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Foreword

Welcome to the QESH Training Manual, designed to equip you with essential
knowledge and skills to ensure a safe and secure environment for yourself and those
around you. Safety is a fundamental aspect of our daily lives, both at home and in the
workplace. By following the guidelines outlined in this manual, you will be better prepared
to identify potential hazards, mitigate risks, and respond appropriately to emergencies.

This manual has been carefully crafted to address a wide range of safety topics,
incorporating best practices, regulations, and industry standards to provide
comprehensive guidance. Whether you are an employee, a supervisor, a manager, or a
concerned citizen, this resource aims to empower you to create a culture of safety and
well-being in your community.

Our commitment to safety extends beyond mere compliance; it is about fostering

a culture where everyone actively participates in promoting and upholding safety
standards. This manual is not meant to be a static document but rather a living guide
that evolves with the changing landscape of safety practices and technology.

In each section, you will find practical information, illustrative examples, and tips
to apply safety principles effectively. Remember that safety is a shared responsibility,
and by engaging with this manual, you join a community of individuals dedicated to
preserving lives and preventing injuries. As you delve into this Safety Training Manual,
approach it with an open mind and a willingness to learn. Embrace safety as a mindset
and a habit that goes beyond the confines of this manual.

Together, we can create a safer world for ourselves and future generations.
Stay safe, and let us build a culture of safety that permeates every aspect of our lives.

QESH TRAINING AND CONSULTANCY OPC

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page
Number

Introductory Session: COSH Framework 17

● General course objectives
● Training design

Pre-Test

Module 1 : Importance of Safety & Health 18

A. OSH Situation in the Construction Industry
1. A. i. Leading causes of fatal accidents in construction sites
1. A. ii. Cost of accident
1. A. iii. Iceberg theory
B. Factors that contribute to the occurrences of accidents in the
construction industry
1. B. i. Recommendations
C. The Importance of occupational safety and health
1. C. i. Safety
1. C. ii. Health
1. C. iii. Safety programs
D. Updated statistics from PSA

Module 2 : Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition 46

A. Work system and accident theory
B. Types of accident
C. Direct causes of accidents
D. Factors contributing to unsafe acts / unsafe condition
E. Systems to control unsafe acts and unsafe conditions
2. E. i. Contact with Accidents

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 2. E. ii. The basic causes of accident

Module 3 : Constructions Site Premises 79

A. Setting up site
B. Construction site hazards
3. B. i. Sources of hazards in construction site
3. B. ii. Types of Hazards
3. B. iii. Ways to Identify hazards
C. Hierarchy of hazard control measures
D. Safety signage
3. D. i. Six group of signs
3. D. ii. Standard color of signs
3. D. iii. Purpose of safety signage
3. D. iv. Locations which signs be posted
3. D. v. Determining sign sizes
E. Electrical safety at project site
3. E. i. Basics of Electrical Principle
3. E. ii. Electrical Hazards
3. E. iii. Protection against hazards of electricity
3. E. iv. Importance of lock-outs and tag-outs
F. Fire safety
3. F. i. Principles of Fire, types, classes, phases
3. F. ii. Portable Fire Extinguishers
3. F. iii. Principles of Fire Prevention and control
G. Good housekeeping
3. G. i. Principles of Good Housekeeping
3. G. ii. 5s Principles for Good Housekeeping
3. G. iii. Signs of Poor Housekeeping
3. G. iv. Accidents and Controls
H. Access and Egress

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Module 4 : Excavation Safety 124
A. Definition of excavation and trench
B. General requirements prior to excavation
4. B. i. Safety Risks in an Excavation
4. B. ii. Health Risks in an Excavation
4. B. iii. Hazardous Atmospheres in an Excavation
C. Hazards of excavation works
4. C. i. Types of Excavation works
4. C. ii. Why is Excavation a High Risk?
D. Types of soils and the maximum allowable slopes
4. D. i. Types of Soil Collapse
4. D. ii. Maximum Allowable Slopes Per Type of Soil
E. Principal causes of soil collapse
F. Prevention of soil collapse
4. F. i. Benching
4. F. ii. Sizes and Spacing of Members
4. F. iii. The Competent Person
4. F. iv. What is Confined Space?
G. OSHS Rule 1413: Excavation safety

Module 5 : Tools and Equipment Safety 159

A. Types of hand tools and power tools, function, and accidents
5. A. i. Types of Hand Tools
5. A. ii. Types of Power Tools
5. A. iii. Functions of Hand and Power Tools
5. A. iv. Accidents and safety considerations
B. Hazards in the use of hand tools and safety
5. B. i. Hazards in the Use of Hand Tools
5. B. ii. Safety Measures when Using Hand Tools
C. Main types of portable power tools and safety hazards from use of
electric tools

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 D. Use of lock-out / tag-out system
E. Safety tips in using hand and power tools

Module 6 : Construction Machinery (Mobile Equipment Safety) 187

A. Different types of mobile equipment and their uses/functions and
accidents
6. A. i. Concerns
6. A. ii. Concerned Personnel
B. Persons at risk aside from the operator
6. B. i. Blind Spots
6. B. ii. 5 Basic guidelines on heavy equipment operation
C. Hazards present in construction heavy equipment operation
6. C. i. Management Commitment
6. C. ii. Employee Involvement
6. C. iii. Pre-construction Work-Site Analysis
6. C. iv. Hazard prevention and Control
D. Responsibilities of workers, working near heavy equipment operation,
spotter, and equipment operator
E. Key elements in heavy equipment safety program
F. Proper equipment maintenance
6. F. i. Employee Awareness Training
G. Operator authorization
H. D.O 13 section 7.2 and 10.1 -a : On heavy equipment
6. H. i. Periodically Review Procedures
I. 5 basic guidelines on heavy equipment operation
J. Heavy Equipment Safety Best Practices

Module 7 : Construction Machinery (Crane Safety) 207

A. Definition of materials handling
B. Materials handling accidents
C. Definition of crane and basic types of cranes

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 D. Hazards in crane operations
E. Examples of crane safety
F. Mobile / tower crane load capacity
7. F. i. Mobile Crane Load Capacity
7. F. ii. Tower Crane Load Capacity
G. Hook requirement
H. Wire rope requirement
I. Basic rules for safe operation of crane
J. Operating on slope for mobile crane
K. Rigging equipment / accessories inspection
L. Sling inspection
M. Wire rope sizing
N. Precautions in the use of wire rope

Module 8 : Fall Protection 235

A. Definition of fall hazards
B. Elevated locations which require increased fall hazard awareness
C. Appropriate methods of protection
8. C. i. Elimination
8. C. ii. Preventing Employee Exposure
8. C. iii. Controlling Fall
D. Duty to have fall protection procedures.
E. Components / elements of personal fall arrest system
F. Proper wear and use of personal fall arrest system and its
components

Module 9 : Temporary Structures 255

A. Definition of scaffold
B. Classification of scaffold
C. Hazards in the use of scaffolding
D. Parts of scaffolding

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 E. Amended Rule 1414: Scaffoldings
F. Specific requirements of scaffolding
G. Design and stability of scaffolding
H. Inspection and tagging
I. Tube and coupler scaffold
J. Wall ties and anchorage
K. Safety consideration common to scaffolds.
L. Ladder safety
M. Five rules of ladder safety
N. Guardrail system / Fall protection
O. Falling object protection
P. Clearance from power lines
Q. Scaffold Inspection
R. Other types of scaffolds
9. R. i. Training and competency requirements

Module 10 : Temporary Structures (Erection and Dismantling) 287

A. Actual scaffold erection and dismantling (ACTUAL
DEMONSTRATION)
B. Actual use of full body harness and components of personal fall arrest
systems (ACTUAL DEMONSTRATION)
C. Familiarization with the components of framed and mobile scaffolds
D. Sequences of erecting the scaffolds and dismantling of scaffolds
E. Actual application of appropriate tag when inspecting the erected
scaffold (ACTUAL DEMONSTRATION)

Module 11: Environmental Safety 291

A. Industrial Hygiene
B. Health Hazards
C. Classification of Health Hazards
11. C. i. Chemical Hazards

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 11. C. ii. Physical Hazards
11. C. iii. Ergonomic Hazards
11. C. iv. Biological Hazards
11. C. v. Psychosocial Hazards
D. Health Hazards Identification
E. Labels and Safety Data Sheet
F. Department Order No. 136-14: Globally Harmonized System of
Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
11. F. i. Roles and Responsibilities
11. F. ii. Confined Space
G. Work Environment Measurement
H. Rule 1070 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
I. DO 160 – 16 Guidelines on the Accreditation on Consulting
Organization to Provide WEM Services
11. I. i. Purpose of WEM
11. I. ii. Types of Work Environment Measurement/Monitoring
J. Evaluation of Health Hazards
11. J. i. TLV Categories
K. TLV Requirement based on DOLE, OSH Standards of the ff.
11. K. i. Chemicals
11. K. ii. Permissible Noise Exposure Level (PNEL)
11. K. iii. Illumination
11. K. iv. Heat Stress Exposure
L. Principles of Hazard Control
11. L. i. Reasons for Control of Hazardous Substances
M. Hierarchy of Control Measures (further discussion of PPE can be
seen at Module 13)
11. M. i. Engineering Controls
a. What is Ventilation?
b. Types of Industrial Ventilation

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 c. Purpose of Ventilation
11. M. ii. Administrative Controls
11. M. iii. Personal Protective Equipment
a. Respiratory Protective Equipment
b. Respirator Filter
c. Criteria for Selection of Respirator
d. Noise Reduction rating for Hearing Protectors
e. Workshop/Exercise on the recommended controls

Module 12: Occupational Health 346

A. Global and local statistics in work-related illness and injuries in the
construction industry
12. A. i. ILO REPORT
12. A. ii. Sources of local information
• Administrative Reports
o Work-Accident & Illness Report (WAIR)
o Annual Medical Report (AMR)
• Nationwide sampling survey
• Integrated Survey on Labor & Employment (ISLE)
• Database on EC claims
• Research & case studies
12. A. iii. Definition and principles of Occupational health
B. Occupational Health Hazards in Construction Industry and their ill
effects
12. B. i. Physical
12. B. ii. Chemical
12. B. iii. Biological
• Biological agents common in the construction industry
• Biological agents with related DOLE issuance:
o Tuberculosis

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 o Hepatitis B
o HIV and AIDS
o COVID-19 Prevention Measures
C. Detailed discussion based on IATF / DOH / DOLE / DTI / DPWH
Guidelines
12. C. i. What is COVID-19
12. C. ii. How is COVID-19 SPREAD
12. C. iii. Symptoms start like many other illnesses
12. C. iv. Most at Risk workers and Vulnerable Group
12. C. v. How to prevent COVID-19
12. C. vi. Covid-19 Alert Level System

D. DTI and DOLE interim guidelines on workplace prevention and control

of COVID-19
12. D. iv. Ergonomic
12. D. v. Other health hazards
• Work-related stress, Mental Health
• Substance abuse – Drugs, alcohol and cigarette smoking
• Improper nutrition
• Physical inactivity
12. D. vi. Health interventions
• Legal Basis of health interventions
• Components of OSH Program Under D.O. 198-18 or the IRR
of the RA 11058
• Medical Surveillance

Module 13: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 400

A. What is PPE
B. OSHS Rule 1080: Personal Protective Equipment and Devices
C. Guidelines in PPE use

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 D. Determine the types of PPE and their uses
E. Explain the best practices in the use of PPE’s
F. Show the capability in identifying the types of PPE’s
G. PPE program, and Philippine Standards for PPE

Module 14: Demolition Safety 430

A. Definition of demolition works
B. Planning in safe demolition works
C. Key areas for planning
D. Demolition technique
E. Method of demolition such as manual, mechanical and explosives
demolition
F. Hazard associated with demolition
G. Hierarchy of control measures

Module 15: Routine Site Safety Inspection 451

A. Safety and health Inspection
16. A. i. Definition of safety and health inspection
16. A. ii. Elements of effective safety and health inspection programs
16. A. iii. Purposes of safety and health inspection
16. A. iv. Types of inspection
16. A. v. Qualification of a good inspector
16. A. vi. Items need to be inspected
16. A. vii. Conditions need to be inspected
16. A. viii. Factors in the frequency of inspection
16. A. ix. Preparing of conducting site safety inspection
16. A. x. PPE to be used
16. A. xi. Inspection report
16. A. xii. Implementation of corrective action
16. A. xiii. Monitoring of implemented corrective action

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 B. Construction Site Visit Workshop
16. B. Documentation of actual condition of construction site through
checklist

C. Presentation of Inspection Workshop Results

16. C. Presentation of Inspection results from Construction site visited

Module 16: Job Hazard Analysis 485

A. Definition of job hazard analysis and its benefits
16. A. i. Benefits of JHA
B. Basic steps in preparing a JHA.
C. Examples of JHA activity

Module 17: Accident Investigation 496

A. Purpose of accident investigation
17. A. i. Types of incidents/ accidents to be investigated and reported
B. Method or process of accident investigation
C. Skills in interviewing witnesses
D. Steps in preparing investigation report.
E. DOLE reportorial requirements
17. E. i. Types of disabilities as per rule 1050
F. Calculation of frequency and severity rates

Module 18: Roles of Safety Officer 518

A. Definition and importance of a safety officer on site
B. Categories, qualifications of safety officers
C. Matrix of number of safety officer per project
D. Part of safety officer in the safety and health committee
E. Duties and responsibilities of safety officer in construction site
F. Effectiveness of safety officer
G. D.O. 198 Section 14: Safety Officer

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 Module 19: Tool Box Meeting 535
A. Definition of toolbox meeting
B. Benefits of toolbox meeting
C. Requirements in conducting toolbox meeting

Module 20: Workplace Emergency Preparedness 551

A. Types of Emergencies (Natural and Man-made)
20. A. i. Natural Emergencies
20. A. ii. Man-made Emergencies
B. Elements of Emergency Preparedness Program
C. Preparing for common emergencies
D. Fire Brigade Concept and Organization
E. Objectives of creating Fire Brigade
F. Fire Brigade organizational structure
G. Evacuation Drill and procedures

Module 21: Employee’s Compensation Program 575

A. Main functions of ECC
B. Purpose of ECP and employees covered of benefits
C. Compensable diseases
D. Compensability of Injuries
E. Exempting circumstances
F. ECP Benefits
G. Type of Disability and their corresponding benefits
H. Attaining ECP Benefits

Module 22: OSH Legislation 598

A. Salient features of the occupational safety and health standards
B. D.O. 198-18
C. Salient features of the D.O No.13

Module 23: OSH Programming 636

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 A. Definition of construction safety and health program (CSHP)
B. Safety and health program criteria
C. Legal basis for implementing CSHP
D. Elements of the CSHP
E. Monitoring and evaluation of safety and health policies / program
F. D.O. 198 sec. 12; D.O. 13 sec. 5

Post-test / Re-Entry Plan / Training Evaluation

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COSH FRAMEWORK

COURSE TITLE: CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (COSH)

TYPE OF COURSE: Mandatory training requirement in order to become Safety Officer

2

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The forty (40)-hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training for Safety
Officers is a mandatory training course in pursuance with Republic Act No. 11058 and
DOLE Department Order 198 s. 2018. It is designed to impart knowledge and skills on
basic concepts and principles of occupational safety and health to enable safety officers
to implement their respective company’s safety and health program.
This is offered by the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC), and DOLE-
accredited Safety Training Organizations (STOs).

COURSE OBJECTIVES/LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Terminal Objective:
To provide the participants the basic knowledge and skills on the basic concepts and
principles of occupational safety and health (OSH) that will enable safety officers to
develop and implement their company’s safety and health program.

Specific Objectives:
At the end of the course, participants will be able to:
o identify existing & potential safety and health hazards and describe their effects
to the human body.
o relate the effects of occupational illnesses and accidents to individuals, their
families, communities and workplaces. determine the appropriate control
measures for specific hazards.
describe the importance of effective OSH communication (OSH training and meetings);

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explain the roles of safety officers in the overall management of OSH program.
identify the components of an OSH program; and develop a workplace-specific OSH re-
entry plan

Methodology:
Lecture-discussions, exercises, workshop/presentation, one-on-one consultations

Target Participants:
o Company Owners
o Managers / Supervisor
o Engineers
o Maintenance Officers
o Administrative Officers
o Security Officers\
o Members of the OSH Committee
o Aspiring Safety Officer / Practitioners

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 MODULE 1
IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH

Image-source:
https://humanfocus.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/why-is-health-and-safety-important-for-all-workplaces.jpg

OBJECTIVES

Participants shall be able:

● To explain the status of safety, health, and welfare among the workers in
the various fields of the construction industry
● To discuss different Factors that contribute to the occurrences of accidents
in the construction industry.
● To define and identify the importance of occupational safety and health.

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 1. A. OSH SITUATION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Local OSH Situational

Source: LABSTAT Updates Vol.

Situations in 21 No.Philippines
the 19 Safety and Health in the Workplace Cases
on Construction SiteofOccupational
Occupational Injuries

GLOBAL OSH Situational

According to the International Labor Organization estimates (World Day for
Safety and Health at Work 28th April 2015), every year:

● 2.3 million women and men workers die at work from occupational injury
or disease.

● 2 million deaths are due to fatal work-related diseases.

● 350,000 of which are fatal accident.

● 313 million workers are involved in non-fatal occupational accidents.

● 160 million cases of non-fatal work-related diseases occur annually.

● 6,400 people die from occupational accident or diseases every day.

● 860,000 are injured on the job everyday

● Work-related diseases represent main cause of death at work killing 6

times more workers than occupational accidents.

The human cost of this daily adversity is vast, and the economic burden of poor
occupational safety and health practices is estimated at 4% of global Gross Domestic
product each year. With a highly mobile population of workers and different contractors

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working on dangerous construction sites at the same time, CONSTRUCTION continues
to be a major cause of death and disabilities ILO report for 2005 Construction sites
accident around the world.

● 60 000 fatal accidents each year

● 1 fatal accident every 10 minutes

● 1 in every 6 fatal accidents recorded at work annually.

● 25 to 40 % of work-related deaths even though only 6 to 10% of the

workforce are employed in construction.

● 30% of construction workers in some countries suffer from back pain or

other musculoskeletal disorders.

WORK ACCIDENT SUMMARY

A total of 72,897 (6.6%) work-related injuries and worker fatalities were analyzed in
this study. The reports of occupational injuries and fatalities increased and peaked
in 2019 and declined by 2020. Phi coefficient determined that all injuries sustained
were significantly associated with work-related activities. Phi coefficient showed that
all types of injuries were significantly associated with patient fatality. The external
causes that were found to be significantly associated with patient fatality using phi
coefficient were contact with sharp objects, exposure to forces of nature, fall, and
transport and vehicular crash. Fall was significantly associated with patient fatality
while also increasing its odds (OR=2.57, 95% CI: 1.76 – 3.75), and increased odds
for multiple injuries (OR=2.30, 95% CI: 2.17 – 2.45), abrasion (OR=2.10, 95% CI:
1.97 – 2.24), and fracture (OR=9.66, 95% CI: 8.92 – 10.46). Transport/vehicular
crash was significantly associated with increased patient fatality (OR=2.94, 95% CI:
2.22 – 3.88), multiple injuries (OR=6.77, 95% CI: 6.48 – 7.07), abrasion (OR=12.87,
95% CI: 12.34), and fracture (OR=4.12, 95% CI: 3.82 – 3.45).

SOURCE : Lu, J. L. (2022). Trend of Work-related Injuries in the Philippines from 2010-2020. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(19).

https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v56i19.6259

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MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH

1. A. i. Leading causes of fatal accidents in construction sites

Construction sites are bustling hubs of activity where skilled workers come together
to shape the urban landscape and create the structures that define modern living.
However, amidst the progress and innovation, these sites also harbor significant dangers
that can result in tragic consequences. The leading causes of fatal accidents in
construction sites serve as a stark reminder of the hazards faced by workers in this
industry. From the towering heights of temporary structures to the intricate workings of
heavy machinery, the risks are manifold and demand unwavering attention to safety
protocols. In this discussion, we will explore the primary factors that contribute to fatal
accidents in construction sites, shedding light on the specific circumstances that require
vigilance, caution, and proactive measures to ensure the well-being of those who build
our world. Understanding these causes is crucial for fostering a culture of safety that can
ultimately save lives and prevent the devastating toll that accidents can exact on both
workers and their families.

1. Falls from Heights:

- Temporary structures: Inadequately secured scaffolding,

ladders, and platforms.
- Excavation: Falls into uncovered trenches or excavated
areas.
- Roof: Accidents while working on rooftops without proper fall
protection.
- Moving vehicle and equipment: Falls while working near
or on moving vehicles and machinery.

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 2. Excavation and Trench Work:

- Cave-in: Trench walls collapsing due to

unstable soil or inadequate shoring.
- Falling of persons, materials, and
equipment: Accidents involving workers, tools, or
materials falling into trenches.
- Asphyxiation: Lack of proper ventilation
leading to the presence of hazardous gases in
confined spaces.

3. Construction Machineries and Equipment

- Power tools: Accidents from improper use,

lack of training, or malfunctioning.
- Woodworking machines: Injuries caused by
unguarded moving parts or improper operation.
- Heavy machines: Accidents involving
bulldozers, excavators, etc., due to operator
error, maintenance issues, or inadequate training.

4. Cranes and Elevators

- Overloading: Exceeding the weight

capacity of cranes or elevators, leading to
equipment failure.
- Lifting and carrying of loads: Accidents
while maneuvering heavy loads, leading to
loads swinging or falling.
- Erection and dismantling: Risks
associated with assembling or taking apart
cranes, including structural failure.

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 5. Electrical Accidents

• Electrical Shock and Burns: Contact with

live wires or faulty electrical equipment
causing injuries.
• Contact with electric lines and
underground cables: Accidents when
workers inadvertently touch overhead power
lines or buried cables.

Preventing these accidents requires a combination of thorough safety training,

adherence to safety guidelines, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE),

regular equipment maintenance, and effective communication among all construction

site personnel.

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1. A. ii. COST OF ACCIDENT
Direct Costs of Accidents

1. Emergency Medical Care

Accidents on construction sites can lead to

injuries that require immediate medical attention.
Emergency medical care encompasses the costs
associated with treating injured workers at the
accident site, transporting them to medical
facilities, and providing necessary medical
procedures, medications, and rehabilitation. These
costs include ambulance services, emergency room visits, surgeries, medications,
and follow-up medical care.

2. Equipment Damage or Material Spoilage

Accidents can result in damage to

construction equipment, machinery, tools,
and materials. This includes repairs or
replacement of damaged equipment and
machinery, as well as the cost of replacing
spoiled or damaged materials that were
being used in the construction process.

3. Compensation Payments

When workers are injured in accidents,

they are entitled to compensation to cover medical
expenses, lost wages, and other financial losses
resulting from their injuries. This includes payment
for the time they are unable to work due to their
injuries, which can range from temporary disability
to long-term incapacity.

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 4. Investigations of Legal Authority

Following an accident, regulatory

agencies, legal authorities, and sometimes
independent investigators may become
involved to determine the cause of the
accident and identify any potential violations
of safety regulations or negligence. The costs
associated with these investigations, including
legal fees and administrative expenses, can contribute to the direct costs of
accidents.

5. Insurance Premiums

Accidents lead to insurance claims, and as a

consequence, insurance premiums may increase.
Insurance companies often raise premiums for
companies that have a history of accidents or
injuries on their construction sites. These
increased premiums are part of the direct financial
impact of accidents.

It's important to recognize that these direct costs are not only financial but also

have wider implications for the overall operation of a construction project. Minimizing

these costs requires a strong commitment to safety measures, comprehensive

training, and the implementation of protocols that help prevent accidents from

occurring in the first place.

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Indirect Costs of Accidents

1. Injured Worker

Lost Productivity on Day of Injury

On the day of the accident, the injured

worker is unable to contribute to the
project, resulting in a direct loss of
productivity.

Lost Productivity Due to Follow-up Care

If the injured worker requires follow-up

medical appointments, therapy, or
rehabilitation, they might continue to be
absent from work, leading to further
loss of productivity.

Lost Productivity After Returning to Work

Even after an injured worker returns to

work, they might not be able to perform
at their full capacity immediately,
resulting in reduced productivity as they
gradually recover.

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 2. Worker’s Crew

Completing Added Work

When an accident occurs, the rest of

the crew might need to take on
additional tasks to compensate for the
absence of the injured worker or to
complete work that was left unfinished
due to the accident.

Assisting Injured Worker

Co-workers might need to help the

injured worker with tasks they would
have otherwise performed
independently, diverting their attention
and time away from their own duties.

3. Crew Around Accident Site

Watching Events and Discussing Accident

Accidents often draw the attention of

other workers on the site, causing them
to pause their work to observe or
discuss the event. This distraction can
lead to a loss of focus and productivity
for these workers.

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 4. Training Replacement Worker

Time and Resources

Training a replacement worker to fill in for the

injured worker takes time and resources that
could have been directed towards project
tasks. This training process can slow down
overall productivity.

5. Supervisors

Investigating Accident

Supervisors and managers must dedicate time

to investigate the accident, which takes them
away from their regular tasks of overseeing
and managing the construction project.

Preparing Reports

Preparing accident reports and

documentation for regulatory authorities and
company records requires additional
administrative time and effort.

Time with Management, Owner or

Regulatory Agencies

Supervisors may need to interact with higher

management, owners, and regulatory
agencies to discuss the accident, its
implications, and any necessary corrective
actions.

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 These indirect costs of accidents emphasize that the impact of accidents

extends beyond immediate financial losses. The disruption of productivity, increased

workloads for others, distraction, and administrative tasks all contribute to a

significant decrease in overall project efficiency. This highlights the critical

importance of maintaining a safe work environment and taking proactive measures

to prevent accidents, ultimately minimizing the broader negative consequences on

construction projects and teams.

1. A. iii. ICEBERG THEORY

Any Accident at work results in both direct and indirect costs, which are represented
by the diagram below.

