Automobile Engineering

By
Anuj kumar
Lecturer
(Mechanical Engg. Deptt.)
G.P. Dumka

Diploma, 5th sem.

What does Automobile mean?
Auto + Mobile
Auto” means “of itself” and
refers to something that can operate on means “capable of motion”. Either
pushed, pulled, rolled, carried, etc.
its own without external assistance The object is capable of being taken
easily(?) from one place to another.

the ability to move from one place to another without any external assistance.
 Automobile Engineering
branch deals with the designing, developing, manufacturing,
testing and repairing and servicing automobiles such as cars,
trucks, motorcycles, scooters etc & the related sub
Engineering systems
 Heat engine:

A heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical

energy of a fuel into thermal energy and uses this energy to
produce mechanical work.
IC Engine
 Classification
(a) External combustion engine
(b) Internal combustion engine
External combustion engine:
In this engine, the products of combustion of air and fuel
transfer heat to a second fluid which is the working fluid of
the cycle.
Examples: In the steam engine or a steam turbine plant, the
heat of combustion is employed to generate steam which is used
in a piston engine (reciprocating type engine) or a turbine
(rotary type engine) for useful work.
*In a closed cycle gas turbine, the heat of combustion in an
external furnace is transferred to gas, usually air which the
working fluid of the cycle.
Internal combustion engine: In this engine, the combustion of
air and fuels take place inside the cylinder and are used as
the direct motive force.

Combustion of air-fuel is outside the engine cylinder.

Combustion of air-fuel is inside the engine cylinder .

ICE can be classified into the following types:

1. According to the basic engine design- (a) Reciprocating
engine (Use of cylinder piston arrangement), (b) Rotary engine
(Use of turbine)
2. According to the type of fuel used- (a) Petrol engine, (b)
diesel engine, (c) gas engine (CNG, LPG), (d) Alcohol engine
(ethanol, methanol etc)
3. According to the number of strokes per cycle- (a) Four
stroke and (b) Two stroke engine
4. According to the method of igniting the fuel- (a) Spark
ignition engine, (b) compression ignition engine and (c) hot spot
ignition engine
5. According to the working cycle- (a) Otto cycle (constant
volume cycle) engine, (b) diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle)
engine, (c) dual combustion cycle (semi diesel cycle) engine.
6. According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation-
(a) Carburetted type (fuel supplied through the
carburettor), (b) Injection type (fuel injected into inlet
ports or inlet manifold, fuel injected into the cylinder just
before ignition).

7. According to the number of cylinder- (a) Single

cylinder and (b) multi-cylinder engine

8. Method of cooling- water cooled or air cooled

9. Speed of the engine- Slow speed, medium speed and

high speed engine
.
10. Cylinder arrangement-Vertical, horizontal, inline, V-
type, radial, opposed cylinder or piston engines.

11. Valve or port design and location- Overhead (I head),

side valve (L head); in two stroke engines: cross scavenging,
loop scavenging, uniflow scavenging.

12. Method governing- Hit and miss governed engines,

quantitatively governed engines and qualitatively governed
engine
2 STROKE ENGINE
2 STROKE ENGINE
4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE
4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Octane number :-
is the measure of the resistance of gasoline against
detonation or preignition of the fuel in the engine. it is
measured relative to the mixture of iso octane (2,2,4
trimethylpentane) and n-heptane.
Higher octane fuel has a greater resistance to autoignition
under higher combustion pressure and heat.

