ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC,PUNE
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF E&Tc ENGINEERING

Question Bank for Multiple Choice Questions

Program: Diploma in E&Tc Engineering Program Code:- EJ

Scheme:-I Semester:- 6
Course:- Optical network and Satellite Course Code:- 22647

1.Fundamentals of Fiber Optic Communication Marks:-12

Content of Chapter:-
1.1. Optical fiber communication: Advantages, Disadvantages, applications
1.2.Construction of fiber optic cable
1.3. Classification based on modes of propagation of light and index profile
1.4. Optical fiber communication system: Block diagram.
1.5 Optical components : Sources and Detectors

1 Multimode step index fiber has ___________

a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture
b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture
c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical aperture
Answer: a-
Explanation: Multimode step-index fiber has large core diameter and large numerical aperture.
These parameters provides efficient coupling to inherent light sources such as LED’s.

A typically structured glass multimode step index fiber shows as variation of attenuation in range
2 of ___________
a) 1.2 to 90 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.69μm
b) 3.2 to 30 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.59μm
c) 2.6 to 50 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.85μm
d) 1.6 to 60 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.90μm
Answer: c
Explanation: A multimode step index fibers show an attenuation variation in range of 2.6 to
50dBkm-1. The wide variation in attenuation is due to the large differences both within and
between the two overall preparation methods i.e. melting and deposition.

Page 1 of 82
3 Multimode step index fiber has a large core diameter of range is ___________
a) 100 to 300 μm
b) 100 to 300 nm
c) 200 to 500 μm
d) 200 to 500 nm
Answer: a
Explanation: A multimode step index fiber has a core diameter range of 100 to 300μm. This is to
facilitate efficient coupling to inherent light sources.

4 Multimode step index fibers have a bandwidth of ___________

a) 2 to 30 MHz km
b) 6 to 50 MHz km
c) 10 to 40 MHz km
d) 8 to 40 MHz km
Answer: b
Explanation: Multimode step index fibers have a bandwidth of 6 to 50 MHz km. These fibers with
this bandwidth are best suited for short -haul, limited bandwidth and relatively low-cost application.

5 Multimode graded index fibers are manufactured from materials with ___________
a) Lower purity
b) Higher purity than multimode step index fibers.
c) No impurity
d) Impurity as same as multimode step index fibers.
Answer: b
Explanation: Multimode graded index fibers have higher purity than multimode step index fiber. To
reduce fiber losses, these fibers have more impurity.

6 The performance characteristics of multimode graded index fibers are ___________

a) Better than multimode step index fibers
b) Same as multimode step index fibers
c) Lesser than multimode step index fibers
d) Negligible
Answer: a
Explanation: Multimode graded index fibers use a constant grading factor. Performance
characteristics of multimode graded index fibers are better than those of multimode step index
fibers due to index graded and lower attenuation.

Page 2 of 82
 Multimode graded index fibers have overall buffer jackets same as multimode step index fibers but
7 have core diameters ___________
a) Larger than multimode step index fibers
b) Smaller than multimode step index fibers
c) Same as that of multimode step index fibers
d) Smaller than single mode step index fibers
Answer: b
Explanation: Multimode graded index fibers have smaller core diameter than multimode step index
fibers. A small core diameter helps the fiber gain greater rigidity to resist bending.

Multimode graded index fibers with wavelength of 0.85μm have numerical aperture of 0.29 have
8 core/cladding diameter of ___________
a) 62.5 μm/125 μm
b) 100 μm/140 μm
c) 85 μm/125 μm
d) 50 μm/125μm
Answer: b
Explanation: Multimode graded index fibers with numerical aperture 0.29 having a core/cladding
diameter of 100μm/140μm. They provide high coupling frequency LED’s at a wavelength of 0.85
μm and have low cost. They are also used for short distance application.

9 Multimode graded index fibers use incoherent source only.

a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Multimode graded index fibers are used for short haul and medium to high bandwidth
applications. Small haul applications require LEDs and low accuracy lasers. Thus either incoherent
or incoherent sources like LED’s or injection laser diode are used.

10 In single mode fibers, which is the most beneficial index profile?

a) Step index
b) Graded index
c) Step and graded index
d) Coaxial cable
Answer: b
Explanation: In single mode fibers, graded index profile is more beneficial as compared to step
index. This is because graded index profile provides dispersion-modified-single mode fibers.

Page 3 of 82
11 The fibers mostly not used nowadays for optical fiber communication system are ___________
a) Single mode fibers
b) Multimode step fibers
c) Coaxial cables
d) Multimode graded index fibers
Answer: a
Explanation: Single mode fibers are used to produce polarization maintaining fibers which make
them expensive. Also the alternative to them are multimode fibers which are complex but accurate.
So, single-mode fibers are not generally utilized in optical fiber communication.

Single mode fibers allow single mode propagation; the cladding diameter must be at least
12 ___________
a) Twice the core diameter
b) Thrice the core diameter
c) Five times the core diameter
d) Ten times the core diameter
Answer: d
Explanation: The cladding diameter in single mode fiber must be ten times the core diameter.
Larger ratios contribute to accurate propagation of light. These dimension ratios must be there so
as to avoid losses from the vanishing fields.

13 A fiber which is referred as non-dispersive shifted fiber is?

a) Coaxial cables
b) Standard single mode fibers
c) Standard multimode fibers
d) Non zero dispersion shifted fibers
Answer: b
Explanation: A standard single mode fiber having step index profile is known as non-dispersion
shifted fiber. As these fibers have a zero dispersion wavelength of 1.31μm and so are preferred for
single-wavelength transmission in O-band.

14 Standard single mode fibers (SSMF) are utilized mainly for operation in ___________
a) C-band
b) L-band
c) O-band
d) C-band and L-band
Answer: c
Explanation: SSMFs are utilized for operation in O-band only. It shows high dispersion in the range
of 16 to 20ps/nm/km in C-band and L-band. So SSMFs are used in O-band.

Page 4 of 82
15 Fiber mostly suited in single-wavelength transmission in O-band is?
a) Low-water-peak non dispersion-shifted fibers
b) Standard single mode fibers
c) Low minimized fibers
d) Non-zero-dispersion-shifted fibers
Answer: b
Explanation: Standard single mode fibers with a step index profile are called non dispersion shifted
fiber and it is particularly used for single wavelength transmission in O-band and as if has a zero-
dispersion wavelength at 1.31μm.

16 What is the principle of fibre optical communication?

a) Frequency modulation
b) Population inversion
c) Total internal reflection
d) Doppler Effect
Answer: c
Explanation: In optical fibres, the light entering the fibre does not encounter any new surfaces, but
repeatedly they hit the same surface. The reason for confining the light beam inside the fibres is
the total internal reflection

17 What is the other name for a maximum external incident angle?

a) Optical angle
b) Total internal reflection angle
c) Refraction angle
d) Wave guide acceptance angle
Answer: d
Explanation: Only this rays which pass within the acceptance angle will be totally reflected.
Therefore, light incident on the core within the maximum external incident angle can be coupled
into the fibre to propagate. This angle is called a wave guide acceptance angle.

18 A single mode fibre has low intermodal dispersion than multimode.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: In both single and multimode fibres the refractive indices will be in step by step. Since
a single mode has less dispersion than multimode, the single mode step index fibre also has low
intermodal dispersion compared to multimode step index fibre.

Page 5 of 82
19 How does the refractive index vary in Graded Index fibre?
a) Tangentially
b) Radially
c) Longitudinally
d) Transversely
Answer: b
Explanation: The refractive index of the core is maximum along the fibre axis and it gradually
decreases. Here the refractive index varies radially from the axis of the fibre. Hence it is called
graded index fibre.

20 Which of the following has more distortion?

a) Single step-index fibre
b) Graded index fibre
c) Multimode step-index fibre
d) Glass fibre
Answer: c
Explanation: When rays travel through longer distances there will be some difference in reflected
angles. Hence high angle rays arrive later than low angle rays. Therefore the signal pulses are
broadened thereby results in a distorted output.

21 In which of the following there is no distortion?

a) Graded index fibre
b) Multimode step-index fibre
c) Single step-index fibre
d) Glass fibre
Answer: a
Explanation: The light travels with different speeds in different paths because of the variation in
their refractive indices. At the outer edge it travels faster than near the centre But almost all the
rays reach the exit end at the same time due to the helical path. Thus, there is no dispersion in the
pulses and hence the output is not a distorted output.

22 Which of the following loss occurs inside the fibre?

a) Radiative loss
b) Scattering
c) Absorption
d) Attenuation
Answer: b
Explanation: Scattering is a wavelength dependent loss. Since the glass used in the fabrication of
fibres, the disordered structure of glass will make some vibrations in the refractive index inside the
fibre. This causes Rayleigh scattering.

Page 6 of 82
23 What causes microscopic bend?
a) Uniform pressure
b) Non-uniform volume
c) Uniform volume
d) Non-uniform pressure
Answer: d
Explanation: Micro-bends losses are caused due to non-uniformities inside the fibre. This micro-
bends in fibre appears due to non-uniform pressures created during the cabling of fibre.

24 When more than one mode is propagating, how is it dispersed?

a) Dispersion
b) Inter-modal dispersion
c) Material dispersion
d) Waveguide dispersion

Answer: b
Explanation: When more than one mode is propagating through a fibre, then inter modal dispersion
will occur. Since many modes are propagating, they will have different wavelengths and will take
different time to propagate through the fibre.

25 A fibre optic telephone transmission can handle more than thousands of voice channels.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Optical fibre has larger bandwidth hence it can handle a large number of channels for
communication.

26 Which of the following is known as fibre optic back bone?

a) Telecommunication
b) Cable television
c) Delay lines
d) Bus topology
Answer: d
Explanation: Each computer on the network is connected to the rest of the computers by the
optical wiring scheme called bus topology, which is an application known as fibre optic back bone.

Calculate the numerical aperture of an optical fibre whose core and cladding are made of materials
27 of refractive index 1.6 and 1.5 respectively.
a) 0.55677
b) 55.77
c) 0.2458
d) 0.647852

Page 7 of 82
 Answer: a
Explanation: Numerical aperture = n12−n22−−−−−−−−√
Numerical aperture = 0.55677.

A step-index fibre has a numerical aperture of 0.26, a core refractive index of 1.5 and a core
28 diameter of 100micrometer. Calculate the acceptance angle.
a) 1.47°
b) 15.07°
c) 2.18°
d) 24.15°

Answer: b
Explanation: sin i = (Numerical aperture)/n
sin i = 15.07°.

29 What is the full form of ETDM?

a) Electronic tube di-cyclic mechanism
b) Electrical time division multiplexing
c) Emphasis tier division mechanism
d) Electrical tube dielectric medium

Answer: b
Explanation: ETDM is the major baseband digital strategy. It allows for greater exploitation of
available fiber bandwidth.

The practical limitations of the speed of electronic circuits have been pushed towards operational
30 frequencies around ___________
a) 100 MHz
b) 120 MHz
c) 100GHz
d) 80 Hz

Answer: c
Explanation: The speed of the circuitry in the fiber optic communication plays an important role in
its performance. It is pushed around 100 GHz frequency allowing for 100 Gbit/s feasibility.

A strategy used for increasing the bitrate of digital optical fiber systems beyond the bandwidth
31 capabilities of the drive electronics is known as ___________
a) Optical time division multiplexing
b) Electrical time division multiplexing
c) Frequency division multiplexing
d) Code division multiplexing

Answer: a
Page 8 of 82
 Explanation: OTDM is favourable for long distance transmission of signal. It is designed to push the
bitrate of the fiber systems beyond the bandwidth limits to gain performance.

___________ semiconductor laser sources provide low duty cycle pulse streams for subsequent
32 time multiplexing.
a) Diameter preferred
b) Mode locked
c) Divine
d) Depletion

Answer: b
Explanation: Mode locked semiconductor laser sources were used at the transmitter side. They
provide effective distribution of time multiplexing providing low duty cycle pulse streams.

33 ______________ are the devices which are employed to eliminate the laser chirp.
a) Optical intensity modulators
b) Demodulators
c) Circulators
d) Optical Isolators

Answer: a
Explanation: Optical intensity modulators eliminate the laser chirp. This laser chirp may result in
dispersion of the transmitted pulses as they propagate within the single mode fiber, thus limiting
the achievable transmission distance.

34 _____________ provides operation at high transmission rate.

a) Optical intensity modulators
b) Demodulators
c) Circulators
d) Electro-absorption modulators

Answer: d
Explanation: Electro-absorption modulators are employed at the transmitter and receiver sections.
They provide operation at high transmission rate and for field trial.

In __________ the microwave frequency are modulated with an optical carrier and transmitted
35 using a single wavelength channel.
a) Subcarrier multiplexing
b) TDM
c) FDM
d) Code division multiplexing

Answer: a

Page 9 of 82
 Explanation: Optical Subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) is transmitted using a single wavelength
channel. It enables multiple broadband signals to be transmitted over single-mode fiber.

36 Which of the following techniques is easy to implement?

a) Amplitude shift keying
b) Phase shift keying
c) Frequency shift keying
d) SCM

Answer: c
Explanation: Frequency shift keying has an advantage of being simple to implement at the
modulator as well as demodulator side. It is formed by up converting to a narrowband channel at
high frequency employing frequency.