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 • Direct Costs (Insured)
o Medical Costs - Medical costs refer to expenses incurred for the treatment of
injuries sustained by individuals involved in the accident. These costs
encompass hospitalization, surgeries, medications, rehabilitation, and other
necessary medical treatments.
o Wasted Raw Materials - Accidents can result in the loss of raw materials that
were in use at the time of the incident. These materials become unusable due
to damage, contamination, or other factors arising from the accident.
o Damaged Property / Equipment - Accidents can cause damage to property,
equipment, machinery, or vehicles involved in the incident. The repair or
replacement costs of these assets are typically covered by insurance, as they
are crucial for business operations.
o Insurance Premium - After an accident, insurance premiums may increase due
to the perceived higher risk by the insurance provider. Insurance premiums are
the costs a business pays to maintain insurance coverage, and accidents can
lead to higher premiums over time.
• Injured Workers
o Loss of Productivity Due to Interruption on the Day of Accident - when a
worker gets injured, the immediate disruption caused by the accident leads to a
loss of productivity on the day of the incident. The time spent addressing the
situation, seeking medical attention, and ensuring safety measures can result
in a temporary halt to the worker's regular tasks.

o Loss of Productivity During Medical Leave - after an injury, workers often

need to take medical leave to recover. During this period, they are unable to
contribute to the organization's productivity. The absence of a worker's skills,
knowledge, and contributions can lead to decreased efficiency and output.

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 o Loss of Productivity Due to Follow-Up Care - even after returning from
medical leave, injured workers might require follow-up care such as doctor's
appointments, physical therapy, or other treatments. These ongoing medical
needs can result in periodic absences from work, reducing the worker's
availability and overall productivity.

• Other Employees
Loss of productivity due to the following:
o Work Stoppage Due to Accident - When an accident occurs in the workplace,
it often leads to an immediate halt in work as the situation is assessed and
addressed. This work stoppage is necessary to ensure the safety of all workers
and to prevent further accidents or incidents.
o Participate in Rescue Operation - In the event of an accident, workers might
need to participate in rescue operations to assist injured colleagues or ensure
the safety of those involved. This involvement can take them away from their
regular tasks and result in a loss of productivity during the time spent on rescue
efforts.
o Participate in Accident Investigation (Inspection and Interview)- After an
accident, investigations are conducted to understand the causes and prevent
future occurrences. Workers might be required to participate in inspections of
the accident site or be interviewed about their observations. This participation
diverts their attention from their regular duties, impacting productivity.

• Supervisors
Loss of productivity due to the following:
o Participate in Rescue Operation - When an accident occurs, workers might
need to be involved in rescue operations to assist injured colleagues or ensure
the safety of those affected. This involvement takes them away from their
regular tasks, leading to a temporary loss of productivity.
o Participate in Accident Investigation (Inspection and Interview) - After an
accident, investigations are conducted to understand its causes. Workers might

31 | P a g e
 be required to participate in inspections of the accident site or be interviewed
about their observations. This participation diverts their attention from their
regular duties, impacting productivity.

o Preparation of Accident Investigation Report - Once an accident

investigation is complete, personnel are responsible for preparing detailed
reports outlining the incident, its causes, and recommended preventive
measures. This task requires time and effort that could otherwise be directed
towards regular work responsibilities.

• Equipment
o Downtime - Accidents that lead to damage or malfunction of equipment often
result in downtime. During this period, the affected equipment cannot be used
for its intended tasks, causing a halt in operations and a temporary loss of
productivity.
o Repair or Replacement - When equipment is damaged in an accident, it
usually requires repair or replacement. The time and resources needed to fix
the equipment or acquire a replacement contribute to both immediate financial
costs and potential extended downtime.

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MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH

1. B. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCES OF ACCIDENTS IN

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Fall from Heights is the Predominant Cause of

Accidents - accidents involving falls from elevated
surfaces, such as ladders, scaffolds, or rooftops, are a
major concern in the construction industry. Working at
heights increases the risk of severe injuries or fatalities if
proper safety measures are not in place.

Lack of Supervision for Workers Working at Heights

- supervision is crucial to ensure that workers who are
performing tasks at elevated locations are following
safety protocols. Inadequate supervision can lead to
risky behaviors and a disregard for safety measures.

Workers Lack Awareness of Occupational Safety

and Health (OSH) - when workers are not adequately
educated about occupational safety and health
practices, they might not recognize potential hazards or
know how to protect themselves, leading to avoidable
accidents.

Workers Have Limited Training - insufficient training

leaves workers unfamiliar with safe work practices,
proper equipment usage, and emergency procedures.
This lack of knowledge contributes to accidents caused
by incorrect procedures or improper handling of
equipment.

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 Due to Lack of Training, Workers... (a-d) - improper
temporary structures, improperly guarded floors,
unstable/unsecured scaffolds, and the use of
defective equipment all stem from inadequate training.
These factors increase the risk of accidents on
construction sites.

Accident Reports Lack Relevant Information -

incomplete or inaccurate accident reports hinder the
identification of root causes and the formulation of
effective prevention strategies. Accurate and
comprehensive reporting is essential to
understanding why accidents occur.

Proper Investigations are Hardly Conducted - lack

of thorough accident investigations prevent the
identification of underlying causes. Effective
investigations help uncover systemic issues, which, if
left unresolved, can lead to recurring accidents.

1. B. i. Recommendations

Policy Makers and Enforcers

• Strict Enforcement of DO 13 - DO 13 (Department Order No. 13) - refers to

safety and health regulations in the Philippines' construction industry. Policy
makers and enforcers play a vital role in ensuring that these regulations are strictly
enforced.
• Strict Implementation of Reporting Mechanism and Revision of Report Form
- to improve workplace safety, policy makers and enforcers might implement a
more stringent reporting mechanism.

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 • Continuous Development of Construction Safety Training - policy makers
and enforcers contribute to safety by continuously developing and updating
construction safety training programs.
• Research on KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices) - conducting
research on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of workers and
employers in the construction industry helps policy makers and enforcers
understand the existing safety awareness, attitudes, and behaviors.

Employers and Construction Companies

• Compliance to DO 13 DO 13 (Department Order No. 13) - outlines safety and

health regulations for the construction industry. Employers and workers are
expected to comply with these regulations to ensure a safe work environment and
prevent accidents.
• Provision of Adequate Training and Information - employers have a
responsibility to provide workers with proper training and information related to
occupational safety and health (OSH).
• Supervision on Works at Heights - supervisors must provide adequate
oversight when workers are performing tasks at elevated heights.
• Provision of Adequate Access and Egress in Construction Sites - employers
need to ensure that construction sites have proper access and egress routes for
workers.
• Conduct of Accident Investigation - workers should participate in accident
investigations when required.
• Comply with OSH Rules and Policies - employees have a responsibility to
adhere to occupational safety and health (OSH) rules and policies set by the
company.
• Take Initiative in Learning OSH - workers should proactively seek knowledge
about occupational safety and health (OSH) to enhance their awareness and
contribute to a safer workplace.

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 • Demand for Approved Type PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) - workers
have the right to demand and use approved personal protective equipment (PPE)
that is suitable for their tasks. Properly fitting and appropriate PPE helps protect
workers from potential hazards.
• Observe Proper Hand Signals - effective communication is crucial in a
construction site. Workers should observe and use proper hand signals to
communicate with each other, especially in situations where noise or distance
makes verbal communication challenging.
• Report Any Hazard Found - workers are encouraged to report any hazards or
unsafe conditions they encounter on the job. Timely reporting allows employers
to address the issues promptly and prevent potential accidents.

MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH

1. C. THE IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Why is workplace safety important?

1. Workplace safety is very important for each and every employee in the
industry because all workers desire to work in a safe and protected
atmosphere. Health and safety are the key factor for all industries in order
to promote the wellness of both employees and employers.

2. It is the duty and moral responsibility of the company to look after the
employee’s protection.

36 | P a g e
There are obvious reasons why workplace safety should be our priority including:

1. Injury - refers to physical damage, but it can

be used more figuratively to describe
something that's unjust or that causes harm
that isn't physical.
o Human Well-being - construction
injuries can result in severe physical
and emotional trauma for workers. Implementing safety protocols reduces
the risk of accidents, protecting workers from life-altering injuries and
enabling them to return home safely to their families each day.
o Long-term Health - even minor injuries can have long-lasting health
implications. Focusing on injury prevention ensures that workers are not
burdened with chronic pain, disabilities, or illnesses that might arise from
accidents on the job.
o Workforce Morale - when workers feel that their safety is a top priority,
their morale improves. This positive atmosphere can boost job satisfaction,
increase motivation, and enhance the overall work environment.
o Reduced Cost - injuries lead to direct and indirect costs for employers.
direct costs include medical expenses and workers' compensation claims.
Indirect costs encompass productivity losses, training replacement
workers, and potential legal fees.
o Legal Compliance - many countries have regulations mandating safe
work practices and the prevention of injuries. Adhering to these regulations
not only avoids legal consequences but also demonstrates ethical
responsibility.
o Productivity - an injury-free work environment leads to uninterrupted
project timelines. Fewer injuries mean fewer disruptions, ensuring that
projects are completed efficiently and within budget.
o Industry Reputation - a construction company known for its commitment
to safety is more likely to attract skilled workers and clients. A positive
reputation can lead to increased business opportunities and partnerships.

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 o Innovation and Training - prioritizing injury prevention encourages
companies to seek innovative technologies and practices. Regular training
programs keep workers informed about the latest safety measures,
empowering them to proactively prevent accidents.

2. Death

These two reasons should need no

explanation. Improved safety training and
awareness can help save lives and reduce
injury. Along with the above-mentioned pain,
suffering, and death, there is the financial
impact.

3. Corporate financial loss

Accidents in the workplace can result in

significant financial losses for corporations.
These losses stem from various direct and
indirect costs, including medical expenses,
equipment repairs or replacements, downtime,
legal fees, insurance premiums, and potential
fines or penalties for non-compliance with safety regulations. Additionally,
accidents can lead to decreased productivity, increased absenteeism, decreased
employee morale, and potential damage to the company's reputation. All these
factors contribute to financial strains on the organization, affecting its profitability
and long-term sustainability.

38 | P a g e
 4. Property damage

For a company to survive and employ people, it

must be profitable. Death & injury impact the
company financially. It is in the best interest of
both employee and employer to put safety first,
minimize risk to life and therefore reduce financial
loss and property damage.

5. Worker productivity increases

Implementing effective safety measures

and creating a safe working environment
can lead to an increase in worker
productivity. When employees feel secure
and protected from potential hazards, they
can focus more on their tasks, leading to
improved efficiency and output. A safe workplace reduces the likelihood of
accidents and injuries, resulting in fewer disruptions, less absenteeism, and
decreased downtime due to accidents. Additionally, employees who perceive
that their well-being is a priority tend to be more engaged, motivated, and
committed to their work, ultimately contributing to higher productivity levels.

6. The Service or Quality of the product improves.

Prioritizing safety in the production process

and throughout the organization can lead to
an enhancement in the service or quality of
the product offered. When safety protocols
are implemented, risks of defects, errors, or
accidents that could compromise the
product's quality are minimized. This focus

39 | P a g e
 on safety often translates to better manufacturing processes, increased attention
to detail, and improved quality control measures. Additionally, a company that
demonstrates a commitment to safety may gain a positive reputation among
consumers, resulting in higher customer trust, loyalty, and overall satisfaction.

7. Corporate reputation / public relations improve.

Why is safety so important in the workplace?

Nobody wants to do business with
corporations that risk the quality of the product
and the safety of their employees to increase
the bottom line. Companies who care about
their employees put them first and when that
happens, productivity increases. Suddenly, the employee is no longer a number,
but a person who can make a difference. The benefits of safety in the workplace
will be clearly seen by employees and outside visitors.

1. C. i. Safety

Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm or other
danger. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in order to achieve an
acceptable level of risk.

Why is safety so important in the workplace?

No one wants to do business with companies that put profits ahead of product quality
and the well-being of their employees. When companies prioritize their employees' safety
and happiness, something remarkable happens – productivity soars. Suddenly,
employees are not just faceless numbers; they become individuals who can truly make
a difference. Both employees and visitors can easily see the positive effects of a safe
workplace.

40 | P a g e
Creating a secure workplace, which includes thorough training, education, and providing
the right safety gear (known as PPE), all starts with a company's commitment to safety.
But why is workplace safety so crucial? Well, it benefits both the company and its workers
in numerous ways. In fact, the advantages of a safe workplace are quite impressive.
Safety transforms a company and its employees into a unified team working toward a
common goal. It's a win-win situation for everyone involved.

1. C. ii. Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.

1. C. iii. Safety programs

Safety programs provide guidelines that direct procedures and include checklists that
can make work environments safer by preventing mishaps. Workers are required to
know safety procedures that need to be followed in their specific department or area.

Why is safety so important in the workplace?

Creating a secure workplace, which includes thorough training, education, and providing
the right safety gear (known as PPE), all starts with a company's commitment to safety.
But why is workplace safety so crucial? Well, it benefits both the company and its workers
in numerous ways. In fact, the advantages of a safe workplace are quite impressive.
Safety transforms a company and its employees into a unified team working toward a
common goal. It's a win-win situation for everyone involved.

In Conclusion

• Preventing these accidents requires a combination of thorough safety training,

adherence to safety guidelines, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE),

41 | P a g e
 regular equipment maintenance, and effective communication among all construction
site personnel.
• It's important to recognize that these direct costs are not only financial but also have
wider implications for the overall operation of a construction project. Minimizing these
costs requires a strong commitment to safety measures, comprehensive training, and
the implementation of protocols that help prevent accidents from occurring in the first
place.
• These indirect costs of accidents emphasize that the impact of accidents extends
beyond immediate financial losses. The disruption of productivity, increased
workloads for others, distraction, and administrative tasks all contribute to a
significant decrease in overall project efficiency. This highlights the critical importance
of maintaining a safe work environment and taking proactive measures to prevent
accidents, ultimately minimizing the broader negative consequences on construction
projects and teams

Source:
Safety Program (safeopedia.com)
SAFETY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
Construction Site Accidents - Causes And Prevention (civiconcepts.com)
https://safariequipments.co.in/construction-machinery-equipments/
https://www.hoosiercrane.com/resources/crane-and-hoist-definitions-and-terms
https://www.elsakerhetsverket.se/en/about-us/our-mission/electrical-accidents/
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/injury
https://static.vecteezy.com/system/resources/previews/008/903/057/original/the-
iceberg-model-and-illustration-in-the-hidden-costs-of-injuries-have-medical-and-
compensation-on-the-surface-the-underwater-has-indirect-costs-such-as-time-team-
training-and-morale-vector.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health#:~:text=Health%20is%20a%20state%20of,Retriev
ed%2010%20December%202023.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety

42 | P a g e
MODULE 1: IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH

1. D. UPDATED STATISTICS FROM PSA

Cases of occupational injuries in establishments employing 20 or more workers

in the construction industry in the Philippines for the years 2013, 2015, 2017, and
2019.

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1. Total Cases
➢ In 2019, there were 3,870 total cases of occupational injuries in the construction
industry, which is a significant increase compared to 2017 (1,986 cases). This
suggests a notable rise in injuries over this two-year period.
➢ The data shows a fluctuation in total cases over the years, with the highest
number recorded in 2013 (2,115 cases).

2. Cases with Workdays Lost

➢ The number of cases with workdays lost is a critical metric because it represents
injuries that had a direct impact on productivity and worker well-being.
➢ In 2019, there were 1,436 cases with workdays lost, a substantial increase from
2017 (826 cases).
➢ The number of cases with workdays lost has steadily increased from 2013 (525
cases) to 2019, indicating a concerning trend of more severe injuries or increased
reporting of such cases.

3. Fatal Cases
➢ Fatal cases in the construction industry saw a notable increase from 24 cases in
2017 to 58 cases in 2019. This is a significant concern, as it indicates a higher
risk of fatal accidents within the industry.
➢ The data shows that fatal cases were relatively low in 2013 and 2015, with only 1
and 13 cases, respectively.

4. Non-Fatal Cases
➢ Non-fatal cases also increased from 802 cases in 2017 to 1,378 cases in 2019.
This is a substantial rise and suggests an increase in injuries that, while not fatal,
still result in lost workdays and potential long-term impacts on workers' health and
well-being.

44 | P a g e
 ➢ The majority of non-fatal cases in 2019 (1,373 cases) resulted in temporary
incapacity, indicating that most workers eventually recovered and returned to
work.

5. Permanent Incapacity Cases

➢ The data shows a fluctuation in the number of cases resulting in permanent
incapacity, with the lowest number in 2017 (10 cases).
➢ In 2019, there were 5 cases of permanent incapacity, indicating that a small but
significant proportion of injuries resulted in long-term or permanent disabilities.

6. Cases Without Workdays Lost:

➢ Cases without workdays lost are a positive indicator, as they represent injuries
that did not result in lost productivity. However, these cases decreased from 1,159
cases in 2017 to 2,434 cases in 2019, suggesting a potential underreporting of
injuries or a shift towards more severe cases.

In summary, the data reveals several concerning trends in the construction industry in
the Philippines. There has been an overall increase in the total number of occupational
injuries, cases with workdays lost, and fatal cases from 2017 to 2019. These trends
highlight the importance of improving workplace safety measures and injury prevention
strategies within the construction industry. Additionally, the rise in non-fatal cases with
workdays lost indicates that while fatalities are a significant concern, injuries resulting in
temporary incapacity are also impactful and should be addressed. Further investigation
into the causes of these trends and the effectiveness of safety measures is warranted to
ensure the well-being of workers in this industry.

Source:
https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__1B__ISLE__OID/1001B3GI0
10.px/?rxid=97a37ba5-c796-49ea-9f66-ce953ecc36d2

45 | P a g e
 MODULE 2
UNSAFE ACT AND UNSAFE CONDITION

Image-source:
https://blog.icwgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/workplace-accident-blog-696x385.jpg

OBJECTIVES

Participants shall be able:

● To be able to understand the meaning of safety, health, accidents, hazards

and risks.
● To be able to understand work system and accident theory.
● To be able to differentiate unsafe acts and unsafe conditions and how to
control them.

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DEFINITION

❖ Safety
o State of freedom from risk, usually achieved through all measures &
arrangements set to protect workers from injury or ill health.
o Is not merely the absence of accidents, but the results of ALL persons taking
positive actions to identify accident causes and implement suitable preventive
measures
❖ Health
o Is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
❖ Accidents
o Is any unplanned occurrence which results in some loss, often an injury.
o An undesired event that results in injury and/or property damage
Hazard – anything (source, situation or act) with the potential to cause harm

Risk – the chance, large or small, that somebody (not necessarily a worker) could be
harmed by hazards, together with an indication of how serious that harm might be.

2. A. WORK SYSTEM AND ACCIDENT THEORY

Work System

A work system refers to the combination of people, processes, tools,

equipment, environment, and management that come together to accomplish a specific
task or achieve a particular goal within an organization. Work systems can vary greatly
depending on the industry, the nature of the work, and the goals of the organization. A
well-designed work system should be efficient, safe, and supportive of the employees'
well-being.

Elements of a Work System

⮚ People: The individuals who perform the tasks within the work system. Their
skills, training, and interactions are critical components.

47 | P a g e
 ⮚ Processes: The set of steps or procedures that need to be followed to achieve
the desired outcome. Processes should be well-defined, streamlined, and
optimized for efficiency.

⮚ Tools and Equipment: The tools, machinery, and technology used to complete
tasks. Proper maintenance and appropriate tools are crucial for productivity and
safety.

⮚ Environment: The physical surroundings in which work is performed. A safe,

well-lit, and ergonomic environment is essential for worker well-being.

⮚ Management: The leadership and coordination that ensure tasks are assigned,
monitored, and completed effectively. Proper management includes planning,
organizing, and supervising the work.

image-source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9745126/

48 | P a g e
Accident Theory

Accident theories aim to explain why accidents occur and how they can be
prevented. They provide insights into the root causes and contributing factors
behind accidents, helping organizations implement measures to improve safety.

Some prominent accident theories include:

Heinrich's Domino Theory: Proposed by H.W. Heinrich, this theory suggests

that accidents result from a sequence of events, similar to a chain reaction. He
identified five dominoes: social environment, unsafe acts, preconditions for unsafe
acts, the accident itself and injury.

❖ Swiss Cheese Model: Introduced by James Reason, this model likens system
failures to slices of Swiss cheese, where holes represent potential failures.
Accidents occur when several holes align, allowing errors to pass through.

49 | P a g e
 ❖ Human Factors Theory: Focuses on how human behavior, cognition, and
performance influence accidents. It examines factors such as fatigue,
communication, decision-making, and stress.

❖ Root Cause Analysis: A systematic approach to identifying the underlying

causes of accidents. It aims to go beyond immediate causes and delve into
systemic, organizational, or management factors.

50 | P a g e
 ❖ Accident Causation Theories: Various theories, such as the Energy Release
Theory, Multiple Causation Theory, and Epidemiological Theory, provide different
perspectives on how accidents result from a combination of factors.

Safety Measures and Mitigation:

1. Understanding work systems and accident theories allows organizations to

implement effective safety measures.

2. Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and assess their severity and
likelihood in the work system.

3. Training and Education: Provide comprehensive training to employees on safety

protocols, proper equipment use, and emergency procedures.

4. Process Optimization: Streamline processes to minimize the potential for errors

and accidents. Standard operating procedures should be clear and well-
communicated.

5. Ergonomics: Design workspaces that promote ergonomic principles to reduce the

risk of strain and injury.

6. Safety Culture: Foster a culture of safety where employees feel empowered to

report hazards and near-misses without fear of retribution.

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 7. Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and update safety protocols based on
incident reports, feedback, and advancements in technology and best practices.

In summary, understanding the components of work systems and accident theories can
help organizations create safer, more efficient workplaces. By identifying root causes
and mitigating potential risks, organizations can work towards preventing accidents and
promoting the well-being of their employees.

2. B. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
These are common workplace hazards that can lead to accidents, injuries, and even
fatalities if proper safety measures aren't in place.

1. Struck by the Load

This hazard refers to situations where workers are hit or

struck by objects, tools, equipment, or materials. This can
include being hit by falling or swinging loads from cranes,
forklifts, or other heavy machinery. To mitigate this risk,
proper training, personal protective equipment (PPE),
clear communication, and designated work zones are
essential. Employers should ensure that workers are aware of their surroundings
and that proper safety protocols are followed when handling heavy loads.

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 2. Fall from Height

Falls from height are a major cause of workplace

injuries and fatalities. This hazard is present in
various industries, such as construction,
maintenance, and even some office settings.
Employers should implement fall protection
measures, such as guardrails, safety harnesses, and proper scaffolding. Training
workers on safe practices and using the appropriate equipment can significantly
reduce the risk of falls.

3. Slips and Trips

Slips and trips are common workplace hazards that

can result from wet or slippery floors, cluttered
walkways, uneven surfaces, or poor lighting. These
accidents can cause various injuries, ranging from
minor bruises to severe fractures. Employers should
maintain clean and well-organized workspaces, address potential tripping
hazards promptly, and educate employees about the importance of wearing
suitable footwear.

4. Electrocution

Electrocution occurs when workers come into

contact with live electrical sources. This hazard
is particularly prevalent in industries like
construction, maintenance, and electrical work.
Implementing lockout/tagout procedures,
providing proper training on electrical safety, and using appropriate PPE can help

53 | P a g e
 prevent electrocution accidents. Regular inspections of electrical systems and
equipment are also essential.

5. Fire

Fires in the workplace can lead to catastrophic

consequences, including injuries, property
damage, and loss of life. Employers should have
comprehensive fire safety plans, including fire
exits, fire extinguishers, smoke detectors, and
regular fire drills. Electrical systems should be properly maintained, flammable
materials stored safely, and employees educated on fire prevention and
response procedures

2. C. DIRECT CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents in various settings, whether workplaces, homes, or public spaces,

often have underlying causes that can be traced back to specific factors.
Understanding these direct causes is crucial for enhancing safety measures,
preventing future incidents, and safeguarding the well-being of individuals. By
examining the root causes of accidents, we gain insights into the factors that
contribute to hazardous situations. In this exploration, we will delve into the direct
causes of accidents, focusing on factors such as human error, equipment
malfunction, environmental conditions, and more. Through this analysis, we can pave
the way for a safer and more secure environment for everyone.

54 | P a g e
Causes of Accidents are classified as:

1. Unsafe Condition - physical or

chemical property of a material, machine or the
environment which could possibly cause injury
to people, damage to property, disrupt
operations in a plant or office or other forms of
losses. - American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
Ex. Slippery and wet floors; dusty work area;
congested plant lay

2. Unsafe Act - a violation of safe

procedure.

An unsafe act refers to any action taken by an

individual that violates established safety
procedures or practices. These procedures are
put in place to minimize the risks associated
with various tasks and activities. Unsafe acts
can range from not wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
to disregarding established guidelines for operating machinery. These acts can
be intentional or unintentional and are a significant contributing factor to
workplace accidents.

Ex. Horse playing; smoking in non-smoking areas; non-wearing of

goggles/gloves;

Identifying unsafe acts is crucial for maintaining a safe work environment.

Companies often conduct safety training programs to educate employees about
the importance of following safety protocols. By addressing unsafe acts through

55 | P a g e
 training, disciplinary actions, and fostering a safety-conscious culture,
organizations can reduce the likelihood of accidents caused by human error.

o Act of omission – committed the action which resulted in an accident:

An act of omission refers to the failure to perform a necessary action or task,

which subsequently leads to an accident or hazardous situation. This could
involve neglecting to perform routine maintenance on equipment, not securing
a load properly, or failing to complete required safety checks. Acts of omission
are particularly dangerous because they often involve a lack of action rather
than a blatant violation. Such negligence can have severe consequences, both
in terms of accidents and potential legal repercussions.

o Act of commission – committed the action which resulted in an accident:

An act of commission refers to the deliberate or unintentional performance of

an action that directly leads to an accident or harmful outcome. This can
include actions such as mishandling chemicals, operating machinery
recklessly, or failing to follow established safety procedures. Accidents
resulting from acts of commission often involve errors in judgment, lack of
training, or disregard for established safety guidelines.

“Any human action that violates a commonly accepted safe work procedure or

standard operating procedure” - American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

This is an act done by a worker that does not conform or departs from an established
standard, rules or policy. These often happen when a worker has improper attitudes,
physical limitations or lacks knowledge or skills.