Cetane number:-
is the measure of combustion quality of diesel oil or it is the
measure of the ignition delay,the higher the cetane number
of diesel the shorter the ignition delay, and the greater the
fuel quality, and vice versa.A short delay affords more time
for diesel fuel to burn completely.
Piston – In an engine, piston is used to transfer the expanding force of
gases to mechanical rotation of crankshaft via a connecting rod. The
piston is able to do this because it is secured tightly within cylinder using
piston rings to minimize the clearance between cylinder and piston !
Crankshaft – A crankshaft is a part which is able to convert the
reciprocating motion to rotational motion.
Connecting rod – A connecting rod transfers motion from a piston to
crankshaft which acts as a lever arm.
Counterweight – Counterweight on crankshaft is used to reduce the
vibrations due to imbalances in the rotating assembly.
Flywheel – Flywheel is a rotating mechanical device which is used to store
energy.
Inlet & Outlet ports – It allows to enter fresh air with fuel & to exit the
spent air-fuel mixture from the cylinder.
Spark Plug – A spark plug delivers electric current to the combustion
chamber which ignites the air-fuel mixture leading to abrupt expansion
of gas.
Construction and working of 4 stroke engine
A four-cycle engine works with 4 basic steps to a successful
rotation of the crankshaft: the intake, compression, power
and exhaust stroke. Each engine cylinder has four openings
for the intake, exhaust, spark plug and fuel injection. The
piston is driven by the engine's crankshaft whereas the intake
and exhaust valves are driven by the camshaft. The
crankshaft and camshaft are connected by a timing belt/chain
to maintain synchronization between them. The various
processes comprising the cycles of a four-stroke engine are
explained below:
Intake Stroke: The intake stroke is where the intake valves
are open and the air is drawn into the cylinder. The fuel
injector sprays the fuel into the cylinder to achieve the
perfect air-fuel ratio. The downward movement of the piston
causes the air and fuel to be sucked into the cylinder.
Compression Stroke: The next is the compression cycle where
both the intake and exhaust valves are closed. The upward
movement of the piston causes the air-fuel mixture to be
compressed upwards towards the spark plug. The
compression makes the air-fuel combination volatile for easier
ignition.
Combustion/Power Stroke: During the power/combustion
stroke, both the intake and exhaust valves are still closed.
The spark plug produces a spark to ignite the compressed air-
fuel mixture. The resulting energy of the combustion
forcefully pushes the piston downward.
Exhaust Stroke: The last cycle is the exhaust stroke, when
the exhaust valves open and the exhaust gases are forced up
by the returning piston.
Construction and working of 2 stroke engine
Down Stroke :-
First the piston is moved downside from TDC to BDC to let the
fresh air enter into the combustion chamber. The fresh air-
fuel mixture gets into the combustion chamber through
crankcase. Crankshaft rotation – 180°
Up Stroke :-
The piston is pushed up from BDC to TDC. The fuel-air
mixture gets compressed & spark plug ignites the mixture.
As the mixture gets expanded, the piston moves down. During
up stroke, the inlet port is opened. While this inlet port is
opened, the mixture gets sucked inside the crankcase. When
the mixture is pushed up into the combustion chamber during
the previous up stroke, a partial vacuum is created as no
mixture is left behind in the crankcase.This mixture is ready
to go into the combustion chamber during down stroke but
remains in the crankcase until the piston goes up till TDC.
Crankshaft rotation – 360°
Two strokes get completed along with one power cycle.

From the 2nd down stroke onwards the exhaust gases get
expelled out from one side while a fresh mixture enters into
the combustion chamber simultaneously due to partial vacuum
created in the combustion chamber after removal of exhaust
gases. This is the beauty of the engine. Both things happen
at the same time which makes it a 2 stroke engine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
Automobiles or vehicles can be classified on different bases as
given below :
On the Basis of Load :
(a) Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle
(HMV), e.g. trucks, buses, etc. (b) Light transport vehicle
(LTV) e.g. pickup, station wagon, etc. (c) Light motor
vehicle (LMV), e.g. cars, jeeps, etc.
On the Basis of Wheels :
(a) Two wheeler vehicle, for example : Scooter, motorcycle,
scooty, etc. (b) Three wheeler vehicle, for example : Auto
rickshaw, three wheeler scooter and tempo, etc. (c) Four
wheeler vehicle, for example : Car, jeep, trucks, buses, etc.
(d) Six wheeler vehicle, for example : Big trucks with two
gear axles each having four wheels.
On the Basis of Fuel Used
(a) Petrol vehicle, e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc. (b)
Diesel vehicle, e.g. trucks, buses, etc. (c) Electric vehicle,
e.g. battery drive (d) Steam vehicle, e.g. an engine which
uses steam. (e) Gas vehicle, e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles,
where LPG is liquefied petroleum gas and CNG is
compressed natural gas.

