri.
Koneru Satyanarayana, for providing the opportunity and platform with facilities in
accomplishing the project-based laboratory. We express the sincere gratitude to our principal
Dr. K. Subbarao for his administration towards our academic growth.

We express sincere gratitude to our Head of the department EEE Dr. S. V.N. LALITHA
for her leadership and constant motivation provided in successful completion of our academic
semester. We record it as our privilege to deeply thank for providing us the efficient faculty
and facilities to make our ideas into reality.

We express my sincere thanks to our project supervisor Mr. KASI UDAYKIRAN for
his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation and intellectual zeal which
motivated us to venture this project successfully.

We are pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to our lab technicians who devoted
themselves directly or indirectly to make this project success.

Last but not the least we express our deep gratitude and affection to our parents who
stood behind us in all our endeavours.

Shaik Shoyab Aslam-180060020

D.Tirumala Tarun-180060022
Lavanya Ainala-180060024

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. Abstract v

2. Introduction vi-xvii

3. Circuit diagram xviii

4. List of functions xix

5. Body of project xix-xxiv

6. Results xxiv-xxvii

7. Future scope xxviii-xxxviii

8. Screenshot xxxix
9 conclusion xxxix

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 Abstract

This project uses RFID technology to make a note of every student entering into the classroom
and also to calculate the time resides in the class. In this proposed system, every student is
allotted with an RFID tag. The process of attendance can be done by placing the card near the
RFID reader and not only this, but we have introduced some more functions in this project.

The term RFID (radio frequency identification) is one type of electronic device includes
a small antenna and a chip. RFID (radio frequency identification) is designed to serve as the
Purpose of barcode scanner . It creates a unique identifier for that object and just as a bar code
or magnetic strip it must be scanned to get the information RFID must be scanned to retrieve
the information.

This device is used to transmit the information like persons, books or any stuff between
reader and RFID tag using radio frequency electromagnetic fields. In this project, we have
used RFID reader, RFID tags, Arduino UNO board. This project will help any institute to
manage their data.

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 Introduction

RFID is one of these technologies that change how we interact with other electronic devices
and things in our environment. It is used in every application where some unique identifier is
required, from retail to security and is also leading the path along several futuristic innovations
with RFID based human implants among others. This wide range of applications makes RFID
desirable and useful for several Arduino projects. For today’s tutorial, we will look on how to
use RFID in Arduino based projects.

What’s Driving RFID?

The introduction of radio frequency devices to tag and identify items is growing because it
provides a low cost, effective way to connect IT systems with the assets, materials, staff and
locations of businesses.

In recent years, greater standardisation and reduced costs have made RFID an attractive
proposition for many businesses, making more applications technically feasible and economic.

RFID and NFC offer ways to electronically identify people, places and things.
Computer systems can know about things in the real world, collecting information about where
they are, how they are used and whether they need attention. These technologies reduce the
costs of data collection and improve its accuracy. They can help to automate processes that
today depend on pencil and paper or manual data entry.

Sometimes RFID can seem complicated with a wide range of choices devices with
many different capabilities. Core RFID are experts in selecting and supplying RFID systems
and can build the applications that make use of the technology. We can help any business that
is planning the introduction of RFID.

NFC and RFID are just the latest technology in the field of asset management. Barcodes
perform some of the functions made possible by RFID. So how different is RFID to

Barcodes in terms of function? Watch the animated video above to understand

more about the differences between the two technologies.

ARDUINO

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It is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a
physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece
of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used
to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics,
and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not
need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the
board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified
version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form
factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers,
newbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can
interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, and even your
smartphone or your TV! This flexibility combined with the fact that the Arduino software is
free, the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the software and hardware are easy to learn
has led to a large community of users who have contributed code and released instructions for
a huge variety of Arduino-based projects.

For everything from robots and a heating pad hand warming blanket to honest fortune-telling
machines, and even a Dungeons and Dragons dice-throwing gauntlet, the Arduino can be used
as the brains behind almost any electronics project.

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can
be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this)
that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labelled (1) and
the barrel jack is labelled (2).

The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on how to
program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino tutorial.

NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and thereby
destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and
12 Volts.

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Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit
(probably in conjunction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic
‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several
different kinds of pins, each of which is labelled on the board and used for different functions.

● GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.
● 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the
3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the
Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
● Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO)
are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like
a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
● Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO).
These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and
digital output (like powering an LED).
● PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6,
9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins but can also be used
for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM,
but for now, think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an
LED in and out).
● AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone.
It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.

Reset Button

Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will temporarily
connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be

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very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times. Unlike the
original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn't usually fix any problems.

Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next
to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power
source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-
check your circuit!

TX RX LEDs

TX is short for transmit; RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in
electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are two
places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear -- once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a
second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice
visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re
loading a new program onto the board).