56 | P a g e
 2. D. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO UNSAFE ACTS / UNSAFE CONDITIONS

1. UNSAFE ACTS

1. Unaware

• Lack of knowledge- A lack of knowledge about safety procedures, standards, or

best practices can lead to unsafe acts. Without adequate understanding,
individuals may unintentionally engage in behaviors that pose risks to themselves
or others
• Not trained- Insufficient training- When individuals have not received any formal
training related to safety measures and protocols specific to their tasks or
environment, they are more likely to commit unsafe acts due to a lack of guidance
on how to perform tasks safely.
• Improper training- Sometimes, training provided may be incorrect or outdated,
leading individuals to adopt unsafe practices based on flawed information. This
can be particularly hazardous as individuals may believe they are following proper
procedures when, in fact, they are not.
• Communication barrier- In environments where there are language barriers, or
ineffective communication channels exist, individuals may misunderstand safety
instructions or fail to convey hazards effectively. This can result in unsafe acts
due to misinterpretation or lack of clarity in communication.

2. Unable

• Lack of Skills- When individuals lack the necessary skills to perform a task safely,
they may inadvertently engage in behaviors that put themselves or others at risk.
This could include not knowing how to properly operate equipment, use tools, or
execute procedures safely.
• Lack of no experience- Similar to lacking skills, individuals who are inexperienced
in a particular task or environment may be more prone to making errors or
misjudgments that lead to unsafe acts. Experience often provides valuable
insights and intuition for recognizing and avoiding potential hazards.

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 • Limited understanding- Individuals may have a limited understanding of safety
protocols, procedures, or the consequences of their actions. This can result in
them underestimating risks or failing to recognize unsafe conditions, leading to
potentially dangerous behaviors.
• Physical limitation- Individuals may have a limited understanding of safety
protocols, procedures, or the consequences of their actions. This can result in
them underestimating risks or failing to recognize unsafe conditions, leading to
potentially dangerous behaviors.
• Physical Limitations: Physical limitations such as mobility issues, disabilities, or
health conditions can impede individuals from safely performing certain tasks.
These limitations may hinder their ability to maintain balance, handle equipment,
or respond effectively in emergency situations, increasing the likelihood of
accidents.
• Defective Eyesight: Poor eyesight, whether due to natural factors, aging, or vision
impairments, can compromise an individual's ability to perceive hazards
accurately. They may miss warning signs, obstacles, or other critical visual cues,
leading to unsafe actions or decisions.
• Muscular Weakness due to Fatigue: Fatigue can impair muscular strength and
coordination, diminishing an individual's ability to perform tasks safely. Weakness
and exhaustion can lead to errors in judgment, slower reaction times, and
decreased motor skills, increasing the risk of accidents.
• Impaired Hearing: Individuals with impaired hearing may struggle to detect
auditory cues such as alarms, warnings, or verbal instructions, which are crucial
for maintaining safety. This can result in delayed responses to hazards or failure
to recognize auditory signals indicating danger.
• Short in Height or Too Tall in Height: Physical stature can influence an individual's
ability to reach, maneuver, or access certain areas safely. Being too short or too
tall may require adjustments in posture or technique, which could increase the
risk of accidents if not properly managed.
• Slow Reactions: Individuals with slow reaction times may struggle to respond
promptly to unexpected hazards or emergencies, increasing the likelihood of

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 accidents. Delayed reactions can result from various factors such as age, fatigue,
or certain medical conditions

3. Unmotivated

• Improper attitude- Individuals with such attitudes may underestimate risks, ignore
warning signs, or prioritize convenience over safety, leading to hazardous
behaviors.
• Shortcut or deviation from the standard or procedures- This could involve skipping
safety checks, bypassing safety protocols, or improvising solutions without proper
authorization, all of which increase the likelihood of accidents or incidents.

EXAMPLES OF UNSAFE ACTS

Operating equipment without

authority
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc

Removing safety devices Using Defective equipment

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-B9ZC-XSDusCzoA- https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-
LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc

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 Improper or Nonuse of PPE

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc

Horse playing Working while under the

influence of alcohol or drugs
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-
B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-
B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc

Smoking in non-smoking areas

Driving without license

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-
B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9a0jp6Hk-
B9ZC-XSDusCzoA-LCzWGD6C2_s6Pb92_pZBehYxc

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 2. UNSAFE CONDITION

An "Unsafe Condition" pertains to a physical or chemical property of a

material, machine, or the environment that has the potential to cause harm to
individuals, property damage, operational disruptions, or other forms of losses.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines this term as
encompassing conditions that could lead to accidents or incidents. These unsafe
conditions might involve improperly stored chemicals, malfunctioning equipment,
poor ventilation, or blocked emergency exits. Importantly, these conditions can be
guarded against or prevented with proper awareness, inspection, and corrective
action.

Identifying and rectifying unsafe conditions is a fundamental aspect of

maintaining a safe work environment. Regular inspections, hazard assessments,
and risk analyses can help identify potential hazards and allow for their timely
mitigation. Organizations should encourage employees to report unsafe
conditions and provide mechanisms for doing so anonymously if necessary.
Addressing these conditions promptly demonstrates a commitment to safety and
prevents accidents before they occur. Additionally, creating a culture of proactive
hazard reporting and risk management can significantly contribute to preventing
accidents and ensuring the well-being of everyone in the workplace.

EXAMPLES OF UNSAFE ACTS

Defective tools or equipment

Congested or blocked exits

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 Inadequate guards or protection Slippery floors

Inadequate warning systems Hazardous environmental condition

Dusty work area

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 Scattered objects on the
Octopus wiring floor/work area

Poor storage system

Shortcut or deviation from the standard or procedures - Taking shortcuts to save

time can lead to unsafe practices.
Image-sources: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257563039/figure/fig5/AS:297376637046795@1447911523798/Exit-Door-Locked-and-Blocked-by-Furniture.png
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTflKzH1F5l1QKyZ8Re3iYGVeBJQkpHwxv1loGgoVcYfjLbqY6I
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https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRyucx3-rfLO-1SqryIEJA1fnZ3jLbBNPWygWsWTi5kGK9p20mO
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSMKA_Vk14xmT0jxIciDRCWrV9Ucul7vQqYGPsOS1Zv_IpBIC1J
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQC5pjfMrTFoMqh70-HqNz7lN8NPk51Sr4i2nYALEsqF17ebZzD
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSqeYvSQJLUX7_A_VZNsdv8iZ_H4OUzyE0O1OoaxzH6aj-XMJRr
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQT59foDzkw2OVuTBmjjWQWJIMNOGUfVLjQbmicuuWzvVHsw7UK
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQlW3o2yuOD8a8qVUYPAaX0M4P-1XPKSilzFYvXThyYJJX4bu1G

2. E. SYSTEM TO CONTROL UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS

Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents

1. Identify the hazard

• Inspection- before the accident occurs

• Investigation- after the accident occurs

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2. Evaluate

• Determine if what you identified complies with safety standards, by means ofOcc.
Health & Safety Standards, OEL, TLV, PEL, NIOSH, others.

3. Correct or Control

• Use of the hierarchy of controls

Engineering Controls

Engineering controls involve modifying the physical environment to eliminate or

reduce hazards that could lead to unsafe acts or conditions. In the context of the Unsafe
Act and Unsafe Condition module, engineering controls can help prevent these situations
by addressing the root causes. By designing workspaces and processes with safety in
mind, organizations can significantly reduce the likelihood of unsafe acts and conditions.

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 • Elimination- The primary objective of elimination is to completely remove the
hazard from the workplace, thereby eliminating the risk of exposure altogether.
This is often considered the most effective method of hazard control because it
removes the source of danger. For example, if a chemical substance poses a
health risk to workers, eliminating its use entirely from the workplace would
prevent exposure and associated health hazards.
• Substitution- Substitution involves replacing a hazardous substance, process, or
equipment with a less hazardous alternative. This approach aims to reduce the
risk of harm by substituting the hazardous element with something safer. For
instance, replacing a toxic chemical with a less harmful or non-toxic alternative
can minimize the risk of exposure to workers while still achieving the desired
outcome. Similarly, substituting machinery with automated or robotic systems can
reduce the risk of injury from manual handling or exposure to moving parts.

Administrative Controls

Administrative controls focus on managing behaviors and procedures to prevent

unsafe acts and conditions. They address human factors that contribute to these
situations. In the context of the Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition module, administrative
controls play a crucial role in shaping how individuals interact with their work environment
and tasks. These measures help educate employees about potential risks and the
correct methods for carrying out tasks while minimizing the likelihood of errors or
oversights.

An effective combination of engineering, administrative, and other control

measures can create a comprehensive safety framework that addresses both the
physical and human aspects of workplace safety. Organizations that integrate
administrative controls alongside engineering solutions and personal protective
equipment (PPE) demonstrate a holistic approach to mitigating risks and ensuring a safe
work environment.

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 a. Reduction of work periods. Reduction of work periods is a method of control in
limited areas where engineering control methods at the source are not practical.

b. Adjusting work schedules. For workers who must labor in a compressed-air

environment, schedules of maximum length of work shift and length of decompression
time have been prepared. The higher the pressure, the shorter the work shift and the
longer the decompression time period.

c. Job Rotation. Job rotation when used as a way to reduce employee exposure
to toxic chemicals or harmful agents must be used with care. While rotation keeps
exposure below recommended limits exposes more workers to hazards.

d. Training and Education of all workers. The education of supervisors usually is

process equipment-oriented. The aim of the safety and health professional should be to
teach them about the safety and health hazards that may be found in work areas.
Supervisors should be knowledgeable and well- informed about hazardous processes,
operations and materials for which they are responsible.

e. Employee information and training. The worker must know the proper operating
procedures that make engineering control effective. If performing an operation away from
an exhaust hood, the purpose of the control measure will be defeated and the work area
may become contaminated. Workers can be alerted to safe operating procedures
through manuals, instruction materials, signage, labels, safety meetings, and other
educational devices.

f. Emergency response training and education. Also, be sure to give employees

training on how to respond to emergencies. OSH training on when to respond or not is
also critical. Many deaths have occurred when untrained workers rushed in to save fallen
co-workers and were overcome, themselves.

g. Housekeeping and maintenance. Good housekeeping plays a key role in the

control of occupational health hazards. Remove dust on overhead ledges and on the
floor before it can become airborne by traffic, vibration, and random air currents. Stress

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that good housekeeping is always important; but where there are toxic materials, it is of
paramount importance.

PPE (PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical component to protect individuals from

harm in situations where engineering and administrative controls are not sufficient. PPE
includes a range of equipment and gear designed to safeguard workers from specific
hazards. By incorporating PPE into a comprehensive safety strategy, organizations
create a well-rounded approach that addresses hazards from multiple angles.

2. E. i. CONTACT WITH ACCIDENTS

A worker was watching a co-worker sledge a bolt

into place on a casting. He was not wearing eye
protection. After several blows had been struck, a
sliver of steel broke off the bolt struck him in the
eye.

The worker was attempting to remove the coupling

box from a roll stand. He positioned a long metal
bar in the hole at the top of the coupling box and
applied force to the box. The bar slipped from the
hole, causing him to fall backwards. He struck his
back against the mill housing.

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 A truck driver was using compressed air to unload
acid into a storage tank. During the process the
unloading hose burst praying him and other
workers with acid.

A worker was erecting a steel beam outside the

maintenance shop. While lifting the beam, the beam
made contact with overhead electrical wires. He
suffered serious burns.

A worker entered a lateral section of sewer pipe to

inspect the lining. When he reached a vertical section,
he fell inside and was unable to climb out. He was
rescued by using a retrieval line.

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 A worker was getting off a moving railcar. As he was
getting off, the ring on his finger got caught on the pipe
coupling joining the two sections of metal ring. His
finger was amputated from his hand.

A worker was scraping the coal spillage back into

the coal conveyor. As he was pushing the coal
back into the conveyor his glove got caught
between the belt and an idler roll.

A worker was standing on a platform 12 feet

above ground replacing a guard on the motor of a
bucket elevator. The platform did not have a
railing around it. When he stepped back, he fell off
the platform.

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 An office clerk was crossing railroad tracks to pick
up time sheets from the shipping office. As he was
crossing the stepped on one of the rails, his foot
slipped and he fell to the ground.

Two workers assigned to monitor the boiler were

overcome by the carbon monoxide gases when
the vapors from the boiler engine accumulated in
the boiler room. The ventilation blower as not
working properly.

A worker was attempting to carry a 12-ft metal

ladder in a vertical position. The top of the ladder
leaned sideways and he injured his back while
trying to hold the ladder from falling.

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 2. E. ii. THE BASIC CAUSES OF ACCIDENT

Personal Factors

Improper motivation - Accidents can happen when

individuals are not motivated to follow safety protocols,
potentially due to carelessness, complacency, or a
disregard for rules.

Physical or mental condition - Individuals who are

fatigued, stressed, or not in optimal physical or mental
health might be more prone to accidents due to
reduced alertness and slower reactions.

Lack of knowledge or skill - Inadequate training

or a lack of skills required for a task can lead to
errors and accidents.

Literacy or ability - Individuals with language

barriers or limited literacy might have difficulty
understanding safety instructions, leading to unsafe
practices. Individuals with language barriers or
limited literacy might have difficulty understanding
safety instructions, leading to unsafe practices.

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Job Factors

Physical environment - Poor lighting,

cramped spaces, or inadequate ventilation
can contribute to accidents by impairing
visibility or causing discomfort.

Sub-standard equipment - The use of faulty

or substandard equipment increases the risk
of malfunctions or breakdowns that can lead
to accidents.

Abnormal usage - Using equipment in ways

for which they weren't designed can lead to
accidents and equipment failures.

Wear and tear - Aged or poorly maintained

equipment is more prone to malfunction,
potentially causing accidents.

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 Inadequate standards - This refers to
situations where the standards, guidelines,
or protocols set for a specific job or task are
insufficient or lacking. Inadequate standard
scan lead to confusion, ambiguity, or gaps in
understanding how to perform a task safely.

Design and maintenance - This

encompasses the design, layout, and
structure of the work environment, as well as
the ongoing maintenance of equipment and
facilities. Poor design can create hazards by
placing workers in situations where safety is
compromised, such as inadequate lighting,
cramped spaces, or insufficient ventilation.

REFERENCES:

Definition
https://www.rakenapp.com/features/toolbox-talks/struck-by-
incidents#:~:text=A%20struck%2Dby%20incident%20occurs,construction%20site%20f
atalities%20in%202014.
Illustrations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519599/#:~:text=Fall%20from%20heig
ht%20(FFH)%20is%20defined%20as%20an%20injury%20to,elevated%20place%20or
%20work%20area
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/accident-explosion-electrocuted-fire-danger-icons-by-gan-
khoon-lay--972707219488877046/

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https://clipart-library.com/clipart/person-falling-cliparts-23.htm
https://www.detailedrestorers.com/postconstructionandcleanups
https://www.quora.com/Is-wearing-of-face-mask-harmful-as-some-people-were-
claiming-the-air-breathe-out-is-the-same-air-that-is-breathe-in
https://mothership.sg/2020/12/singapore-foodpanda-riders-stories/
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/lack-knowledge
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/06/china-melamine-milk-shanghai-panda
https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/standing-on-chair
https://www.inc.com/larry-alton/waning-productivity-could-a-messy-desk-be-to-
blame.html
https://adorable-home.com/smart-home/7-signs-your-homes-electrical-wiring-may-be-
faulty-69931/
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/confused-adult

Starting A Task with Incomplete Instructions:

When employees embark on a task with incomplete instructions, they expose

themselves and their colleagues to unnecessary risks. Here's a closer look at the key
points:

⮚ Essential for Safe and Accurate Execution

Starting a task without complete instructions is to navigating through unfamiliar territory

without a map. Instructions provide the roadmap for performing tasks safely and
accurately. Lack of information can lead to mistakes, oversights, and potentially
hazardous situations.

⮚ Crucial Role of Clear Instructions

Clear instructions lay the foundation for a successful and secure task execution. They
outline the steps to follow, potential hazards to look out for, and safety precautions to
take. A comprehensive set of instructions minimizes ambiguity and uncertainty, reducing
the likelihood of errors or misinterpretations.

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 ⮚ Importance of Communication

Inadequate instructions often stem from poor communication. Employers and

supervisors must communicate instructions clearly and effectively. Likewise, employees
should feel comfortable asking for clarification if anything is unclear. Open
communication channels promote a collaborative environment where questions are
encouraged, leading to better understanding and enhanced safety.

⮚ Mitigating Risks

In industries with inherent risks, such as construction or manufacturing, the

consequences of incomplete instructions can be severe. Missteps can lead to injuries,
property damage, and costly project delays. Therefore, starting tasks with complete
information is a fundamental step in mitigating these risks and ensuring a safe working
environment.

⮚ Role of Training

Providing employees with proper training not only equips them with the skills to perform
tasks but also emphasizes the importance of seeking complete instructions. Training
should include guidance on asking questions, seeking clarification, and verifying
procedures before starting any task.

➢ Taking Shortcuts

In a fast-paced work environment, the temptation to take shortcuts is a common

occurrence. While efficiency is valued, compromising safety for the sake of speed or
convenience can lead to serious consequences.

⮚ Balancing Efficiency and Safety

Seeking efficiency in the workplace is natural and often necessary to meet deadlines and
optimize processes. However, it's crucial to strike a balance between efficiency and
safety. Shortcuts that bypass safety protocols or neglect precautions can result in
accidents that far outweigh any initial time saved.

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 ⮚ Heightened Risk of Accidents and Injuries

Taking shortcuts often involves skipping steps or ignoring established procedures. This
behavior increases the likelihood of accidents and injuries, as safety measures are put
in place to prevent precisely these outcomes. By taking shortcuts, employees expose
themselves and others to unnecessary dangers.

⮚ Trade-Offs and Long-Term Impact

While shortcuts may seem like quick solutions in the moment, they can result in
significant long-term repercussions. An accident caused by a shortcut can lead to
injuries, financial losses, legal liabilities, and damage to a company's reputation. The
perceived gains from a shortcut can quickly pale in comparison to the negative
outcomes.

⮚ The Importance of Prioritizing Safety

Prioritizing safety over expedience is a fundamental principle in any workplace.

Employees should be empowered to make decisions that prioritize their well-being and
that of their colleagues. While taking shortcuts might seem advantageous at the time,
the potential consequences far outweigh any immediate benefits.

⮚ Cultivating a Safety Culture

Organizations should foster a culture that values safety above all else. This starts with
leadership setting a clear example of safety-conscious behavior. When employees
observe that safety is not compromised, they are more likely to follow suit. Regular safety
training, open communication, and acknowledging employees who prioritize safety
contribute to creating a safety-oriented work environment.

⮚ Empowering Employees

Employees should feel empowered to voice their concerns about shortcuts or unsafe
practices. Encouraging open communication allows for the identification and rectification

76 | P a g e
of risky behaviors before they lead to accidents. Providing avenues for reporting safety
violations without fear of repercussions is crucial.

Why Don’t Employees Follow the Safety Rules?

To achieve this level of performance, leaders need to build a culture of commitment – a

workplace that supports and encourages engagement with the organization’s values and
creates an environment in which discretionary effort flourishes.

Accidents Pyramid

The accidents pyramid, often depicted as a

hierarchical triangle, illustrates the
distribution of accidents based on their
severity. At the top of the pyramid are the
most severe incidents, including fatalities
and serious injuries. Here's a closer look at
this critical level.

Image-source:
https://www.catto.com/sites/default/files/accident_prevention_pyramid.png

❖ Fatalities and Serious Injuries as the Apex

The apex of the accidents pyramid represents the rarest and most severe types of
accidents. These incidents result in the loss of life or cause severe injuries that have a
significant and lasting impact on the affected individuals and their families.

❖ Impact on Individuals and Organization

Fatalities and serious injuries not only devastate the lives of those directly affected
but also have far-reaching consequences for organizations. Workplace fatalities can lead
to legal liabilities, hefty fines, damage to reputation, and emotional distress for
coworkers. The long-term financial and emotional toll can be extensive.

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❖ Prevention and Preparedness

Given the severity of these incidents, prevention and preparedness are of paramount
importance. Organizations must proactively implement stringent safety measures,
provide thorough training, and create a culture that places the highest emphasis on
safety. This involves identifying potential hazards, conducting risk assessments, and
developing comprehensive safety protocols.

❖ Learning from Incident

Tragic as they are, fatalities and serious injuries provide invaluable lessons for
organizations. Each such incident should be thoroughly investigated to understand the
root causes and contributing factors. This information helps in identifying areas for
improvement, updating safety protocols, and preventing similar incidents in the future.

❖ The Role of Leadership

The commitment of leadership to safety is crucial in preventing fatalities and serious

injuries. Leaders must set the tone by prioritizing safety over productivity and
communicating the importance of safe work practices to all employees. A culture of
accountability, where all employees actively participate in safety initiatives, is essential.

❖ Continuous Improvement

Organizations should view the occurrence of fatalities and serious injuries as a call
for continuous improvement. Implementing corrective actions based on incident
investigations, sharing lessons learned, and consistently reinforcing safety protocols
contribute to reducing the likelihood of such incidents.

--------------- END OF MODULE --------------

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 MODULE 3: CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES

Image-source:
https://proest.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Construction-site-plans.jpg

Objectives

● The aim of the participant is to be able to identify the hazards in a typical

construction workplace; to show to others that these dangers exist’ to list ways to
keep the workplace clean, safe and healthy; and to provide a guideline for all
employees to follow.

Introduction

● Work in construction sites is often required to use large tools and pieces of
machinery, working at height, navigating through those pieces of equipment and
various work teams, while working in an environment where hazardous materials
are present.

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 3. A. SETTING UP SITE

This initial stage involves preparing a physical or virtual space for its
intended purpose, encompassing a series of essential tasks that lay the
foundation for success. Whether it's a construction site, an event venue, a
website, or any other context, the process of setting up a site requires careful
planning, coordination, and consideration of numerous factors. This introduction
delves into the significance of setting up a site, highlighting its impact on project
outcomes, safety, efficiency, and the overall achievement of objectives."

Construction Site Requirements

Effective signage and safety instructions play a critical role in ensuring the
safety of workers, visitors, and the general public at a construction site. Here's a
more detailed exploration of this requirement.

1. Perimeter Fence

A perimeter fence is a physical barrier erected

around the construction site to demarcate its
boundaries. It serves to enhance security, control
access, and prevent unauthorized entry. For
example, a construction site might have a sturdy
chain-link fence with locked gates for controlled
access.

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2. Site Access for Vehicles

Site access for vehicles refers to designated paths or

roads within the construction site that are specifically
designed for the safe movement of vehicles. This
ensures efficient transportation of materials and
equipment. For instance, a well-defined road within the
construction site that connects different work areas is an
example of site access for vehicles.

3. Pedestrian Routes

Pedestrian routes are clearly marked pathways

within the construction site that allow workers and
visitors to move safely on foot. These routes are
separated from vehicle traffic to prevent accidents. An
example is a marked walkway leading from the site
entrance to the main office area.

4. Storage

Storage areas are designated spaces within the

construction site where materials, tools, equipment, and
supplies are kept in an organized manner. This ensures
easy access and prevents clutter. An example is a
covered storage area where construction materials are
neatly stacked and protected from the elements.

5. Car Parking

Car parking areas provide designated spaces for

workers, contractors, and visitors to park their vehicles
while on the construction site. This prevents
congestion and ensures orderly parking. For example,

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 a paved parking lot near the entrance of the construction site with numbered parking
spaces.

6. Temporary Services

Temporary services include utilities such as

electricity, water, and sanitation facilities that are set up
temporarily to support construction activities. An
example is installing temporary electrical connections
and water supply points at various locations on the site.

7. Temporary Buildings

Temporary buildings are structures constructed

on-site to serve specific purposes during the
construction phase. These could include site
offices, storage sheds, or equipment shelters. An
example is a modular office building set up for
project management and administrative tasks.

8. Welfare Facilities

Welfare facilities are essential amenities provided

to ensure the well-being of workers on the construction
site. These include restrooms, break areas, and
facilities for meals. An example is a portable restroom
unit and a designated break area with seating and
shade.

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 https://img.freepik.com/premium-photo/wellorganized-garage-with-tools-equipment-
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3. B. CONSTRUCTION SITE HAZARDS

3. B. i. Sources of hazards in construction site

Falls from Heights

Elevated work areas, scaffolds, ladders, and

unprotected edges can lead to falls. These can result in
serious injuries or fatalities.

Moving Machinery and Equipment

Construction sites often have heavy machinery,

vehicles, and equipment in operation. Poor visibility,
improper operation, and lack of communication can lead
to accidents.

Struck-By and Caught-Between Hazards

Workers can be struck by moving equipment, falling

objects, or caught in between machinery, resulting in
injuries.

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 Confined Spaces

Confined spaces like trenches, pits, and tanks can

present risks of poor ventilation, toxic gasses, and
entrapment.

Collapse of Structures

Improperly supported structures, unstable

excavations, and inadequate shoring can cause
walls, roofs, or trenches to collapse.

3. B. ii. Types of Hazards

a. Poor Housekeeping

It refers to the lack of proper organization

and cleanliness on the construction site. Cluttered
work areas, debris, and unorganized tools and
materials can create tripping hazards, obstruct
pathways, and increase the risk of accidents.
Maintaining a clean and organized work
environment is crucial for preventing incidents.

b. Electrical Hazards

It arises from live wires, faulty wiring, improper

grounding, and inadequate electrical systems. Workers
can be at risk of electrical shocks, burns, and other injuries
if they come into contact with live electrical components.
Proper training, safe work practices, and compliance with
electrical codes are essential to mitigate these hazards.