37 Which of the following is the disadvantage of SCM?

a) Source nonlinearity
b) Linearity
c) Distortion
d) Narrow bandwidth

Answer: a
Explanation: The problem associated with SCM is source nonlinearity. The distortion caused by
this becomes noticeable when several subcarriers are transmitted from a single optical source.

38 In CATV, the signal must be received with a carrier to noise ratio of between __________
a) 90 and 100 dB
b) 10 and 30 dB
c) 60 and 70 dB
d) 45 and 55 dB

Answer: d
Explanation: The CATV multichannel spectrum tends to minimize the required bandwidth. The
carrier to noise ratio must be between to avoid degradation of picture quality.

39 The IF signal can be input to a demodulator to recover the baseband signal.

a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: The IF signal is obtained through SCM at the receive terminals. The baseband video
signal in a CATV is obtained through IF signal by using it with a demodulator input.

Page 10 of 82
40 How many circuits are present in an equivalent circuit for the digital optical fiber receiver?
a) Four
b) One
c) Three
d) Two

Answer: a
Explanation: A full equivalent circuit for the digital optical fiber receiver includes four circuits. These
are the detector circuit, noise sources, and amplifier and equalizer circuit.

__________ compensates for distortion of the signal due to the combined transmitter, medium
41 and receiver characteristics.
a) Amplification
b) Distortion
c) Equalization
d) Dispersion

Answer: c
Explanation: Equalization adjusts the balance between frequency components within an electronic
signal. It compensates for distortion of the signal. The distortion may be due to the transmitter,
receiver etc.

42 ____________ is also known as frequency-shaping filter.

a) Resonator
b) Amplifiers
c) Attenuator
d) Equalizer

Answer: d
Explanation: Equalizer, often called as frequency-shaping filter has a frequency response inverse
to that of the overall system frequency response. In wideband systems, it boosts the high
frequency components to correct the overall amplitude of the frequency response.

The phase frequency response of the system should be ____________ in order to minimize inter-
43 symbol interference.
a) Non-Linear
b) Linear
c) More
d) Less

Answer: b
Explanation: An equalizer is used as frequency shaping filter. The phase frequency response of
the system should be linear to acquire the desired spectral shape for digital systems. This, in turn,
minimizes the inter-symbol interference.
Page 11 of 82
 When optical fibers are to be installed in a working environment, the most important parameter to
44 be considered is?
a) Transmission property of the fiber
b) Mechanical property of the fiber
c) Core cladding ratio of the fiber
d) Numerical aperture of the fiber

Answer: b
Explanation: Nowadays, optical fibers are used alternatively to electric transmission lines. They are
installed safely and maintained in all environments including underground areas. This requires
mechanical strengthening of fibers in order to ensure proper transmission.

45 It is not important to cover these optical fibers required for transmission.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: Unprotected optical fibers have number of losses regarding its strength and durability.
Bare glass fibers are brittle and have small cross-section area that makes them highly susceptible
to damages while handling and maintenance. Thus, to improve tensile strength, optical fibers
should be covered by surrounding them with number of protective layers.

46 Optical fibers for communication use are mostly fabricated from ___________
a) Plastic
b) Silica or multicomponent glass
c) Ceramics
d) Copper

Answer: b
Explanation: Silica or a compound of glass are brittle and have almost perfect elasticity until
reaching their breaking point. Strength of these materials is high. Thus, optical fibers are fabricated
from these materials.

An Si-O bond with a Young’s modulus of 9*1010Nm-1 have an elliptical crack of depth 7nm. The
47 surface energy is 2.29 J. Estimate fracture stress for silica fiber.
a) 4.32*109Nm-1
b) 6.32*109Nm-1
c) 5.2*109Nm-1
d) 3*109Nm-1
Answer: a
Explanation: For an elliptical crack, the fracture stress is given by-
Sf = (2Eγp/πC)1/2
Where Sf = fracture stress
Page 12 of 82
 γp = surface energy
C = depth of crack.

Calculate percentage strain at break for a Si-O bond with a fracture strength of 3.52*1010Nm-
48 1 and Young’s modulus of 9 *109Nm-1.
a) 3.1 %
b) 2.8 %
c) 4.5 %
d) 3.9 %
Answer: d
Explanation: Young’s modulus is given by-
E = Stress/Strain
To calculate strain from the above formula, we have to divide stress by Young’s modulus.
Therefore, Strain = Stress/E.

49 Stress corrosion must be considered while designing and testing optical fiber cables.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Stress corrosion means growth of flaws due to stress and water. This occurs as a
result of molecular bonds at the tip of crack being attacked by water. Hence, it is important to have
a protection against water to avoid stress corrosion.

50 Which statistics are used for calculations of strengths of optical fibers?

a) Edwin statistics
b) Newton statistics
c) Wei-bull statistics
d) Gamma statistics
Answer: c
Explanation: Calculations of strengths are conducted using Wei-bull statistics in case of optical
fibers. It describes the strength behavior of a system that is dependent on the weakest link of the
system. The Wei-bull statistics gives the probability of failure of the optical fiber at a given strength.

What does n denotes in the equation given below, if vc is the crack velocity; A is the constant for
51 the fiber material and KI is the strength intensity factor?

vc = AKIn

a) Refractive index
b) Stress corrosion susceptibility
c) Strain
d) Young’s modulus

Answer: b
Page 13 of 82
 Explanation: The above equation allows estimation of the time to failure of a fiber under stress
corrosion conditions. The constant n is called as stress corrosion susceptibility. It is typically in the
range of 15 to 50 for a glass.

The cable must be designed such that the strain on the fiber in the cable does not exceed
52 __________
a) 0.002%
b) 0.01%
c) 0.2%
d) 0.160%

Answer: c
Explanation: The constraints included in cable design are stability, protection, strength and jointing
of the fibers. The fiber cable does not get affected if the strain exerted on it is below 0.2%.
Although, it is suggested that the permanent strain on the fiber should be less than 0.1%.

53 How many categories exists in case of cable design?

a) Two
b) Three
c) One
d) Four

Answer: b
Explanation: Cable design is separated into three categories. They are fiber buffering, cable
structural and strength and cable sheath and water barrier. After successfully going through these
tests, an optical cable is designed.

54 How many types of buffer jackets are used in fiber buffering?

a) Three
b) One
c) Two
d) Four

Answer: a
Explanation: The buffer jacket is designed to protect the fiber from micro-bending losses. There are
three types of buffer jackets used in fiber buffering. They are tight buffer jackets, loose tube buffer
jackets and filled loose tube buffer jacket.

55 Loose tube buffer jackets exhibits a low resistance to movement of the fiber.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

Page 14 of 82
 Explanation: Loose tube buffering is achieved by using a hard, smooth, flexible material in the form
of extruded tube. The buffer tube is smooth from inside. Thus, it exhibits a low resistance to
movement of the fiber. Also, it can be easily stripped for jointing or fiber termination.

An inclusion of one or more structural members in an optical fiber so as to serve as a cable core
56 foundation around which the buffer fibers may be wrapped is called _____________
a) Attenuation
b) Splicing
c) Buffering
d) Stranding

Answer: d
Explanation: Optical fiber is made structurally stronger by adding one or more strength members.
The core fiber is trapped with buffered fibers or they are slotted in the core foundation. This
approach is called as stranding.

57 Which of the following is not a strength member used in optical cable?

a) Steel wire
b) Germanium
c) Aramid yarns
d) Glass elements
Answer: b
Explanation: Strength members or tensile members are added to the fiber to make it stronger and
durable. These members include solid steel wire, dielectric aramid yarns (Kevlar), glass elements
etc. Germanium is not a structural or strength member.

When the stranding approach consists of individual elements (e.g. single-fiber or multi fiber loose
58 tube buffer) than the cable is termed as _____________
a) Optical unit cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Layer cable
d) Bare glass cable
Answer: c
Explanation: The stranding approach consists of a fiber core foundation around which the buffered
fibers are wrapped. The cable elements are stranded in one, two or several layers around the
central structural member. When the stranding is composed of individual elements, then the cable
is termed as layer cable. If the cable core consists of stranding elements each of which comprises
a unit of stranding elements, then it is termed as optical unit cable.

59 The primary function of the structural member is load bearing.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Page 15 of 82
 Explanation: The primary function of the structural member is not load bearing. It’s function is to
provide suitable accommodation for the fiber ribbons within the cables. These fiber ribbons lie in
the helical grooves or slots formed in the surface of the structural members.

60 What is the Young’s modulus of Kevlar, an aromatic polyester?

a) 9 ×1010Nm-2
b) 10 ×1010Nm-2
c) 12 ×1010Nm-2
d) 13 ×1010Nm-2

Answer: d
Explanation: Kevlar is used as a strength member in an optical fiber. The Young’s modulus of
Kevlar is very high which gives it strength to weight ratio advantage four times that of steel. Kevlar
is coated with extruded plastic to provide a smooth surface which in turn prevents micro-bending
losses.

61 The cable is normally covered with an outer plastic sheath to reduce _______________
a) Abrasion
b) Armor
c) Friction
d) Dispersion
Answer: a
Explanation: Abrasion is the process of scraping or wearing something away. If the cable is not
coated with plastic sheath, it gives rise to effects such as abrasion and crushing. The most
common plastic sheath material used in covering a cable is polyethylene (PE).

A device which converts electrical energy in the form of a current into optical energy is called as
62 ___________
a) Optical source
b) Optical coupler
c) Optical isolator
d) Circulator
Answer: a
Explanation: An Optical source is an active component in an optical fiber communication system. It
converts electrical energy into optical energy and allows the light output to be efficiently coupled
into the Optical fi

63 How many types of sources of optical light are available?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

Answer: c
Page 16 of 82
 Explanation: Three main types of optical light sources are available. These are wideband sources,
monochromatic incoherent sources. Ideally the optical source should be linear.

The frequency of the absorbed or emitted radiation is related to difference in energy E between the
higher energy state E2 and the lower energy state E1. State what h stands for in the given
64 equation?

E = E2 - E1 = hf
a) Gravitation constant
b) Planck’s constant
c) Permittivity
d) Attenuation constant

Answer: b
Explanation: In the given equation, difference in the energy E is directly proportional to the
absorbed frequency (f) where h is used as a constant and is called as Planck’s constant. The value
of h is measured in Joules/sec & is given by-
h = 6.626×10-34Js.

The radiation emission process (emission of a proton at frequency) can occur in __________
65 ways.
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) One

Answer: a
Explanation: The emission process can occur in two ways. First is by spontaneous emission in
which the atom returns to the lower energy state in a random manner. Second is by stimulated
emission where the energy of a photon is equal to the energy difference and it interacts with the
atom in the upper state causing it to return to the lower state along with the creation of a new
photon.

66 Which process gives the laser its special properties as an optical source?
a) Dispersion
b) Stimulated absorption
c) Spontaneous emission
d) Stimulated emission

Answer: d
Explanation: In Stimulated emission, the photon produced is of the same energy to the one which
cause it. Hence, the light associated with stimulated photon is in phase and has same polarization.
Therefore, in contrast to spontaneous emission, coherent radiation is obtained. The coherent
radiation phenomenon in laser provides amplification thereby making laser a better optical source
Page 17 of 82
 than LED.

An incandescent lamp is operating at a temperature of 1000K at an operating frequency of

67 5.2×1014 Hz. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to spontaneous emission rate.
a) 3×10-13
b) 1.47×10-11
c) 2×10-12
d) 1.5×10-13

Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio of the stimulated emission rate to the spontaneous emission rate is given
by-
Stimulated emission rate/ Spontaneous emission rate = 1/exp (hf/KT)-1.

The lower energy level contains more atoms than upper level under the conditions of
68 ________________
a) Isothermal packaging
b) Population inversion
c) Thermal equilibrium
d) Pumping

Answer: c
Explanation: Under the conditions of thermal equilibrium, the lower energy level contains more
atoms than the upper level. To achieve optical amplification, it is required to create a non-
equilibrium distribution such that the population of upper energy level is more than the lower
energy level. This process of excitation of atoms into the upper level is achieved by using an
external energy source and is called as pumping.

__________________ in the laser occurs when photon colliding with an excited atom causes the
69 stimulated emission of a second photon.
a) Light amplification
b) Attenuation
c) Dispersion
d) Population inversion

Answer: a
Explanation: Laser emits coherent radiation of one or more discrete wavelength. Lasers produce
coherent light through a process called stimulated emission. Light amplification is obtained through
stimulated emission. Continuation of this process creates avalanche multiplication.

Page 18 of 82
 A ruby laser has a crystal of length 3 cm with a refractive index of 1.60, wavelength 0.43 μm.
70 Determine the number of longitudinal modes.
a) 1×102
b) 3×106
c) 2.9×105
d) 2.2×105

Answer: d
Explanation: The number of longitudinal modes is given by-
q = 2nL/λ
Where
q = Number of longitudinal modes
n = Refractive index
L = Length of the crystal
λ = Peak emission wavelengt

A semiconductor laser crystal of length 5 cm, refractive index 1.8 is used as an optical source.
71 Determine the frequency separation of the modes.
a) 2.8 GHz
b) 1.2 GHz
c) 1.6 GHz
d) 2 GHz

Answer: c
Explanation: The modes of laser are separated by a frequency internal δf and this separation is
given by-
δf = c/2nL
Where
c = velocity of light
n = Refractive index
L = Length of the crystal.