Main IC

The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as the
brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type

to board type but is usually from the AT mega line of IC’s from the ATMEL
company. This can be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along
with your board type) before loading up a new program from the Arduino
software. This information can usually be found in writing on the top side of the
IC. If you want to know more about the difference between various IC's, reading
the datasheets is often a good idea.

Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on the
Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage

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regulator does exactly what it says -- it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the
Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might
harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater
than 20 volts.

The Arduino Family

Arduino makes several different boards, each with different capabilities. In addition, part of
being open source hardware means that others can modify and produce derivatives of Arduino
boards that provide even more form factors and functionality. If you’re not sure which one is
right for your project.

Arduino Uno (R3)

The Uno is a great choice for your first Arduino. It's got everything you need to get started, and
nothing you don't. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),
6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset button and more. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

This is Lilypad Arduino main board! Lilypad is a wearable e-textile technology developed
by Leah Buechley and cooperatively designed by Leah and Spark Fun. Each Lilypad was
creatively designed with large connecting pads and a flat back to allow them to be sewn into
clothing with conductive thread. The Lilypad also has its own family of input, output, power,
and sensor boards that are also built specifically for e-textiles. They're even washable!

Red Board

At Spark Fun we use many Arduinos and we're always looking for the simplest, most stable
one. Each board is a bit different and no one board has everything we want -- so we decided to
make our own version that combines all our favourite features.

The Red Board can be programmed over a USB Mini-B cable using the Arduino IDE. It'll work
on Windows 8 without having to change your security settings (we used signed drivers, unlike
the UNO). It's more stable due to the USB/FTDI chip we used, plus it's completely flat on the
back, making it easier to embed in your projects. Just plug in the board, select "Arduino UNO"

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from the board menu and you're ready to upload code. You can power the Red Board over USB
or through the barrel jack. The on-board power regulator can handle anything from 7 to
15VDC.

Arduino Mega (R3)

The Arduino Mega is like the UNO's big brother. It has lots (54!) of digital input/output pins
(14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The large number of pins make this board very handy for projects that require a bunch of digital
inputs or outputs (like lots of LEDs or buttons).

Arduino Leonardo

The Leonardo is Arduino's first development board to use one microcontroller with built-in
USB. This means that it can be cheaper and simpler. Also, because the board is handling USB
directly, code libraries are available which allow the board to emulate a computer keyboard,
mouse, and more!

The Extended Family

While your Arduino board sure is pretty, it can't do a whole lot on its own -- you've got to hook
it up to something. There are lots of tutorials here on learn as well as the links back in the 'What
does it do' section, but rarely do we talk about the general kinds of things you can easily hook
into. In this section we'll introduce basic sensors as well as Arduino shields, two of the handiest
tools to use in bringing your projects to life.

Sensors

With some simple code, the Arduino can control and interact with a wide variety of sensors -
things that can measure light, temperature, degree of

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flex, pressure, proximity, acceleration, carbon monoxide, radioactivity, humidity, barometric
pressure, you name it, you can sense it!

Just a few of the sensors that are easily compatible with Arduino

OLED MODULE

What is an OLED?

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) is a flat light emitting technology, made by placing a
series of organic thin films between two conductors. When electrical current is applied, a bright
light is emitted. OLEDs are emissive displays that do not require a backlight and so are thinner
and more efficient than LCD displays (which do require a white backlight).

OLED displays are not just thin and efficient - they provide the best image quality ever and
they can also be made transparent, flexible, foldable and even roll able and stretchable in the
future. OLEDs represent the future of display technology!

OLED vs LCD

An OLED display have the following advantages over an LCD display:

● Improved image quality - better contrast, higher brightness, fuller viewing angle, a wider
colour range and much faster refresh rates.
● Lower power consumption.
● Simpler design that enables ultra-thin, flexible, foldable and transparent displays
● Better durability - OLEDs are very durable and can operate in a broader temperature range

The future - flexible and transparent OLED displays

As we said, OLEDs can be used to create flexible and transparent displays. This is pretty
exciting as it opens up a whole world of possibilities:

● Curved OLED displays, placed on non-flat surfaces

● Wearable OLEDs
● Foldable OLEDs and roll able OLEDs which can be used to create new mobile devices
● Transparent OLEDs embedded in windows or car windshields
● And many more we cannot even imagine today...

Flexible OLEDs are already on the market for many years (in smartphones, wearables and other
devices) and in 2019 we have finally seen the first foldable devices - such as the Samsung

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Galaxy Fold and the Huawei Mate X - both are smartphones that open up to become tablet
devices with foldable OLEDs. In 2019 LG also announced the world's first roll able OLED -
its 65" OLED R TV that can roll into its base!