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 c. Fire Hazards

It can emerge from various sources, including

flammable materials, welding operations, electrical faults,
and inadequate fire prevention measures. Construction
sites often have combustible materials that can easily catch
fire, posing a threat to workers and property. Proper
storage of flammable substances, fire extinguishers, and
fire prevention training are essential to minimize fire risks.

d. Mechanical Hazards

It involves risks associated with heavy machinery,

equipment, and moving parts. Insufficient machine
guarding, improper operation, and lack of communication
between workers and machine operators can lead to struck-
by, caught-between, and entanglement accidents. Proper
training, clear communication, and adherence to safety protocols can help prevent
these hazards.

e. Physical Hazards

It includes factors in the work environment that can

cause harm to the body. These may involve noise, vibration,
extreme temperatures, radiation, and ergonomic strains.
Prolonged exposure to these factors can result in injuries,
discomfort, and long-term health issues.

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 f. Biological Hazards

It involves exposure to living organisms, such as

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and molds. Construction sites with
poor sanitation and hygiene can create an environment
conducive to the spread of infectious diseases and respiratory
illnesses.

g. Chemical Hazards

It stems from exposure to hazardous substances,

such as toxic chemicals, solvents, paints, adhesives, and
fumes from welding or cutting. Inhaling, ingesting, or direct
contact with these substances can lead to acute or chronic
health problems, ranging from respiratory issues to skin
irritation and poisoning.

h. Ergonomics Hazards

It relates to poor workplace design and improper body

mechanics. Awkward postures, repetitive motions, heavy
lifting, and improper workstation setups can lead to
musculoskeletal disorders, back pain, and other physical
ailments.

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 i. Psychosocial Hazards

It is associated with the social and psychological

aspects of work. High workloads, long hours, poor
management, lack of job control, and stressful working
conditions can lead to mental health issues, including stress,
anxiety, and depression.

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3. B. iii. Ways to identify hazards.

Inspect the workplace for safety hazards.

Safety hazards are those that have the potential to cause injury. These
dangers can be introduced over time as workstations and processes evolve, and
new equipment or tools become available, maintenance is ignored, or
housekeeping practices deteriorate. Organizing time to evaluate the workplace
on a regular basis for safety concerns that can aid in identifying potential problems
Injuries should be addressed before an event happens.

Identify health hazards

Health hazards are something that has the potential to cause illness.
Identifying workers' exposure to health hazards is typically more complex than
identifying physical safety hazards. For example, gasses and vapors may be
invisible, often have no odor, and may not have an immediately noticeable harmful
health effect.

87 | P a g e
 Conduct accident / incident investigations

Workplace incidents – including injuries, illnesses, close calls/near misses,

and reports of other concerns provide a clear indication of where hazards exist.
By thoroughly investigating incidents and reports, you will identify hazards that
are likely to cause future harm. The purpose of an investigation must always be
to identify the root causes (and there is often more than one) of the incident or
concern, in order to prevent future occurrences.

3. C. HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES

Image-sources: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/noise.html

The hierarchy of hazard control measures is a systematic approach that provides

guidance on how to identify, prioritize, and implement measures to mitigate or eliminate
workplace hazards. It is an invaluable tool used by safety professionals, organizations,
and regulatory bodies to ensure a safe working environment. Here's a more in-depth
look at the hierarchy and its components:

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 1. Elimination

At the top of the hierarchy is the complete elimination of the hazard. This is the
most effective control measure as it removes the hazard entirely, leaving no risk
of exposure. However, it is not always feasible and may require significant
changes to processes, materials, or equipment.

2. Substitution

When elimination is not possible, the next best option is substitution. This involves
replacing a hazardous substance, process, or equipment with a safer alternative.
Substitution aims to reduce the risk by minimizing exposure to the hazard.

3. Engineering Controls

Engineering controls are physical modifications or mechanisms designed to

isolate people from hazards. Examples include machine guards, ventilation
systems, and noise barriers. These controls are particularly effective because
they reduce the reliance on individual behavior for safety.

4. Administrative Controls

Administrative controls focus on changing work practices or procedures to

minimize exposure to hazards. These measures include training, job rotation,
scheduling, and signage. While they are valuable, administrative controls rely
heavily on human behavior and may be less reliable than engineering controls.

5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE is the last line of defense and includes items like helmets, gloves, respirators,
and safety glasses. While essential for safeguarding workers, PPE should not be

89 | P a g e
 the primary means of hazard control. It is used when other measures are not
sufficient or as a temporary solution.

Key Considerations
Prevention over Protection

The hierarchy places a strong emphasis on prevention. It encourages organizations to

focus on eliminating or controlling hazards at their source rather than relying solely on
protective measures. Prevention is more effective in the long run and reduces the reliance on
individual vigilance.

Hierarchy Application

The hierarchy is not rigid; it allows for flexibility and adaptability based on the specific
circumstances and hazards in a given workplace. The goal is to select the most effective
control measures considering practicality, feasibility, and effectiveness.

Continuous Improvement

Safety professionals and organizations should continually assess and reassess hazards,
control measures, and their effectiveness. Regular review ensures that control measures
remain relevant and effective as workplaces and processes evolve.

Training and Education

Proper training and education are essential components of implementing the hierarchy.
Workers need to understand the hazards they face, the control measures in place, and how to
use PPE correctly.

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3. D. Safety Signage

Safety signage is an important element of hazard control, as it communicates vital

information about potential risks, mandatory actions, and safety procedures to
workers, visitors, and anyone in the vicinity of a hazard.

3. D. i. Six groups of signs

Safety signs are classified into six groups based on their function and the type of
information they convey:

Prohibition Signs

Indicate actions that are not allowed, such as "No Entry"

or "No Smoking."

Image-source: https://www.safetysignsph.com/p/prohibition-safety-signs.html

Mandatory Signs

Instruct individuals to perform specific actions, like wearing

protective gear or using a specific route.

Image-source: https://stock.adobe.com/search?k=mandatory+sign

Warning Signs

Alert individuals about potential hazards or dangers, like

electrical shock or falling objects.

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 Emergency Information Signs

Provide information about emergency procedures, exits,

first aid, or emergency equipment.

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Fire Signs

Indicate the location of fire exits, firefighting equipment, and

fire alarms.

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Safe Condition Signs

Display information about safe exit routes,

assembly points, and other safe conditions.

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3. D. ii. Standard Color of Signs

Standardized color coding for safety signs is a fundamental component of

effective safety communication in workplaces. These colors serve as visual cues,
allowing individuals to quickly understand the nature of a hazard or the type of
safety instruction being conveyed. Here's a closer look at the importance of
standard colors for safety signs:

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 1. Consistency and Universality: standardized color codes ensure that safety
messages are consistent and universally understood across different
industries and regions. When everyone recognizes that certain colors
represent specific types of hazards or instructions, it promotes clear and
efficient communication in diverse workplaces.

2. Immediate Recognition: in emergency situations or during routine work,

individuals often need to make split-second decisions. standard colors enable
immediate recognition of the nature of a sign. For instance, red is universally
recognized as a color of warning and danger, while green typically signifies
safety or emergency egress.

3. Reducing Language Barriers: standardized color coding is particularly

valuable in multilingual work environments. It transcends language barriers,
ensuring that individuals from various linguistic backgrounds can comprehend
safety messages.

4. Enhancing Safety Awareness: when employees are consistently exposed to

standardized color codes, they become more safety-aware. They associate
certain colors with specific types of hazards or precautions, making it easier
for them to identify potential risks and take appropriate actions.

5. Categories of Standard Colors: there are common categories of standard

colors used in safety signs, each conveying a specific message:

a. Red: Indicates danger, fire, or emergency

situations.

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 b. Yellow or amber: Signals caution,
warning, or potential hazards.

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c. Green: Communicates safety, safe

routes, or emergency exits.

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d. Blue: Conveys mandatory instructions or

information.

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 e. White: Often used for general information or
housekeeping.

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f. Red with White Letters: Fire equipment and

firefighting measures

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3. D. iii. Purpose of Safety Signage

Safety signage serves multiple purposes:

● Alerting individuals to hazards.

Safety signage plays a crucial role in alerting individuals to potential

dangers or hazards in their surroundings. For example, a "Caution: Wet
Floor" sign near a recently cleaned area warns people to be cautious and
avoid slipping.

● Providing information about emergency procedures

Safety signage provides essential information about emergency

procedures and protocols. For instance, signs indicating the location of fire
exits, emergency assembly points, or the proper use of fire extinguishers
ensure that individuals know where to go and what to do in case of an
emergency.

95 | P a g e
 ● Instructing individuals to take specific actions.

Safety signage instructs individuals on specific actions they need to take

to ensure their safety. An example could be a "Wear Eye Protection" sign
near a welding area, reminding workers to put on appropriate protective
gear.

● Guiding individuals to safety exits and equipment.

Safety signage serves as a guide in directing individuals to safety exits,

first aid stations, or emergency equipment. This is especially critical during
emergencies when quick and clear directions can save lives.

● Preventing accidents by communicating important messages

Safety signage communicates important messages that can help prevent

accidents. For instance, a "No Smoking" sign in areas with flammable
materials prevents potential fire hazards by restricting smoking in those
areas.

3. D. iv. Locations Which Signs Should be Posted

Safety signs should be strategically placed where they are easily visible
and understood. They should be located at points of hazard exposure, such as
near machinery, hazardous substances, or high-risk areas. They should also be
placed at emergency exits, first aid stations, and areas where personal protective
equipment (PPE) is required.

3. D. v. Determining Sign Sizes

The size of safety signs should be proportional to the distance from which
they need to be seen and read. Signs should be large enough to be visible from
a reasonable distance, considering factors like lighting and obstruction. The text

96 | P a g e
 and symbols on the sign should be easily readable. Larger signs may be
necessary for areas with greater distances between the sign and the viewer.

3. E. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT PROJECT SITE

What is Electricity?

• Is our most versatile form of energy. Failure to ensure that safe design,
considerations, work procedures, servicing and maintenance operation are
established often result in bodily harm (including fatalities),property damage or both

How do we distinguish High and Low Voltage?

• High Voltage • 660 and Up Volts

• Low Voltage • 1 to 659 Volts

DANGERS FROM ELECTRICITY

• Shock
• Burn
• Fire

What is Electrical Hazard?

• An electrical source of danger

• A potential risk for an electrical accident

3. E. i. Basics of Electrical Principle

Electrical principles refer to the fundamental concepts that govern the

behavior of electricity in circuits. These principles include voltage, current,
resistance, and how they interact in various electrical components. Understanding
these principles is crucial for safely working with electrical systems and making
informed decisions.

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Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law is a fundamental equation in electrical engineering that relates

voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in an electrical circuit. It states that
the current flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional
to the voltage across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance.

Mathematically, Ohm's Law is represented as:

I=V/R

● I (Current): The flow of electric charge (measured in Amperes, or Amps).

● V (Voltage): The potential difference between two points in a circuit

(measured in Volts).

● R (Resistance): The opposition to the flow of current in a circuit (measured

in Ohms).

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 3. E. ii. Electrical Hazards

Electrical hazards refer to potential dangers

associated with the presence and use of
electricity that can result in harm to individuals,
equipment, or property. These hazards can occur
in various settings, including construction sites,
workplaces, and residential areas. Let's explore
some common electrical hazards:

● Electric Shock

Electric shock occurs when a person's body becomes

part of an electric circuit, causing an electric current
to flow through them. It can range from a mild tingling
sensation to a severe and life-threatening shock,
depending on factors like voltage, current, and the
path of electricity through the body.

● Electrocution

Electrocution refers to a fatal electric shock. It

occurs when the electric current passing through the
body interferes with the normal electrical signals that
control the heart and other vital organs.

● Burns

Electricity can cause thermal burns if it generates

enough heat when passing through the body. These
burns can be internal or external, depending on the
current's path and the duration of contact.

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 ● Fires and Explosions

Electrical malfunctions or short circuits can generate

heat and ignite flammable materials, leading to fires or
even explosions.

● Arc Flash and Arc Blast

An arc flash is a release of energy due to an electrical

fault, producing an intense flash of light and extreme
heat. This can result in an arc blast, which is a powerful
pressure wave that can cause serious injuries.

● Exposed Wires and Live Parts

Exposed live wires or electrical components can pose

a direct contact hazard, increasing the risk of electric
shock.

● Faulty Equipment and Wiring

Equipment with defects or damaged wiring can

increase the likelihood of electrical hazards.

● Inadequate Grounding

Improper grounding can lead to electrical currents

following unintended paths, increasing the risk of
shock and other hazards.

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Two Types of Electrical Hazard

Physical hazard- is a problem in which the equipment or area surrounding it poses a

threat due to physical condition

Examples of Physical Hazard:

• Wet floors
• Bare or frayed wires
• Overloaded circuits
• An electrical cord under a rug or trap.
• Energized equipment with exposed
circuits

Behavioral hazard- is when a person, by the way they act or behave, poses a threat for
electrical accident

• Indifference
• Lack of knowledge
• Working while stressed
• Taking shortcuts or risk

EFFECT TO THE HUMAN BODY

• Disturbance to normal body function

• Burns on body tissue
• Secondary accident
• Involuntary grip
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Death

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 3. E. iii. Protection against hazards of electricity

This involves implementing safety

measures and practices to prevent
accidents and injuries caused by electrical
hazards. These measures are crucial to
ensure the safety of individuals working with
or around electrical systems. Here are some
key protection methods:

• Use of grounding system

• Decrease the line to earth voltage
• Use equipment with double insulating structure
• Installation of earth leakage circuit breaker
• Equipment utilizing extra low voltage
• Remote control system
• Proper Installation of Electrical Circuit
• Insulation
• Grounding
• Fuse/Circuit Breaker
• Lock-Out Tag-Out (LOTO)
• Regular Inspection and Maintenance Use of PPE

● Isolation and Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)

Isolate electrical equipment from the power

source before performing maintenance or
repairs. Lockout/tagout procedures involve
using locks and tags to prevent accidental
energization of equipment while work is being
done.

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 ● Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Wearing appropriate PPE, such as

insulated gloves, safety goggles, and
flame-resistant clothing, can protect
workers from electric shock, burns, and arc
flashes.

● Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs)

GFCIs are designed to detect small imbalances in

electrical currents and quickly interrupt the circuit
to prevent electric shock. They are commonly
used in areas where water is present.

● Electrical Equipment Inspection

Regularly inspecting electrical equipment for signs

of wear, damage, or overheating can help identify
potential hazards before they lead to accidents.

● Proper Wiring and Installation

Ensuring that electrical wiring and equipment

are installed correctly, following electrical codes
and regulations, can prevent hazards due to
faulty connections or poor installations.

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 ● Electrical Grounding

Proper grounding of electrical systems and

equipment helps divert excess electrical
currents to the ground, reducing the risk of
electrical shock or fires.

● Emergency Shutdown Procedures

Establishing clear procedures for shutting down

electrical systems in case of emergencies can help
prevent further hazards during critical situations.

● Training and Education

Providing comprehensive training to workers

about electrical hazards, safe work practices, and
emergency procedures enhances their awareness
and ability to respond appropriately.

● Safe Distances and Work Zones

Establishing safe working distances from

energized equipment and creating clearly marked
work zones help prevent accidental contact with
live electrical parts.

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 ● Arc Flash Analysis

Conducting arc flash analysis helps determine the

potential hazards of arc flashes and blast pressures,
enabling the selection of appropriate PPE and safety
measures.

3. E. iv. Importance of lock-outs and tag-outs

Lockout and tagout (LOTO) procedures are critical safety practices used
to protect workers from the unexpected energization or startup of machinery and
equipment during maintenance,
repair, or servicing. LOTO
procedures involve isolating
energy sources and applying
locks and tags to prevent
accidental activation. The
importance of lockouts and tag
outs can be understood through
the following points.

● Preventing Accidental Startup

LOTO procedures are designed to prevent machinery and equipment from

being accidentally turned on while maintenance or servicing is being performed.
This helps avoid unexpected movement, rotation, or operation of equipment that
could lead to serious injuries.

● Protecting Workers from Hazards

Lockouts and tag outs protect workers from the hazards of stored energy
in machinery, such as electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical energy.
These energies can cause unexpected movement, electrical shock, or other
dangerous situations if released inadvertently.

105 | P a g e
 ● Enhancing Worker Safety

By isolating energy sources and placing visible tags and locks, LOTO
procedures communicate to workers that equipment is under maintenance and
should not be operated. This promotes a safer work environment and reduces the
risk of accidents.

● Compliance with Regulations

Many occupational safety regulations, such as those from OSHA

(Occupational Safety and Health Administration), require the implementation of
LOTO procedures to ensure worker safety during equipment maintenance. Non-
compliance can result in legal penalties.

• Reducing Workplace Incidents

Implementing LOTO procedures reduces the risk of workplace accidents

and injuries caused by inadvertent equipment activation. This leads to fewer
incidents, lower injury rates, and a safer work environment.

● Effective Communication

The use of locks and tags in LOTO procedures provides clear visual
signals to workers that certain equipment is not to be used. This effective
communication prevents confusion and misunderstandings.

• Worker Empowerment

LOTO procedures empower workers to take control of their safety by

allowing them to personally secure equipment before performing maintenance.
This active involvement increases their awareness and sense of responsibility.

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3. F. FIRE SAFETY
What is fire?
Fire is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible substance and
oxygen. It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation with the evolution of light and
heat.” To produce fire, three things must be present at the time: fuel, heat, and
oxygen.

Triangle of Fire

All About Fuel

(Any material that will burn is classified as fuel)
Flash point - is the lowest temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapor to form an
ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame when there is an ignition source.
Flammable material – a material having a flashpoint below 100F (37.8C).
Combustible material – a material having a flashpoint at or above 100F (37.8C).

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 3. F. i. Principles of Fire, types, classes, phases

Principle of Fire

● Fire Triangle - The fire triangle consists of three elements necessary for a fire
to occur: fuel, oxygen, and heat. Removing any of these elements can
extinguish a fire. This principle is the foundation of understanding how fires
start and how they can be controlled.

● Combustion Process - Combustion is the chemical reaction between a fuel

source and oxygen that releases heat and light. Understanding this process is
crucial for managing fires and preventing their spread.

● Heat Transfer - Heat can be transferred in three ways: conduction (direct

contact), convection (movement through fluids), and radiation (through
electromagnetic waves). Fires spread by transferring heat from the fire source
to nearby combustible materials.

● Ignition Temperature - Every fuel has an ignition temperature, the minimum

temperature at which it will start burning. Preventing materials from reaching
their ignition temperature is a key fire prevention strategy.

● Sustained Combustion - For a fire to continue burning, the combustion

process must be self-sustaining. Once a fire is ignited and the conditions are
right, it can sustain itself as long as fuel, oxygen, and heat are present.

● Fire Behavior - Fires behave differently depending on factors like the type of
fuel, ventilation, and environmental conditions. Understanding fire behavior
helps predict how a fire will spread and how to effectively control it.

● Extinguishing Methods - Extinguishing a fire involves removing one or more

elements of the fire triangle. Common methods include cooling (removing
heat), smothering (removing oxygen), and interrupting the chemical reaction
(using fire extinguishing agents).

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 ● Flashover - Flashover occurs when the heat radiated from the fire causes all
exposed combustible materials to ignite almost simultaneously. Recognizing
flashover potential is crucial for firefighter safety and effective fire
management.

● Backdraft: Backdraft occurs when a fire suddenly gets a fresh supply of

oxygen, causing rapid combustion and an explosion-like effect. Understanding
backdraft is important for firefighter safety during ventilation operations.

Types of Fire

1. Class A Fire:
● Fuel: Ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, and plastics.
● Extinguishing Agent: Water, water-based extinguishers, or foam.
2. Class B Fire:
● Fuel: Flammable liquids and gasses, including gasoline, oil, propane, and
paints.
● Extinguishing Agent: Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO2), or
specialized chemical agents.
3. Class C Fire:
● Fuel: Energized electrical equipment, including motors, appliances, and
wiring.
● Extinguishing Agent: Non-conductive extinguishing agents, such as dry
chemical or carbon dioxide, to prevent electrical shock.
4. Class D Fire:

● Fuel: Combustible metals like magnesium, titanium, and sodium.

● Extinguishing Agent: Specialized dry powder agents designed to react with
and cool the burning metal.
5. Class K Fire:
● Fuel: Cooking oils and fats, often found in commercial kitchens.
● Extinguishing Agent: Wet chemical agents that form a cooling, soapy layer to
suppress the fire and prevent re-ignition.

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3. F. ii. Portable Fire extinguishers

Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable fire extinguishers come in various types, each designed to combat specific
classes of fires effectively.

• Class A extinguishers are suitable for ordinary combustibles such as wood,

paper, and cloth and typically contain water or a water-based extinguishing
agent.

• Class B extinguishers are designed for flammable liquids and gases and
often contain dry chemical agents or foam to smother the fire.

• Class C extinguishers are intended for electrical fires and use non-
conductive agents like carbon dioxide or dry chemical powders to suppress
the flames.

• Class D extinguishers are specialized for combustible metals like

magnesium or titanium and typically contain dry powders or specialized agents
designed to react with the metal's surface.

• Class K extinguishers are specifically for kitchen fires involving cooking oils
and fats, utilizing wet chemical agents to cool and smother the flames.

Understanding the types of portable fire extinguishers and their suitable applications is
essential for selecting the right extinguisher to effectively combat specific fire hazards
and promote overall fire safety.

Extinguishing Medium
Class A - Water is the Best Extinguisher
Class B - Metal cover, wet sack, towel, cloth or blanket, sand and soil

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 Class C - Main switch is the first consideration. Then what is useful for A & B can be
used here.

Classes of Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are designed to combat specific types of fires and are labeled
with a letter corresponding to the class of fire they can effectively control.

Class A extinguishers are suitable for ordinary combustibles, Class B for

flammable liquids, Class C for electrical fires, Class D for metal fires, and Class
K for kitchen fires.

Phases of Fire:

Fires progress through various phases as they develop:

1. Incipient Phase

The initial stage when a fire starts, often characterized by a small flame
and limited fuel involvement.

2. Growth Phase

The fire begins to spread and intensify, consuming more fuel and
generating heat and smoke.

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 3. Fully Developed Phase

The fire reaches its peak intensity, with rapid flame spread, high
temperatures, and significant smoke production.

4. Decay Phases

Fuel is depleted, and the fire's intensity diminishes. It may self-extinguish

if no additional fuel is available.

These principles, types, classes, and phases of fire are fundamental in

understanding fire behavior, prevention, and firefighting strategies. Proper
knowledge and preparedness for different fire scenarios are essential for ensuring
safety in various environments.

3. F. iii. Principles of Fire Prevention and Control

The principles of fire prevention and control are fundamental for safeguarding lives,
property, and the environment. Prevention efforts focus on identifying and mitigating fire
hazards before they occur, involving measures such as implementing and enforcing fire
safety regulations, conducting regular inspections and maintenance of fire protection
systems, promoting fire safety education and training, and fostering a culture of fire

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awareness and responsibility within communities. Control strategies aim to suppress
fires swiftly and effectively when they occur, emphasizing early detection, rapid
response, and coordinated firefighting efforts. Key principles include implementing fire
detection and alarm systems, establishing emergency evacuation procedures, providing
adequate firefighting equipment and resources, training personnel in fire response
techniques, and coordinating with emergency services for assistance when needed.
Additionally, effective communication, collaboration, and continuous improvement are
essential elements in both prevention and control efforts to enhance resilience and
minimize the impact of fire incidents on individuals and communities.

Principles of Fire Prevention

⮚ Identify Fire Hazards - Regularly assess your environment to identify

potential fire hazards, such as faulty wiring, flammable materials, or improperly
stored chemicals.

⮚ Implement Safety Measures - Once identified, implement safety measures

to mitigate these hazards. This may include proper storage, insulation, and
maintenance.

⮚ Educate Personnel - Ensure that all personnel are aware of fire hazards and
prevention measures. Regular training and drills can help prepare everyone
for fire emergencies.

⮚ Install Fire Detection Systems - Utilize smoke detectors, fire alarms, and
other fire detection systems to provide early warning of a fire's presence.

⮚ Control Ignition Sources - Minimize sources of heat or open flames in areas

where fire hazards exist. Use spark arrestors, flame arrestors, or other safety
devices as necessary.

⮚ Maintain Fire Extinguishers - Place fire extinguishers in accessible

locations, and ensure they are regularly inspected, maintained, and
appropriately labeled for the types of fires they can control.

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 ⮚ Follow Regulations - Comply with local fire safety regulations and codes.
These regulations are designed to prevent fires and ensure that buildings meet
safety standards.

⮚ Properly Store Hazardous Materials - If your facility handles hazardous

materials, ensure they are stored according to safety regulations. This
includes appropriate containers, ventilation, and safety data sheets.

Principles of Fire Control

⇒ Safety First: Ensure the safety of individuals above all else. Evacuate
personnel from the affected area, and ensure they are accounted for in a safe
location.

⇒ Activate Fire Suppression Systems - If available, activate fire suppression

systems such as sprinklers to control or extinguish the fire.

⇒ Use Fire Extinguishers - If safe to do so and within your training, use fire
extinguishers to control small fires. Remember to follow the P.A.S.S. acronym:
Pull the pin, aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep from
side to side.

⇒ Close Doors - Close doors to contain the fire's spread and limit the oxygen
supply. This can help slow the fire's growth.

⇒ Evacuate and Communicate - If the fire cannot be controlled, evacuate the

area and communicate the situation to emergency responders. Provide them
with critical information about the fire's location and hazards.

⇒ Assist in Rescue Efforts - If safe and within your capabilities, assist in rescue
efforts to ensure everyone is evacuated from the building or area.

⇒ Do Not Use Elevators - Never use elevators during a fire evacuation, as they
may become inoperative or trap individuals between floors.

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 ⇒ Follow Evacuation Plans - Abide by established evacuation plans and
assembly points. Ensure that everyone knows where to gather safely outside
the building.

⇒ Stay Informed - Stay informed about the fire's status and follow instructions
from emergency responders.

These principles of fire prevention and control are essential for

minimizing the risk of fires and responding effectively if one does occur. Fire
safety should be a priority in any environment, whether it's a home, workplace,
or public facility.

3. G. GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

NOTE: Rule 1060.01 (Premises of Establishments) of the Occupational Safety

and Health Standard (OSHS) states that: – Good housekeeping shall be
maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards, machines and
equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage
and filing of materials.

3. G. i. Principles of Good Housekeeping:

1. Organization

Everything should have a designated place, and tools, equipment, and

materials should be stored in an organized manner.