On the Basis of Body On the basis of body, the vehicles are

classified as :
(a) Sedan with two doors (b) Sedan with four doors (c)
Station wagon (d) Convertible, e.g. jeep, etc. (e) Van (f)
Special purpose vehicle, e.g. ambulance, milk van, etc.
Transmission
(a) Conventional vehicles with manual transmission, e.g.
car with 5 gears. (b) Semi-automatic (c) Automatic : In
automatic transmission, gears are not required to be
changed manually. It is automatically changes as per speed
of the automobile.
Position of Engine
Engine in Front : Most of the vehicles have engine in the
front. Example : most of the cars, buses, trucks in India.
Engine in the Rear Side: Very few vehicles have engine
located in the rear. Example : Nano car.
 BASED ON PURPOSE:-
1. PASSENGER VEHICLE
2. GOODS VEHICLE
 Aerodynamics
Automotive aerodynamics is the study of
the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Its main goals are
reducing drag and wind noise, minimizing noise emission,
and preventing undesired lift forces and other causes
of aerodynamic instability at high speeds. Air is also
considered a fluid in this case. For some classes of racing
vehicles, it may also be important to produce downforce to
improve traction and thus cornering abilities.
 Advantage
Increased Energy Efficiency
reduction of fuel consumption
improvement of comfort characteristics and more
favourable driving characteristics of ground vehicles.
Reducing aerodynamic drag of road vehicles
 Transmission system
The mechanism that transmits the power developed by the engine of
automobile to the engine to the driving wheels is called the
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (or POWER TRAIN)
It is composed of –
Clutch
The gear box
Propeller shaft
Universal joints
Rear axle
Wheel
Tyres
Objectives

After studying this unit, you should be able to

understand the transmission system of automobiles,
list out the components of the transmission system,
describe the various functions and types of clutches and
gear boxes, and
explain the advantages of clutches and gear box.
Requirements Of Transmission System :-
Provide means of connection and disconnection of engine
with rest of power train without shock and smoothly.
Provide a varied leverage between the engine and the
drive wheels
Provide means to transfer power in opposite direction.
Enable power transmission at varied angles and varied
lengths.

.
Enable speed reduction between engine and the drive
wheels in the ratio of 5:1.

Enable diversion of power flow at right angles

Provide means to drive the driving wheels at different
speeds when required.

Bear the effect of torque reaction , driving thrust and

braking effort effectively
 CLUTCH

Clutch is used to engage or disengage the engine to the

transmission or gear box. When the clutch is in engaged
position, the engine power or rotary motion of engine
crankshaft is transmitted to gear box and then to wheels.
When clutch is disengaged, the engine power does not reach
to gear box (and to wheels) although engine is running.