How do OLEDs work?

An OLED is made by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors. When
electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted. Click here for a more detailed view of the
OLED technology.

So, what's organic about OLEDs?

OLEDs are organic because they are made from carbon and hydrogen. There's no connection
to organic food or farming - although OLEDs are very efficient and do not contain any bad
metals - so it's a real green technology.

OLED TVs

OLED is the best display technology - and indeed OLED panels are used today to create the
most stunning TVs ever - with the best image quality combined with the thinnest sets ever.
And this is only the beginning, as in the future OLED will enable large roll able and transparent
TVs!

Currently the only company that produces OLED TV panels is LG Display. The Korean
display maker is making 55", 65" and 77" 4K OLED panels (in 2019 it will start producing 88"
panels as well - in addition to roll able OLED TVs), offering them to TV makers. Not
surprisingly, LG Electronics is the leading OLED TV maker, but other companies such
as Panasonic, Sony, Philips and others also offering OLED TVs that are based on LG's panels.
LG is offering a wide selection of OLED TVs, ranging from the "basic" (but still
premium) OLEDB8 to the top-of-the-line Wallpaper-like OLEDW8. Reviews of current
OLED TVs have been spectacular, with most reviewers and consumers that OLED TVs offer
the best picture quality ever! LG's 2019 OLED TV range includes the large 88" 8K OLED
Z9 and the roll able 65" Signature OLED R.

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OLED disadvantages

OLEDs aren't perfect. First of all, it costs more to produce an OLED than it does to produce an
LCD - although this should hopefully change in the future, as OLEDs has a potential to be even
cheaper than LCDs because of their simple design (some believe that future OLEDs will be
printed using simple ink-jet processes).
OLEDs have limited lifetime (like any display, really), that was quite a problem a few years
ago. But there has been constant progress, and today this is almost a non-issue. Today OLEDs
last long enough to be used in mobile devices and TVs. OLEDs can also be problematic in
direct sunlight, because of their emissive nature. But companies are working to make it better,
and newer AMOLEDs (such as Samsung's Super AMOLED and Super AMOLED Plus and
Nokia's CBD displays) are quite good in that respect - some even consider them superior to
LCDs.

OLED white lighting

OLEDs can be used to create excellent light source. OLEDs offer diffuse area lighting and can
be flexible, efficient, light, thin, transparent, color-tunable and more. OLEDs will probably be
used in completely new lighting designs.

Companies all over the world, including LG, OSRAM, GE, Lumiotec, Pioneer and others are
working towards OLED lighting. Many companies are already offering samples and low-
volume panels, but prices are still very high as production volume is low.

RFID MODULE:

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify

and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive
tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a
local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID
reader. Unlike a barcode, the tags don't need to be within the line of sight of the reader, so it
may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of automatic identification and
data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile
during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged

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pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID microchips in
livestock and pets enables positive identification of animals.

Since RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals
and people, the possibility of reading personally linked information without consent has raised
serious privacy concerns. These concerns resulted in standard specifications development
addressing privacy and security issues. ISO/IEC 18000 and ISO/IEC 29167 use on-
chip cryptography methods for intractability, tag and reader authentication, and over-the-air
privacy. ISO/IEC 20248 specifies a digital signature data structure for RFID
and barcodes providing data, source and read method authenticity. This work is done
within ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 Automatic identification and data capture techniques. Tags can
also be used in shops to expedite checkout, and to prevent theft by customers and employees.

In 2014, the world RFID market was worth US$8.89 billion, up from US$7.77 billion in 2013
and US$6.96 billion in 2012. This figure includes tags, readers, and software/services for RFID
cards, labels, fobs, and all other form factors. The market value is expected to rise to US$18.68
billion by 2026.

In 1945, Léon Theremin invented a listening device for the Soviet Union which retransmitted
incident radio waves with the added audio information. Sound waves vibrated
a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected
radio frequency. Even though this device was a covert listening device, rather than an
identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID because it was passive, being
energized and activated by waves from an outside source.

Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder, was routinely used by the allies and Germany
in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most
powered aircraft. Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry
Stockman, who predicted that "... considerable research and development work has to be done
before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before
the field of useful applications is explored."

Card Ullo’s device, patented on January 23, 1973, was the first true ancestor of modern RFID,
as it was a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by
the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and
other potential users. It consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device.
The basic Card Ullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The

xv
original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive
vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest,
vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic
credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical
(identification, patient history).

An early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive
and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Fray man at
the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated at 915 MHz and
used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID
tags.

The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in
1983.

RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and reader. A Passive Reader Active
Tag (PRAT) system has a passive reader which only receives radio signals from active tags
(battery operated, transmit only). The reception range of a PRAT system reader can be adjusted
from 1–2,000 feet (0–600 m). allowing flexibility in applications such as asset protection and
supervision.