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 2. Cleanliness

Regular cleaning is essential to remove debris, dust, and dirt from the
workspace. Clean tools and equipment are safer and more efficient.

3. Efficiency

An organized and clean workspace improves efficiency. Employees can find

tools and materials more easily, reducing downtime.

4. Safety

Good housekeeping is fundamental to safety. A clutter-free environment

reduces trip hazards and minimizes the risk of accidents.

5. Preventative Maintenance

Regular maintenance of equipment and tools ensures they remain in good

working condition, reducing the risk of breakdowns and accidents.

3. G. ii. 5S Principles for Good Housekeeping:

❖ Sort Seiri (Sort/eliminate)

: Eliminate unnecessary items from the workspace to reduce clutter and improve
efficiency.

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 ❖ Set in order / Seiton (Systematizeorganize)
: Organize items in a logical and efficient manner for easy access and use.

❖ Shine / Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)

: Regularly clean and maintain the workspace to keep it in top condition.

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 ❖ Standardize / Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
: Establish standardized procedures and practices for housekeeping to maintain
consistency.

❖ Sustain / Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training)

: Ensure that good housekeeping practices are maintained over time through
ongoing training and monitoring.

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3. G. iii. Signs of Poor Housekeeping

⬥ Cluttered Workspaces
Excessive clutter, tools, or materials strewn about the workspace.

⬥ Dust and Dirt Accumulation

Dirty floors, surfaces, or equipment.

⬥ Blocked Aisles and Exits

Obstructed walkways, emergency exits, or fire extinguishers.

⬥ Unlabeled or Improperly Stored Hazardous Materials

Dangerous materials not stored correctly or without proper labeling.

⬥ Damaged Equipment
Broken tools or equipment that pose safety risks.

3. G. iv. Accidents and Controls:

• Slips, Trips, and Falls: Poor housekeeping can lead to slips and trips. Control
measures include regular cleaning, proper storage, and providing anti-slip
flooring.
• Falling Objects: Cluttered or improperly stored materials can fall and cause
injuries. Controls include proper storage, securing materials, and using
guardrails.
• Fire Hazards: Accumulated debris, fla mmable materials, or blocked exits can
contribute to fire risks. Controls include regular cleaning, proper storage of
flammable materials, and fire prevention measures.
• Inadequate Ventilation: Dust and dirt buildup can affect air quality. Proper
cleaning and ventilation controls help maintain good air quality.
• Tool and Equipment Accidents: Damaged or poorly maintained tools and
equipment can malfunction and lead to accidents. Control measures involve
regular maintenance and inspections.

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 • Chemical Exposure: Poorly labeled or stored chemicals can lead to exposure
risks. Control measures include proper labeling, storage, and handling
procedures.

3. H. ACCESS AND EGRESS

Access: Ensuring Safe Entry

Access refers to the entry points in buildings, facilities, or areas. It is crucial to ensure
that people can safely and efficiently enter these spaces. Here are key considerations
for access:

Design and Layout - Access points should be well-designed to facilitate the smooth
flow of people and goods. This includes considerations like the width of doors and
corridors, the placement of entranceways, and accessibility features for individuals
with disabilities.

Security - While accessibility is important, security is also a concern. Access points

may incorporate controlled entry systems, surveillance cameras, and security
personnel to ensure that only authorized individuals gain entry.

Accessibility - Accessibility is a critical aspect of access. Facilities must provide

accommodations such as ramps, elevators, wide doorways, and accessible features
for people with disabilities to ensure equitable access.

Safety Codes and Regulations - Compliance with local building and safety codes
is essential. These codes dictate various aspects of access, including the number
and location of entrances, requirements for accessibility, and safety features.

Signage and Wayfinding - Clear and well-lit signage is vital for guiding people to
access points. This is especially important in large or complex buildings to aid
navigation.

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 Egress: Ensuring Safe Exit

Egress refers to the exit points in buildings, facilities, or areas. It is crucial to ensure
that people can safely and efficiently exit these spaces, particularly in emergencies.
Here are key considerations for egress:

Emergency Egress - Egress routes should be designed to facilitate rapid evacuation

during emergencies. This includes clearly marked exit routes, emergency lighting,
and fire alarms.

Capacity and Evacuation Plans - Understanding the maximum occupancy of

different areas is essential. Facilities should have well-developed evacuation plans
that account for various scenarios and ensure there are enough exit routes.

Security - Security considerations in egress involve balancing safety with controlled

access. Emergency exit doors should be readily openable from the inside to allow
occupants to exit in emergencies.

Maintenance - Regular maintenance of egress points is crucial to keep them in good

working condition. Doors, locks, and exit signs should be inspected and maintained
as needed.

Training and Awareness - Occupants and staff should be aware of the location of
egress points and emergency procedures. Regular drills and training ensure that
everyone knows what to do during emergencies.

Legal Responsibilities - Building owners and operators have legal responsibilities

to provide safe egress. Failure to meet these obligations can result in legal liabilities
in the event of accidents or emergencies.

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RULES AND CITES FROM DOLE D. O’s. 198 sec.9

D.O. 198 Section 9.

Safety Signage and Devices. - All establishments, project,

sites and all other places where work is being undertaken shall

have safety signage and devices to warn the worker and the

public of the hazards in workplace. Safety signage and devices

shall be posted in prominent positions at strategic locations in

language understandable to all, and in accordance with the

OSH standards on color of sign for safety instructions and

warnings, Globally Harmonized System (GHS) pictograms,

construction safety, classification and labelling of chemicals,

radiation, safety instructions and warnings signs, set by DOLE.

all signage shall also be of appropriate quality to ensure their

legibility.

-------------END OF MODULE----------

123 | P a g e
 MODULE 4: EXCAVATION SAFETY

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- Zero accidents are the target of all construction activities. This includes working on and
in excavations.

Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
● Highlight the hazards of working in an excavation.
● Explain how to ensure workers from cave-ins or soil collapse.
● Recognize the components that pose a hazard to the workers working in
excavations.
● State the part of a competent individual at an excavation site.
● List the different hazards related to excavations.
● Illustrate the corrective actions to address the hazards.

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4. A. Introduction on Excavation and Trench

Excavation is a critical process that

involves the careful removal of soil,
rock, or other materials from the
earth's surface to reveal what lies
beneath. This practice is
indispensable in various fields,
including construction,
archaeology, mining, and
environmental science. Whether
it's creating the foundation for a skyscraper, uncovering ancient artifacts, extracting
minerals, or studying soil composition, excavation is a foundational step that shapes
our understanding of the world and facilitates human endeavors.

In the realm of construction,

excavation serves as the
preliminary phase of building
projects, where the ground is
prepared to accommodate
structures such as buildings,
roads, bridges, and tunnels.
Excavation involves tasks like
digging trenches, grading terrain,
and removing unwanted
materials. Skilled workers, along with specialized equipment like excavators,
bulldozers, and backhoes, are employed to carry out these tasks efficiently and safely.

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4. B. General requirements prior to excavation
General Requirements Prior to Excavation outline essential steps and precautions
necessary to ensure the safety and success of excavation projects. These
requirements serve as foundational guidelines to mitigate risks, protect workers, and
safeguard surrounding properties. Key components include:

Identify & locate underground facilities - Before beginning excavation, it's

essential to identify and locate any underground utilities or facilities such as gas
pipelines, electrical cables, water mains, or telecommunications lines. This helps
prevent accidental damage to these utilities during excavation activities, which
could lead to service disruptions, injuries, or property damage.
Other possible considerations - Include assessing environmental impact,
obtaining permits, engaging with the community, preserving historical sites,
planning for emergencies, managing materials and waste, accounting for weather
conditions, and coordinating project schedules. Addressing these factors ensures
safety, regulatory compliance, community relations, and efficient project
execution.
Adjacent Road Footpaths - Before commencing excavation, it's essential to
consider the presence of adjacent road footpaths or sidewalks. These areas may
be frequented by pedestrians and vehicles, so it's crucial to plan for their safety
and ensure minimal disruption to traffic flow. Measures such as installing barriers,
providing alternate pathways for pedestrians, and coordinating with local
authorities for traffic management may be necessary to maintain safety and
accessibility.
Method of Excavation - Determining the appropriate method of excavation is
paramount to the success and safety of the project. Factors such as soil type,
depth of excavation, site constraints, and project requirements all influence the
choice of excavation method. Common methods include trenching, bulk
excavation, and specialized techniques such as shoring or bracing for deep
excavations. Selecting the most suitable method ensures efficient progress while
minimizing risks to workers and surrounding structures.

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 Soil Classification - Soil classification is crucial for understanding the properties
and behavior of the soil at the excavation site. Different soil types exhibit varying
levels of stability, bearing capacity, and susceptibility to collapse. Conducting a
thorough soil classification helps identify potential hazards and informs decisions
regarding excavation techniques, support systems, and safety measures. It also
enables workers to anticipate and mitigate risks associated with soil instability,
ensuring a safer working environment.
Carry out joint site safety inspection with client, consultant & company
representatives - Prior to excavation, it's essential to conduct a comprehensive
site safety inspection involving representatives from the client, consultant, and
company. This collaborative effort ensures that all stakeholders are aware of
potential hazards, safety procedures, and emergency protocols. It provides an
opportunity to identify and address safety concerns, clarify responsibilities, and
establish effective communication channels. By fostering a culture of safety and
accountability, joint site safety inspections contribute to the overall success and
integrity of the excavation project.
Inspection and Examination of Excavation (Rule 1413.06)
Every part of an excavation over 2 m. (6 ft.) deep where workers work shall be
inspected by the person in charge at least once every day.

Planning
Before any excavation work begins, site evaluation and planning must be
completed. During the planning stage, the following must be done:
● Soil conditions need to be assessed.

● Protection systems must be designed and implemented.

● Approved safety equipment must be in place and easily accessible.

● Potentially hazardous contact points with utilities such as gas or electric

utilities should be identified.

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 ● Oxygen levels should be checked. Potentially hazardous fumes or
gases must be tested.

● Safe entry and exit points should be identified.

Spoils
● Never place spoils within two feet of an excavation`s edge.

● Appropriate restraints should be installed to protect excavation workers

from dropping or rolling materials or equipment.

● Excavations should be arranged so that water (rain, broken pipes, etc.)

is diverted away from the excavation.

Access and Egress

● It is essential that stairs, steps, or ramps be provided in excavations 4

feet or more deep, so that personnel do not need to move more than 25
feet horizontally.

● Ramps and runways constructed from two or more elements must have
interconnected elements to prevent displacement.

● Structural parts used for ramps and rails must be of uniform thickness.

Surface Crossing

● Surface crossings in trenches shall not be permitted unless conditions

dictate that such intersection is necessary.

● If surface penetrations are required, they must be constructed under the

supervision of a licensed professional engineer.

● Other transmission requirements include:

❖ Crossings must be at least 20 inches wide.

❖ The crossing level shall be equipped with standard rails.

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 ❖ Crossings must extend at least 24 inches from the surface edge of
the groove.

Working Surface

● The excavation must always be without water.

● And in muddy areas, workers should wear boots to reduce the risk of
falls.

Provision for Barricades (Rule 1413.04)

The top of the walls of an excavation more than 2.0 m. (6 ft.) deep shall be
barricaded to a height of at least 1 m. (3 ft.) to prevent the fall of workers.

Means of Access and Escape (Rule 1413.05)

(1) Every excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) deep shall be provided with means of
access and escape in case of flooding or collapse of the excavation work.

(2) Every excavation shall have at least one (1) ladder in every 16.6 m. (50 ft.)
of length or fraction thereof, of a length, which shall extend at least 0.83 m.
(2’6”) above the top of the excavation to provide a firm handhold when
stepping on or off the ladder.

4. B. i. Safety Risks in An Excavation

Safety risks in excavation are inherent due to the nature of the work involved in digging,
shaping, and structuring the earth for various construction, mining, or utility installation
purposes. These risks encompass a range of potential hazards that can endanger the
health and well-being of workers and bystanders alike. Some of the primary safety risks
in excavation include:

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 • Soil collapse due to loose rock or soil - Soil collapse due to loose rock
or soil is a significant hazard in various excavation and construction
projects. When the stability of the soil or rock formations is compromised,
it can result in sudden collapses that pose serious risks to workers and
equipment on-site.
• Falls (people, materials, equipment, tools) - Working in and around
excavations poses risks of falls from heights, into excavations, or from
equipment, leading to injuries or fatalities.
• Electrocution due to contact with above and underground utilities -
Accidental contact with electrical cables or other utilities during excavation
can result in electrocution, causing serious injuries or death.
• Being struck by heavy equipment - Workers are at risk of being struck
by moving equipment such as excavators, bulldozers, or dump trucks
operating in or around the excavation site.
• Adjacent structures collapsing due to ongoing excavation work -
Excavation activities can destabilize adjacent structures, leading to
collapses that endanger workers and nearby properties.
• Workers being trapped in an excavation due to lack of access and
egress - Inadequate access and egress points in excavations can trap
workers in the event of emergencies such as soil collapses or equipment
malfunctions.
• Vehicular traffic - Excavation sites near roadways pose risks of collisions
between construction vehicles and passing vehicles, as well as risks to
pedestrians and workers from vehicular traffic.

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4. B. ii. Health Risks in an Excavation

Health risks in excavation are a significant concern due to the potential exposure of
workers to various hazardous conditions and substances inherent to the excavation
environment. These health risks can manifest in several ways:

• Soil collapse - While soil collapse is the most feared risk in excavation,
other health hazards can also pose serious threats to workers:

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 • Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen - Excavations may create confined
spaces where oxygen levels can rapidly deplete, leading to asphyxiation.
Poor ventilation, confined spaces, or the presence of gases such as
methane or carbon dioxide can contribute to oxygen depletion, posing a
severe risk to workers' respiratory health.
• Inhalation of harmful dust, gases, fumes - Excavation activities can
generate airborne contaminants such as dust, gases, or fumes from
disturbed soil, rock, or construction materials. Inhalation of these
substances can cause respiratory issues, irritation, or long-term health
problems. Dust particles may contain hazardous materials such as silica,
which can lead to lung diseases like silicosis. Gases and fumes from fuels,
chemicals, or decomposing organic matter can also be toxic and pose
immediate health risks to workers.

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To mitigate these health risks, it's essential to implement measures such as proper
ventilation, monitoring of atmospheric conditions, use of personal protective equipment
(PPE) like respirators, and regular health monitoring for workers exposed to excavation
hazards. Additionally, providing adequate training and education on recognizing and
addressing health hazards, as well as promoting a culture of safety and awareness, are
crucial for protecting the health and well-being of workers involved in excavation
activities.

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 (1) When harmful dusts, gases and fumes are present in an excavation
to such a degree hazardous to the safety and health of the workers,
all measures shall be taken either by exhaust ventilation or by other
means to free the area of such contaminants.

(2) Internal combustion engine shall only be operated in an excavation

when provision is made to ensure that the exhaust gases and fumes
are rendered harmless or discharged to a point away from the
excavation.

4. B. iii. Hazardous Atmospheres in an Excavation

Hazardous atmospheres in excavations present serious risks to workers' health
and safety. To effectively manage these risks, excavation plans must include
measures for testing and controlling atmospheric hazards. Here's an explanation
of the plan's components:
Pre-Work Testing - Before any worker enters the excavation, the atmosphere
within the excavation must be thoroughly tested to ensure it is safe and free from
hazardous substances such as toxic gases, low oxygen levels, or flammable
vapors. Pre-work testing helps prevent workers from being exposed to immediate
dangers upon entry into the excavation area.
Periodic Testing - In addition to pre-work testing, periodic testing must be
conducted regularly throughout the duration of the excavation work. This ensures
that any changes in atmospheric conditions are promptly detected and addressed
to maintain a safe working environment. Periodic tests should be conducted at
predetermined intervals or whenever conditions are likely to change significantly,
such as after blasting, heavy rainfall, or the introduction of new equipment or
materials.
a) Recorded - The results of all atmospheric tests must be accurately
recorded to document the conditions within the excavation over time.
These records serve as critical documentation for compliance purposes,
incident investigations, and future reference.

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 b.) Kept at the Excavation Site - Records of atmospheric testing must be
kept readily available at the excavation site, accessible to workers,
supervisors, and regulatory authorities as needed. Keeping records on-site
ensures that relevant information is readily accessible to those working in
or overseeing the excavation.
c.) Made Available to Workers Upon Request - Workers have the right to
access information about the atmospheric conditions within the excavation
they are working in. Making test results available to workers upon request
promotes transparency and empowers them to make informed decisions
about their safety while working in the excavation.

The plan must include the following:

● Pre-Work Testing
➢ The atmosphere must be checked before anyone enters the
excavation area to ensure that they will not encounter hazards.
● Periodic Testing
➢ Periodic tests should be performed to ensure hazardous
atmospheres are controlled and workers are protected.
➢ Recorded
➢ Kept at the Excavation Site
➢ Made Available to The Workers Upon Request
Types of Soil

● Stable Rock
➢ natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides
and remain intact while exposed.

● Type A
➢ cohesive, plastic soils with unconfined compressive strength greater
than 1.5 ton per square foot (tsf)(144 kPa), and meeting several

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 other requirements (which induces a lateral earth pressure of 25 psf
per ft of depth[12])

● Type B
➢ cohesive soils with
unconfined compressive
strength between 0.5 tsf
(48 kPa) and 1.5 tsf (144
kPa), or unstable dry
rock, or soils which
would otherwise be Type
A (lateral earth pressure
of 45 psf per ft of
depth[12])

● Type C
➢ granular soils or cohesive soils with unconfined compressive
strength less than 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or any submerged or freely
seeping soil or adversely bedded soils (lateral earth pressure of 80
psf per ft of depth[12])

4. C. Hazards of excavation works

4. C. i. Types of excavation works

1. Open Excavation
➢ Refers to a distinct type of excavation conducted in an open area, such as a
ground surface, where soil, rocks, and other materials are removed to create
a depression or cavity. Unlike excavations within confined spaces or trenches,
open excavations are characterized by their relatively larger dimensions and
are typically used for a variety of construction, geological, or archaeological
purposes.

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excavations%2F&psig=AOvVaw1nNYQ9YaG2FDBru4N3sfZt&ust=1692075407645000&source=images&cd=vfe&o
pi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCMjKwp-u24ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAa

2. Pit Excavation
➢ Refers to a specific type of excavation that involves digging a deep and often
narrow hole or depression in the ground. This excavation method is distinct in
its purpose and application, which primarily involve creating a cavity for
specific installations, construction components, or foundational structures.
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3. Trench
➢ A specialized type of excavation characterized by its elongated shape, with a
length significantly greater than its width. Trenches are typically deeper than
they are wide and are open to the surface along their length. This excavation
method serves various purposes, primarily revolving around the installation,
maintenance, or inspection of underground services, utilities, and structures.

4. C. ii. Why is Excavation a High Risk?

➢ Excavation is considered high

risk due to the potential for
accidents and hazards that can
cause serious injuries or
fatalities. Factors such as soil
collapse, equipment hazards,
utility strikes, falls, hazardous
atmospheres, engulfment,
structural instability, adverse
weather conditions, and lack of training and safety procedures all
contribute to the elevated risk associated with excavation activities. These
risks underscore the importance of thorough planning, strict adherence to

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 safety protocols, and continuous vigilance to ensure the safety of workers
and the successful completion of excavation projects.

➢ Collapse of the excavation walls: This is the most serious hazard

associated with excavation and can result in serious injury or death. The
walls of an excavation can collapse if they are not supported properly or if
the ground is unstable.

➢ Scrap material: Loose soil, rocks or other materials can fall from the sides
of the excavation and hit workers below. This could result in serious injury
or death.

➢ Person or vehicle falling into the excavation: Workers and vehicles can
fall into an excavation if proper protection is not in place. It can also lead
to serious injury or death.

➢ The weakening of neighboring structures: Excavations can weaken the

foundations of neighboring structures, causing them to collapse. This could
result in serious injury or death to those in the structure.

➢ Damage to the underground network: Excavation can damage

underground utilities, such as power lines, gas lines, and water lines. This
can lead to fires, explosions, floods and other hazards.

➢ Exposure to Hazardous Atmospheres: Excavations can expose workers

to hazardous atmospheres, such as gases, dust, and fumes. These
atmospheres can cause serious health problems, including breathing
problems, poisoning, and death.

➢ Ergonomic issues: Working in a confined space for a long time can lead
to ergonomic problems, such as back pain, neck pain, and carpal tunnel
syndrome.

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4. D. Types of Soil Collapse and the maximum allowable slopes

4. D. i. Types of Soil Collapse

● General Zone of Exposure

➢ the area around an excavation where workers are exposed to the

risk of mass soil or rock movement. The GZE is typically defined as
the area within 20 feet of the edge of the excavation.

● Spoil pile slide

➢ Spoil piles are mounds of excavated

material that are typically placed near the
edge of an excavation. Spoil piles can be
a hazard if they are not placed far enough
away from the edge of the excavation.
This is because spoil piles can become unstable and slide, burying
or crushing workers.

● Side wall shear

➢ A type of soil collapse that occurs when

the sides of an excavation become
unstable and slide. This type of failure is
common in fissured or desiccated clay-
type or alluvial soils that are exposed to
drying.
• Fissured or desiccated clay
➢ Type or alluvial soils are prone to sidewall shear because they are
weak and can easily be broken apart. When these soils are exposed
to drying, they shrink and crack, which can further weaken them and
make them more likely to slide.

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 • Slough-in (cave-in)
➢ A type of soil collapse that occurs when
the sides of an excavation become
unstable and collapse inward. This type of
failure is common in previously excavated
material, fill, sand, silt and sand mix and
gravel mix where the water table is above
the base of excavation, or where soils are organic or peat.

● Rotation

➢ A type of soil collapse that occurs when

the sides of an excavation rotate inward.
This type of failure is common in clay-type
soils when excavation walls are too steep,
or when moisture content increases
rapidly.

➢ Clay-type soils are prone to rotation because they are cohesive and
can easily stick together. When these soils are excavated, they can
form a solid mass that is unstable. If the excavation walls are too
steep, the mass can start to rotate inward.

➢ Moisture content can also affect the stability of clay-type soils. When
the moisture content increases rapidly, the soil can become more
cohesive and more likely to rotate.

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wQMygFegUIARC6AQ

• Tension Cracks

➢ Usually form at a horizontal distance of 0.5 to 0.75 times the depth

of the trench, measured from the top of the vertical face of the trench

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4. D. ii. Maximum Allowable Slopes Per Type of Soil

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Maximum Allowable Slopes For Excavations Less Than 20 Ft (6.09 M) Based On
Soil Type And Angle To The Horizontal Are As Follows [Source]:

● Maximum allowable slope for Solid Rock is a vertical Height: Depth ratio / 90°
Slope angle.

● Maximum allowable slope for Type A soil is a ¾:1 Height: Depth ratio / 53°
Slope angle.

● Maximum allowable slope for Type B soil is a 1:1 Height: Depth ratio / 45°
Slope angle.

● Maximum allowable slope for Type C soil is a 1½:1 Height: Depth ratio / 34°
Slope angle.

NOTE: This data is good for excavation less than 20 feet deep

4. E. Principal Causes of Soil Collapse

The principal causes of soil collapse in excavation safety are critical factors that can
lead to sudden and dangerous collapses of soil or rock within an excavation site.
Understanding and addressing these causes are essential for maintaining a safe
working environment. Here's an explanation of each cause:

● Steep cutting angle: Steep cutting angles can increase the risk of soil
collapse. This is because the soil is more likely to slide down the sides of
the excavation.

● Superimposed load: Superimposed load is the weight of any objects or

materials that are placed on top of the excavation. Superimposed load can
increase the risk of soil collapse.

● Shock and vibration: Shock and vibration can loosen the soil and make
it more likely to collapse. This can be caused by the use of heavy
equipment, traffic, or even earthquakes.

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 ● Water accumulation: Water accumulation can weaken the soil and make
it more likely to collapse. This can be caused by rainfall, melting snow, or
even groundwater.

● Drying: Drying can also weaken the soil and make it more likely to
collapse. This can be caused by hot weather or by the use of fans or
heaters.

● No regular monitoring and inspection: Regular monitoring and

inspection of excavations is essential to prevent accidents. This includes
checking the stability of the sides of the excavation, looking for signs of soil
collapse, and making sure that the excavation is properly supported.

4. F. Prevention of Soil Collapse

Preventing soil collapse in excavation safety involves several measures:
1. Shoring or Sheeting: For excavations deeper than 3 meters, use shoring or
close sheeting to provide support and prevent soil collapse.
2. Benching or Sloping: This involves cutting back the trench wall at an angle
inclined away from the excavation.
3. Fencing: Erect fencing around the excavation site to prevent movement of
humans and animals. This helps to prevent inadvertent falls into the excavation
pit.
4. Barricades and Signage: Install clear and visible barricades and signs to
demarcate the excavation site and warn of potential hazards.
5. Regular Inspections: The excavation and site security should be inspected
regularly by a competent person to ensure safety measures are in place and
effective.
6. Prevent Unauthorized Access: Ensure the public is prevented from accessing
the edge of the excavation or the construction site.

Remember, the ground should not be assumed to stand unsupported. Always take
necessary precautions to prevent soil collapse.

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 5. F. i. Benching

Benching is a method used in excavation to protect employees from cave-

ins or collapses of soil or rock. It involves excavating the sides of the
excavation in such a way as to create one or more series of horizontal
steps, or benches, with a rise or vertical distance between each step. The
process of benching essentially creates a series of terraces or platforms
within the excavation, resembling a staircase or tiered structure. These
horizontal steps help to stabilize the walls of the excavation by reducing
the slope angle and providing support to prevent soil or rock from
collapsing inward. The rise between each bench serves as a barrier,
helping to contain any potential collapse within a smaller area and reducing
the risk of injury to workers. Additionally, benching allows for easier access
and egress for workers within the excavation, as they can move safely
between the benches without the need for steep vertical climbs.

