L1: PROPERTIES OF GASES AND KINETIC 4.

The average kinetic energy of gas particles is

MOLECULAR ENERGY the same for all gases at a given temperature

Properties of Gases

 Gases have no definite shape and volume (gases

take the shape of any container in which it is
filled)
 Gases diffuse readily
 Gases are highly compressible
Characteristics of Gas Laws
 Gases have much lower densities than liquids
and solids Volume
 Temperature and pressure
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)  Volume with an increase in temperature and
decreases with an increase In pressure
 Kinetic means “motion”  Basic unit=m3
 Objects in motion have energy called “kinetic  Derived units- liter (L)
energy”  1L=0.001 m3
 Based on the principle that an atom or  1cm3=0.001L
molecular particles of matter are in constant  1mL=11cm3
and random motion
1. Gases consist of very tiny particles
Pressure

 Force per unit area

 Refers to behavior of fluids such as liquids and
gases rather than the word force
 Barometer
2. No attractive force exists between and among  Barometric meter
gas particles  Measures the atmospheric pressure

3. Gas particles constantly move in a linear

motion, but change direction upon collision

Temperature

 Hotness or coldness
 Average kinetic energy of the particles in an
object
 Thermometer
 Units: Fahrenheit (℉), Celsius (℃), Kelvin (K)

Number of Particles
  Mole P1 V1 = P2 V2
 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
where,
 1 mole = Avogadro’s number
 It depends on the number of particles P – pressure (P1 = Initial Pressure, P2 = Final Pressure)
GENERALIZATION V – volume (V1 = Initial Volume, V2 = Final Volume)
 Gases are important for humans since they are Α – proportionality sign
involved in the different biological and chemical
processes that take place everyday. But large
amounts of pollutants are released during fuel CHARLES’S LAW
combustion in vehicles. The various chemical
reactions associated with biological and  Jacques Charles
industrial processes affecting life and the  At constant pressure, the volume of a gas varies
environment. As steward of our environment, directly with its Kelvin temperature.
we need to be responsible and make an action  ALWAYS express the temperature in Kelvin for
to help decrease pollutants that are associated Gas law calculation
with gas law.  Examples: lungs, ping-
pong ball, tyres, hot
air balloon, bread,
helium balloon
L2: GAS LAWS
Gas Laws
Equation:
 Explains the relationships among VOLUME,
TEMPERATURE, & PRESSURE of gases. V1 T2 = V2 T1
Boyle’s Law where,
 Robert Boyle T – temperature (T1 = Initial temperature, T2 = Final
 The higher the pressure, the smaller the volume temperature)
 It tells the relationship between the volume of a
gas and its pressure in constant temperature V – volume (V1 = Initial Volume, V2 = Final Volume)
 The law states that the pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume

GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

 The pressure exerted by a gas is directly related
to the Kelvin temperature.
 Volume is constant.
 Ex: Heater, pressure cooker, tyre, aerosol can
 Examples: syringe, lungs, bicycle pump, a scuba
diver, underwater fish

Equation:

PV = k

when a gas is changes conditions, this relationship is

expressed as:
Equation:

P1 T2 = P2 T1

where,

T – temperature (T1 = Initial temperature, T2 = Final

temperature)
L4: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
P – pressure (P1 = Initial Pressure, P2 = Final Pressure)
Chemical Reaction
GENERALIZATION
 A process in which atoms of substances
 Since many gases are highly compressed and rearrange to form one new substances
flammable, their sensitivity to physical damage  It is accompanied by one or more new
is very high, and vibrations can cause substances
explosions. It is important to note empty gas
Color change
cylinder and should be labeled properly, clearly
and precisely.  Some reactions are accompanied by changes in
the color of the substances.
 This is because the products of a reaction may
L3: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS have different physical properties, specifically
color, compared to the original unreacted
 Chemicals combine in a definite ratio. In order substances. For example, a once silvery metal
to do this, chemical equation must be balanced. can turn brownish orange, which is seen as rust.
We ca determine the amount of substances that
will react and how much products will be Temperature change
formed. A balanced chemical equation follows
 A reaction system (or container) can become
the Law of Conservation of Mass
either hot or cold during a reaction. An increase
I. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS in temperature means that the reaction releases
heat, while a decrease in temperature signifies
• States that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of that the reaction absorbs heat.
the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.
Emulsion of gas
In order to obey the Law of Conservation of Mass, the
chemical equation must be balanced.  Gas is sometimes produced during a reaction,
which can be observed as bubbles in the
An equation is not correct until it is balanced. reaction mixture.
Some general guidelines for balancing these simple Emission of light
equations are given below. There is no se rules,
however, that can be learned to do this.  A chemical reaction can produce light when it
causes the potential energy of valence electrons
One will simply put in whatever numbers are needed to to be released
obtain the same number of atoms on each side of the
equation.
Precipitation
  Some chemical reactions result in the formation
of a solid insoluble substance called precipitate
in a liquid medium.

Types of chemical reactions

Combination

 Or synthesis reaction
 Two or more substances join and form one
single substance
 A + B > AB
Magnesium metal and oxygen gas combine to
form the compound magnesium oxide
 2Mg(s) + O2 > 2 MgO(s)

Decomposition

 One compound breaks down into 2 products

 AB > A + B
 When mercury (II) oxide is heated, it
decomposes or breaks down into two simpler
substances
 2HgO(s) > 2Hg(/) + O2(g)

Single Replacement

 Atoms of an element swap with atoms of

second element in a compound
 AB + X > AX + B
 Dropping a small piece of potassium into a
beaker of water creates the vigorous reaction
 2K(s) + 2H20(I) > 2KOH(aq) + H2

Double Replacement

 Positive ions exchange between 2 compounds

 AX + BY > AY+ BX
 Mixing aqueous solutions of potassium iodide
and lead (II) nitrate results in a chemical
reaction in which a yellow precipitate of solid
lead (II) iodide is formed.