An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which transmits
interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags.

An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator
signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted
Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tag's return
reporting signal.

Fixed readers are set up to create a specific interrogation zone which can be tightly controlled.
This allows a highly defined reading area for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone.
Mobile readers may be handheld or mounted on carts or vehicles.

Signalling between the reader and the tag is done in several different incompatible ways,
depending on the frequency band used by the tag. Tags operating on LF and HF bands are, in
terms of radio wavelength, very close to the reader antenna because they are only a small
percentage of a wavelength away. In this near field region, the tag is closely coupled
electrically with the transmitter in the reader. The tag can modulate the field produced by the
reader by changing the electrical loading the tag represents. By switching between lower and

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higher relative loads, the tag produces a change that the reader can detect. At UHF and higher
frequencies, the tag is more than one radio wavelength away from the reader, requiring a
different approach. The tag can backscatter a signal. Active tags may contain functionally
separated transmitters and receivers, and the tag need not respond on a frequency related to the
reader's interrogation signal.

An Electronic Product Code (EPC) is one common type of data stored in a tag. When written
into the tag by an RFID printer, the tag contains a 96-bit string of data. The first eight bits are
a header which identifies the version of the protocol. The next 28 bits identify the organization
that manages the data for this tag; the organization number is assigned by the EPCG lobal
consortium. The next 24 bits are an object class, identifying the kind of product; the last 36 bits
are a unique serial number for a particular tag. These last two fields are set by the organization
that issued the tag. Rather like a URL, the total electronic product code number can be used as
a key into a global database to uniquely identify a particular product.

Often more than one tag will respond to a tag reader, for example, many individual products
with tags may be shipped in a common box or on a common pallet. Collision detection is
important to allow reading of data. Two different types of protocols are used to "singulate" a
particular tag, allowing its data to be read in the midst of many similar tags. In a slotted
Aloha system, the reader broadcasts an initialization command and a parameter that the tags
individually use to pseudo-randomly delay their responses. When using an "adaptive binary
tree" protocol, the reader sends an initialization symbol and then transmits one bit of ID data
at a time; only tags with matching bits respond, and eventually only one tag matches the
complete ID string.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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List of Functions

xviii
 1. Serial.begin(): Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data transmission.
For communicating with Serial Monitor, make sure to use one of the baud rates listed
in the menu at the bottom right corner of its screen. You can, however, specify other
rates - for example, to communicate over pins 0 and 1 with a component that requires
a particular baud rate.

2. digitalRead(): Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW. If
the pin isn’t connected to anything, digitalRead () can return either HIGH or LOW .
The analog input pins can be used as digital pins, referred to as A0,A1,etc. The
exception is the Arduino Nano , Pro MINI, and Mini’s A6 and A7 pins, which can only
be used as analog inputs.

3. digitalWrite(): Write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin. If the pin has been
configured as an OUTPUT with pinMode(), its voltage will be set to the corresponding
value: 5V (or 3.3V on 3.3V boards) for HIGH, 0V (ground) for LOW. If the pin is
configured as an INPUT, digitalWrite() will enable (HIGH) or disable (LOW) the
internal pullup on the input pin. It is recommended to set the pinMode() to
INPUT_PULLUP to enable the internal pull-up resistor. See the Digital Pins tutorial
for more information.

4. Serial.println(): Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text followed
by a carriage return character (ASCII 13, or '\r') and a newline character (ASCII 10, or
'\n'). This command takes the same forms as Serial.println().

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 Body of the Project

CODE:

#include <MFRC522.h>

#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>

#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#include <SPI.h>

#define OLED_RESET 4

Adafruit_SSD1306 display(OLED_RESET);

#define SS_PIN 10

#define RST_PIN 9

MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Instance of the class

MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

int code[] = {69,141,8,136}; //This is the stored UID

int codeRead = 0;

String uidString;

void setup() {

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 Serial.begin(9600);

SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus

rfid.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522

display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C); // initialize with the I2C addr 0x3D

(for the 128x64)

// Clear the buffer.

display.clearDisplay();

display.display();

display.setTextColor(WHITE); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(10,0);

display.print("RFID Lock");

display.display();

void loop() {

if( rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())

readRFID();

delay(100);

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}

void readRFID()

rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial();

Serial.print(F("\nPICC type: "));

MFRC522::PICC_Type piccType = rfid.PICC_GetType(rfid.uid.sak);

Serial.println(rfid.PICC_GetTypeName(piccType));

// Check is the PICC of Classic MIFARE type

if (piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_MINI &&

piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_1K &&

piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_4K) {

Serial.println(F("Your tag is not of type MIFARE Classic."));

return;

clearUID();