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 Types of Benching
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Shoring

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 ● VERTICAL ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING with Plywood
➢ A type of excavation support system that uses aluminum hydraulic jacks to
support the sides of an excavation. Plywood is attached to the cylinders to
provide extra strength and stability.
➢ The aluminum vertical hydraulic support system is a common type of
support system for relatively shallow and narrow excavations. It is also a
good choice for excavations in areas where there is a risk of underground
utilities, as plywood can help protect utilities from damage.

● HORIZONTAL SHORING
➢ a type of excavation support system that
uses horizontal beams to support the
sides of an excavation. The beams are
usually made of wood or steel and are
anchored to the ground at each end.
➢ a common type of support system for
relatively shallow and wide excavations.
It is also a good choice for excavation in areas where there is a risk of
underground utilities, as beams can help protect utilities from damage.

● ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING Water System (Typical)

➢ The aluminum hydraulic shoring water system is a complex system that
requires careful planning and installation. It is important to follow the
manufacturer's instructions carefully to ensure the safety of workers and
the public

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Sequence for the Installation and Removal of Shoring

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Shoring and Timbering (Rule 1413.01)

(1) The walls of every excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) deep shall be supported by
adequate shoring and timbering to prevent collapse, provided that this shall
not apply to an excavation:
a. in which a worker is not required to enter for any purposes.

b. cut in solid rock.

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 c. the walls are sloped to forty-five-degree (45) angle from the vertical or
cut to the angle of repose.

d. in which a worker is engaged in timbering or other work for the purpose

of compliance with this Rule if precautions are taken to ensure his safety.

(2) Shoring or timbering in excavation over 6.6 m. (29 ft.) deep and those installed
to prevent the movement, collapse of an adjacent structure shall be designed
by a structural engineer and approved by the proper authority.

(3) No excavation in an adjacent building or structure shall be undertaken unless

steps are taken to prevent danger to workers.

(4) Before shoring or timbering, the walls of an excavation shall be stripped of

loose rocks or other materials that might slide, roll or fall on workers.

(5) Every excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) shall be kept free of water at all times.

4. F. ii. Sizes and Spacing of Members (Rule 1413.09)

In excavation safety, considering the sizes and spacing of members refers
to the dimensions and distances between support structures used to reinforce
excavation walls and prevent collapses. These support members, such as
shoring, bracing, or sheet piles, are critical for maintaining the stability of the
excavation and protecting workers from hazards. The sizes of support members,
such as timber, steel, or concrete shoring, should be appropriate to withstand the
pressure exerted by the soil or rock surrounding the excavation. Larger, stronger
members may be required for deeper excavations or in soil conditions prone to
instability.
Spacing refers to the distance between individual support members along the
excavation walls. Proper spacing ensures adequate reinforcement and coverage
to distribute the load evenly and prevent gaps where soil could collapse. The
spacing between members depends on factors such as soil type, excavation
depth, and the weight of overlying materials.

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 Sheeting shall not be less than 5 cm. x 15 cm. (2” x 6”) in section, Wales not less
than 10 cm. x 15 cm. (4”x 6”) in section and struts not less than 10 cm. x 15 cm.
(4” x 6”) in section; the length, section and spacing of timbering members shall be
designed considering the nature of soil, depth and the surroundings.

➢ The length, section and spacing of timbering members shall be designed

considering the nature of soil, depth and the surroundings.

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Shields (Trench Boxes)

● Intended primarily to protect workers from cave-ins and similar incidents.
● Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was
designed to withstand.

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Minimum Berm, Tools Materials and Machinery

Where the disposal area is limited, a berm of reduced width of not less than 1 m.
(3 ft.) may be allowed, provided the materials being excavated are stable, the
shoring is designed to carry the additional load, and barriers are provided to
prevent roll back of the excavated materials.

Minimum Berm (Rule 1413.02)

(1) Excavated material shall be kept from the edge of the excavation to provide
a clear berm of a distance not less than one third of the depth of the
excavation.

(2) Where the disposal area is limited, a berm of reduced width of not less than
1 m. (3 ft.) may be allowed, provided the materials being excavated are
stable, the shoring is designed to carry the additional load, and barriers are
provided to prevent roll back of the excavated materials.

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Provision for Access and Egress

The top of the walls of an excavation is more than 2.0 m. (6 ft.) deep shall be
barricaded to a height of at least 1 m. (3 ft.) to prevent the fall of workers.

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Public Protection & Traffic Control

Traffic around the site must be controlled, and barricaded;
Signs and/or flag persons used as needed to control both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

4. F. iii. The Competent Person

The Competent Person in excavation safety plays a critical role with
multifaceted responsibilities. They must undergo specific training to accurately
classify soils, understanding soil types and properties crucial for assessing
excavation stability and implementing safety measures. Additionally, they should
be trained in the proper use and installation of protective systems like shoring or
sloping, ensuring workers' safety within the excavation. Familiarity with safety
standards and regulations is essential to ensure compliance and maintain a safe
working environment. Furthermore, the Competent Person must possess the
ability to promptly identify hazards within the excavation site and have the

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 authority to take immediate action to eliminate or mitigate risks, prioritizing worker
safety and accident prevention.
The term "Competent Person" is used in many OSHA standards and
documents. A "competent person" under OSHA is defined as "a person with the
ability to identify existing and foreseeable hazards in an environment or work
condition that is unsanitary, hazardous or hazardous to employees and who have
the authority to take prompt corrective action to remove them".
Through training and/or experience, a competent person knows the applicable
standards, can identify workplace hazards associated with a particular activity,
and has the authority to remediate them. Some standards add specific
requirements that the competent person must meet.
Must have specific training in and be knowledgeable about:
● Soils classification
● The use of protective systems
● The requirements of the standard
● Must be capable of identifying hazards, and authorized to immediately
eliminate hazards

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Our Company – Checklist

It is a structured tool designed to ensure that all necessary safety measures are
implemented and adhered to during excavation projects. This checklist serves as a
comprehensive guide for workers, supervisors, and managers involved in excavation
activities, outlining specific safety protocols and procedures that must be followed to
maintain a safe working environment. The checklist typically covers various aspects of
excavation safety, including but not limited to:

1. Shoring and Shielding:

a. In place

b. No leakage on hydraulic cylinders

c. Wedges tight

2. Access and Egress:

a. Access every 25 foot

b. Stairs, ladders and ramp set properly

3. Weather Condition:

a. Rain

b. Typhoon, Storm, Wind

4. Existing Utilities:

a. Support Adequate

b. Loose Materials

c. Utilities identified and protected.

5. Personal Protective Equipment:

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 a. Reflectorized vests in vehicular areas

b. Hard hats, steel-toe shoes, etc. being used as specified.

Example of Excavation Checklist of Trench Safety and Supply, Inc

https://images.app.goo.gl/6JDYUBTTZkvkUq3H8

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 4. F. iv. What is a Confined Space?

A confined space is defined as an area that meets specific criteria: it must be large
enough for an employee to enter and perform work, but it has limited or restricted
means of entry or exit. Additionally, confined spaces are not designed for continuous
human occupancy. These spaces can pose significant risks to workers due to factors
such as limited ventilation, potential for hazardous atmospheres, or difficulty in rescue
in the event of an emergency. Identifying confined spaces and implementing proper
safety measures are essential to ensure the well-being of workers who may need to
enter these areas for tasks such as maintenance, inspection, or repair work.

https://images.app.goo.gl/coaL438MszUKxDZXA

A space that:
● Large enough and configured for employees to walk in and do their own
work;
● Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
● Is not designed for continuous human occupancy.
Potential Hazards in Confined Spaces
1. Oxygen Deficiency

➢ This is a serious hazard in confined spaces. If the oxygen

concentration is too low, it can lead to suffocation. Acceptable
oxygen concentrations in confined spaces are between 19.5% and
23.5%.

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 2. Combustibles

➢ Flammable gases, liquids and solids can create a fire or explosion

hazard in confined spaces. These materials must be identified and
removed from the confined space prior to commencing work.

3. Toxic Materials

➢ Toxic gasses, vapor, and vapors can be display in kept spaces.

These materials can cause an assortment of wellbeing issues,
counting respiratory issues, sickness, and discombobulation. They
can too be lethal.

4. Electricity

➢ Electrical hazards can happen in restricted spaces in case there's

uncovered wiring or hardware. Laborers ought to be mindful of the
electrical risks within the kept space and take steps to relieve the
hazard of electrical stun.

5. Mechanical Hazards

➢ Mechanical hazards can occur when there are moving parts or

objects in an enclosed space that could cause injury. Workers must
be aware of mechanical hazards in confined spaces and take steps
to avoid them.

Confined Spaces ENTRY

The act by which a person intentionally passes through an opening into a permit requires
confined space. Any part of the body passing through the opening is considered entry.
Confined Spaces
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
● Any condition which poses an immediate threat to the health of life on
entrant, or:
● Would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or;

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 ● Would interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit
space.

Confined Space Requirements

● Entrant
❖ The employee who will physically enter the confined space to perform
the work.
● Attendant
❖ The employee who remains outside the confined space and monitors
the entrant(s);
❖ Guards the space against unauthorized entry;
❖ Warns the entrants of any unusual conditions; and summons the rescue
personnel if needed.
● Entry Supervisor
❖ The employee responsible for coordinating the entry into the confined
space. This must be a team leader or foreman.
❖ The person directly responsible for the work being performed in the
confined space. This can be the Team Leader, Foreman, journeyman,
or other person qualified by training and experience.

4. G. OSH Standards Rule 1413 : Excavation Safety

Under this Rule of OSH Standards. It discusses the requirements of Shoring

and Timbering wherein excavation over 6.6 m. (29 ft.) deep and those installed
to prevent the movement, collapse of an adjacent structure shall be designed
by a structural engineer and approved by the proper authority.

There should be No excavation in an adjacent building or structure be

undertaken unless steps are taken to prevent danger to workers. Every
excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) shall be always kept free of water. The Excavated
material shall be kept from the edge of the excavation to provide a clear berm

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 of a distance not less than one third of the depth of the excavation. If the
disposal area is limited, a berm of reduced width of not less than 1 m. (3 ft.)
may be allowed, provided the materials being excavated are stable, the
shoring is designed to carry the additional load, and barriers are provided to
prevent roll back of the excavated materials.

Tools or materials shall be kept a minimum of I m. (3 ft.) away from the edge
of the excavation to prevent their being knocked down into the excavation.
There should be No vehicle or other machinery be driven, operated or located
near the edge of an excavation at least a distance one-third (1/3) of its depth.
The top of the walls of an excavation more than 2.0 m. (6 ft.) deep shall be
barricaded to a height of at least I m. (3 ft.) to prevent the fall of workers. Every
excavation over I m. (3 ft.) deep shall be provided with means of access and
escape in case of flooding or collapse of the excavation work. Every
excavation shall have at least one (1) ladder in every 16.6 m. (50 ft.) of length
or fraction thereof, of a length, which shall extend at least 0.83 m. (2’6") above
the top of the excavation to provide a firm handhold when stepping on or off
the ladder.

Every part of an excavation over 2 m. (6 ft.) deep where workers work shall be
inspected by the person in charge at least once every day. Timbering or
support for any excavation shall be erected, added, altered or dismantled only
under the direction of the project supervisor.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Excavation - Any man-made cut, hollow or depression in the surface of the earth
formed by earth removal. The width measured at the bottom should not exceed
15 feet.

● Trench Excavation - A narrow excavation in which the depth of the trench is

greater than its width and the width measured at the bottom is no more than 15
feet.

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 ● Sheathing - refers to the vertical component of the backing and wood that directly
resists pressure from the excavation side.

● OSHS Rule 1413: Excavation Safety - a set of regulations in the Philippines

outlining safety requirements for excavation work. The rule is intended to prevent
accidents and injuries that may occur during excavations, such as collapses, falls
and electrical hazards. Also, a comprehensive set of regulations covering all
aspects of excavation safety. By following these regulations, employers can help
prevent accidents and injuries in the workplace.

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 5: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY

Image-source:
https://www.topmarkfunding.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Types-of-heavy-equipment-for-construction.jpg

Using tools is essential for construction workers, as it helps them complete tasks
more efficiently and effectively. However, it is important for workers to be aware of the
potential dangers associated with different tools and take necessary safety measures to
avoid accidents.

Objectives

● In the process of removing or avoiding the hazards, workers must learn to

recognize the hazards associated with the different types of tools and the safety
precautions necessary to prevent those hazards.

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5. A. Types of hand tools and power tools, function, and accidents

5. A. i. Types of Hand Tools

Hand tools are tools that are operated by hand, without the use of any external
power source. They are essential for various tasks and are commonly found in
workshops, construction sites, and households.

Some common types of hand tools include:

1. Screwdrivers
Used to tighten or loosen screws.

o Most screwdrivers are not designed to be used on

electrical equipment. Use an insulated screwdriver.
o ▪ Do not hold an object in the palm of one hand and
press a screwdriver into it, place it on a bench or a
table.
2. Wrenches
Used to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts.

o Do not grind wrenches to reduce their sizes.

o Workers brace themselves to avoid losing balance.

3. Pliers
Used for gripping, bending, and cutting materials.

o Do not use pliers as a substitute for hammers or

wrenches.

o Use insulated pliers when doing electrical work.

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 4. Hammers
Used for driving nails, striking chisels, and shaping
metal.
o Check for defects before using.
o Have an unobstructed swing when using a hammer
and watch for overhead interference.
5. Chisels
Used for cutting, shaping, or carving materials.

o Used for cutting, shaping, or carving materials.

o Check for defects before using.

6. Saws
Used for cutting through wood, metal, or other
materials.
o Adjust and tighten saw blades.
o Cut different materials such as wood, drywall,
metal and plastic.
7. Files
Used for smoothing or shaping rough surfaces.
o Used for smoothing or shaping rough surfaces.
o To file, push forward while bearing down on it.
Release the pressure and bring file back to
original position.
8. Measuring Tools
Includes tape measures, rulers, and calipers for
accurate measurements.
o A long thin flexible metal that has
measurements marked on it and is used for
measuring the length or height of something

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 5. A. ii. Types of Power Tools

Power tools are tools that are powered by electricity, batteries, or other power
sources. They provide greater efficiency and speed compared to hand tools.
Some common types of power tools include:

1. Drills

A drill may be able to create a hole in wood, plastic, drywall, and

metal. An auger bit is used to drill larger holes, and there are even
circular bits for cutting holes several inches in diameter.

2. Circular Saws

The reciprocating saw is one of the most versatile tools, able to

cut through a variety of materials like wood, plastic, drywall, and
even metal.

3. Angle Grinder

The key word here however is “angle”, and the geared head is at
a right-angle mounted on a disc (replaceable) with a side handle
an adjustable guard to get into those little spaces you can’t usually
fit into as well as counter side forces that are sometimes created
while cutting (as opposed to axial forces typically created by other
tools like power drills). They come as corded or cordless.

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 4. Sanders

small size and portability allow woodworkers to handle a variety of

projects. Also have long been some of the most useful power tools.It
is brought to the wood. Modern sanders often feature bags to
capture sander dust as well.

5. Power Screwdrivers

Generally operate under electric power, and while they may use
standard wall outlet current, battery powered tools are by far more
common.

6. Impact Wrenches

Is a socket wrench power tool designed to deliver high torque output

with minimal effort by the user.

7. Power Nailers

A power tool that shoots nails that are arranged in a coil or strip into
the material. The piston of the nail gun is powered either by
compressed air (pneumatic nailers), by a battery (cordless nailers)
or by gas. Nail guns are an essential tool for modern carpentry,
framing, or roofing jobs.

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 8. Rotary Tools

Is a handheld power tool and multitool used for grinding, sanding,

honing, polishing, or machining material (typically metal, but also
plastic or wood).

Hazards of Power Tools

▪ Electric shock
▪ Particles in the eyes
▪ Fires
▪ Falls
▪ Explosion of gasses

Image Sources;
screwdriver - Search Images (bing.com) wrenches - Search Images (bing.com) pliers - Search Images (bing.com) hammer - Search
Images (bing.com) Chisel Tool - Search Images (bing.com)
saw - Search Images (bing.com) Files tools - Search Images (bing.com) measuring tools - Search Images (bing.com) drills - Search
Images (bing.com) circular saw - Search Images (bing.com)
angle grinder - Search Images (bing.com) sanders tools - Search Images (bing.com) power screwdrivers - Search Images (bing.com)
impact wrenches - Search Images (bing.com)
power nailers - Search Images (bing.com) rotary tools - Search Images (bing.com)

5. A. iii. Functions of Hand and Power Tools:

Both hand tools and power tools serve various functions depending on the specific
tool. Hand tools are typically used for tasks that require precision, control, and a
personal touch, while power tools are often employed for tasks that demand
efficiency, speed, and the application of higher force.

5. A. iv. Accidents and Safety Considerations:

Accidents can happen while using both hand tools and power tools if proper safety
precautions are not taken. Some common safety considerations include:

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 1. Proper Training

Users should be trained in the correct usage of tools to minimize the risk of
accidents.

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Safety glasses, gloves, ear protection, and other PPE should be worn to
protect against potential hazards.

3. Work Area Safety

Ensure the work area is well-lit, organized, and free of clutter to prevent
tripping hazards.

4. Tool Inspection

Regularly inspect tools for damage or wear and replace them as needed.

5. Correct Tool for the Job

Use the right tool for the task at hand to prevent accidents and damage to
tools.

6. Secure Workpieces

When using power tools, secure workpieces properly to prevent them from
moving unexpectedly.

7. Disconnect Power

When changing accessories or adjusting on power tools, disconnect the power

source to avoid accidental activation.

8. Follow User Manuals

Adhere to the manufacturer's instructions for proper tool operation and

maintenance.

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 Hand tools and power tools play crucial roles in various tasks, from simple repairs
to complex construction projects. Understanding their functions and safety precautions
is essential for preventing accidents and ensuring efficient and successful outcomes.

5. B. HAZARD IN THE USE OF HAND TOOLS, AND SAFETY

5. B. i. Hazards in the Use of Hand Tools:

1. Cuts and Abrasions

Hand tools with sharp edges or points, such as

knives, chisels, and saws, can easily cause cuts
and abrasions if not used carefully. Improper
handling or slipping can result in injuries.

2. Striking Hazards

Hammers, mallets, and other striking tools pose a

risk of injury if they miss the intended target. Flying
fragments or pieces of material can cause harm to
the user or bystanders.

3. Pinching and Crushing

Many hand tools involve moving parts or

mechanisms that can pinch or crush fingers or other
body parts if not used correctly. Pliers, wrenches,
and clamps are examples of tools that can cause
pinching injuries.

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 4. Ergonomic Hazards

Prolonged use of hand tools with poor ergonomic

design can lead to strains, sprains, and musculoskeletal
disorders. Tools that require awkward hand positions or
excessive force can contribute to these issues.

5. Flying Debris

When using tools like chisels or hammers to work on

materials like wood or metal, there's a risk of small
pieces of debris becoming airborne and causing eye
injuries.

6. Electrical Hazards

Even though hand tools aren't typically powered by

electricity, they can still pose electrical risks if used near
live electrical components or in wet conditions.

7. Tool Failure

Hand tools that are damaged, worn out, or poorly

maintained can fail during use, potentially causing
accidents.

5. B. ii. Safety Measures when Using Hand Tools:

❖ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Wear appropriate PPE such as safety glasses, gloves, and hearing protection
to protect against potential hazards.

❖ Proper Tool Selection

Choose the right tool for the task at hand. Using the wrong tool can increase
the risk of accidents.

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 ❖ Tool Inspection

Regularly inspect hand tools for signs of damage or wear. Replace or repair
damaged tools.

❖ Correct Tool Handling

Follow proper techniques for holding and using tools to minimize the risk of
slips and mishandling.

❖ Secure Workpieces

When working with hand tools, ensure the workpiece is securely clamped or
stabilized to prevent movement during work.

❖ Maintain Focus

Stay focused on the task at hand. Distractions can lead to accidents.

❖ Work in Well-Lit Areas

Proper lighting helps you see what you're doing and reduces the risk of
mistakes or accidents.

❖ Safe Storage

Store hand tools in a designated area, such as a toolbox or a rack, to prevent

them from becoming tripping hazards.

❖ Tool Guards and Sheaths

Keep sharp tools covered when not in use, and use guards or sheaths
provided by the manufacturer to protect against cuts.

❖ Keep Hands Clear

Keep your hands and body parts clear of the tool's path and moving parts to
avoid pinching and crushing injuries.

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 ❖ Training and Education

Ensure that users are properly trained in the correct usage of hand tools and
are aware of potential hazards.

Hand tools are essential for many tasks, they come with their own set of hazards.
Following proper safety procedures, using the right tools for the job, and wearing
appropriate PPE can go a long way in preventing accidents and ensuring a safe work
environment.

5. C. MAIN TYPES OF PORTABLE POWER TOOLS, AND HAZARDS FROM USE OF

ELECTRIC TOOLS, SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF PORTABLE
ELECTRIC TOOLS, HAZARDS IN USING PNEUMATIC, CARTRIDGE, AND
GASOLINE TOOLS, SAFETY PRECAUTIONS OF PNEUMATIC POWERED TOOLS.

1. Main Types of Portable Power Tools

Portable power tools refer to small hand tools, which can be carried inside a tool
belt or easily shipped in a toolbox. They will be either electric tools powered by a
cord or cordless versions powered by powerful lithium-ion batteries.

1. Electric Power Tools

These tools are powered by electricity and include drills,
saws, grinders, sanders, and more.

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 2. Pneumatic Power Tools

Also known as air tools, these tools are powered by

compressed air and include pneumatic drills, impact
wrenches, nail guns, and air hammers.

3. Cartridge Power Tools

These tools use explosive cartridges to drive fasteners

into materials. Examples include powder-actuated nail
guns used in construction.

4. Gasoline Power Tools

Tools like chainsaws, lawn mowers, and generators are

powered by internal combustion engines fueled by
gasoline.

2. Hazards from Use of Portable Power Tools

▪ Electric Shock

Faulty wiring, damaged cords, or improper use can result in electric shock.

▪ Burns and Fires

Overheating tools or using them near flammable materials can lead to

burns and fires.

▪ Entanglement

Loose clothing, jewelry, or cords can become entangled in rotating parts

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 ▪ Mechanical Hazards

Moving parts can cause cuts, abrasions, or crushing injuries.

Images sources
electric power tools - Search Images (bing.com)
Pneumatic Power Tools - Search Images (bing.com)
Cartridge Power Tools - Search Images (bing.com)
Gasoline Power Tools - Search Images (bing.com)

3. Safety precautions in the use of portable electric tools

Work Area Safety
➢ Keep children and bystanders away while operating a power tool.
➢ Distractions can cause you to lose control.
➢ Do not operate power tools in explosive atmospheres, such as in the presence
of flammable liquids, gasses or dust. Power tools create sparks which may
ignite the dust or fumes.
➢ Keep children and bystanders away while operating a power tool.
➢ Distractions can cause you to lose control.
➢ Keep your work area clean and well lit. Cluttered benches or dark areas invite
accidents.
Personal Safety
➢ Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance at all times. This enables
better control of the power tool in unexpected situations.
➢ Turn off the power when not in use.
➢ Do not use the tool where flammable or explosive vapors, dust or similar
substances are present.
➢ Operate electric tools within their design limit.
➢ Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they are approved
for that purpose.
➢ Stay alert on what you do and use common sense when operating a power
tool.

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 Electricity Safety
➢ Do not expose power tools to rain or wet conditions. Water entering a power
tool will increase the risk of electric shock.
➢ Do not abuse the cord. Never use the cord for carrying, pulling or unplugging
the power tool. Keep cord away from heat, oil,sharp edges or moving parts.
Damaged or entangled cords increase the risk of electric shock.
➢ Maintain power tools. Check for misalignment or banding of moving parts,
breakage of parts and any other condition that may affect the power tool’s
operation. If damaged, have the power tool repaired before use. Many
accidents are caused by poorly maintained power tools.
➢ Always be sure that the tool is switched off and unplugged before adjusting
or checking the function on the tool.

Other Precautions
➢ Avoid accidental starting. Do not hold fingers on the switch button while carrying
a plugged-in tool.
➢ Maintain tools with care; keep them sharp and clean for best performance.
➢ Follow instructions in the user’s manual for lubricating and changing accessories.
➢ Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance when operating power
tools.
Powered Hand Tools - Pneumatic Tools
➢ Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. Common types of these air-
powered hand tools that are used in industry include buffers, nailing and stapling
guns, grinders, drills, jack hammers, chipping hammers, riveting guns, sanders
and wrenches.

Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers,
and sanders.
There are several dangers associated with the use of pneumatic tools. First and
foremost is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by some kind
of fasteners the worker is using with the tool.

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 • Use the proper hose and fittings of the correct diameter.
• Use hoses specifically designed to resist abrasion, cutting, crushing and failure
from continuous flexing.
• Choose air-supply hoses that have a minimum working pressure rating of 1035
kPa (150 psig) or 150% of the maximum pressure produced in the system,
whichever is higher.
• Check hoses regularly for cuts, bulges and abrasions. Tag and replace, if
defective.
• Blow out the air line before connecting a tool. Hold the hose firmly and blow away
from yourself and others.
• Make sure that hose connections fit properly and are equipped with a mechanical
means of securing the connection (e.g., chain, wire, or positive locking device).
• Install quick disconnects of a pressure-release type rather than a disengagement
type. Attach the male end of the connector to the tool, NOT the hose.
• Do not operate the tool at a pressure above the manufacturer's rating.
• Turn off the air pressure to hose when not in use or when changing power tools.
• Do not carry a pneumatic tool by its hose.
• Avoid creating trip hazards caused by hoses laid across walkways or curled
underfoot.
• Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.

CCOHS: Powered Hand Tools - Pneumatic Tools - Basic Safety

Hazards from Use of Electric Tools and Safety Precautions Hazards:

● Electric Shock

Faulty wiring, damaged cords, or improper use can result in electric shock.

● Burns and Fires

Overheating tools or using them near flammable materials can lead to

burns and fires.

● Entanglement

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 Loose clothing, jewelry, or cords can become entangled in rotating parts.

● Mechanical Hazards

Moving parts can cause cuts, abrasions, or crushing injuries.

❖ Safety Precautions

● Inspect Tools

Regularly inspect cords, plugs, and tools for damage. Replace damaged
components.

● Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs)

When working outdoors or near water, use GFCIs to prevent electric shock.

● Avoid Overloading Circuits

Do not overload power outlets or extension cords.

● Wear Proper Attire

Avoid loose clothing, tie back long hair, and remove jewelry to prevent
entanglement.

● Proper Cord Management

Keep cords away from sharp edges and moving parts. Use cord holders or
hooks to prevent tripping hazards.

● Use Suitable Tools

Use tools designed for the specific task to prevent overheating and
excessive wear.

● Disconnect Power

When changing accessories or making adjustments, disconnect the tool

from the power source.

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 ● Work Area Safety

Keep the work area dry and well-lit. Use non-conductive surfaces if
possible.

❖ Hazards in Using Pneumatic, Cartridge, and Gasoline Tools and Safety

Precautions

Pneumatic Power Tools:

1. Air Pressure Hazards

High-pressure air can cause injury if directed at the body or eyes.

2. Flying Particles

Pneumatic tools can produce debris and particles during operation.

Cartridge Power Tools:

1. Explosive Hazards

Incorrect use of powder-actuated tools can result in explosions or

projectiles.

Gasoline Power Tools:

1. Combustion Hazards

Gasoline-powered tools emit exhaust gases and pose fire risks.

❖ Safety Precautions for Pneumatic Power Tools

⮚ Use Proper Air Pressure

Adhere to recommended air pressure limits for pneumatic tools.

⮚ Personal Protective Equipment

Wear safety glasses, hearing protection, and appropriate clothing.

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 ⮚ Inspect Hoses and Fittings

Regularly inspect hoses and fittings for leaks or damage.

⮚ Secure Workpieces

Properly secure workpieces to prevent movement during operation.

⮚ Avoid Body Exposure

Keep your body and others clear of the tool's path and exhaust.

⮚ Proper Ventilation

Use pneumatic tools in well-ventilated areas to prevent inhalation of

exhaust fumes.

Portable power tools offer efficiency and convenience but come with various
hazards. Following safety precautions, proper tool usage, and using appropriate
personal protective equipment are essential for preventing accidents and ensuring a safe
working environment.

5. D. USE OF LOCK-OUT & TAG-OUT SYSTEM

Lockout is defined "Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout and Other

Methods" as the "placement of a lockout device on an energy-isolating device in
accordance with an established procedure." A lockout device is "a mechanical means of
locking that uses an individually keyed lock to secure an energy-isolating device in a
position that prevents energization of a machine, equipment, or a process." Lockout is
one way to control hazardous energy. See the OSH Answers Hazardous Energy Control
Programs for a description of the types of hazardous energy, and steps required in a
control program. In practice, lockout is the isolation of energy from the system (a
machine, equipment, or process) which physically locks the system in a safe mode. The
energy-isolating device can be a manually operated disconnect switch, a circuit breaker,
a line valve, or a block (Note: push buttons, selection switches and other circuit control
switches are not considered energy-isolating devices). In most cases, these devices will

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have loops or tabs which can be locked to a stationary item in a safe position (de-
energized position). The locking device (or lockout device) can be any device that has
the ability to secure the energy-isolating device in a safe position.

Tag out is a labelling process that is always used when lockout is required. The
process of tagging out a system involves attaching or using an information tag or
indicator (usually a standardized label) that includes the following information:

● Why the lockout/tag out is required (repair, maintenance, etc.).

● Time of application of the lock/tag.

● The name of the authorized person who attached the tag and lock to the system.

Note: ONLY the authorized individual who placed the lock and tag onto the system is
the one who is permitted to remove them. This procedure helps make sure the system
cannot be started up without the authorized individual's knowledge.

Why is lockout/tag out important?

Safety devices such as barrier guards or guarding devices are installed on

systems to maintain worker safety while these systems are being operated. When non-
routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or set-up; or the removal of jams, clogs or
misaligned feeds are performed, these safety devices may be removed provided there
are alternative methods in place to protect workers from the increased risk of injury of
exposure to the unintended or inadvertent release of energy. The main method used and
recommended to protect workers from risk of harm in these cases is the use of a
lockout/tag out program.
A lockout/tag out program will help prevent:

● Contact with a hazard while performing tasks that require the removal, by passing,
or deactivation of safeguarding devices.

● The unintended release of hazardous energy (stored energy).

● The unintended start-up or motion of machinery, equipment, or processes.

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What are the basic steps of locking and tagging out a system?
Lockout and tag out processes involve more than putting a lock on a switch. They are
comprehensive step-by-step processes that involve communication, coordination, and
training.
Affected person - persons who are not directly involved in the work requiring the
hazardous energy control, but who are (or may be) located in the work area.
Authorized person - a person who is qualified to engage in hazardous energy control
because of knowledge, training, and experience and has been assigned to engage in
such control.
Steps of a lockout/tag out program include:

1. Prepare for shutdown

The authorized person will identify which sources of energy are present and must be
controlled; and more importantly, identify what method of control will be used. This step
involves completing sets of specific work instructions that outline what controls and
practices are needed to lock and tag out a system before performing any activity.

2. Notify all affected employees

The authorized person will communicate the following information to notify affected
persons:

• What is going to be locked/tagged out.

• Why it is going to be locked/tagged out.
• For approximately how long will the system be unavailable.
• Who is responsible for the lockout/tag out.
• Who to contact for more information.

3. Equipment Shutdown

If the system is operating it should be shutdown in its normal manner. Use manufacturer
instructions or in-house work instructions. Equipment shutdown involves ensuring
controls are in the off position, and verifying that all moving parts such as flywheels,
gears, and spindles have come to a complete stop.

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 4. Isolation of system from hazardous energy

The exact written instructions will be specific to that system in the workplace. In general,
the following procedures are used:

Electrical energy - Switch electrical disconnects to the off position. Visually verify that the
breaker connections are in the off position. Lock the disconnects into the off position.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic potential energy - Set the valves in the closed position and lock
them into place. Bleed off the energy by opening the pressure relief valves, then closing
the airlines.

Mechanical potential energy - carefully release energy from springs that may still be
compressed. If this is not feasible, block the parts that may move if there is a possibility
that the spring can transfer energy to it.

Gravitational potential energy - Use a safety block or pin to prevent the part of the system
that may fall or move.

Chemical energy - locate chemical supply lines to the system and close and lockout the
valves. Where possible, bleed lines and/or cap ends to remove chemicals from the
system.

5. Dissipation (removal) of residual or stored energy

In general, examples include:

• Electrical energy - To find a specific method to discharge a capacitor for the

system in question, contact the manufacturer for guidance. Many systems with
electrical components, motors, or switch gears contain capacitors. Capacitors
store electrical energy. In some cases, capacitors hold a charge and may release
energy very rapidly (e.g., similar to the flash of a camera). In other cases,
capacitors are used to remove spikes and surges in order to protect other
electrical components. Capacitors must be discharged in the lockout process in
order to protect workers from electrical shock.

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 • Hydraulic and Pneumatic potential energy - Setting the valves in the closed
position and locking them into place only isolates the lines from more energy
entering the system. In most cases, there will still be residual energy left in then
lines as pressurized fluid. This residual energy can be removed by bleeding the
lines through pressure relief valves. Verify depressurization or use flange-
breaking techniques. Contact the manufacturer for more specific details, or if no
pressure relief valves are available, what other methods are available.
• Mechanical potential energy - Carefully release energy from springs that may still
be compressed. If this is not possible, use blocks to hold the parts that may move
if the energy is released.
• Gravitational potential energy - If feasible, lower the part to a height where falling
is impossible. If this is not possible, contact the manufacturer for guidance.
• Chemical energy - If available, bleed lines and/or cap ends to remove chemicals
from the system.

6. Lockout/Tag out

When the system's energy sources are locked out, there are specific guidelines that must
be followed to make sure that the lock cannot be removed, and the system cannot be
inadvertently operated. These guidelines include:

• Each lock should only have one key (no master keys are allowed).
• There should be as many locks on the system as there are people working on it.
For example, if a maintenance job requires 3 workers, then 3 locks should be
present - each of the individuals should place their OWN lock on the system.
Locks can only be removed by those who installed them, and should only be
removed using a specific process - see step 9 below.

7. Verify Isolation

Verify that the system is properly locked out before beginning any work. Verification can
take place in several ways:

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 • The machine, equipment, or process controls (push buttons, switches, etc.) are
engaged or activated and the result is observed. No response means isolation is
verified. Return controls to the safe position (off).
• Visual inspection of:
• Electrical connections to make sure they are open.
• Suspended parts are lowered to a resting position or blocked to prevent
movement.
• Other devices that restrain machine or process movement.
• Valve positioning for double block and bleed (for pipes or ducts) - closing two
valves of a section of a line, and then bleeding (or venting) the section of the line
between the two closed valves.
• Presence of solid plate used to absolutely close a line - called line blanking (for
pipes or ducts).
• Any other acceptable method of energy isolation. Testing of the equipment:
• Test circuitry (should be done by a certified electrician) - note: equipment with
capacitors needs to be cycled until all energy is drained.
• Check pressure gauges to make sure hydraulic and pneumatic potential energy
has been removed.
• Choose the method that will best make sure that the energy to the system has
been isolated without creating other hazards during the verification.

8. Perform Maintenance or Service Activity

Complete the activity that required the lockout process to be started.

9. Remove Lockout/Tag out devices

To remove locks and tags from a system that is now ready to be put back into service,

the following general procedure can be used:

• Inspect the work area to make sure all tools and items have been removed.
• Confirm that all employees and persons are safely located away from hazardous
areas.

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 • Verify that controls are in a neutral position.
• Remove devices and re-energize machine.
• Notify affected employees that servicing is completed.

*Note - it is good practice to make sure any individual who placed a lock on the system
should also be present when the system is restarted. This practice helps make sure
those employees working on the system are not in a hazardous area when the machine
is restarted.

Power Transmission Apparatus

All components of the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part of the
machine performing the work (Flywheels, pulleys, belts, couplings, gears.)

Other Moving Parts

All parts of the machine which moves while the machine is working (Reciprocating,
rotating, and transverse moving parts)

Protection is from Guarding and Safeguarding

1. Machine Guarding (or machine guards)

Static protective device that prevents access to the moving parts

• Grills, screens, covers, hoods

• Location and distance

• Gates, perimeter fences

• Windows, shutters

2. Machine Safeguarding (or safeguards)

Dynamic protective devices that react to a workers presence. It may start or stop the
operation of a machine when you attempt to access it.

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 • Guards
• Devices
• Location/Distance
• Feeding & Ejecting Method
• Miscellaneous Aids

REFERENCES;:
https://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/814m1.html Occupational Safety and Health
Standard Rule 1415
DO 13 Series of 1998

5. E. SAFETY TIPS IN USING HAND AND POWER TOOLS

✔ General Precautions in The Use of Hand Tools?

● Do not use tools for jobs they are not intended to do. For example, do not use
a slot screwdriver as a chisel, pry bar, wedge or punch, or wrenches as
hammers.

● Do not apply excessive force or pressure on tools.

● Do not cut towards yourself when using cutting tools.

● Do not hold the stock in the palm of your hand when using a cutting tool or a
screwdriver. Always lay it on a workbench or in a vice.

● Do not wear bulky gloves to operate hand tools.

● Do not throw tools. Hand them, handle first, directly to other workers.

● Do not carry tools in a way that interferes with using both hands on a ladder,
while climbing on a structure, or when doing any hazardous work. If working
on a ladder or scaffold, tools should be raised and lowered using a bucket and
hand line.

● Do not carry a sharp tool in your pocket.

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 ● Do not use tools during electrical work unless they are designed for electrical
work (e.g., properly insulated).

● Do not leave tools lying around on elevated structures such as a platform or

scaffold as they may be bumped and fall.

✔ General Precautions in The Use of Portable Power Tools

● Never carry a tool by the cord or hose

● Never yank the cord or hose to disconnect it from receptacle.

● Always use tools correctly and safely

● Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.

● Disconnect tools when not using them, before servicing and cleaning and when
changing accessories to avoid accidental starting.

● Maintain tools with care: keep them sharp and clean for best performance & keep
away from the direction of sparks & fragments.

● Keep tools in good condition.

● Remove all damaged portable power tools from use and tag them” Do Not Use”.

● Secure work with clamps or vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.

● Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance when operating power
tools.

General Safety Precautions

Employees who use hand and power tools and who are exposed to the hazards
of falling, flying, abrasive and splashing objects, or exposed to harmful dusts,
fumes, mists, vapors, or gasses must be provided with the particular personal
equipment necessary to protect them from the hazard. Employees and employers
have a responsibility to work together to establish safe working procedures. If a

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 hazardous situation is encountered, it should be brought to the attention of the
proper individual immediately.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Employees who use hand and power tools and are exposed to the hazards of
noise, vibration, falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing objects, or to harmful dusts,
fumes, mists, vapors, or gasses must be provided with the appropriate personal
protective equipment.

RULES FOR TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY BY OSHS STANDARD

The relevant regulations related to tools and equipment safety are often found in
the occupational safety and health standards issued by dole. These standards
provide guidelines and requirements for various aspects of workplace safety,
including the use of tools and equipment.

⮚ Tool Selection: Employers should provide workers with appropriate tools for the
tasks they are performing. Tools should be well-maintained and in good working
condition.

⮚ Training: Employers should ensure that workers are trained in the proper use,
handling, and maintenance of tools and equipment. Adequate training contributes
to both safety and productivity.

⮚ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Workers should use the necessary PPE
when working with tools and equipment to minimize risks, such as safety glasses,
gloves, hearing protection, etc.

⮚ Maintenance: Tools and equipment should be inspected regularly for defects,

damage, and wear. Defective tools should be removed from service until repaired
or replaced.

⮚ Safe Use: Employees should use tools according to their intended purposes and
manufacturer's instructions. Misuse of tools can lead to accidents.

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 ⮚ Ergonomics: Employers should consider ergonomics when selecting tools and
designing workstations to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

⮚ Lock-Out & Tag-Out (LOTO): Proper procedures should be followed when

performing maintenance or servicing on equipment, including using LOTO
techniques to isolate energy sources.

⮚ Hazard Communication: Tools and equipment with potential hazards should be

labeled appropriately to warn workers.

⮚ Housekeeping: Keeping the workplace clean and organized helps prevent

accidents caused by clutter and obstacles.

⮚ Emergency Procedures: Workers should be aware of emergency procedures

and how to respond to accidents involving tools and equipment.

Image-source:

https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/close-up-making-ring-process_23-
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hammer_16191275.htm
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ecmag.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticles%2Farticle-detail%2Fsafety-
standing-straight-ergonomic-issues-
ecs&psig=AOvVaw2Kq2dxYW4DXAVVtNPbubbz&ust=1693972191903000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQ
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7874218191.html&psig=AOvVaw0SIa5HvpNrfqQzyIBnMTBW&ust=1693977530896000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&
ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCMisxpnckoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 6: CONSTRUCTION MACHENERY (Mobile Equipment Safety)

Objectives

● This session is devoted to educating those who work around or operate heavy
equipment since these machines possess the capability to cause serious injury or
death

● Know the control measures and programs that should be in place to prevent heavy
equipment-related accidents.

6. A. Different Types of Mobile Equipment, Their Uses/Functions, and Accidents?

Mobile equipment is essential in various industries for tasks that involve

moving materials, transporting goods, and performing specialized operations.
However, these machines also come with potential hazards and risks. Here are
some common types of mobile equipment, their uses/functions, and associated
accidents:

187 | P a g e
 Forklifts:

Uses/Functions: Forklifts are used for lifting and

moving heavy materials and goods within
warehouses, construction sites, and industrial
settings.

Accidents: Accidents involving forklifts include

tipping over, collisions, falling loads, and pedestrian accidents.

Cranes:

Uses/Functions: Cranes are used to lift and move

heavy objects, often in construction and industrial
projects.

Accidents: Crane accidents can include collapses,

overloads, electrical failures, and contact with
power lines.

Excavators:

Uses/Functions: Excavators are used for digging,

trenching, and earthmoving in construction,
mining, and landscaping projects.

Accidents: Accidents involving excavators may

involve tipping, rollovers, striking underground
utilities, and collisions.

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 Bulldozers:

Uses/Functions: Bulldozers are used for

pushing and leveling earth and debris in
construction, roadwork, and mining.

Accidents: Bulldozer accidents can involve

rollovers, falling objects, and collisions with
other equipment or structures.

Loaders (Front-end and Backhoe)

Uses/Functions: Loaders are used to

scoop, lift, and transport materials,
commonly in construction and mining.

Accidents: Accidents can include

overturning, falling loads, and collisions
with obstacles or other equipment.

Dump Trucks

Uses/Functions: Dump trucks are used to

transport loose materials like gravel, sand,
and dirt on construction sites.

Accidents: Accidents may involve tipping

over, unsecured loads, and collisions with
other vehicles.

189 | P a g e
 Mobile Cranes

Uses/Functions: Mobile cranes are versatile

lifting machines used for various
construction and maintenance tasks.

Accidents: Accidents can include instability,

overloading, and accidents during setup or
operation.

Aerial Work Platforms (AWPs):

Uses/Functions: AWPs, such as scissor lifts

and boom lifts, are used to access elevated
work areas for maintenance and construction
tasks.

Accidents: Accidents can involve falls from

heights, tip-overs, and electrical hazards.

Conveyor Systems:

Uses/Functions: Conveyor systems move

materials along a fixed path, commonly used in
manufacturing, distribution centers, and mining.

Accidents: Accidents can involve entanglement,

caught-in injuries, and jams leading to
breakdowns.

IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpackmule.com%2F&psig=AOvVaw1IohGrdeE6DvLyfwipZj_0&ust=1692667009805000&sourc
e=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCKinxJDK7IADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
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system.html&psig=AOvVaw0L4LXzEpceK5zRADhIeZFO&ust=1692667121359000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCI
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platforms&psig=AOvVaw3QO7y_sk3j6GzomH8hyQ20&ust=1692667226530000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNjB
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190 | P a g e
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2225619.html&psig=AOvVaw0cOcx7e3b8jyA9C-
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BAE

6. A. i. Concerns
• Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a
construction site doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines operate
within close proximity to persons on foot. With this, many people are exposed to
hazards associated with this equipment.
• In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and
mobile machines working in the same area at the same time
1. Having Untrained Operators- When the operator who works with the
equipment hasn’t received sufficient training.
2. Disregarding Warning Signals-is when the operators often overlook or
ignore these warning signals
3. Overlooking Preventative Maintenance- Overlooking preventative
maintenance will often result in facing costly heavy equipment failure in the
future.
4. Overworking the Machinery- overrunning any machine, often leads to the
equipment either failing prematurely
5. Forgetting the Operator’s Manual- the operators feel comfortable enough
with the equipment to not rely on the manuals, the problem is that these
manuals cover everything, from calibration to troubleshooting.
6. Weather-Related and Storage Issues- Where heavy rain or scorching heat
conditions can adversely affect your heavy equipment.
7. Flaws and Defects from the Manufacturer- Scenario where elements of the
machinery aren’t working correctly from the manufacturer.

191 | P a g e
 8. Being Selective About What You Replace- Dealing with large equipment,
different components will fail at different times, therefore it must be break
down at once.
References:
https://gocodes.com/heavy-equipment-failures/

6. A. ii. CONCERNED PERSONNEL

1. Equipment Operator- Maintain all the technicalities and safe operation of

the equipment
2. Workers on foot- Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment.
3. Spotters-personnel- Those guiding operators are vulnerable to
miscommunication or not being visible to the operator
4. Management people and supervisors-
5. Other construction site personnel-

6. B. Persons at risk aside from the operator

Signalers and Spotters: Those guiding

operators are vulnerable to miscommunication or
not being visible to the operator.

Pedestrians: People walking around the site can

be struck by moving equipment, especially in
limited areas.

Supervisors and Foremen: Those overseeing

the site might be close to equipment, risking
accidents or injury.

192 | P a g e
 Maintenance Personnel: Workers repairing
equipment can be injured by moving parts, hydraulic
systems, or other hazards.

Drivers of Other Vehicles Drivers of smaller

vehicles: are at risk of collisions with larger
equipment without proper care.

Visitors and Inspectors: People visiting the site

might be unaware of hazards, risking accidents if not
familiar with safety.

Emergency Responders: Responders entering the

site after an accident might encounter hazards if not
aware of the risks.
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ety.com%2Fblog%2Fsite-emergency-action-
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Utility Workers: Workers near utilities might be at

risk if equipment interferes with utility lines or
systems. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.scie
ncephoto.com%2Fmedia%2F772098%2Fview%2Futility-worker-
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6. B. i. BLIND SPOTS

• Small heavy mobile equipment have small blind spots and heavy mobile
equipment have large blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death
• The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area

193 | P a g e
 • Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware were the blind
spots are

6. B. ii. 5 Basic guidelines on heavy equipment operation

1. Training: Ensure that operators are properly trained on each piece of

equipment they will be using.

2. Inspection: Regularly inspect the equipment to ensure it's in good

working order before use.

3. Safety Gear: Operators should always wear appropriate safety gear,

including hard hats, high-visibility clothing, and steel-toed boots.

4. Avoid Blind Spots: Operators should ensure there's nothing behind them
before backing up. This may require physically checking as mirrors may not
provide a full view.

5. Follow Manufacturer's Instructions: Always adhere to the

manufacturer's instructions for operating the equipment and the safety
guidelines provided.

Remember, safety should always be the top priority when operating heavy machinery.

6. C. Hazards present in construction heavy equipment operation

The construction of heavy equipment, particularly cranes, introduces a

range of specific hazards and safety considerations. One significant concern is
overhead loads, where shifting or swinging loads pose risks to both operators
and nearby workers. Additionally, the potential for cranes to tip over if not
properly stabilized or if overloaded is a critical hazard. Electrical components
within cranes can lead to electrical shock hazards if not adequately maintained,
while boom collapses and pinch points pose crushing risks. Workers may also

194 | P a g e
 face fall hazards when accessing elevated areas for maintenance or repair.
Proper load handling, communication, and weather-related precautions are vital
to prevent accidents. Inadequate training for crane operators and maintenance
issues can exacerbate these risks. Furthermore, ensuring safe access and egress
and addressing confined space operations are essential for crane safety.
Rigorous adherence to safety standards, regular inspections, comprehensive
training, and the use of safety devices are imperative to mitigate these hazards
and ensure the safe construction and operation of cranes. Only certified and
experienced professionals should handle cranes to maintain the highest level of
safety in this specialized field.

6. C. i. Management Commitment

• Restrict entry onto the site of non-essential personnel.

• Establish Controlled Entry Points to the site.
• Coordinate Operations to site personnel
• Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk.
• Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.

6. C. ii. Employee Involvement

• Site Safety Orientation

• Employees must learn, follow, and obey established rules.
• Toolbox Safety Meetings – to raised issues and concerns
• Look and be visible

6. C. iii. Pre-construction Work-Site Analysis

• Identify Potential Known Hazards

• Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points
• Unwanted side effects of the Job Schedule
• Lay down/ Storage Areas, Office, Tool, Storage and Change
Trailers.
• Methods of Construction, (increases Risk?)

195 | P a g e
 Hazard Identification

• Overturning of Equipment
• Driving at Excessive Speeds
• Unexpected Electrical Shock
• Failure of Lifting Mechanisms/Operational Failures
• Runaway Machines
• Poor Repair or Service
• Obstructed View While Backing
• Striking People and Collision with Other Equipment
• Caught Between Equipment and Objects
• Riders Falling Off Equipment or Buckets

6. C. iv. Hazard prevention and Control

• Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.

• Poor Planning Forces Workers to Commit Unsafe Acts!
• Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.
• Temporary Barricades around Hazards.
• Spotters Provided for in-the-blind
6. D. Responsibilities of Workers, Working near Heavy Equipment Operation,
Spotter, and Equipment Operator

Workers Responsibility: Stay alert and aware of equipment movement, follow

designated pathways, and maintain a safe distance from operating machinery.

Workers should be vigilant, avoid entering equipment blind spots, and

communicate effectively with equipment operators and spotters. Following
established safety protocols is crucial to prevent accidents.

Spotter's Responsibility: Guide equipment operators using hand signals or

radios, ensure safe clearance, and maintain visual contact with both the
equipment and the surrounding area.

196 | P a g e
 Spotters play a vital role in helping operators navigate safely. They need to be
trained in proper signaling techniques, maintain constant communication, and be
positioned where they have a clear view of potential hazards.

Equipment Operators Responsibility: Operate equipment safely, follow

procedures, check blind spots, and respond to signals from spotters or workers.

Operators are responsible for safe equipment operation. They must be trained to
check blind spots, avoid distractions, and respond promptly to signals from
spotters or workers to prevent accidents and ensure smooth operations.

6. E. Key Elements in Heavy Equipment Safety Program

A key element in a comprehensive heavy equipment safety program is

thorough training. Training plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safe operation and
maintenance of heavy machinery. This training encompasses various aspects,
starting with equipping operators with the knowledge and skills needed to operate
the equipment safely and efficiently. Additionally, it includes imparting an
understanding of safety procedures related to heavy equipment usage, such as
safe approaches and work practices in the equipment's vicinity. Training also
extends to maintenance and inspection procedures, with a focus on routine
checks and reporting of issues to maintain machinery in optimal condition.
Employees should also be educated on emergency response protocols in case of
equipment malfunctions or emergencies. Certification requirements, which may
involve classroom instruction and practical assessments, should be addressed.
Ongoing education and refresher courses are necessary to keep operators up to
date with evolving safety standards. Proper documentation of training and
certifications, as well as supervision, accountability measures, and a culture of
safety, round out the essential components of a robust heavy equipment safety
program. Through these measures, organizations can significantly reduce the risk
of accidents, injuries, and equipment damage while fostering a safer working
environment.