72 Doppler broadening is a homogeneous broadening mechanism.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: Doppler broadening is a inhomogeneous broadening mechanism. In this broadening,
the individual groups of atoms have different apparent resonance frequencies. Atomic collisions
usually provide homogeneous broadening as each atom in collection has same resonant frequency
and spectral spread.

Page 19 of 82
 An injection laser has active cavity losses of 25 cm-1 and the reflectivity of each laser facet is 30%.
73 Determine the laser gain coefficient for the cavity it has a length of 500μm.
a) 46 cm-1
b) 51 cm-1
c) 50 cm-1
d) 49.07 cm-1

Answer: d
Explanation: The laser gain coefficient is equivalent to the threshold gain per unit length and is
given by –
gth = α + 1/L ln (1/r)
Where
α = active cavity loss
L = Length of the cavity
r = reflectivity.

74 Longitudinal modes contribute only a single spot of light to the laser output.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Laser emission includes the longitudinal modes and transverse modes. Transverse
modes give rise to a pattern of spots at the output. Longitudinal modes give only a spot of light to
the output.

Considering the values given below, calculate the mode separation in terms of free space
75 wavelength for a laser. (Frequency separation = 2GHz, Wavelength = 0.5 μm)
a) 1.4×10-11
b) 1.6×10-12
c) 1×10-12
d) 6×10-11

Answer: b
Explanation: The mode separation in terms of free space wavelength is given by-
δλ = λ2/c δf
Where
δf = frequency separation
λ = wavelength
c = velocity of light.

Page 20 of 82
76 Integrated technology for optical devices are developed within optical fiber communication.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Integration of optical devices enable fabrication of the whole system onto a single
chip. Integration of such devices has become a confluence of several optical terms.

When both active and passive devices are integrated on a single chip, in multilayered form, then
77 these devices are known as _____________
a) IP devices
b) IO devices
c) Wavelength converters
d) Optical parametric amplifiers

Answer: a
Explanation: IP technology enables fabrication of subsystems and systems. This is all realized on a
single substrate. The integration on a single chip is done in IP technology.

78 _________ is a further enhancement of ________

a) IP, IO
b) IO, IP
c) IO, wavelength converters
d) IP, wavelength converters

Answer: a
Explanation: IP seems to be a miniaturization process and integration of optical systems on a
single chip. IO devices are formed when both active and passive elements are interconnected.
Thus, IP is a developed version of IO.

79 Thin transparent dielectric layers on planar substrates are used in _________ and ______ devices.
a) Wavelength converters and amplification devices
b) IP and IO
c) IP and wavelength converters
d) IO and amplification devices

Answer: b
Explanation: IP and IO provide an alternative to conversion of optical signal back to electrical
signal. Thin transparent dielectric layers act as optical waveguides to produce small-scale and
miniature circuits.

Page 21 of 82
80 __________ did not make significant contribution to earlier optical fiber systems.
a) IO
b) IP
c) Wavelength amplifiers
d) Couplers

Answer: a
Explanation: IO is based on single mode optical waveguides. Thus it is incompatible with
multimode fiber systems. Thus, IO has less importance than IP.

81 Side or edge-emitting or conducting optical devices cannot be integrated on same substrate.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: In serial integration of device, different elements of optical chip can be interconnected
in a consecutive manner. Thus, integration of side or edge emitting optical devices can be done on
a single substrate.

82 Hybrid ________ integration demands _________ IP circuits to be produced on a single substrate.

a) IP, single-layered
b) IO, multilayered
c) IP, multilayered
d) IO, multilayered

Answer: c
Explanation: To gain control of optical signals, elements can be directly attached to IP circuit. Both
active and passive devices should be on the same substrate. To make devices compatible with 3d
structures of other IP/IO devices, hybrid IP integration demands multilayered IP circuits.

83 Using SOI integration technique __________ components can be coupled to IP devices.

a) Passive
b) Layered
c) Demounted
d) Active

Answer: d
Explanation: SOI is used to produce micro-waveguide bends and couplers thereby maintaining
compatibility with silicon fabrication techniques. Thus, active components like optical sources,
detectors can be coupled to other IP devices using SOI technique.

Page 22 of 82
84 Who invented the IO technology?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Anderson
c) M.S Clarke
d) Robert

Answer: b
Explanation: The birth of IO can be traced back to the basic ideas outlined by Anderson in 1966.
He suggested the micro-fabrication technology which in turn led to the term integrated optics in
1969.

Electronic circuits have a practical limitation on speed of operation at a frequency of around

85 _________
a) 1010Hz
b) 1012Hz
c) 1014Hz
d) 1011Hz

Answer: a
Explanation: The speed of operation of electronic devices or circuits results from their use of
metallic conductors to transport electronic charges and build up signals. It has a limitation to speed
of operation of frequency around 1010Hz.

The use of light as an electromagnetic wave of high frequency provides high speed operation
86 around ____________ times the conceivable employing electronic circuits.
a) 108Hz
b) 105Hz
c) 106Hz
d) 104Hz

Answer: d
Explanation: The use of light with its property as an electromagnetic wave offers the possibility of
high speed operation. For this, the frequency should be high as 1014to 1015Hz.

87 How many layers are possessed by waveguide structures of silica-on-silicon(SOS)?

a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) One

Answer: b
Explanation: The SOS is a part of IP technology. The waveguide structures provided by it
comprises of three layers. They are buffer, the core and the cladding.

Page 23 of 82
 The ________________ is a versatile solution-based technique for making ceramic and glass
88 materials.
a) SOL gel process
b) SSL gel process
c) SDL gel process
d) SAML gel process

Answer: a
Explanation: The SOL gel process involves the transition of system from a liquid to a gel. The SOL
gel process along with SOS technique is used for the fabrication of ceramic fibers, film coatings
and waveguide based optical amplifiers.

89 The inability of a lens to form a white image of a white object is known as ________
a) Spherical Aberration
b) Chromatic Aberration
c) Monochromatic Aberration
d) Coma

Answer: b
Explanation: If a lens forms colored images of an object with white light, it is known as chromatic
aberration. Because since that the refractive index of the material of the lens is different for
different wavelengths of light.

90 What is the ratio of the focal lengths of the two Plano-convex lenses in Huygens’s Eyepiece?
a) 2:1
b) 3:1
c) 3:2
d) 4:3

Answer: b
Explanation: The focal lengths of the two Plano-convex lenses in Huygens’s Eyepiece are in the
ration 3:1(3f and f) and the distance between them is equal to 2f. The focal length and positions of
the two lenses are such that the eyepiece is achromatic and free from spherical aberration.

In which of the following instruments, the objective has a large focal length and a very large
91 eyepiece?
a) A simple microscope
b) A Compound microscope
c) Telescope
d) Interferometer

Answer: c

Page 24 of 82
 Explanation: In telescopes, it is desired to provide angular magnification of distant objects. A very
large focal length and the even larger eyepiece is used so that the light from a distant object enters
the objective and the image formed is clear.

X is an optical defect due to which a comet-like image is formed instead of a point image. X is
92 ___________
a) Coma
b) Astigmatism
c) Curvature
d) Distortion

Answer: a
Explanation: Coma is a type of monochromatic aberration. In this, a comet-like image is formed
instead of a point image, of a point object situated away from the lens. It can be reduced by using
the aplanatic lens.

93 Huygens’s eyepiece is also known as __________

a) Spherical Eyepiece
b) Positive Eyepiece
c) Negative Eyepiece
d) Double Eyepiece

Answer: c
Explanation: In Huygens’s eyepiece, the real inverted image formed by the objective of the
microscope lies behind the field lens and that image is virtual. Due to this, Huygens’s eyepiece is
also known as Negative Eyepiece. This eyepiece cannot be used to examine a real image formed
by the objective.

94 Which of the following is not a part of an Electron Microscope?

a) Electron Gun
b) Objective
c) Magnetic lens
d) Fluorescent Screen

Answer: b
Explanation: The electron microscope works on the principle that a beam of electrons exhibit wave
nature and they can be focused by suitable electric and magnetic fields. Thus, electron microscope
has an electron gun for producing electrons, a Magnetic lens to focus the electron beam and the
fluorescent screen to obtain the image.

Page 25 of 82
 The condition in which lines in one direction appear to be well focused while those in perpendicular
95 direction appear distorted is known as ___________
a) Presbyopia
b) Myopia
c) Hypermetropia
d) Astigmatism

Answer: d
Explanation: Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is not spherical. Due to this, lines in one
direction seems to be focused while in the perpendicular direction looks distorted. It can be
corrected by the use of cylindrical lens

A thin converging lens and a thin diverging lens of each focal length 10 cm are placed coaxially
96 5cm apart. What will be the focal length of the combination?
a) +10cm
b) -10cm
c) +20cm
d) -20cm

Answer: c
Explanation: We know, f1=10 cm, f2 = -10 cm, d = 5 cm
1f=1f1+1f2−df1f2
= 1/10 – 1/10 + 5/100
f = + 20 cm.

Two lenses of focal length 8 cm and 6 cm are placed a certain distance apart. If they form an
97 achromatic combination, the separation between them is ___________
a) 5cm
b) 6cm
c) 7cm
d) 8cm

Answer: c
Explanation: For an achromatic combination, the separation x is given by,
x = (f1 + f2)/2
As we know, f1 = 8cm and f2 = 6cm
x = 14/2
x = 7 cm.

Page 26 of 82
 The effective focal length of Ramsden’s eyepiece is 3cm. The focal length of a single lens is
98 ___________
a) 3cm
b) 4cm
c) 5cm
d) 6cm

Answer: b
Explanation: Here, F = 3 cm, f =? d =?
In Ramsden’s eyepiece, F = f and d = 2f/3
Therefore, applying the formula
1F=1F+1f−dFf
F = 3f/4
f = 4F/3
f = 4 X 3 /3
f = 4 cm.

The far point of a myopic person is 40 cm. What should be the power of the lens that he must use
100 to see clearly?
a) -0.4 D
b) +0.4 D
c) -2.5 D
d) +2.5 D

Answer: c
Explanation: Myopia is the defect when a person can’t see distant object clearly. To see clearly, the
person should use a concave lens of focal length -40 cm.
Hence, the power of the lens = 100/-40
= -2.5 Diopters.

Verified By Re-Verified By Approved By

Prepared By
Dawkhar S L Navale S N Tupe S G
Badadhe P S
Module Coordinator Academic Coordinator HoD E&Tc

Page 27 of 82
 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL POLYTECHNIC,PUNE
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF E&Tc ENGINEERING

Question Bank for Multiple Choice Questions

02 – Optical Losses Marks:-16

Content of Chapter:-
2.1Reflection ,refraction, Total internal reflection(TIR) ,Snell’s Law, critical angle, numerical aperture,
acceptance angle and acceptance cone
2.2Splicing techniques –Fusion splice-groove splice and elastic tube splice
2.3Losses in optical fiber: Absorption loss ,scattering loss, dispersion loss, radiation loss, coupling loss
2.4 OTDR: working Principle, block diagram ,specification ,Application
1 What causes haloes (rings) around the sun or the moon?
a) Total internal reflection
b) Refraction of light
c) Reflection of light
d) Dispersion

Answer: c
Explanation: When the sun or the moon is seen through a thin veil of high clouds, haloes, i.e.
rings, are seen. These are formed due to the reflection of light by the icy crystals present in the
atmosphere. So, this is the cause of rings around the sun or the moon.

2 Why is the sequence of colors in the secondary rainbow reverse of that in the primary rainbow?
a) Refraction of light
b) Two internal reflection
c) Reflection of light
d) Dispersion

Answer: b
Explanation: The sequence of colors in the secondary rainbow is the reverse of that in the primary
rainbow because a secondary rainbow is formed by two internal reflections of light in water
droplets while a primary rainbow is formed by just one total internal reflection.

3 Which of the following is a necessary condition for total internal reflection?

a) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two
media
b) The angle of incidence in the rarer medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two
media
c) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be lesser than the critical angle for the two
Page 28 of 82
 media
d) The angle of reflection in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two
media

Answer: a
Explanation: The necessary conditions for total internal reflection are ➔ the light must travel from
an optically denser to an optically rarer medium and the angle of incidence in the denser medium
must be greater than the critical angle for the two media.

4 Which of the following color is the ocean?

a) Black
b) Orange
c) Blue
d) Red

Answer: c
Explanation: The Ocean is blue because water absorbs colors in the red part of the light spectrum.
Like a filter, this leaves behind colors in the blue part of the light spectrum for us to see. So, the
blue color of the ocean is due to the preferential scattering of light by water molecules.

5 The secondary rainbow is brighter than the primary rainbow.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: Light suffers two total internal reflections in the formation of the secondary rainbow.
So more light intensity is absorbed. Therefore, the secondary rainbow will be fainter compared to
the primary rainbow and the latter will be brighter.