Serial.println("Scanned PICC's UID:");

printDec(rfid.uid.uidByte, rfid.uid.size);

uidString = String(rfid.uid.uidByte[0])+" "+String(rfid.uid.uidByte[1])+"

"+String(rfid.uid.uidByte[2])+ " "+String(rfid.uid.uidByte[3]);

xxii
 printUID();

int i = 0;

boolean match = true;

while(i<rfid.uid.size)

if(!(rfid.uid.uidByte[i] == code[i]))

match = false;

i++;

if(match)

Serial.println("\nI know this card!");

printUnlockMessage();

}else

Serial.println("\nUnknown Card");

xxiii
 // Halt PICC

rfid.PICC_HaltA();

// Stop encryption on PCD

rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1();

void printDec(byte *buffer, byte bufferSize) {

for (byte i = 0; i < bufferSize; i++) {

Serial.print(buffer[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");

Serial.print(buffer[i], DEC);

void clearUID()

display.setTextColor(BLACK); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setCursor(30,20);

display.print(uidString);

display.display();

void printUID()

xxiv
 {

display.setTextColor(WHITE); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setCursor(0,20);

display.print("UID: ");

display.setCursor(30,20);

display.print(uidString);

display.display();

void printUnlockMessage()

display.display();

display.setTextColor(BLACK); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(10,0);

display.print("RFID Lock");

display.display();

display.setTextColor(WHITE); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(10,0);

display.print("Unlocked");

display.display();

xxv
 delay(2000);

display.setTextColor(BLACK); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(10,0);

display.print("Unlocked");

display.setTextColor(WHITE); // or BLACK);

display.setTextSize(2);

display.setCursor(10,0);

display.print("RFID Lock");

display.display();

RESULTS:

The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets,
people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile
phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if
passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read
inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read
hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$0.09 each; special tags, meant to be mounted
on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, can go up to US$5. Active tags for tracking
containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centres start at
US$50 and can go up over US$100 each. Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tags are in the
US$3–10 range and also have sensor capability like temperature and humidity.

xxvi
RFID can be used in a variety of applications, such as:

Electronic key for RFID based lock system

● Access management
● Tracking of goods
● Tracking of persons and animals
● Toll collection and contactless payment
● Machine readable travel documents
● Smart dust (for massively distributed sensor networks)
● Airport baggage tracking logistics
● Timing sporting events
● Tracking and billing processes

In 2010 three factors drove a significant increase in RFID usage: decreased cost of equipment
and tags, increased performance to a reliability of 99.9% and a stable international standard
around UHF passive RFID. The adoption of these standards were driven by EPC global, a joint
venture between GS1 and GS1 US, which were responsible for driving global adoption of the
barcode in the 1970s and 1980s. The EPC global Network was developed by the Auto-ID
Centre.

xxvii
FUTURE SCOPE

Commerce

An EPC RFID tag used by Wal-Mart.

Sewn-in RFID label in garment manufactured by the French sports supplier Decathlon. Front,
back, and transparency scan.

RFID provides a way for organizations to identify and manage stock, tools and equipment
(asset tracking), etc. without manual data entry. Manufactured products such as automobiles or
garments can be tracked through the factory and through shipping to the customer. Automatic
identification with RFID can be used for inventory systems. Many organisations require that
their vendors place RFID tags on all shipments to improve supply chain management.

RFID is used for item level tagging in retail stores. In addition to inventory control, this
provides both protection against theft by customers (shoplifting) and employees ("shrinkage")
by using electronic article surveillance (EAS), and a self-checkout process for customers. Tags
of different type can be physically removed with a special tool or deactivated electronically
once items have been paid for. On leaving the shop customers have to pass near an RFID
detector; if they have items with active RFID tags, an alarm sounds, both indicating an unpaid-
for item, and identifying what it is.

Casinos can use RFID to authenticate poker chips, and can selectively invalidate any chips
known to be stolen.

xxviii
Access control

RFID antenna for vehicular access control

RFID tags are widely used in identification badges, replacing earlier magnetic stripe cards.
These badges need only be held within a certain distance of the reader to authenticate the
holder. Tags can also be placed on vehicles, which can be read at a distance, to allow entrance
to controlled areas without having to stop the vehicle and present a card or enter an access code.

Advertising

In 2010 Vail Resorts began using UHF Passive RFID tags in ski passes. Facebook is using
RFID cards at most of their live events to allow guests to automatically capture and post photos.
The automotive brands have adopted RFID for social media product placement more quickly
than other industries. Mercedes was an early adopter in 2011 at the PGA Golf
Championships, and by the 2013 Geneva Motor Show many of the larger brands were using
RFID for social media marketing.