Clutch is also used to allow shifting or changing of gears when

vehicle is running.
It operates on the principle of friction. When two surfaces
are brought in contact and are held against each other due to
friction between them, they can be used to transmit power.
If one is rotated, then other also rotates. One surface is
connected to engine and other to the transmission system of
automobile. Thus, clutch is nothing but a combination of two
friction surfaces.
MAIN PARTS OF A CLUTCH
It consists of
(a) a driving member,
(b) a driven member, and
(c) an operating member
Driving member has a flywheel which is mounted on the engine
crankshaft. A disc is bolted to flywheel which is known as
pressure plate or driving disc.
The driven member is a disc called clutch plate. This plate can
slide freely to and fro on the clutch shaft.
The operating member consists of a pedal or lever which can be
pressed to disengaged the driving and driven plate.
TYPES OF CLUTCH
Some types of clutches used in vehicles are given below
(a) Friction Clutch :
(i) single plate clutch,
(ii) multi-plate clutch, or
(iii) cone clutch. Multi-plate clutch can be either wet or dry. A wet
clutch is operated in an oil batch whereas a dry clutch does not
use oil.
(b) Centrifugal clutch.
(c) Semi-centrifugal clutch.
(d) Hydraulic clutch.
(e) Positive clutch.
(f) Vacuum clutch.
(g) Electromagnetic clutch
(h) Diaphragm type
Single plate clutch
A single plate is commonly used in cars and light vehicles. It
has only one clutch plate which is mounted on the splines of
the clutch shaft. A flywheel is mounted on the crankshaft
of the engine. A pressure plate is connected to the flywheel
through the bolts and clutch springs. It is free to slide on
the clutch shaft with the movement of clutch pedal. When
clutch is in engaged position, the clutch plate remains
gripped between flywheel and pressure plate. Friction
linings are provided on both the sides of clutch plate. On one
side clutch plate is in touch with flywheel and on other side
with pressure
plate.
Due to friction on both sides, the clutch plate revolves with
engine flywheel. Therefore, clutch transmits engine power
to clutch shaft. Clutch shaft is connected to transmission (or
gear box) of automobile. Thus, clutch transmits power
from engine to transmission system which inturn rotates
wheels of engine.
When the clutch plate is to be disengaged, the clutch pedal is
pressed. Because of this pressure plate moves back and
clutch plate is disengaged from flywheel. Thus, clutch
shaft stops rotating even if engine flywheel is rotating. In
this position, power does not reach the wheels and vehicle
also stops running. Single plate clutch is shown in
 Multi-plate clutch
Multi-plate clutch consists of more than one clutch plates
contrary to single plate clutch which consists of only one
plate. Friction surfaces are made in case of multi-plate
clutch. Due to increased number of friction surfaces, a
multi-plate clutch can transmit large torque. Therefore, it
is used in racing cars and heavy motor vehicles witch have
high engine power. The clutch plates are alternatively fitted
with engine shaft and the shaft of gear box. He plates are
firmly held by the force of coil springs and they assembled
in a drum. One plate slides in the grooves on the flywheel
and the next plate slides on spines provided on pressure plate.
Thus, each alternate plate slides in grooves on the flywheel
and the other on splines of pressure plate. If we take two
consecutive plates, then one has inner and other has outer
splines.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate moves
back against the force of coil spring, hen the clutch plates
are disengaged and engine flywheel and gear box are
decoupled. However, when clutch pedal is not pressed the
clutch remain in engaged position and the power can be
transmitted from engine flywheel to the gear box
 Centrifugal clutch
Working Principle
Its working is totally depends upon the centrifugal force
created by the driving member (engine or motor). The
centrifugal force is used to engage the clutch with driven
shaft. As the engine starts rotating, it produces a
centrifugal force which makes the sliding shoes to move
outward. The friction lining of the shoes gets connected to
the inner surface of the drum and it starts moving. Since the
drum is connected to the driven shaft, so the power is
transmitted from the engine shaft to the transmission shaft
and finally to the load.
As the engine rotates, the inside assembly of the centrifugal
clutch starts rotating but drum remains stationary and no
power is transmitted. At lower speed, the centrifugal force
produced is not sufficient to overcome the spring force. So
the clutch remains disengaged. But as the speed increases,
the centrifugal force also increases and now the centrifugal
force becomes greater than the spring force.
As the centrifugal force becomes greater that the spring
force, this allows the sliding shoes to move outward against
the spring and get engaged with the inner surface of the
drum.
The drum starts rotating and transfer the rotating power
from the engine to the driven shaft of the transmission.
When the load on the engine increases, its speed decreases
and disengages the clutch.