Vedantu Telugu 8,9,10
Class 10 AP board
Light - Refraction of light
● Refraction: Refraction is bending of light when it enters obliquely from one
transparent medium to another.
→ Speed of light is maximum in vacuum. It is 3 × 108 m/s.
→ Cause of refraction: Change in speed of light.
• Some examples of refraction:
→ The bottom of swimming pool appears higher.
→ A pencil partially immersed in water appears to be bent at the interface of water
and air.
→ Lemons placed in a glass tumbler appear bigger.
→ Letters of a book appear to be raised when seen through a glass slab.
Refraction
→ Bouncing back of light when it strikes on a polished surface like mirror.
→ The extent of bending of ray of light at the opposite parallel faces of rectangular
glass slab is equal and opposite, so the ray emerges parallel to incident ray.
• Lateral displacement depends on :
→ Refractive index of glass slab
→ Thickness of the glass slab
Laws of Refraction
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) Snell’s law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is a constant, for a light of given colour and for a given pair of media.
sin i/sin r = constant
• Refractive index (n): The ratio of speed of light in a given pair of media
n = Velocity of light in medium 1/Velocity of light in medium 2
→ n21 means refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first
medium.
n21 = v1/v2
→ n12 means refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first
medium.
n12 = v2/v1
• Absolute Refractive Index: Refractive index of a medium with respect to vacuum
or air.
n = (c/v) x c = 3 × 108 m/s.
→ The refractive index of one medium is reciprocal of another's refractive index in a
given pair.
n12 = 1/n21
→ Refractive index of diamond is the highest till date. It is 2.42. It means speed of
light is 1/2.42 times less in diamond than in vaccum.
• Optically denser medium: Out of two given media, the medium with higher value of
refractive index.
• Optically rarer medium: Out of two given media, the medium with lower value to
refractive index.
→ When light enters obliquely from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends towards
the normal.
→ When light enters obliquely from denser to a rarer medium, it bends away from
the normal.
→ Refractive index of a medium does not depend on physical density.
• Spherical lens: A transparent medium bound by two surfaces, of which one or
both surfaces are curved.
Convex Lens Concave Lens
Thin from corners Thick from corners
Thick at center Thin at centre
Converging Diverging
Rules for image formation by convex lens
(i) A ray of light parallel to principal axis of a convex lens always pass through the
focus on the other side of the lens.
(ii) A ray of light passing through the principal focus will emerge parallel to
principal axis after refraction.
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical center will emerge without any
deviation.
Ray Diagrams of Imag formed by Convex Lens
(i) When object is at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F 2 ’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Point sized or highly diminished
(ii) When object is beyond ‘2F1’
Image Position – Between ‘F2’ and ‘2F2’
Nature of image– Real, inverted
Size – Diminished
(iii) When object is at ‘2F1 ’
Image Position – At ‘2F2 ’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Same size
(iv) When object is between ‘F1’ and ‘2F1’
Image Position – Beyond ‘2F2’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Enlarged
(v) When object is at ‘F1’
Image Position – At Infinity
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Highly enlarged
(vi) When object is between ‘F1’ and optical
centre
Image Position – On the same side of the lens as
object
Nature of image – Virtual and erect
Size – Enlarged
Rules for Image Formation by Concave Lens
(i) A ray of light parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge from the principal
focus located on the same side of the lens.
(ii) A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a concave lens will
emerge parallel to principal axis.
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without
any deviation.
Ray Diagrams of Images Formed by a Concave Lens
(i) When object is placed at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F1’
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Point sized or highly diminished
(ii) When object is placed between infinity and optical centre
Image Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘O’
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Diminished
Sign convention for spherical lenses
• Sign conventions are similar to the one used for spherical mirrors, except that
measurements are taken from optical center of the lens.
• Focal length of convex lens = Positive
Focal length of concave lens = Negative
Lens Formula 1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Magnification m = hi/ho = v/u
Power of a lens
→ It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in meter.
→ The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays is expressed in terms of
power.
Power (P) = 1/v - 1/u = 1/f
→ SI unit of Power = dioptre = D
→ 1 D = 1 m-1
→ 1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is one meter.
→ Power of convex lens = Positive
→ Power of concave lens = Negative
→ Power ∝ 1/(focal length or thickness)
→ Power of a lens combination (P) = P1 + P2 + P3 .........