Promotion tracking

To prevent retailers diverting products, manufacturers are exploring the use of RFID tags on
promoted merchandise so that they can track exactly which product has sold through the supply
chain at fully discounted prices.

Transportation and logistics

xxix
Yard management, shipping and freight and distribution centres use RFID tracking. In
the railroad industry, RFID tags mounted on locomotives and rolling stock identify the owner,
identification number and type of equipment and its characteristics. This can be used with a
database to identify the lading, origin, destination, etc. of the commodities being carried.

In commercial aviation, RFID is used to support maintenance on commercial aircraft. RFID

tags are used to identify baggage and cargo at several airports and airlines.

Some countries are using RFID for vehicle registration and enforcement. RFID can help detect
and retrieve stolen cars.

RFID E-ZPass reader attached to the pole and mast arm (right) used in traffic monitoring in
New York City

RFID is used in intelligent transportation systems. In New York City, RFID readers are
deployed at intersections to track E-Z Pass tags as a means for monitoring the traffic flow. The
data are fed through the broadband wireless infrastructure to the traffic management centre to
be used in adaptive traffic control of the traffic lights.

Hose stations and conveyance of fluids

The RFID antenna in a permanently installed coupling half (fixed part) unmistakably identifies
the RFID transponder placed in the other coupling half (free part) after completed coupling.
When connected the transponder of the free part transmits all important information contactless
to the fixed part. The coupling's location can be clearly identified by the RFID transponder
coding. The control is enabled to automatically start subsequent process steps.

Track & Trace test vehicles and prototype parts

In the automotive industry RFID is used to Track & Trace test vehicles and prototype parts
(project Transparent Prototype).

Infrastructure management and protection

xxx
At least one company has introduced RFID to identify and locate underground infrastructure
assets such as gas pipelines, sewer lines, electrical cables, communication cables, etc.

Passports

The first RFID passports ("E-passport") were issued by Malaysia in 1998. In addition to
information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-passports
record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entries and exits from the country.

Other countries that insert RFID in passports include Norway (2005), Japan (March 1, 2006),
most EU countries (around 2006), Australia, Hong Kong, the United States (2007), India (June
2008), Serbia (July 2008), Republic of Korea (August 2008), Taiwan (December 2008),
Albania (January 2009), The Philippines (August 2009), Republic of Macedonia (2010),
Canada (2013) and Israel (2017).

Standards for RFID passports are determined by the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), and are contained in ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volumes 1 and 2
(6th edition, 2006). ICAO refers to the ISO/IEC 14443 RFID chips in e-passports as
"contactless integrated circuits". ICAO standards provide for e-passports to be identifiable by
a standard e-passport logo on the front cover.

Since 2006, RFID tags included in new United States passports will store the same

information that is printed within the passport, and include a digital picture of the
owner. The United States Department of State initially stated the chips could only
be read from a distance of 10 centimetres (3.9 in), but after widespread criticism
and a clear demonstration that special equipment can read the test passports from
10 metres (33 ft) away, the passports were designed to incorporate a thin metal
lining to make it more difficult for unauthorized readers to "skim" information when
the passport is closed. The department will also implement Basic Access Control (BAC),
which functions as a personal identification number (PIN) in the form of characters printed on
the passport data page. Before a passport's tag can be read, this PIN must be entered into an
RFID reader. The BAC also enables the encryption of any communication between the chip
and interrogator. As noted in the section below on security, there are many situations in which
these protections have been shown to be insufficient, and passports have been cloned based on
scans of them while they were being delivered in the mail.

Transportation payments

xxxi
In many countries, RFID tags can be used to pay for mass transit fares on bus, trains, or
subways, or to collect tolls on highways.

Some bike lockers are operated with RFID cards assigned to individual users. A prepaid card
is required to open or enter a facility or locker and is used to track and charge based on how
long the bike is parked.

The Zipcar car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and for member
identification.

In Singapore, RFID replaces paper Season Parking Ticket (SPT).

Animal identification

RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant for large
ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial
in animal identification management. An implantable RFID tag or transponder can also be
used for animal identification. The transponders are better known as PIT (Passive Integrated
Transponder) tags, passive RFID, or "chips" on animals. The Canadian Cattle Identification
Agency began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags. Currently CCIA tags are
used in Wisconsin and by United States farmers on a voluntary basis. The USDA is currently
developing its own program.

RFID tags are required for all cattle sold in Australia and in some states, sheep and goats as
well.