‘X’ is an optical illusion observed in deserts or over hot extended surfaces like a coal-tarred road,
due to which a traveler sees a shimmering pond of water some distance ahead of him and in
6 which the surrounding objects like trees appear inverted. Identify X.
a) Mileage
b) Mirage
c) Optical activity
d) Total internal reflection

Answer: b
Explanation: Mirage is an optical illusion observed in deserts or over hot extended surfaces like a
coal-tarred road, due to which a traveler sees a shimmering pond of water some distance ahead
of him and in which the surrounding objects like trees appear inverted.

7 Identify the principle behind the sparkling of diamonds.

a) Total internal reflection
Page 29 of 82
 b) Refraction
c) Reflection
d) Optical activity

Answer: a
Explanation: The faces of a diamond are cut suitably so that light entering it suffers total internal
reflections repeatedly and gets collected inside but it comes out through only a few faces.
Diamond sparkles when seen in the direction of emerging light.

8 The Snell’s law can be derived from which type of incidence?

a) Incidence angle
b) Reflected angle
c) Refracted angle
d) Oblique incidence

Answer: d
Explanation: The oblique incidence refers to the interface between dielectric media. Consider a
planar interface between two dielectric media. A plane wave is incident at an angle from medium 1
and reflected from medium 2. The interface plane defines the boundary between the media. This
is the oblique medium.

9 The Snell’s law is given by

a) N1 sin θi = N2 sin θt
b) N2 sin θi = N1 sin θt
c) sin θi = sin θt
d) N1 cos θi = N2 cos θt

Answer: a
Explanation: The Snell law states that in an oblique medium, the product of the refractive index
and sine of incidence angle in medium 1 is same as that of medium 2. Thus it is given by N1 sin θi
= N2 sin θt.

Calculate the ratio of sine of incident angle to the sine of reflected angle when the refractive
10 indices of medium 1 and 2 are given as 2.33 and 1.66 respectively.
a) 0.71
b) 1.4
c) 2
d) 3.99

Answer: a
Explanation: The Snell law is given by N1 sin θi = N2 sin θt. To get sin θi/sin θt, the ratio is N2/N1.
On substituting for N1 = 2.33 and N2 = 1.66, we get 1.66/2.33 = 0.71.

Page 30 of 82
 Find the ratio of the refractive index of medium 1 to that of medium 2, when the incident and
11 reflected angles are given by 300 and 450 respectively.
a) 0.5
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4

Answer: c
Explanation: The Snell law is given by N1 sin θi = N2 sin θt. For getting N1/N2, the ratio is sin
θt/sin θi. On substituting for θi = 30 and θt = 45, we get sin 45/sin 30 = 2.

12 The refractive index of a medium with permittivity of 2 and permeability of 3 is given by

a) 3.56
b) 2.45
c) 3.21
d) 1.78

Answer: b
Explanation: The refractive index is given by n = c √(με), where c is the speed of light. Given that
relative permittivity and relative permeability are 2 and 3 respectively. Thus n = 3 x 108 √(2 x 4π x
10-7 x 3 x 8.854 x 10-12) = 2.45.

The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence at which the total internal reflection starts to
13 occur. State True/False.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: The critical angle is the minimum angle of incidence which is required for the total
internal reflection to occur. This is the angle that relates the refractive index with the angle of
reflection in an oblique incidence medium.

The critical angle for two media of refractive indices of medium 1 and 2 given by 2 and 1
14 respectively is
a) 0
b) 30
c) 45
d) 60

Answer: b
Explanation: The sine of the critical angle is the ratio of refractive index of medium 2 to that in
medium 1. Thus sin θc = n2/n1. To get θc, put n1 = 2 and n2 = 1. Thus we get θc = sin-1(n2/n1) =
sin-1(1/2) = 30 degree.

Page 31 of 82
15 The critical angle for two media with permittivities of 16 and 9 respectively is
a) 48.59
b) 54.34
c) 60
d) 45

Answer: a
Explanation: The sine of the critical angle is the ratio of refractive index of medium 2 to that in
medium 1. Thus sin θc = n2/n1. Also n = √ε, thus sin θc = √ε2/√ε1. Put ε1 = 16 and ε2 = 9, we get
θc = sin-1(3/4) = 48.59 degre

16 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for perfect reflection. State True/False.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: For complete wave reflection, the angle of incidence should be same as the angle of
the reflection. In such cases, the reflection coefficient is unity and the transmission coefficient is
zero.

The angle of incidence of a wave of a wave with angle of transmission 45 degree and the
17 refractive indices of the two media given by 2 and 1.3 is
a) 41.68
b) 61.86
c) 12.23
d) 27.89

Answer: a
Explanation: The Snell law is given by N1 sin θi = N2 sin θt. To get θi, put N1 = 2, N2 = 1.3, θt =
45 degree. Thus we get θi = sin-1(1.3 sin 45)/2 = 41.68 degree.

The angle at which the wave must be transmitted in air media if the angle of reflection is 45
18 degree is
a) 45
b) 30
c) 60
d) 90

Answer: a
Explanation: In air media, n1 = n2 = 1. Thus, sin θi=sin θt and the angle of incidence and the
angle of reflection are same. Given that the reflection angle is 45, thus the angle of incidence is
also 45 degree.

Page 32 of 82
 For a critical angle of 60 degree and the refractive index of the first medium is 1.732, the refractive
19 index of the second medium is
a) 1
b) 1.5
c) 2
d) 1.66

Answer: b
Explanation: From the definition of Snell law, sin θc = n2/n1. To get n2, put n1 = 1.732 and θc =
60. Thus we get sin 60 = n2/1.732 and n2 = 1.5.

20 Identify the factor on which the angle of deviation of the prism does not depend.
a) The angle of incidence
b) The material of the prism
c) The angle of reflection
d) The wavelength of light used

Answer: c
Explanation: Factors on which the angle of deviation depends are ➔ the angle of incidence, the
material of the prism, the wavelength of light used, and the angle of the prism. So, the factor on
which the angle of deviation that does not depend on is the angle of reflection.

Calculate the refractive index of the material of an equilateral prism for which the angle of
21 minimum deviation is 60°.
a) 3√2
b) √3
c) 12
d) 12√

Answer: b
Explanation: Refractive index of the prism material is μ = {sin(A+δm)2}{sinA2}
μ = {sin(60o+60o)2}{sin60o2}
μ = √3.

22 Which of the following causes dispersion?

a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Total internal reflection
d) Total internal dispersion

Answer: a
Explanation: The reason is that for a given angle f incidence, the reflection is the same for all the
wavelengths of white light while the angle of refraction is different for different wavelengths.
Therefore, this is how dispersion is caused.
Page 33 of 82
 What happens to the frequency and the wavelength when light passes from a rarer to a denser
23 medium?
a) Wavelength remains unchanged but frequency changes
b) They are independent
c) Wavelength and frequency changes
d) Wavelength changes but the frequency remain unchanged

Answer: d
Explanation: When light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, the wavelength of light changes
but the frequency remains unchanged. Therefore, there is no change in the frequency of light, only
the wavelength changes.

24 What is the relative refractive index of water with respect to glass?

a) Unity
b) More than unity
c) Less than unity
d) Zero

Answer: c
Explanation: Absolute refractive index = SpeedoflightinvacuumSpeedoflightinthemedium. The
relative refractive index of water with respect to glass is less than unity.

25 The refraction in a water tank makes apparent depth the same throughout.
a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: No, this statement is false. Apparent depth is maximum for that part of the bottom of
the tank which is observed normally. Apparent depth decreases with increasing obliquity.
Therefore, the refraction in a water tank does not make apparent depth the same throughout.

26 What will be the color of the sky in the absence of the atmosphere?
a) White
b) Dark
c) Blue
d) Pink

Answer: b
Explanation: The sunlight will not be scattered in the absence of the atmosphere. So the sky will
appear dark. So, the sky will no longer be blue in the absence of an atmosphere.

Page 34 of 82
27 On what factor does the normal shift through a refracting medium depend?
a) The thickness of the refracting medium
b) Angle of Prism
c) Angle of deviation
d) Convection

Answer: a
Explanation: The normal shift depends on the thickness of the refracting medium and the
refractive index of the material. The normal shift does not depend on the angle of the prism, angle
of deviation, and convection.

28 A lens immersed in a transparent liquid is not visible. Under what condition can this happen?
a) Less refractive index
b) Higher refractive index
c) Same refractive index
d) Total internal reflection is zero

Answer: c
Explanation: When the refractive index of the liquid is the same as the lens material, no light will
be reflected by the lens and hence it will not be visible. So, the lens immersed in a transparent
liquid will not be visible.

29 What is the cause of the blue color of the ocean?

a) Reflection
b) Scattering of light by water molecules
c) Total internal reflection
d) Refraction

Answer: b
Explanation: The blue color of the ocean is due to the preferential scattering of light by water
molecules. This is the underlying reason for many other phenomena such as why the sky is blue
or the sky is reddish at the time of sunrise or sunset.

30 The expression for refractive index is given by

a) N = v/c
b) N = c/v
c) N = cv
d) N = 1/cv

Answer: b
Explanation: The refractive index is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its
velocity in a specified medium. It is given by n = c/v. It is constant for a particular material.

Page 35 of 82
31 Numerical aperture is expressed as the
a) NA = sin θa
b) NA = cos θa
c) NA = tan θa
d) NA = sec θa

Answer: a
Explanation: The numerical aperture is the measure of how much light the fiber can collect. It is
the sine of the acceptance angle, the angle at which the light must be transmitted in order to get
maximum reflection. Thus it is given by NA = sin θa.

32 For total internal reflection to occur, which condition must be satisfied?

a) N1 = N2
b) N1 > N2
c) N1 < N2
d) N1 x N2=1

Answer: b
Explanation: The refractive of the transmitting medium should be greater than that of the receiving
medium. In other words, the light must flow from denser to rarer medium, for total internal
reflection to occur.

33 Find the refractive index of a medium having a velocity of 1.5 x 108.

a) 0.5
b) 5
c) 0.2
d) 2

Answer: d
Explanation: The refractive index is given by the ratio of the speed of light to the velocity in a
particular medium. It is given by n = c/v. On substituting for v = 1.5 x 108 and c = 3 x 108, we get n
= 3/1.5 = 2. The quantity has no unit.

34 The refractive index of water will be

a) 1
b) 2.66
c) 5
d) 1.33

Answer: d
Explanation: The velocity of light in water as medium will be 2.25 x 108. On substituting for the
speed of light, we get refractive index as n = 3/2.25 = 1.33(no unit).

Page 36 of 82
35 The refractive index of air is unity. State True/False.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: The velocity of light in the air medium and the speed of light are both the same. Since
light travels at maximum velocity in air only. Thus the refractive index n = c/v will be unity.

The numerical aperture of a coaxial cable with core and cladding indices given by 2.33 and 1.4
36 respectively is
a) 3.73
b) 0.83
c) 3.46
d) 1.86

Answer: d
Explanation: The numerical aperture is given by NA = √(n12 – n22), where n1 and n2 are the
refractive indices of core and cladding respectively. On substituting for n1 = 2.33 and n2 = 1.4, we
get NA = √(2.332-1.42) = 1.86.

37 Find the acceptance angle of a material which has a numerical aperture of 0.707 in air.
a) 30
b) 60
c) 45
d) 90

Answer: c
Explanation: The numerical aperture is given by NA = n sin θa, where n is the refractive index. It is
unity in air. Thus NA = sin θa. To get θ= sin-1(NA), put NA = 0.707, thus θa = sin-1(0.707) = 45
degree.

38 The numerical aperture of a material with acceptance angle of 60 degree in water will be
a) 1.15
b) 2.15
c) 5.21
d) 1.52

Answer: a
Explanation: The numerical aperture is given by NA = n sin θa, where n is the refractive index. It is
1.33 for water medium. Given that the acceptance angle is 60, we get NA = 1.33 sin 60 = 1.15.

Page 37 of 82
 The core refractive index should be lesser than the cladding refractive index for a coaxial cable.
39 State True/False
a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: The light should pass through the core region only, for effective transmission. When
light passes through cladding, losses will occur, as cladding is meant for protection. Thus core
refractive index must be greater than the cladding refractive index.

40 The refractive index is 2.33 and the critical angle is 350. Find the numerical aperture.
a) 2
b) 1.9
c) 2.33
d) 12

Answer: b
Explanation: The numerical aperture is given by NA = n cos θc, where θc is the critical angle and
n is the refractive index. On substituting for n = 2.33 and θc = 35, we get NA = 2.33 cos 35 =
1.9(no unit).

41 Choose the optical fibre material from the given materials.

a) Glass
b) Plastic
c) Silica
d) Quartz

Answer: c
Explanation: Silica is the most dominant optical fibre material. This is because of its hardness,
flexibility, melting point. Also it is an easily available material.

42 What is the principle of fibre optical communication?

a) Frequency modulation
b) Population inversion
c) Total internal reflection
d) Doppler Effect

Answer: c
Explanation: In optical fibres, the light entering the fibre does not encounter any new surfaces, but
repeatedly they hit the same surface. The reason for confining the light beam inside the fibres is
the total internal reflection

Page 38 of 82
43 What is the other name for a maximum external incident angle?
a) Optical angle
b) Total internal reflection angle
c) Refraction angle
d) Wave guide acceptance angle

Answer: d
Explanation: Only this rays which pass within the acceptance angle will be totally reflected.
Therefore, light incident on the core within the maximum external incident angle can be coupled
into the fibre to propagate. This angle is called a wave guide acceptance angle.

