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AI1_Introduction

The document provides an overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI), discussing its definition, historical context, and various applications across fields such as medicine and technology. It highlights the Turing Test as a measure of machine intelligence and outlines the challenges and limitations of AI, including knowledge representation and reasoning. Additionally, it touches on the branches of AI research and the current state of AI achievements.

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Mohd Shoaib
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6 views

AI1_Introduction

The document provides an overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI), discussing its definition, historical context, and various applications across fields such as medicine and technology. It highlights the Turing Test as a measure of machine intelligence and outlines the challenges and limitations of AI, including knowledge representation and reasoning. Additionally, it touches on the branches of AI research and the current state of AI achievements.

Uploaded by

Mohd Shoaib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

Introduction
Why study AI?

Search engines
Science

Medicine/
Diagnosis

Labor
Appliances What else?
Movies
• Her is a 2013 American romantic science-fiction drama
film written, directed, and produced by Spike Jonze. The
film follows a man who develops a relationship with an
intelligent computer operating system personified
through a female voice.
Movies
• Ex Machina is a 2014 science fiction
psychological thriller film written and
directed by Alex Garland. The film follows a
programmer who is invited by his CEO to
administer the Turing test to an intelligent
humanoid robot.
What is AI?
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally
The exciting new effort to “The study of mental faculties
make computers thinks … through the use of computational
machine with minds, in the full models”
and literal sense” (Charniak et al. 1985)
(Haugeland 1985)

“The art of creating machines “Computational Intelligence is the


that perform functions that study of the design of intelligent
require intelligence when agents.”
performed by people” (Poole et al., 1998)
(Kurzweil, 1990)
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence
discussed conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent

• “Can machines think?” → “Can machines behave intelligently?”


• The Turing test (The Imitation Game): Operational definition of intelligence.

CS 561, Lecture 1
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• Computer needs to possess:
• Natural language processing - to enable it to communicate
• Knowledge representation - to store what it knows or hears
• Automated reasoning - to use the stored information to answer questions and
to draw new conclusions
• Machine learning - to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns

• Are there any problems/limitations to the Turing Test?


• Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, and amenable to
mathematic analysis.
What would a computer need to pass the
Turing test?
• Vision (for Total Turing test): to recognize the examiner’s actions and various
objects presented by the examiner.

• Motor control (total test): to act upon objects as requested.

• Other senses (total test): such as audition, smell, touch, etc.


Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Science
• 1960 “Cognitive Revolution”: information-processing
psychology replaced behaviorism

• Cognitive science brings together theories and experimental


evidence to model internal activities of the brain
• What level of abstraction?
• How to validate models?
• Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)
• Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)
• Building computer/machine simulated models and reproduce results
(simulation)
Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought
• Aristotle (~ 450 B.C.) attempted to codify “right thinking”
What are correct arguments/thought processes?

• E.g., “Socrates is a man, all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal”

• Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:


notation plus rules of derivation for thoughts.
Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought

• Problems:
1) Uncertainty: Not all facts are certain (e.g., the flight might be delayed).

2) Resource limitations:
- Not enough time to compute/process
- Insufficient memory/disk/etc
- ...
Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent
• Rational behavior: Doing the right thing!

• The right thing: That which is expected to maximize the expected return

• Provides the most general view of AI because it includes:


• Correct inference (“Laws of thought”)
• Uncertainty handling
• Resource limitation considerations (e.g., reflex vs. deliberation)
• Cognitive skills (NLP, knowledge representation, AR, ML, etc.)

• Advantages:
1) More general
2) Its goal of rationality is well defined
What tasks require AI?
• “AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines which can
perform tasks that require intelligence when performed by humans …”

• What tasks require AI?


What tasks require AI?
• Tasks that require AI:
• Solving a differential equation
• Brain surgery
• Inventing stuff
• Playing games
• What about walking?
• What about grabbing stuff?
• What about pulling your hand away from fire?
• What about watching TV?
• What about day dreaming?
How to achieve AI?
• How is AI research done?

• AI research has both theoretical and experimental sides. The experimental side has
both basic and applied aspects.

• There are two main lines of research:


• Biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and
imitate their psychology or physiology.
• Phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the
problems that the world presents to the achievement of goals.

• The two approaches interact to some extent, and both should eventually succeed. It
is a race, but both racers seem to be walking. [John McCarthy]
Some fundamental questions
• What is Intelligence?
• What is Thinking?
• What is a machine?
• Is computer a machine?
• Can a machine think?
• If yes are we machines?
ELIZA
• Simple natural language program written at MIT by Joseph
Weizenbaum around 1966
• Had simple rules to manipulate language and would essentially
modify users input to generate its response
Branches of AI
• Logical AI
• Search
• Natural language processing
• pattern recognition
• Knowledge representation
• Inference From some facts, others can be inferred.
• Automated reasoning
• Learning from experience
• Planning To generate a strategy for achieving some goal
• Epistemology Study of the kinds of knowledge that are required for solving problems in the world.
• Ontology Study of the kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with various kinds of
objects, and we study what these kinds are and what their basic properties are.
• Genetic programming
• Emotions???
• …
AI Prehistory

CS 561, Lecture 1
AI History

CS 561, Lecture 1
AI State of the art
• Have the following been achieved by AI?
• World-class chess playing
• Playing table tennis
• Cross-country driving
• Solving mathematical problems
• Discover and prove mathematical theories
• Engage in a meaningful conversation
• Understand spoken language
• Observe and understand human emotions
• Express emotions
• …
Major issues
• How to represent knowledge about the world?
• How to react to new perceived events?
• How to integrate new percepts to past experience?
• How to understand the user?
• How to optimize balance between user goals & environment constraints?
• How to use reasoning to decide on the best course of action?
• How to communicate back with the user?
• How to plan ahead?
• How to learn from experience?

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