Human implantation
A surgeon implants British scientist Dr Mark Gasson in his left hand with an RFID
microchip (March 16, 2009)

Biocompatible microchip implants that utilize RFID technology are being routinely implanted
in humans. The first reported experiment with RFID implants was conducted by British
professor of cybernetics Kevin Warwick who had an RFID chip implanted in his arm by
his general practitioner George Boulos in 1998. In 2004 the 'Baja Beach Clubs' operated
by Conrad Chase in Barcelona and Rotterdam offered implanted chips to identify their VIP
customers, who could in turn use it to pay for service. In 2009 British scientist Mark
Gasson had an advanced glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand and
subsequently demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then
be transmitted on to other systems.

xxxii
The Food and Drug Administration in the United States approved the use of RFID chips in
humans in 2004.

There is controversy regarding human applications of implantable RFID technology including

concerns that individuals could potentially be tracked by carrying an identifier unique to them.
Privacy advocates have protested against implantable RFID chips, warning of potential abuse.
Some are concerned this could lead to abuse by an authoritarian government, to removal of
freedoms, and to the emergence of an "ultimate panopticon", a society where all citizens
behave in a socially accepted manner because others might be watching.

On July 22, 2006, Reuters reported that two hackers, Newitts and West hues, at a conference
in New York City demonstrated that they could clone the RFID signal from a human implanted
RFID chip, indicating that the device was not as secure as was previously claimed.

Institutions

Hospitals and healthcare

In healthcare, there is a need for increased visibility, efficiency, and gathering of data around
relevant interactions. RFID tracking solutions are able to help healthcare facilities manage
mobile medical equipment, improve patient workflow, monitor environmental conditions, and
protect patients, staff and visitors from infection or other hazards.

Adoption of RFID in the medical industry has been widespread and very effective. Hospitals
are among the first users to combine both active and passive RFID. Many successful
deployments in the healthcare industry have been cited where active technology tracks high-
value, or frequently moved items, where passive technology tracks smaller, lower cost items
that only need room-level identification. For example, medical facility rooms can collect data
from transmissions of RFID badges worn by patients and employees, as well as from tags
assigned to facility assets, such as mobile medical devices. The U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA) recently announced plans to deploy RFID in hospitals across America to improve
care and reduce costs.

A physical RFID tag may be incorporated with browser-based software to increase its efficacy.
This software allows for different groups or specific hospital staff, nurses, and patients to see
real-time data relevant to each piece of tracked equipment or personnel. Real-time data is stored
and archived to make use of historical reporting functionality and to prove compliance with
various industry regulations. This combination of RFID real-time locating system hardware

xxxiii
and software provides a powerful data collection tool for facilities seeking to improve
operational efficiency and reduce costs.

The trend is toward using ISO 18000-6c as the tag of choice and combining an active tagging
system that relies on existing 802.11X wireless infrastructure for active tags.

Since 2004 a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and
using RFID systems, usually for workflow and inventory management. The use of RFID to
prevent mix ups between sperm and ova in IVF clinics is also being considered.

In October 2004, the FDA approved the USA's first RFID chips that can be implanted in
humans. The 134 kHz RFID chips, from Veri Chip Corp. can incorporate personal medical
information and could save lives and limit injuries from errors in medical treatments, according
to the company. Anti-RFID activists Katherine Albrecht and Liz McIntyre discovered an FDA
Warning Letter that spelled out health risks. According to the FDA, these include "adverse
tissue reaction", "migration of the implanted transponder", "failure of implanted transponder",
"electrical hazards" and "magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] incompatibility."

Libraries

RFID tags used in libraries: square book tag, round CD/DVD tag and rectangular
VHS tag

Libraries have used RFID to replace the barcodes on library items. The tag can contain
identifying information or may just be a key into a database. An RFID system may replace or
supplement bar codes and may offer another method of inventory management and self-service
checkout by patrons. It can also act as a security device, taking the place of the more
traditional electromagnetic security strip.

xxxiv
It is estimated that over 30 million library items worldwide now contain RFID tags, including
some in the Vatican Library in Rome.

Since RFID tags can be read through an item, there is no need to open a book cover or DVD
case to scan an item, and a stack of books can be read simultaneously. Book tags can be read
while books are in motion on a conveyor belt, which reduces staff time. This can all be done
by the borrowers themselves, reducing the need for library staff assistance. With portable
readers, inventories could be done on a whole shelf of materials within seconds. However, as
of 2008 this technology remains too costly for many smaller libraries, and the conversion
period has been estimated at 11 months for an average-size library. A 2004 Dutch estimate was
that a library which lends 100,000 books per year should plan on a cost of €50,000 (borrow-
and return-stations: 12,500 each, detection porches 10,000 each; tags 0.36 each). RFID taking
a large burden off staff could also mean that fewer staff will be needed, resulting in some of
them getting laid off, but that has so far not happened in North America where recent surveys
have not returned a single library that cut staff because of adding RFID. In fact, library budgets
are being reduced for personnel and increased for infrastructure, making it necessary for
libraries to add automation to compensate for the reduced staff size. Also, the tasks that RFID
takes over are largely not the primary tasks of librarians. A finding in the Netherlands is that
borrowers are pleased with the fact that staff are now more available for answering questions.