44 A single mode fibre has low intermodal dispersion than multimode.

a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: In both single and multimode fibres the refractive indices will be in step by step.
Since a single mode has less dispersion than multimode, the single mode step index fibre also
has low intermodal dispersion compared to multimode step index fibre.

45 How does the refractive index vary in Graded Index fibre?

a) Tangentially
b) Radially
c) Longitudinally
d) Transversely

Answer: b
Explanation: The refractive index of the core is maximum along the fibre axis and it gradually
decreases. Here the refractive index varies radially from the axis of the fibre. Hence it is called
graded index fibre.

46 Which of the following has more distortion?

a) Single step-index fibre
b) Graded index fibre
c) Multimode step-index fibre
d) Glass fibre

Answer: c
Explanation: When rays travel through longer distances there will be some difference in reflected
angles. Hence high angle rays arrive later than low angle rays. Therefore the signal pulses are
broadened thereby results in a distorted output.

Page 39 of 82
47 In which of the following there is no distortion?
a) Graded index fibre
b) Multimode step-index fibre
c) Single step-index fibre
d) Glass fibre

Answer: a
Explanation: The light travels with different speeds in different paths because of the variation in
their refractive indices. At the outer edge it travels faster than near the centre But almost all the
rays reach the exit end at the same time due to the helical path. Thus, there is no dispersion in the
pulses and hence the output is not a distorted output.

48 Which of the following loss occurs inside the fibre?

a) Radiative loss
b) Scattering
c) Absorption
d) Attenuation

Answer: b
Explanation: Scattering is a wavelength dependent loss. Since the glass used in the fabrication of
fibres, the disordered structure of glass will make some vibrations in the refractive index inside the
fibre. This causes Rayleigh scattering.

49 What causes microscopic bend?

a) Uniform pressure
b) Non-uniform volume
c) Uniform volume
d) Non-uniform pressur

Answer: d
Explanation: Micro-bends losses are caused due to non-uniformities inside the fibre. This micro-
bends in fibre appears due to non-uniform pressures created during the cabling of fibre.

50 When more than one mode is propagating, how is it dispersed?

a) Dispersion
b) Inter-modal dispersion
c) Material dispersion
d) Waveguide dispersion

Answer: b

Page 40 of 82
 Explanation: When more than one mode is propagating through a fibre, then inter modal
dispersion will occur. Since many modes are propagating, they will have different wavelengths and
will take different time to propagate through the fibre.

51 A fibre optic telephone transmission can handle more than thousands of voice channels.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Optical fibre has larger bandwidth hence it can handle a large number of channels for
communication.

52 Which of the following is known as fibre optic back bone?

a) Telecommunication
b) Cable television
c) Delay lines
d) Bus topology

Answer: d
Explanation: Each computer on the network is connected to the rest of the computers by the
optical wiring scheme called bus topology, which is an application known as fibre optic back bone.

Calculate the numerical aperture of an optical fibre whose core and cladding are made of
53 materials of refractive index 1.6 and 1.5 respectively.
a) 0.55677
b) 55.77
c) 0.2458
d) 0.647852

Answer: a
Explanation: Numerical aperture = n12−n22−−−−−−−−√
Numerical aperture = 0.55677.

A step-index fibre has a numerical aperture of 0.26, a core refractive index of 1.5 and a core
54 diameter of 100micrometer. Calculate the acceptance angle.
a) 1.47°
b) 15.07°
c) 2.18°
d) 24.15°

Answer: b
Explanation: sin i = (Numerical aperture)/n
sin i = 15.07°.

Page 41 of 82
 If a beam of light travelling in a vacuum strikes a flat surface of a transparent material at an angle
55 of incidence φa relative to normal some of the light will be reflected at angle φr
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: If a beam of light travelling in a vacuum when air is close enough strikes a flat
surface of a transparent material at an angle of incidence φa relative to normal some of the light
will be reflected at angle φr, and some of the light will be transmitted to the object at angle φb.

It is known that the angle of refraction from normal isn’t equal to the angle of the incident light from
56 normal (φa = φr)
a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: It is known that the angle of reflection from normal is equal to the angle of the
incident light from normal (φa = φr). It’s also known that the sin φa/sin φb, = n of the transparent
material.

If any refracted light were to travel the same path backward the same relationship would exist,
57 that is__________ = n.( The angle of reflection for normal is (φa = φr))
a) sin φa/cos φb
b) cos φa/sin φb
c) cosec φa/sin φb
d) sin φa/sin φb

Answer: d
Explanation: The incident, reflected, and refracted rays and the normal line are all in the same
plane. Refracted light travels to the same path backward the same relationship would exist, that is
sin φa/sin φb, = n.

__________ means that when light travels from a material of less index of refraction to a material
58 of higher index of refraction, the light is bent towards the normal.
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Radiation
d) Plunge

Answer: b
Explanation: The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a less dense medium
bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary b/w the two media. The converse is also
true. na sin φa=nb sin φb.

Page 42 of 82
 With __________ it’s possible that a light ray will be reflected back into a material when striking at
59 a higher angle.
a) TIR
b) TIM
c) CPR
d) VIBGYOR

Answer: a
Explanation: The complete reflection of a light ray touching an interface with a less dense medium
when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle. It’s the phenomenon that keeps light inside
glass fiber cables so that it could be transmitted large distances with relatively little loss of
intensity.

It is known that the maximum amount of scattering results when the minimum particle dimension
60 is about 1.5 the wavelength of the light being __________
a) Scattering
b) Shaping
c) Tyndell
d) Intensity

Answer: a
Explanation: Light scattering could be thought of as the deflection of a ray from a straight path, for
eg. by irregularities in the propagation medium, particles, or in the interface b/w two media. This
corresponds to about 0.25 jLtm, which is a common size for certain fillers.

__________ has very high absorbance across the spectrum and so little light is reflected or
61 transmitted.
a) White paper
b) Grey paper
c) Black paper
d) Red paper
Answer: c
Explanation: Gray one has some absorbance which is nearly constant across the visible light
spectrum. Gray or white is said to be achromatic (without color) and has a flat spectral reflectance
curve.

__________ paper scatters light very little and has relatively less absorbance so that most light is
62 transmitted through it, unless it is very thick.
a) Cellophane
b) Latex
c) Glassine
d) Plastic

Answer: c
Page 43 of 82
 Explanation: It’s a smooth and glossy paper that is air, H2O and grease resistant. An extreme eg.
of this case is a clear, plastic, film, such as cellophane.

__________ utilizes the fact that the index of refraction of a material is a function of the
63 wavelength of the light ray.
a) Absorption
b) Reflection
c) Refraction
d) Dispersion

Answer: d
Explanation: It’s the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency.
The index of refraction of a material is often high for blue light than for the red one.

Light might also be ___________ as it is transmitted through a material. Reflection, refraction, and
__________ of light are all very crucial in determining and predicting the optical properties of
64 paper.
a) Absorption
b) Reflection
c) Refraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: a
Explanation: It’s employed as an analytical chemistry tool to calculate the presence of a particular
substance in a sample and, in many cases, to quantify the amount of the substance which is
present. Infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy are particularly common in analytical
applications.

65 What is the angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray in a prism called?
a) Angle of deviation
b) Angle of refraction
c) Angle of reflection
d) Angle of dispersion
Answer: a
Explanation: A prism is a homogenous, transparent medium enclosed two plane surfaces inclined
at an angle. These surfaces are called the refracting surfaces and the angle between the incident
ray and emergent ray is known as the angle of deviation.

66 Identify the prism formula from the following.

a) μ=⁡sin[A–δm2]sin(A2)
b) μ=⁡sin[A+δm4]sin(A2)
c) μ=⁡sin[A+δm2]sin(A2)
d) μ=⁡sin[A+δm2]cos(A2)

Answer: c
Page 44 of 82
 Explanation: The refractive index of the material of the prism is given as:
μ=⁡sin[A+δm2]sin(A2)
Where A ➔ Angle of the prism and δm ➔ angle of minimum deviation. This is known as the
prism formula.

67 Which of the following is Cauchy’s formula?

a) μ=A+Bλ2+Cλ4
b) μ=A+Bλ2+Cλ4
c) μ=A+B+CBλ
d) μ=A+Bλ+Cλ2

Answer: b
Explanation: Cauchy’s dispersion formula is an empirical expression that gives an approximate
relation between the refractive index of a medium and the wavelength of the light. Cauchy’s
formula is given as:
μ=A+Bλ2+Cλ4
Where A, B, and C are the arbitrary constants of the medium.

68 The Refractive index of a material of a prism is different for different colors.

a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Yes, this statement is true. The Refractive index is the property of a material. Since
δ=(μ-1)A, different colors turn through different angles on passing through the prism. This is the
cause of dispersion. Therefore, the refractive index of a material of a prism is different for different
colors.

69 What is the difference in a deviation between any two colors called?

a) Linear dispersion
b) Angular dispersion
c) Mean deviation
d) Mean dispersion

Answer: b
Explanation: The difference in a deviation between any two colors is known as angular dispersion.
Angular dispersion is given as:
δV-δR=(μV-μR)A
Where μV and μR are the refractive index for violet rays and red rays, respectively. Mean
deviation is δ = (δV+δR2).

Page 45 of 82
70 Pick out the formula for dispersive power from the following.
a) Dispersive power = meandeviationangulardispersion
b) Dispersive power = mean deviation * angular dispersion
c) Dispersive power = mean deviation + angular deviation
d) Dispersive power = angulardispersionmeandeviation

Answer: d
Explanation: The formula for dispersive power is given as:
Dispersive power (ω)=Angulardispersion(δV−δR)Meandeviation(δ)
ω=μV−μRμ−1
Where μ=μV+μR2 = mean refractive index

71 What is the condition for dispersion without deviation?

a) δ-δ’=0
b) δ+δ’=0
c) δ × δ‘=0
d) δδ‘=0

Answer: b
Explanation: Consider combining two prisms of refracting angles A and A’, and dispersive powers
ω and ω’ respectively in such a way that their refracting angles are reversed concerning each
other. For no deviation, the condition is:
δ+δ’=0
So, (μ-1)A+(μ’-1)A’=0 or A’=-(μ−1)A(μ‘−1)

72 The Refractive index and wavelength are directly proportional to each other.
a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: No, this statement is false. The Refractive index of material and wavelength of color
are inversely proportional to each other. For example, the wavelength of the color red is the
longest, so the refractive index of the same will be the smallest. Similarly, violet has the greatest
refractive index and the shortest wavelength.

73 Calculate the dispersive power of crown glass where μV=1.456 and μR=1.414.
a) 0.0096
b) 0.45
c) 0.96
d) 0.096

Answer: d
Page 46 of 82
 Explanation: Given: The refractive index for violet color = 1.456; Refractive index for red color =
1.414
Required equation ➔
ω=μV–μRμ–1
Also, μ=(μV+μR)2
μ=1.456+1.4142=1.435
Thus, ω=1.456−1.4141.435−1
ω=0.0420.435
ω=0.096
Therefore, the dispersive power of crown glass is 0.096.

A thin prism with an angle of 3o and made from glass of refractive index 1.15 is combined with
another prism made from glass and has a refractive index of 1.45. If the dispersion were to occur
74 without deviation then what should be the angle of the second prism?
a) 3o
b) 0o
c) 1o
d) 2o
Answer: c
Explanation: The required equation ➔ δ=(μ-1)A
When two prisms are combined, then:
δ=δ+δ’=(μ-1)A+(μ’-1)A’=0
So, A’=-(μ−1)Aμ‘−1
A’=-(1.15−1)1.45−1 × 3
A’=-1o
Therefore, the angle of the other prism is 1o and opposite of the first prism.

75 The working of Nicole prism is based on the phenomenon of ____________

a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Diffraction
d) Double Refraction
Answer: d
Explanation: The working of Nicol Prism is based on the phenomenon of Double Refraction. When
a beam of unpolarized light passes through a doubly refracting crystal such as calcite, it splits into
two plane-polarized beams.

76 In the O-ray is eliminated by ____________

a) Refraction
b) Total internal reflection
c) Dispersion
d) Transmission

Page 47 of 82
 Answer: b
Explanation: In a Nicol Prism, the O-ray is eliminated by total internal reflection while the E-ray is
transmitted through the Nicol Prism. Thus, a plane polarized light with vibrations in the principal
section of the crystal is obtained.

77 In the Nicol Prism experiment, the calcite crystal length is x times its breadth. What is x?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 1/2
d) 1/3
Answer: b
Explanation: In this experiment, a calcite crystal whose length is three times its breadth is taken.
The calcite crystal is the doubly refracting crystal that splits the unpolarized light into two plane-
polarized beams.

78 For E-ray, the Canada balsam layer is optically rarer.

a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Canada Balsam is a transparent substance, whose refractive index lies between the
refractive indices of O-ray and E-ray. Thus, for an E-ray, it is optically denser while for an O-ray it
is optically rarer.