Privacy concerns have been raised surrounding library use of RFID. Because some RFID tags
can be read from up to 100 metres (330 ft), there is some concern over whether sensitive
information could be collected from an unwilling source. However, library RFID tags do not
contain any patron information, and the tags used in the majority of libraries use a frequency
only readable from approximately 10 feet (3.0 m). Further, another non-library agency could
potentially record the RFID tags of every person leaving the library without the library
administrator's knowledge or consent. One simple option is to let the book transmit a code that
has meaning only in conjunction with the library's database. Another possible enhancement
would be to give each book a new code every time it is returned. In future, should readers
become ubiquitous (and possibly networked), then stolen books could be traced even outside
the library. Tag removal could be made difficult if the tags are so small that they fit invisibly
inside a (random) page, possibly put there by the publisher.

xxxv
Museums

RFID technologies are now also implemented in end-user applications in museums. An

example was the custom-designed temporary research application, "eX spot," at
the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California. A visitor entering the
museum received an RF Tag that could be carried as a card. The eXspot system enabled the
visitor to receive information about specific exhibits. Aside from the exhibit information, the
visitor could take photographs of themselves at the exhibit. It was also intended to allow the
visitor to take data for later analysis. The collected information could be retrieved at home from
a "personalized" website keyed to the RFID tag.

Schools and universities

School authorities in the Japanese city of Osaka are now chipping children's clothing,
backpacks, and student IDs in a primary school. A school in Doncaster, England is piloting a
monitoring system designed to keep tabs on pupils by tracking radio chips in their uniforms. St
Charles Sixth Form College in west London, England, started September, 2008, is using an
RFID card system to check in and out of the main gate, to both track attendance and prevent
unauthorized entrance. Similarly, Whit Cliffe Mount School in Cleckheaton, England uses
RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a specially designed card. In the
Philippines, some schools already use RFID in IDs for borrowing books and also gates in those
particular schools have RFID ID scanners for buying items at a school shop and canteen, library
and also to sign in and sign out for student and teacher's attendance.

Sports

Championship

RFID for timing races began in the early 1990s with pigeon racing, introduced by the
company Diester Electronics in Germany. RFID can provide race start and end timings for

xxxvi
individuals in large races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every
entrant.

In the race, the racers wear tags that are read by antennas placed alongside the track or on mats
across the track. UHF tags provide accurate readings with specially designed antennas. Rush
error, lap count errors and accidents at start time are avoided since anyone can start and finish
any time without being in a batch mode.

J-Chip 8-channel receiver next to timing mat. The athlete wears a chip on a strap around his
ankle. Ironman Germany 2007 in Frankfurt.

The design of chip+antenna controls the range from which it can be read. Short range compact
chips are twist tied to the shoe or Velcro strapped the ankle. These need to be about 400mm
from the mat and so give very good temporal resolution. Alternatively, a chip plus a very large
(a 125mm square) antenna can be incorporated into the bib number worn on the athlete's chest
at about 1.25m height.

Passive and active RFID systems are used in off-road events such
as Orienteering, Endure and Hare and Hounds racing. Riders have a transponder on their
person, normally on their arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver
which is connected to a computer and log their lap time.

RFID is being adapted by many recruitment agencies which have a PET (Physical Endurance
Test) as their qualifying procedure, especially in cases where the candidate volumes may run
into millions (Indian Railway Recruitment Cells, Police and Power sector).

A number of ski resorts have adopted RFID tags to provide skiers hands-free access to ski lifts.
Skiers do not have to take their passes out of their pockets. Ski jackets have a left pocket into
which the chip+card fits. This nearly contacts the sensor unit on the left of the turnstile as the
skier pushes through to the lift. These systems were based on high frequency (HF) at 13.56
megahertz. The bulk of ski areas in Europe, from Verbier to Chamonix use these systems.

xxxvii
The NFL in the United States equips players with RFID chips that measures speed, distance
and direction travelled by each player in real-time. Currently cameras stay focused on
the quarterback, however, numerous plays are happening simultaneously on the field. The
RFID chip will provide new insight into these simultaneous plays. The chip triangulates the
player's position within six inches and will be used to digitally broadcast replays. The RFID
chip will make individual player information accessible to the public. The data will be available
via the NFL 2015 app. The RFID chips are manufactured by Zebra Technologies. Zebra
Technologies tested the RFID chip in 18 stadiums last year to track vector data.

SCREEN SHOT:

xxxviii
CONCLUSION:

This project involves the design of attendance system using rfid and oiled display. This project
also help us learn and implement more on the Arduino software.

xxxix