79 The critical angle for O-ray with respect to Canada balsam is ___________
a) 45.7°
b) 57°
c) 59°
d) 69°

Answer: d
Explanation: We know Canada balsam is optically denser than calcite for O-ray. The refractive
index for O-ray is 1.069 while the critical angle turns out to be 69°.

80 The prism does not act as a polarizer when _____________

a) The angle of incidence is less than the critical angle for the O-ray
b) The angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for the O-ray
c) The angle of incidence is less than the critical angle for the E-ray
d) The angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for the E-ray

Answer: a
Explanation: If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle for the O-ray, it is not reflected
and is transmitted through the prism and so the prism does not act as a polarizer.

Page 48 of 82
81 Nicol Prism can act as a polarizer as well as an analyzer.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Nicol Prism can be used as a Polarizer as well as an analyzer. Thus, it can polarize
an unpolarized light and also detect a plane-polarized light.

What should be the maximum angle between the extreme rays of the incident beam for the Nicol
82 prism to work perfectly as a polarizer?
a) 25°
b) 28°
c) 34°
d) 43°

Answer: b
Explanation: The angle between the extreme rays of the incident beam should be less than 28o so
as to avoid the total internal reflection of E-ray and the transmission of O-ray.

In polariscope, if the two prisms are crossed, what would be the intensity of the transmitted
84 polarized beam?
a) Io
b) 2 Io
c) 1/2 Io
d) 0

Answer: d
Explanation: As the two prisms are crossed, the angle between the principal sections of the two
prisms would be 90°. Thus, according to Malus law, the intensity of the transmitted bean would be
zero. Thus, no light would come out.

A permanent joint formed between two different optical fibers in the field is known as a
85 ____________
a) Fiber splice
b) Fiber connector
c) Fiber attenuator
d) Fiber dispersion

Answer: a
Explanation: The jointing of two individual fibers is called as fiber splicing. It is used to establish
long-haul optical fiber links by joining two small length fibers.

Page 49 of 82
86 How many types of fiber splices are available?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

Answer: b
Explanation: Splices are divided into two types depending upon the splicing technique used.
These are fusion splicing (welding) and mechanical splicing.

The insertion losses of the fiber splices are much less than the Fresnel reflection loss at a butted
87 fiber joint.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: The Fresnel reflection loss is usually more because there is no large step change in
refractive index with the fusion splice as it forms a continuous fiber connection. Also, some
method of index matching tends to be utilized with mechanical splices.

88 What is the main requirement with the fibers that are intended for splicing?
a) Smooth and oval end faces
b) Smooth and square end faces
c) Rough edge faces
d) Large core diameter

Answer: b
Explanation: A curved mandrel is used which cleaves the fiber to achieve end preparation. The
edges must be smooth and have square face at the end for splicing purpose.

89 In score and break process, which of the following is not used as a cutting tool?
a) Diamond
b) Sapphire
c) Tungsten carbide
d) Copper

Answer: d
Explanation: The score and break process is also called as scribe and break. It involves the
scribing of the fiber surface under tension with a cutting tool. Copper is not used as a cutting tool.

Page 50 of 82
 The heating of the two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point with the application of required
90 axial pressure between the two optical fibers is called as ____________
a) Mechanical splicing
b) Fusion splicing
c) Melting
d) Diffusion

Answer: b
Explanation: Fusion splicing is also called as welding. It refers to the welding of two fiber ends. It is
essential for fusion splicing that the fiber ends are adequately positioned and aligned in order to
achieve good continuity of the transmission medium at the junction point.

91 Which of the following is not used as a flame heating source in fusion splicing?
a) Microprocessor torches
b) Ox hydric burners
c) Electric arc
d) Gas burner

Answer: d
Explanation: Micro-plasma torches uses argon and hydrogen and alcohol vapor. The most widely
used heating source is an electric arc. Thus, gas burner is not used in fusion splicing.

The rounding of the fiber ends with a low energy discharge before pressing the fibers together and
92 fusing with a stronger arc is called as ____________
a) Pre-fusion
b) Diffusion
c) Crystallization
d) Alignment

Answer: a
Explanation: Pre-fusion involves rounding of fiber ends. It removes the requirement for fiber end
preparation which has a distinct advantage in the field environment. It is utilized with multimode
fibers giving average splice losses of 0.09dB.

93 _____________ is caused by surface tension effects between the two fiber ends during fusing.
a) Pre-fusion
b) Diffusion
c) Self-alignment
d) Splicing

Answer: c

Page 51 of 82
 Explanation: The two fiber ends are close but not aligned before fusion. During fusion, the surface
tension affects the fiber ends to get aligned. After fusion, they are aligned in such a way that a
transmission medium can get a good continuity.

Average insertion losses as low as _________ have been obtained with multimode graded index
94 and single-mode fibers using ceramic capillaries.
a) 0.1 dB
b) 0.5 dB
c) 0.02 dB
d) 0.3 dB

Answer: a
Explanation: Mechanical techniques for splicing involve the use of an accurately produced rigid
tube in which fiber ends are permanently bonded. It utilizes a ceramic capillary in which an epoxy
resin is injected through a transverse bore to provide mechanical sealing and index matching. This
technique which uses ceramic capillaries provides insertion losses as low as 0.1dB.

_____________ are formed by sandwiching the butted fiber ends between a V-groove glass
95 substrate and a flat glass retainer plate.
a) Springroove splices
b) V-groove splices
c) Elastic splices
d) Fusion splices

Answer: b
Explanation: In V-groove splices, a V-groove glass substrate is used with a flat glass plate. The
name V-groove suggests that the fiber ends are spliced in a V-shape.
These splices provide losses as low as 0.01dB.

Mean splice insertion losses of 0.05 dB are obtained using multimode graded index fibers with the
96 Springroove splice.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Springroove utilizes a bracket containing two cylindrical pins which act as alignment
guide for two fiber ends. An elastic element is used to press the fibers into a groove. The
assembly is secured with a drop of epoxy resin. It provides a loss of 0.05 dB and has found a
practical use in Italy.

Page 52 of 82
 Alignment accuracy of the order ___________ is obtained using the three glass rod alignment
97 sleeve.
a) 0.23 μm
b) 0.15 μm
c) 0.05 μm
d) 0.01 μm

Answer: c
Explanation: Alignment accuracies as high as 0.05 μmare necessary to obtain low losses. The
mode-field diameter for single-mode fiber is in the range 8 to 10μm. The three glass rod alignment
provides higher accuracies than rotary splice sleeve.

In case of multiple fusion, splice losses using an electric arc fusion device with multimode graded
98 index fiber range from ____________
a) 0.01 to 0.04 dB
b) 0.19 to 0.25 dB
c) 0.12 to 0.15 dB
d) 0.04 to 0.12 dB

Answer: d
Explanation: In multiple fusions, an electric arc fusing device allows splicing of 12 fibers
simultaneously. It takes a tool time of 6 minutes, which requires only 30 seconds per splice. The
splice losses for single mode fiber are of 0.04 dB as maximum whereas for graded index fibers,
losses are up to 0.12dB.

99 Multimode step index fiber has ___________

a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture
b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture
c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical aperture

Answer: a
Explanation: Multimode step-index fiber has large core diameter and large numerical aperture.
These parameters provides efficient coupling to inherent light sources such as LED’s.

100 Multimode graded index fibers are manufactured from materials with ___________
a) Lower purity
b) Higher purity than multimode step index fibers.
c) No impurity
d) Impurity as same as multimode step index fibers.

Answer: b
Explanation: Multimode graded index fibers have higher purity than multimode step index fiber. To
reduce fiber losses, these fibers have more impurity.
Page 53 of 82
 Verified By Re-Verified By Approved By
Prepared By
Dawkhar S L Navale S N Tupe S G
Badadhe P S
Module Coordinator Academic Coordinator HoD E&Tc

Page 54 of 82
 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL POLYTECHNIC,PUNE
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF E&Tc ENGINEERING

Question Bank for Multiple Choice Questions

Program: Diploma in E&Tc engineering Program Code:- EJ

Scheme:-I Semester:- 6
Course:- Optical network and Satellite Course Code:- 22647

03 – Optical Network Marks:-14

Content of Chapter:-
3.1Optical Network Components Use and Features: Amplifiers, splitter, Optical Switches
3.2WDM:BasicConcept,features,
3.3SONET/SDH: Architecture and Hierarchy
3.4Ethernet:standard of Optical network features: IEEE 802.3j, 802.3y,802.3z

1 Optical switching can be classified into ________ categories.

a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) One

Answer: a
Explanation: Optical switching is classified into two categories same as that of electronic
switching.
The two categories are circuit switching and packet switching.

2 ___________________ are the array of switches which forms circuit switching fabrics.
a) Packet arrays
b) Optical cross connects
c) Circuit arrays
d) Optical networks

Answer: b
Explanation: Optical cross-connects incorporate switching connections or light paths. These
larger arrays can switch signals from one port to another.

Page 55 of 82
3 __________ is an example of a static circuit-switched network.
a) OXC
b) Circuit regenerator
c) Packet resolver
d) SDH/SONET

Answer: d
Explanation: The circuit is said to be static when the network resources remain dedicated to
the circuit connection. This should be followed during the entire transfer and the complete
message follows the same path.

4 What is the main disadvantage of OCS?

a) Regenerating mechanism
b) Optical session
c) Time permit
d) Disability to handle burst traffic

Answer: d

Explanation: In traffic conditions, data is sent in the form of bursts of different lengths. Thus,
the resources cannot be readily assigned. The OCS cannot efficiently handle burst traffic.

5 Optical electro-conversions takes place in _________________ networks.

a) Sessional
b) Optical packet-switched
c) Optical circuit-switched
d) Circular

Answer: c
Explanation: In an optical packet-switched network, data is transported in the optical domain.
This is done without intermediate optic-electrical conversions. Optical electro-conversions
takes place in circuit-switched networks.

6 How many functions are performed by an optical packet switch?

a) Four
b) Three
c) Two
d) One

Answer: a
Explanation: An optical packet switch performs four basic functions. These include routing,
forwarding, switching and buffering.

Page 56 of 82
 7 ____________ provides data storage for packets to resolve contention problems.
a) Switching
b) Routing
c) Buffering
d) Reversing

Answer: c
Explanation: Switching involves directing the packets. Routing provides network connectivity
while forwarding and reversing involves defining a packet. Buffering usually provides data
storage for packets.

8 What is usually required by a packet to ensure that the data is not overwritten?
a) Header
b) Footer
c) Guard band
d) Payload

Answer: c

Explanation: A packet consists of a header and the payload. The label points to an entry in the
lookup table. A guard band is usually included to ensure the data is not overwritten.

Routing technique is faster than the labeling technique. State whether the given statement is
9 true or false.
a) False
b) True

Answer: a
Explanation: Labeling suggests where the packet should be directed. Routing routes the data
in the given direction. Thus, labeling technique is efficient and faster than the routing
technique.

______________ provides efficient designation, routing, forwarding, switching of traffic

10 through an optical packet-switched network.
a) Label correlation
b) Multiprotocol label switching
c) Optical correlation
d) Routing

Answer: b
Explanation: Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) was first proposed by CISCO systems.
Earlier, it was called as tag switching. MPLS uses labels to forward, switch, designate the
traffic.

Page 57 of 82
 MPLS is independent of layer 2 and 3 in the OSI model. State whether the given statement is
11 true or false.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

Explanation: MPLS is flexible in the current protocol landscape. It supports Ethernet, frame
relay as a data link layer but is independent of layer 2 and 3 in the OSI model.

12 Which of the following service is provided by Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)?

a) Data forwarding
b) Routing
c) VPN’s
d) Switching

Answer: c

Explanation: One of the important services provided by MPLS is IP virtual private networks. All
others are provided by packet switched networks. These VPN’s provide a secure, dedicated
wide area network (WAN) in order to connect the offices all over the world.

13 Burst header cell is also known as _____________

a) Burst channel
b) Burst header circuit
c) Burst regenerator
d) Burst header packet

Answer: d

Explanation: Burst header cell consists of information regarding switching and destination
address. It works with the use of transmission units called as data bursts.

14 Which of the following is not a drawback of regenerative repeater?

a) Cost
b) Bandwidth
c) Complexity
d) Long haul applications

Answer: d

Explanation: The regenerative repeaters are useful in long haul applications. However, such
devices increase the cost and complexity of the optical communication system. It act as a
bottleneck by restricting the system operational bandwidth.

Page 58 of 82
 The term flexibility, in terms of optical amplifiers means the ability of the transmitted signal to
15 remain in the optical domain in a long haul link.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: Repeaters are usually used to maintain the transmitted signal in the optical
domain. But, it has its own drawbacks. Thus, flexible systems which include optical amplifiers
are used for such purpose.

16 How many configurations are available for employment of optical amplifiers?

a) Three
b) Four
c) Two
d) Five

Answer: a
Explanation: Optical amplifiers can be employed in three configurations. These are simplex
mode, duplex mode, multi-amplifier configuration.

17 Repeaters are bidirectional.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: Repeaters are unidirectional. Optical amplifiers have the ability to operate
simultaneously in both directions at the same carrier wavelength.

It is necessary to ____________ the optical carriers at different speeds to avoid signal

18 interference.
a) Inculcate
b) Reduce
c) Intensity-modulate
d) Demodulate

Answer: c
Explanation: Optical amplifiers are bidirectional. They operate in both directions at the same
carrier wavelength. In order to avoid interference, the optical carriers should be intensity
modulated.

Page 59 of 82
 The _________________ increases the system reliability in the event of an individual amplifier
19 failure.
a) Simplex configuration
b) Duplex configuration
c) Serial configuration
d) Parallel multi-amplifier configuration

Answer: d
Explanation: The optical amplifiers with spectral bandwidths in the range 50 to 100 nm allow
amplifiers to be more reliable than repeaters. The parallel multi-amplifier configuration
increases system reliability and relaxes the linearity.

20 Which of the following is not an application of optical amplifier?

a) Power amplifier
b) In-line repeater amplifier
c) Demodulator
d) Preamplifier

Answer: c
Explanation: Optical amplifiers have a wide variety of applications in the transmitter as well as
receiver side. It is used as the power amplifier in the transmitter side and as preamplifier at the
receiver side

21 ________ reconstitutes a transmitted digital optical signal.

a) Repeaters
b) Optical amplifiers
c) Modulators
d) Circulators

Answer: a

Explanation: Optical amplifiers simply act as gain blocks on an optical fiber link. However, in
contrast, the regenerative repeaters reconstitute a transmitted digital optical signal.

22 _____________ are transparent to any type of signal modulation.

a) Repeaters
b) Optical amplifiers
c) Modulators
d) Circulators

Answer: b
Explanation: The main benefit of acting as a gain block for optical amplifier is that it can be
transparent to modulation bandwidth. However, both the noise and signal distortions are
continuously amplified.

Page 60 of 82
23 _________________ imposes serious limitations on the system performance.
a) Fiber attenuation
b) Fiber modulation
c) Fiber demodulation
d) Fiber dispersion

Answer: d

Explanation: The fiber dispersion calculation does not take into account the non-regenerative
nature of the amplifier repeaters. In this, the pulse spreading and the noise is accumulated.

__________ is the ratio of input signal to noise ratio to the output signal to noise ratio of the
24 device.
a) Fiber dispersion
b) Noise figure
c) Transmission rate
d) Population inversion

Answer: b
Explanation: Noise figure judges the performance factor of the devices. It is the in and out the
ratio of signal to noise degradation for any device.

25 How many factors govern the noise figure of the device?

a) Four
b) Three
c) Two
d) One

Answer: a

Explanation: Noise figure is governed by factors such as the population inversion, the number
of transverse modes in the amplifier cavity, the number of incident photons on the amplifier
and the optical bandwidth of the amplified spontaneous emissions.

26 What is the typical range of the noise figure?

a) 1 – 2 dB
b) 3 – 5 dB
c) 7 – 11 dB
d) 12 – 14 dB

Answer: c

Explanation: Typical noise figures range from 7 to 11 dB. The SOAs are generally at the
bottom end of the range and the fiber amplifiers towards the top end.
Page 61 of 82
27 The OEICs realization __________ as compared to the other developments in IO.
a) Scripted
b) Decreased
c) Lagged behind
d) Increased

Answer: c

Explanation: IO devices use dielectric materials such as lithium niobate. This lagging behind is
caused by inherent difficulties in fabrication of OEICs even if Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconductors are used.

Compositional and structural differences between photonic and electronic devices

28 __________
a) Provide high efficiency
b) Provide low efficiency
c) Highly used
d) Create problems

Answer: d

Explanation: Compositional and structural differences cause epitaxial crystal growth,

planarization for lithography, electrical interconnections. They also cause thermal and
chemical stability of materials, electric matching and heat dissipation.

29 To avoid large chip __________ devices are used.

a) InGaAsP
b) InGa
c) GaAs
d) InGaAs

Answer: a
Explanation: To avoid large chip, InGaAsP devices are used with directly modulated
semiconductor lasers. This gives good dynamic characteristics at 40 Gbit/s at 1.55
μmwavelength.

30 Devices operating at transmission rates greater than 40 Gb/s are _________

a) GaAs and InP
b) GaAs
c) InGa
d) InGaAs

Answer: a

Page 62 of 82
 Explanation: Optoelectronic integrated circuits are based on heterojunction bipolar transistor
and electron mobility transistor use GaAs and InP. These are capable of operating at
transmission rates higher than 40 Gb/s.

31 HEMT based __________ have a spot-size convertor with a photodiode.

a) p-n junction diode
b) p-i-n photoreceiver
c) IGBT
d) BJT

Answer: b
Explanation: P-I-N photoreceiver comprises of spot-size convertor with a photodiode. Spot-
size convertor increases fiber alignment tolerances by one order of magnitude. This enables
use of cleaved instead of lensed fiber.

32 P-I-N photoreceiver based on HEMT is integrated with _________ guiding layers.

a) GaAs and InP
b) GaAs
c) InGa
d) InGaAsP

Answer: d
Explanation: P-I-N photoreceiver is integrated with InGaAsP guiding layers. In this HEMT
based technology, InGaAsP provides more confinement.

33 An optical power splitter integrated with optical waveguide amplifier is more useful.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

Explanation: The aim of optical waveguide amplifier is to reduce the number of amplifiers in
system. Alongwith, it also reaches maximum number of nodes.

34 The use of intelligent optical switches is necessary.

a) False
b) True

Answer: b
Explanation: Most applications of OEICs in optical networks require large switching capacity to
support a large number of WDM channels. This also provides control of both optical signal
wavelength and signal power.

Page 63 of 82
35 The wafer scale replication technology uses ____________
a) SOL gel
b) GaAs
c) InGa
d) InGaAsP

Answer: a

Explanation: Replication technology employs hot embossing, molding and ultraviolet

lithography. Ultraviolet curable SOL gel enables refractive and diffractive micro-optical
elements to be replicated directly on glass substrates.

__________ is useful for production of both planar micro-optical elements and stacked optical
36 microsystems.
a) Wavelength amplifier
b) Wavelength convertor
c) Replication technology
d) Optical switching matrix

Answer: c

Explanation: SOL gel materials used in replication technology allows combination of

replication with lithography. This leaves selected areas material-free for sawing and bunding.

37 Optical interconnection between optoelectronic device is achieved in _________

a) Wavelength amplifier
b) Wavelength convertor
c) Replication technology
d) Chip-to-chip interconnection

Answer: d

Explanation: The chip-to-chip interconnection of optical components have a vertical cavity

surface-emitting laser. These are assembled in micro-trenches in which embedded electrodes
are connected through passive junction of poliver waveguide on alignment pits.

38 Multilevel interconnections are incorporated in _______

a) PIC
b) AWG based coupler
c) Convertors
d) OEIC technologies

Answer: a

Page 64 of 82
 Explanation: PIC reduces the overall size of optical functions. This causes the interconnection
of several modules growing on same substrate. .

When there is M number of WDM channels present at N input ports, then the output port 1
39 produces a _________
a) CW signal
b) WDM signal
c) Amplified signal
d) Distorted signal

Answer: b

Explanation: The reconstituted spectrum of WDM signal at any output port consists of a
different set of wavelength channels with at least one wavelength channel from each input port
producing a WDM signal having wavelength signal from each of input ports.

Verified By Re-Verified By Approved By

Prepared By
Dawkhar S L Navale S N Tupe S G
Badadhe P S
Module Coordinator Academic Coordinator HoD E&Tc

Page 65 of 82
 Question Bank for Multiple Choice Questions

04 – Overview of satellite Systems Marks:-12

Content of Chapter:-
4.1Working Principle, concepts and basic components of satellite system: Earth segment, Space segment,
active and passive satellite, geostationary and geosynchronous satellites
4.2 Frequency allocations for satellite services, Uplink and downlink frequency satellite frequency bands
4.3 Basic terminologies used in satellite communication: latitude, longitude, look angle, elevation angle,
station keeping, propagation delay time, velocity, look angle and foot prints
4.4 Communication Satellite orbits and its types : LEO, MEO, elliptical orbit and GEO,parameters and
characteristics of various orbits

1. System satellites orbit the Earth once in …………. hrs.

a. 24
b. 12
c. 1
d. 6
Answer: - Option a

2. The lowest frequency used in satellite communications is ……….. GHz.

a. 0.8
b. 3
c. 18
d. 30
Answer: - Option a

3. The traffic-handling capacity of an Earth station on the uplink depends on …………

a. Its EIRP
b. satellite antenna gain
c. noise associated with the satellite
d. all of the above
Answer: - Option d

4.In communication satellites, the up-link normally operates at a higher frequency than the down-link because
it
a. gives a narrow beam shining into space
b. results in lesser signal attenuation
c. gives better beam-shaping
d. is easier to polarize a high frequency beam
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: It say basically the power at ground stations is more as compared to power available at satellites.So
generally frequency for uplink is kept higher than the downlink. There is greater attenuation due to rain when the
signal frequency is high.so downlink is also kept at lower frequency.

Page 66 of 82
 5……….is a loss of power of a satellite downlink signal due to earth’s atmosphere.
a. Atmospheric loss
b. Path loss
c. Radiation loss
d. RFI
Answer: - Option B
Explanation: The path loss is the loss in signal strength of a signal as it travels through free space. This value is
usually calculated by discounting any obstacles or reflections that might occur in its path.

6. A signal carried on a dedicated wavelength from source to destination node is known as a ___________
a. Light path
b. Light wave
c. Light node
d. Light source
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: A signal carried on a dedicated wavelength from source to a destination node is known as a light
path (i.e. λ1 and λ2 are two light paths in this particular case).

7.Spatial-division multiple access (SDMA) depends on satellite location and not frequency.
a. True
b. False
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: Earth stations in each segment may actually use the same frequency, but because of the very narrow
beam widths of the antennas, there is no interference between adjacent segments. ... Spatial-division multiple access
(SDMA) depends on satellite location and not frequency.

8.Which technique uses two different antennas to reduce traffic on the same frequency?
a. Spatial isolation
b. Frequency reuse
c. Multiplexing
d. Modulation
Answer: - Option B
Explanation: In the frequency reuse technique two systems use the same frequency, although operating on exactly
the same frequencies, they are isolated from each other by the use of special antenna techniques

9. Which technique uses spot beam antennas to divide the area covered by the satellite into smaller segments?
a. Spatial isolation
b. Frequency reuse
c. Multiplexing
d. Modulation
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: By using narrow beam or spot beam antennas, the area on the earth covered by the satellite can be

Page 67 of 82
divided up into smaller segments, Earth stations in each segment may actually use the same frequency, but
because of the very narrow beam widths of the antennas, there is no interference between adjacent segments

10.Kepler’s first law states that the orbits of the planets are oval in shape or
a. Ellipses
b. Perfect circles
c. Squares
d. Triangles
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: Kepler's first law means that planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits. An ellipse is a shape that
resembles a flattened circle.

11.Kepler’s 2nd law deals with

a. The shape of the planet’s orbits
b. The speed/area the planet travels
c. The length of time it takes the planet to orbit the sun
d. Time travel
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: Kepler's second law states that a planet moves in its ellipse so that the line between it and the Sun
placed at a focus sweeps out equal areas in equal times.

12.The distance of a synchronous satellite from Earth’s surface is ………….. km.

a. 300
b. 10000
c.35900
d. 5
Answer: - Option c

13.The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as a _______

a. Relay
b. Repeater
c. Transponder
d. Duplexer
Answer: - Option c

14.It is the angle between the earth’s equatorial plane and the orbital plane of the satellite measured
counterclockwise.
a. Angle of elevation
b. Angle of azimuth
c. Angle of inclination
d. Angle of tetrahedron
Answer: - Option c

Page 68 of 82
15.Kepler’s third law is known as
a. The Law of orbits
b. The Law of Areas
c. The Law of periods
d. The Law of gravity
Answer: - Option c
Explanation Kepler's third law - sometimes referred to as the law of harmonies - compares the orbital period and
radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets.

16. Which of the following bands cannot be used for satellite communication?
a. MF
b. Ku
c. X
d. C
Answer: - Option a
Explanation: MF is a lower frequency band than Ku, C and X bands and does not lie in the microwave spectrum.

17.What is the reason for shifting from c band to ku band in satellite communication?
a. Lesser attenuation
b. Less power requirements
c. More bandwidth
d. Overcrowding
Answer: - Option d

18.What is the reason for carrying multiple transponders in a satellite?

a. More number of operating channel
b. Better reception
c. More gain
d. Redundancy
Answer: - Option c
Explanation To be economically feasible, a satellite must be capable of handling several channels. As a result,
most satellites contain multiple transponders, each operating at a different frequency.

19.The downlink frequency is lower than the uplink frequency.

a. True
b. False
Answer: - Option a
Explanation The original signal being transmitted from the earth station to the satellite is called the uplink, and the re-
transmitted signal from the satellite to the receiving stations is called the downlink. Usually, the downlink frequency is
lower than the uplink frequency. A typical uplink frequency is 6 GHz, and a common downlink frequency is 4 GHz

Page 69 of 82
20.The satellite or space segment of Navistar GPS is consist of ____ operational satellites.
a.30
b. 24
c. 14
d.20
Answer: - Option b

21.Why are VHF, UHF, and microwave signals used in satellite communication?
a. More bandwidth
b. More spectrum space
c. Are not diffracted by the ionosphere
d. Economically viable
Answer: - Option c
Explanation VHF, UHF, and microwave signals penetrate the ionosphere with little or no attenuation and are not
refracted to earth. Lower frequencies undergo total internal refraction and get reflected back to earth

22.Assuming earth to be a sphere of radius 6400 km and height of a geosynchronous satellite above Earth as 36000
km, the velocity of a geosynchronous satellite is __________ km/hr.
a. 28000
b. 15000
c. 36000
d. 11100
Answer: - Option d

23.Propagation time is directly proportional to ____________

a. x 2
b. 1/x
b. x
d. 1/x2
Answer: - Option a
Explanation : Propagation time is directly proportional to square of the Propagation distance (x2). It is the time taken
by the signal to move from input port to output port

24.What is the maximum theoretical data rate if a transponder is used for binary transmission and has a bandwidth
of 36MHz?
a. 32Mpbs
b. 72Mpbs
c. 36Mpbs
d. 12Mpbs
Answer: - Option b
Explanation For binary transmission, the maximum theoretical data rate or channel capacity C for a given bandwidth
B is C = 2B = 2(36) =72Mpbs.

Page 70 of 82
25.Overall delay is directly proportional to ___________
a. n
b. 1/n
c. n
d. 1/n^2
Answer: - Option d
Explanation the overall delay is directly proportional to the relative resistance r. Overall delay is given as product of
n^2rcƮ

26.The minimum acceptable angle of elevation

a.6 degrees
b.4 degrees
c.5 degree
d.7 degrees
Answer: - Option a

27.The index profile of a core of multimode graded index fiber is given by?
a. N (r) = n1 [1 – 2Δ(r /a) ] ; ra
b. N (r) = n1 [1 – 2Δ(r /a) ] ; r
Answer: - Option a

28.Assuming earth to be a sphere of radius 7400 km and height of a geosynchronous satellite above Earth as
40000 km, the velocity of a geosynchronous satellite is __________ km/hr.
a. 28000
b. 15000
c. 36000
d. None of above
Answer: - Option d

29.A satellite beam that covers almost 42.4% of the earths surface.
a. Zone beam
b. Hemispheric beam
c. Spot beam
d. Global beam
Answer: - Option d

30.What is the maximum theoretical data rate if a transponder is used for binary transmission and has a
bandwidth of 36MHz?
a. 32Mpbs
b. 72Mpbs
c. 36Mpbs
d. 12Mpbs
Answer: - Option b

Page 71 of 82
31. A modem is
a) a form of commutator
b) a device for digitizing speech
c) a circuit used for suppressing microwave interference
d) an electronic circuit which carries out modulation and demodulation of a carrier frequency
Answer: - Option d

32. A few minutes disturbance in space communications occurs twice a year during Sun blinding when
__________ are in line.
a) Sun and satellite
b) Sun and Earth station
c) Satellite and Earth station
d) Sun, satellite and Earth station
Answer: - Option d

33. A satellite link uses different frequencies for receiving and transmitting in order to
a) avoid interference from terrestrial microwave links
b) avoid interference between its powerful transmitted signal and weak in
coming signal
c) minimise free-space losses
d) maximise antenna gain
Answer: - Option b

34. The traffic-handling capacity of an Earth station on the uplink depends on _______
a) its EIRP
b) satellite antenna gain
c) noise associated with the satellite
d) all of the above
Answer: - Option d

35. For satellite transmission, analog signals may be converted into digital form with
the help of ____________
a) modem
b) transponder
c) codec
d) compando
Answer: - Option c

Page 72 of 82
36. In satellite communication, frequency modulation is used because satellite channel has
a) small bandwidth and negligible noise
b) large bandwidth and severe noise
c)maximum bandwidth and minimum noise
d) high modulation index
Answer option b

37. The noise temperature of sky is about __________ °K.

a) 100
b) 273
c) 0
d) 30
Answer: - Option d

38. The term Eclipse is defined as

a) During equinox periods, the earth the sun & the satellite are in alignment with the result that earth’ s shadow
eclipses that satellite & the sunlight fails to reach the satellite solar cells.
b) During equinox periods, the earth the sun & the satellite are in alignment with the result that earth’ s shadow
eclipses that satellite & the sunlight success to reach the satellite solar cells.
c) a & b
d) None of above
Answer: - Option b

39. As the height of a satellite orbit gets lower, the speed of the satellite ___________.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
d) None of the above
Answer : option a

40. Which technique uses two different antennas to reduce traffic on the same frequency?
a) Spatial isolation
b) Frequency reuse
c) Multiplexing
d) Modulation
Answer : option a
Explanation: In the frequency reuse technique two systems use the same frequency, although operating on
exactly the same frequencies, they are isolated from each other by the use of special antenna techniques. For
example, a vertically polarized antenna will not respond to a horizontally polarized signal and vice versa. Or a
left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) antenna will not respond to a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP)
signal and vice versa.

Page 73 of 82
 Verified By Re-Verified By Approved By
Prepared By
Navale S N. Navale S N Tupe S G
Badadhe P S
Module Coordinator Academic Coordinator HoD E&Tc

Page 74 of 82
 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL POLYTECHNIC,PUNE
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF E&Tc ENGINEERING

Question Bank for Multiple Choice Questions

05 – Satellite segments and services Marks:-16

Content of Chapter:-
5.1Satellite Earth Station: block Diagram ,Antenna Subsystem LNA, Power Subsystem, Telemetry tracking
and Command TTAC Subsystem, attitude control Spinning satellite stabilization, momentum wheel
stabilization Station keeping, thermal control transponder :Single, Double conversion and Regenerative type
5.2 Space link : equivalent Isotropic radiated power EIRP, transmission Losses: Free Space transmission
loss, feeder losses, Antenna misalignment losses ,Fixed atmospheric and ionosphere losses
5.3 Satellite applications: GPS: concept working Principle, transmitter and receiver
VSAT Overview, architecture working principle applications

1.What band does VSAT first operate?

a. L-band
b. X-band
c. C-band
d. Ku-band
Answer : option c
Explanation: The first commercial VSATs were C band (6 GHz) receive-only systems by Equatorial
Communications using spread spectrum technology.

2.Satellite signal transmitted from a satellite transponder to earth’s station is ……….

a. Uplink
b. Downlink
c. Terrestrial
d. Earthbound
Answer : option b

3. ……………. collects very weak signals from a broadcast satellite

a. Helical antenna
b. Satellite dish
c. LNA
d. TWT
Answer : option b

Page 75 of 82
 4.As the height of a satellite orbit gets lower, the speed of the satellite ……………
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. None of the above
Answer : option a

5.What is meant by EIRP?

a. Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
b. Energy Isotropic Radiated Power
c. Equivalent Isotropic Resonance Power
d. none of these
Answer : option a
Explanation EIRP is defined as the RMS power input in watts required to a lossless isotropic antenna
to give the same maximum power density far from the antenna

6.The lowest frequency used in satellite communications is ……….. GHz.

a. 0.8
b. 3
c. 18
d. 30
Answer : option a

7.The most common device used as an LNA .

a. Zener diode
b. Tunnel diode
c. IMPATT
d. Shockley diode
Answer : option b

8.GPS stands for _______.

a. Global Positioning System
b. Guide Position System
c. Guide Posting System
d. Global pointing System
Answer : option a

9.A communication satellite is a _______

a. Artificial satellite
b. Natural satellite
c. Man made satellite
d. Either a or c
Answer : option a
Page 76 of 82
10.A transponder is a satellite equipment which
a. receives a signal from Earth station and amplifies
b. changes the frequency of the received signal
c. retransmits the received signal
d. does all of the above-mentioned functions
Answer : option c

11. A satellite beam that covers almost 42.4% of the earth’s surface is called ……………
a. Zone beam
b. Hemispheric beam
c. Spot beam
d. Global beam
Answer : option d
Explanation Global beam - A satellite beam that covers almost 42.4% of the earth‟s surface.

12.Radio broadcasting is a familiar example of …………….

a. space multiplexing
b. time multiplexing
c. frequency multiplexing
d. none of the above
Answer : option c

13.Which law states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is perpendicular to the cube of the
mean distance between the two bodies. A3 = 3/n2
a. Newton’s 1st law
b. kepler’s first law
c. kepler’s second law
d. kepler’s third law
Answer : option b

15.What is meant by GPRS ?

a. General packet receiver service
b. General packet radio service
c. Global packet radio service
d. none of these
Answer : option c

Page 77 of 82
16. While keeping the down-link frequency constant, the diameter of a satellite antenna is reduced by
half. To offer the same EIRP over the increased coverage area, the RF output power has to be
increases by a factor of ………..
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
Answer : option b

18.________ is a satellite that rotates around the earth in a low-altitude elliptical or circular pattern.
a. Geosynchronous satellite
b. Nonsynchronous satellite
c. Prograde satellite
d. Retrograde satellite
Answer : option b

19.Which of the following statement is true according to a ground segment of satellite communication?
a. It has a stationary or mobile transmission, reception
b. It has stationary or a mobile ancillary equipment
c. It has stationary or dependent satellites
d. Both A and B
Answer : option a

20.A typical satellite link involves in _______ of a signal from an earth station to a satellite.
a. Uplinks
b. Downlinks
c. Both a and b
d. None of above
Answer : option a

21. NASA stands for --------

a. National Auto Space Administration
b. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
c. Net Aeronautics and Space Administration
d. National Aeronautics and satellite Administration
Answer : option b

Page 78 of 82
23.The INTELSAT-IV satellite launched in 1974 had two earth coverage antenna and two narrower-
angle antennas subtending 4.5°. The signal from narrow-angle antenna was stronger than that from
earth- coverage antenna by a factor of ……………
a. 17.34/4.5
b. 17.34/4.5
c. (17.34/4.5)2
d. (17.34/4.5)4
Answer : option c

24.The angle subtended by earth at geostationary communication satellite is ………..

a. 17.34°
b. 51.4°
c. 120°
d. 60°
Answer : option a

26.A 20 m antenna gives a certain uplink gain at frequencies of 4/6 GHz. For getting same gain in the
20/30 GHz band, antenna size required is ……… metre.
a. 100
b. 4
c. 1
d. 10
Answer : option a

27.As compared to 17.34° antenna, the total increase in the signal relayed by 4.5° antenna of
INTELSAT-IV is ……….
a. 14.85
b. 220
c. 78
d. 3.85
Answer : option b

28.The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of the ………. ratio.

a. C/N
b. S/N
c. G/T
d. EIRP
Answer : option a

Page 79 of 82
30.The bandwidth of C- band satellite frequency band in U.C is ………
a. 500 GHz
b. 1000 GHz
c. 1000 MHz
d. 500 MHz
Answer : option a

31.A satellite downlink at 12 GHz operates with a transmit power of 6 W and an antenna gain of 48.2
dB. Calculate the EIRP in dBW.
a. 45 dBW
b. 50 dBW
c. 75 dBW
d. 56 dBW
Answer : option d
Explanation EIRP = 10 log (6W) + 48.2

32.What is the local oscillator (mixer) frequency of the satellite with an uplink frequency in GHz band?
a. 3500 MHz
b. 4500 MHz
c. 2225 MHz
d. 2555 MHz
Answer : option c

33.In a typical mobile satellite array antenna if three elements are activated, how many elements are
deactivated?
a. 3
b. 11
c. 5
d. 9
Answer : option b

34.What is the maximum distance covered by satellite communication?

a.1300 km
b.1500 km
c.1800 km
d.1100 km
Answer : option a
Explanation : MEO satellites operate from 10,000 to 20,000 km (6,300 to 12,500 miles) from Earth.

Page 80 of 82
35.VSATs are small stations with antenna diameters from?
a. 4 meters down to 10 cm
b. 6 meters down to 2 meters.
c. 2.4 meters down to 45 cm
d. 20 meters down to 5 mm
Answer : Option c

36. SONET stands for ___________

a) synchronous optical network
b) synchronous operational network
c) stream optical network
d) shell operational network
Answer : Option a

37. Which of the following waves can be used in case of remote sensing?
a) UV rays
b) X-rays
c) Gamma rays
d) Visible rays
Answer:Option d

38. While coupling of LEDs with fiber, on which factor/s does the size of source and lighting angle
generated within the semiconductor depend/s?
a. Geometry of die
b. Refractive index of semiconductor
c. Encapsulation Medium
d. All of the above
Answer : option a
Explanation The size of the source and lighting angle or escape cone are affected by geometry of the die,
the respective refractive indices of the semiconductor, encapsulant medium

39. Which splicing technique involves the alignment and locking of broken fiber edges by means of
positioning devices & optical cement?
a. Fusion
b. Mechanical
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Answer : option b

Page 81 of 82
40.Which among the following is a key process adopted for the laser beam formation as it undergoes the
light amplification?
a. Spontaneous Emission
b. Stimulated Emission
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Answer : option b

Verified By Re-Verified By Approved By

Prepared By
Dawkhar S L Navale S N Tupe S G
Badadhe P S
Module Coordinator Academic Coordinator HoD E&Tc

Page 82 of 82