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6. F. Proper Equipment Maintenance

Proper equipment maintenance is paramount for crane machinery to

ensure its safe and efficient operation. Neglecting maintenance can lead to
equipment failure, accidents, and costly downtime. To maintain crane machinery
effectively, a systematic approach is essential. This includes conducting regular
inspections, adhering to lubrication schedules, checking electrical and hydraulic
systems (if applicable), and ensuring the integrity of mechanical components.
Load testing should be periodically performed to validate lifting capacity, while
operator training and vigilance play a crucial role in spotting potential issues early.
Proper storage and protection from environmental factors are also key
considerations. Comprehensive documentation of all maintenance activities,
adherence to safety measures, and consulting the manufacturer's guidelines are
essential components of an effective crane machinery maintenance program. By
following these practices, you can enhance safety, extend the crane's lifespan,
and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

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 6. F. i. Employee Awareness Training

• Does Your Job Require You to Approach Moving or Backing Machines?

• How does the Operator Know Where You Are?
• Do You Understand all Signs, Markers and Flags? KNOW WHAT
THEY MEAN!
• You Must Always Be Alert to Changing Job Conditions and Your
Particular Situation.

Equipment Maintenance

• Machine in Proper Working Order.

• Back-up Alarm, Horn, Lights, Mirrors.
• Cab Glass not Cracked or Broken.
• Machine Windows, Mirrors, kept Clean.
• Pre-Operational Inspection conducted by Operator.
• Prompt Repair of Any Noted Deficiencies!
• D.O. NO. 13 – 1998 Section 10.2.3. Routine Inspection

a. In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified

mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine
inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in
accordance with standards set by TESDA in coordination with
the Association of Construction Equipment Lessors (ACEL,
Inc.).

b. Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be

performed by DOLE accredited professionals.

c. All equipment which do not comply with the minimum safety

standards for equipment certification shall be immediately
removed from the work site for restoration or repair until they
meet said standards or requirements.

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 d. The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall
maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance,
repairs, tests, and inspections for each heavy equipment
6. G. Operator Authorization

Operator authorization is a process that ensures that individuals who operate

heavy equipment are qualified, trained, and authorized to do so. This process
helps enhance safety, prevent accidents, and ensure that only competent
individuals are operating the machinery. Here are the key components of operator
authorization.

Operator authorization in crane safety is a critical element in ensuring the safe

operation of cranes across various industries. This process involves a structured
approach to verify that crane operators possess the requisite skills, knowledge,
and certifications needed to conduct crane operations safely. Operators undergo
rigorous training programs, typically encompassing both classroom instruction
and hands-on experience, culminating in certification examinations. Many regions
also require operators to obtain licenses that validate their competence, with
specific criteria often associated with different crane types and capacities.
Ensuring operators maintain medical fitness is crucial, often necessitating regular
medical examinations. Furthermore, authorization is typically specific to the type
of crane, emphasizing the importance of operators using only equipment for which
they are qualified and trained. As crane technology advances, ongoing education
and training are essential to keep operators up to date with the latest safety
standards and best practices. Overall, operator authorization in crane safety is a
comprehensive process aimed at safeguarding both personnel and property
during crane operations.

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6. H. D.O. NO. 13 – 1998 Section 10.2.3. Routine Inspection

A. In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and

operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy
equipment deployed at the site in accordance with standards set by
TESDA in coordination with the Association of Construction
Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
B. Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by
DOLE accredited professionals.
C. All equipment which do not comply with the minimum safety
standards for equipment certification shall be immediately removed
from the work site for restoration or repair until they meet said
standards or requirements.
D. The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a
separate logbook for data on maintenance, repairs, tests, and
inspections for each heavy equipment.

Pre-Construction Worksite Analysis

Pre-construction worksite analysis, also known as pre-construction site

assessment, is a systematic process undertaken before beginning construction
activities at a specific site. Its purpose is to evaluate potential hazards,
environmental factors, and logistical considerations to ensure a safe, efficient, and
well-planned construction process. Here's how pre-construction worksite analysis

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 works A thorough pre-construction worksite analysis specific to crane machinery
is crucial for the safe and efficient execution of construction projects. This analysis
involves a comprehensive assessment of various factors related to crane
operations. It begins with evaluating the site layout, including the positioning of
cranes and the establishment of stable crane pads or foundations. Site
accessibility and clearance are examined to ensure that cranes can navigate the
site without hindrance. Determining load requirements and calculating load
distribution is essential for selecting the right crane type and configuration.

Additionally, ground conditions are analyzed to ensure they can support the
crane's weight and the loads it will lift. Environmental factors, such as wind speed
and visibility, are considered, and safety and risk assessments identify potential
hazards and establish safety protocols. Compliance with regulatory requirements,
including permits and licensing, is a priority, as is confirming that crane operators
are properly trained and certified for their tasks.

Effective communication and coordination between crane operators and the

construction team are essential, along with equipment inspection and
maintenance. Emergency response plans are developed to address unforeseen
situations, and security measures are put in place to prevent unauthorized access
to the crane and construction site. By conducting this comprehensive pre-
construction worksite analysis, construction projects can proceed with enhanced
safety, efficiency, and compliance with regulatory standards.

6. H. i. Periodically Review Procedures

1. OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION AS per 10.2.4. of DO. 13 Series of 1998 -
Certified Operators:
Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated
heavy equipment.
All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment as
prescribed in the above pertinent sections.

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 LEGISLATION REQUIREMENTS – D.0. 13 SERIES OF 1998
Section 7.2: The General Constructor must provide for one (1)
Construction Safety and Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy
equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the
construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and
maintenance.

Section 10. Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment: In relation to

heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following are
required in the different phases of the project.

10.1 Pre-Construction
The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is
obtained from DOLE duly accredited organizations for the following:

All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be

tested and certified in accordance with a standard trade test prescribed
by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in
coordination with its accredited organization/s.

All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance with the
standards prepared by DOLE or its recognized organization/s prior to
commissioning of said equipment.

6. I. 5 Basic Guidelines on Heavy Equipment Operation

Training and Certification: Before operating any heavy equipment, ensure you
have received proper training and certification. This includes understanding the
equipment's controls, functions, and safety procedures. Only trained and
authorized individuals should operate heavy machinery.

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 Pre-Operational Inspection: Always perform a thorough pre-operational
inspection of the equipment. Check for any signs of damage, leaks, or
malfunctions. Ensure that all safety features, such as lights, alarms, and
emergency shut-offs, are in working condition.

Safety Gear: Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as

helmets, gloves, steel-toed boots, and high-visibility clothing. Use seat belts and
other restraint systems provided by the equipment manufacturer. Follow safety
guidelines for the specific equipment you're operating.

Safe Operating Practices: Follow safe operating practices at all times. Maintain
a clear line of sight, especially when moving equipment or loads. Keep a safe
distance from other workers, vehicles, and obstacles. Always obey posted speed
limits and warnings within the work site.

Communication: Effective communication is crucial when operating heavy

equipment. Use hand signals, radios, or other communication devices to
coordinate with ground personnel or other operators. Clear communication helps
prevent accidents and ensures the safe movement of equipment and materials.
Remember that safety is paramount when operating heavy equipment. Always
prioritize the well-being of yourself and those around you by adhering to proper
operating procedures and safety guidelines.

6. J. Heavy Equipment Safety Best Practices

Heavy equipment safety is a critical aspect of any workplace where heavy
machinery is utilized, such as construction sites, manufacturing plants, and
warehouses. Adhering to safety best practices ensures the well-being of workers,
protects property, and enhances overall productivity. Let's delve deeper into the
key aspects of heavy equipment safety best practices:

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 Avoid Blind spots Maintain Constant Communication

Wear Seat Belts Three-Point Rule for Mounting and Dismounting

Conduct a Daily Inspection Avoid Unexpected Start-Up

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 Know and Obey Load Limits Recognize Your Physical and Emotional Limits

Source: https://www.safeopedia.com/2/4365/safety-standards/top-10-heavy-equipment-safety-tips-for-incident-prevention

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 7: CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (Crane Safety)

Objectives
● To provide participants with the knowledge on basic crane operation and rigging
associated with the operation of cranes.
● Identify the hazards posed by improper operation of cranes

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7. A. Definition of Material Handling

➢ Material handling in construction

machinery refers to the process of
efficiently and safely moving,
transporting, and managing
construction materials, equipment, and
supplies within a construction site.
Material handling is a crucial aspect of
construction operations, as it directly
impacts project efficiency, productivity,
and safety.

7. B. Material Handling Accidents

ILO, 20% - 50% of work accidents are attributed to material handling. Materials Handling
accidents include the following:

Falls:

Workers can fall from heights while

loading or unloading materials, climbing
on equipment, or working on elevated
platforms.

Struck-by or Caught-between
Incidents:

Workers can be struck by falling

materials or equipment, or they can get
caught between objects.

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 Equipment Malfunctions:

Accidents can occur due to equipment

failures, such as crane collapses, forklift
malfunctions, or conveyor belt jams.

7. C. Definition of Cranes and Basic types of Cranes

➢ A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire
ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials
and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy objects and
transporting them to other places.

Two Basic Types of Cranes

o Mobile Cranes
are an instrumental piece of equipment,
mounted on a prime mover and
controlled by pulleys and cables. Their
design facilitates their transportation to
and from different sites. In most cases,
they don't require much effort to
assemble or set up.

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 o Stationary Crane

is a permanent/semi-permanent structure
fixed to the ground or building those lifts
and moves loads along a fixed path. A
mobile crane is mounted on treads or
wheels and can be moved from the job site
to the job site.

7. D. Hazards of Crane Operations

Structural Failure: Structural failure

occurs when a crane's components,
such as booms, hooks, cables, or
supports, break or malfunction due to
excessive stress, poor maintenance, or
manufacturing defects. This can result in
the collapse of the crane, endangering
both operators and nearby personnel.

Overloading: Overloading happens

when a crane lifts a load that exceeds
its rated capacity. This can lead to
mechanical strain on the crane's
components, making it unstable and
increasing the risk of accidents.
Overloading can damage the crane and
compromise its lifting capabilities.

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 Instability: Crane instability occurs
when the crane loses its balance due to
uneven ground, improper setup, or
abrupt movements. Unstable cranes
can tip over, causing serious injuries or
fatalities to operators, and bystanders,
and damage to property.

Falling or Slipping Load: A falling or slipping

load happens when the load being lifted becomes
unsecured, slips from the lifting device, or is
improperly attached. A falling load can lead to
injuries, fatalities, and damage to property or
equipment beneath the crane's path.

Electrical Hazards: Electrical hazards involve

the risk of cranes coming into contact with power
lines or other electrical sources. Crane operators
or loads can become energized, resulting in
electrical shocks, fires, or explosions.

7. E. Examples of Crane Safety

Ensuring crane safety is paramount in construction and industrial settings,
where the risks associated with lifting heavy loads are prevalent. Safety
measures and practices are rigorously implemented to prevent accidents and
protect workers. Crane operators undergo extensive training and certification,
conducting pre-operational inspections to assess the crane's condition before
each shift. Calculating load capacities and securing loads properly is crucial to

211 | P a g e
 prevent accidents during lifting operations. Ground stability is assessed, and
communication between the operator and signal persons is clear and
standardized. Weather conditions are closely monitored, and safety devices like
load moment indicators and anti-two block systems are in place to respond to
emergencies. Fall protection, regular maintenance, and emergency response
plans are integral components of crane safety. Workers are trained to be aware
of crane operations and follow site-specific safety protocols. Regular safety audits
and inspections ensure ongoing compliance with safety regulations, creating a
safe working environment for all involved.

7. F. Mobile/ Tower Crane Load Capacity

7. F. i. Mobile Crane Load Capacity

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212 | P a g e
 All-Terrain Crane: An all-terrain crane is a versatile
mobile crane that is capable of traveling on both
highways and rough off-road terrains. It's designed to
handle a wide range of lifting tasks and is often used
in various construction and industrial applications.

Rough Terrain Crane: Rough terrain cranes are

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Telescopic Boom Crane: Also known as a "boom truck"

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They are versatile and can be used for a wide range of
lifting tasks.

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213 | P a g e
7. F. ii. Tower Crane Load Capacity

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Hammer Type Crane

• Configuration most often associated with a

tower crane A long horizontal jib is
attached to a vertical tower.
• One end of the jib extends horizontally
over the worksite, while the other end has
a counterweight.
• A trolley, which holds the lifting cable,
travels along the length of the jib, and a
tower crane can operate anywhere within the jib's radius.

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214 | P a g e
Luffing Type Crane

• In tight urban workspaces, there is often insufficient clearance for the jib to
rotate without being blocked by existing buildings.
• For such spaces, a luffing jib tower crane is used.
• The operator can raise or lower a
luffing jib to allow the crane to swing
in a reduced radius.
• A luffing type crane raises or lowers
the jib as needed for lift closer to the
tower.
• Because of the added complexity,
luffing cranes are more expensive.
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7. G. Hook Requirements &ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCMCT4ICukoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAAB
AE
The ASME B30.10 standards cover the inspection of hooks for all hoists, cranes
and rigging devices.
B30.10 requires that hooks be visually inspected during the normal course of use by the
operator as well as periodically by a designated or qualified individual. The frequency
and documentation requirement of the periodic inspection shall be dependent on the
type of equipment in which the hook is used, but at least annually. During the inspection,
some of the conditions that should be looked for include
Hook Conditions that warrant removal from service:
Deformation of the hook can be an indication of overload, side loading or utilizing
improper rigging techniques. In some cases, it may be apparent that the hook is
deformed. Look for any bends, twists, cracks or sharp edges that could cut into your
synthetic slings.

To check for less-apparent deformities, measure the hook’s throat opening. (Note:
Typically, this is not done during pre-operational inspections.) You should remove the
hook from service if any distortion is noticeable. Check the throat opening. It should not
be more than 5% or 1/4′′ from the manufacturer’s original dimension.

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Wear and Corrosion - Look for excessive wear or corrosion on the hook. Any wear
exceeding 10% of the original section dimension of the hook or its load pin means the
hook should be removed from service.

Nicks and Gouges - There is an easy rule of thumb you can follow when checking for
nicks and gouges – any nick or gouge that you can fit your fingernail into is caused to
remove the hook from service. This includes non-OEM gouges placed on hooks to
measure throat opening.

Latches - Latches hold the rigging in the hook when in a slack position. They are not
meant to be a load bearing piece, which can easily happen when using improper rigging
techniques. To check the latches, ensure that the latch bridges the throat of the hook
when in the closed position and that it operates properly.

Bolts and Pins - Check to make sure that all bolts and pins in the hook are secure.
Check the pin to make sure the chain is properly connected to the hook block. Also,
check to make sure that the hook swivels and rotates freely when not under load.

Markings - Look for proper manufacturer’s hook markings including the manufacturer’s
logo.

Field Modifications - Check for any modification such as unauthorized welding or

grinding or other modification of the hook. If any of these conditions are present or if you
see anything on the hook that causes you concern, take the hook and/or hoist out of
service until it can be replaced or repaired.

Purpose: The safety hook of a tower crane is an integral element responsible for
maintaining the integrity of the lifting process and ensuring the safety of personnel and
equipment. This requirement outlines the specifications and standards that the safety
hook must meet to guarantee safe and efficient tower crane operations.

Design and Material: The safety hook must be designed and manufactured to
withstand the intended load capacity while maintaining a safety factor that
accommodates dynamic loads and potential stress variations. It should be constructed

216 | P a g e
from high-strength materials that exhibit durability and resistance to corrosion and
fatigue.

Load Capacity: The safety hook's load capacity should be clearly marked and
correspond to the crane's rated lifting capacity. It must be capable of accommodating
the maximum expected load without compromising its structural integrity.

Locking Mechanism: The safety hook must incorporate a reliable and fail-safe locking
mechanism to prevent accidental disengagement of the load. The locking mechanism
should be designed in a way that requires a deliberate and specific action to open the
hook, reducing the risk of unintentional release.

Visual Inspection Points: The safety hook should have clearly visible inspection points
that allow operators and inspectors to assess the hook's condition. Any signs of wear,
deformation, or damage should be immediately addressed and reported to ensure the
hook's continued safe operation.

Maintenance and Inspection: Regular maintenance and inspection procedures should

be established to ensure the ongoing functionality and safety of the safety hook.
Scheduled inspections should encompass visual checks, load testing, and verification
of the locking mechanism's effectiveness.

Compliance: The safety hook must conform to relevant industry standards, regulations,
and guidelines related to crane safety and operations. Compliance with organizations
such as OSHA, ANSI, or other regional safety authorities is essential.

Operator Training: Operators and personnel involved in tower crane operations should
receive proper training on hook safety procedures, including correct attachment
methods, inspection routines, and emergency protocols.

Records Keeping: Detailed records of inspections, maintenance, and any repairs

related to the safety hook should be maintained. These records provide a history of the
hook's condition and serve as a reference for future assessments.

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7. H. Wire Rope Requirement

Wire Rope Material and Construction

1. The wire rope used in cranes must be constructed from high-strength

materials, typically steel.
2. It should be designed to withstand the anticipated loads, forces, and
stresses associated with crane operations.
3. The construction of the wire rope, including the number of strands,
wires per strand, and lay pattern, should be suitable for the crane's
intended use.

Below are the specifications required

• Dimension: length and diameter of wire rope
• Construction: Number of wires in one strand
• Numbers of strand in wire rope
• Type of Core: Fiber CF or steel wire CWR
• Type of lay: Lang lay and regular lay
• Direction of lay: Right hand or Left hand
• Tensile designation 1570, 1960
• Area of applications
• Finishing: Galvanized or un galvanized

Load Capacity and Rating

1. The wire rope must have a rated capacity that aligns with the crane's
maximum lifting capacity.
2. The load capacity of the wire rope should consider factors such as
diameter, strength, and design to ensure safe lifting operations.

Inspection and Maintenance

1. Regular visual inspections of the wire rope are essential to identify any
signs of wear, corrosion, broken wires, or deformities.

218 | P a g e
 2. Inspection intervals should adhere to industry standards and the crane
manufacturer's recommendations.
3. Wire ropes in critical applications may require non-destructive testing
(NDT) methods such as magnetic particle or ultrasound testing to
detect internal flaws.

Replacement Criteria

1. Wire ropes should be replaced when they exceed wear limits, suffer
from a certain number of broken wires within a given length, or exhibit
other signs of compromise.
2. Guidelines for rope replacement should be based on industry
standards, the manufacturer's recommendations, and the nature of the
crane's usage.

Proper Lubrication

1. Adequate lubrication helps reduce friction, wear, and corrosion in wire

ropes.
2. Using appropriate lubricants at recommended intervals can extend the
life of the wire rope and maintain its performance.

Correct Installation and Termination

1. Proper installation of the wire rope onto the crane's drum, sheaves, and
attachment points is crucial.
2. Terminations, such as end fittings and splicing, must be done following
approved methods and techniques.

Environmental Considerations

1. Wire ropes exposed to harsh environments, chemicals, or extreme

temperatures may require additional protective measures or
specialized coatings to prevent degradation.
2. Training and Operator Awareness

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 3. Crane operators and maintenance personnel should be trained to
recognize signs of wire rope wear and understand the importance of
adhering to inspection and maintenance schedules.

Documentation and Records

1. Maintain accurate records of wire rope inspections, maintenance

activities, replacements, and any tests conducted.
2. Records provide a history of the wire rope's condition and help ensure
compliance with safety regulations.

Compliance with Standards

Wire rope requirements should align with relevant industry

standards and regulations, such as those set by organizations like
OSHA and relevant crane safety standards (e.g., ASME B30.5 for
mobile and tower cranes).

7. I. BASIC RULES FOR SAFE OPERATION OF CRANE

• Prior to Crane Operation
➢ Demarcate the Lifting Area
➢ Check Ground Condition
➢ Conduct Crane Inspection
• During Crane Operation
➢ Use the Load Chart and Lift within limit
➢ Do not work near the lifting area.
➢ Never Work Under Suspended Load
➢ Never allowed anyone ride on the Crane
➢ Identify the Center of Gravity
➢ Use a Tagline in controlling the load
➢ Avoid hooks interference
➢ Secured Blocks when not in use
➢ Have a designated Banksman

220 | P a g e
 ➢ Give Correct hand Signal
➢ Never Work Under Suspended Load
➢ Do not work near the lifting area.
➢ Report any Defects found at crane
➢ Practice Good Communication
➢ Practice Good teamwork

7. J. OPERATING ON SLOPE FOR MOBILE CRANE

Negotiation of slopes by mobile crane travelling with suspended load should be
avoided When operating on out of level side slopes over 0.57° shall be taken –
REMEMBER! Surface depressions and potholes will create the same effect as a side
slope.
• Tires correctly inflated as per load chart
• Ground is FIRM enough to support axle loads
• REDUCE the rated capacity of the crane as per load chart requirement
• Use crane side slope inclinometer as a guide only. It is most accurate
when the crane articulation is straight ahead without suspending the load.
• Use the MINIMUM boom length and boom angle practical to keep the
boom tip as close to the ground as possible
• Keep the load as close to the ground as possible
• Load swing reduces stability – use tagline to prevent any pendulum effect.

7. K. Rigging Equipment/ Accessories Inspection

Rigging is the equipment such as wire rope, hooks turnbuckles, clevis, jacks used
with cranes and other lifting equipment in material handling and structure relocation.
Rigging systems commonly include hooks, shackles, master links and slings, and lifting
bags in underwater lifting.
• Make sure there is no cutting action on the running line.
• Do not use shackle pin as it will become loose over time.
• Make sure there is no cutting action of the wire rope sling eye on the
running line.
• Insert sufficient washers to centralize the position of the shackle.

221 | P a g e
 • Make sure the shackle is not pulled down at an angle.
• Make sure the safety latch is in good condition.
• Make sure the shackle is hooked up correctly.
• Make sure the shackle is equally spaced apart.
• Wrong hooking up method.
• Secure the hooks facing out.
• Do not secure the hooks facing in.
• Do not wrap a rope around the hook.
• Make sure the load is rigged correctly before lifting.
• The load will tilt to one side during lifting if it is not rigged correctly.
• Do not tie the sling from one eye bolt to another as it will tilt to one side.
• Make sure any unused slings are hooked up properly.
• Do not leave unused slings unhooked.
• Correct loading method.
• The eye bolt will bend if loading is not done correctly
• Correct ways of using paddings to prevent damage to the sling.
• The sling will be damaged if paddings are not used on the load. No
Padding
• Use a shackle to join the sling eyes.
• Wrong method of joining the sling eyes.
• Use the original screw pin for the shackle.
• Do not use a bolt as a screw pin as it will bend. Bolt

Use a tag line to control the movement of the load during a lifting operation.
Rigging
A Collective term for “below-the-hook” devices includes.
Rigging

Rigging refers to the process of using various equipment to secure a load

to a lifting device while it is being hoisted or moved.

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 Wire Rope Slings: These are cables made from strands of wire.
They are used to connect the load to the lifting device. Wire rope
slings come in various configurations and capacities depending on
the type of load.

Alloy Steel Chains: These are strong chains made from alloy
steel. They are used for heavy-duty lifting. Alloy steel chains
usually have hooks or connectors at the ends for easy attachment
to both the load and the lifting device.

Synthetic Rope or Web Slings: These are synthetic ropes or

straps made from durable fabric. They are commonly used for
sensitive loads such as construction materials. Web slings are
lightweight and do not cause damage to the load.

Shackles: Shackles are U-shaped devices used to connect

cables, chains, or other equipment to the load and lifting device.
There are different types of shackles, such as anchor shackles
and chain shackles.

Eyebolts: Eyebolts are threaded bolts that are screwed into the
load to serve as lifting points. Eyebolts are installed on the load
with the appropriate strength to ensure safe lifting.

Hoist: A lifting machine with a carriage, platform, or cage that

moves on guides. A hoist may be a fixed or an integral part of a
crane mechanism.

223 | P a g e
 Certified Operators & Riggers

1. Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated

equipment.
2. All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment.
Crane Operator: A qualified person who is licensed, trained, certified and
experienced in the use, the capabilities, and all the functions of the specific
machine, mechanical system or tool.
Certified Operators: Personnel who will be assigned to operate heavy
equipment must have the required minimum Land Transportation Office (LTO)
License Restriction Code (RC) and TESDA Certification (NC).
Rigger: A Person who is authorized to inspect rigging devices, perform tasks
associated with hoisting and rigging operations, and has at a minimum, completed
the incidental crane operators and rigging safety course. `

Image source:
https://premierlifting-15a42.kxcdn.com/imagecache/1122c60b-bd69-412b-a17e-9d66009a3f85/wire-rope-stage_406x542.jpg
https://previews.123rf.com/images/missisya/missisya1711/missi sya171100170/89494929-metal-alloy-steel-chains-for-industrial-
use-very-strong-and-hard-for-heavy-load.jpg
https://tsriggingequipment.com/images/synthetic-web-sling-thumb.jpg
https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/solutions-lifting-rigging-shackles.jpg.
https://5.imimg.com/data5/SELLER/Default/2022/3/OT/OC/AC/96286391/innomac-material-hoist-or-builder-hoist-500x500.jpg

Sling Inspection

Visual Inspection: Begin with a visual inspection of

the sling, looking for any signs of damage, wear, or
deterioration. Check for kinks, knots, broken wires,
fraying, cuts, abrasions, and any deformities. Pay
close attention to the sling's entire length and at
points where hardware (e.g., hooks, thimbles) are
attached.

224 | P a g e
 Check Hardware: Inspect any hardware
attached to the sling, such as hooks,
shackles, and thimbles. Look for cracks,
deformities, bent or twisted parts, and any
signs of wear or damage. Ensure that all
hardware is properly secured and functioning.

Safe Working Load (SWL): Tag Verify that the sling has a legible and up-to-date
Safe Working Load (SWL) tag or label. The tag provides important information
about the sling's capacity and usage restrictions.

Training: Inspections should be conducted by

trained personnel familiar with sling types,
configurations, and inspection criteria. Training
ensures accurate evaluations and timely
identification of issues.

Replacement: If any sling shows signs of

damage, wear, or deformation that
compromise its strength and integrity,
remove it from service immediately and
replace it with a new one.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fshopm
tn.com%2Fblogs%2Fmtn-shop-news%2Fwire-rope-slings-
characteristics-when-to-
replace&psig=AOvVaw1QeZqPJH31ncYCNr335VsU&ust=1693
967494762000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0
225 | P a g e CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjHj-i2koEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
 Retirement Criteria: Establish criteria for
when a sling should be retired from
service based on industry standards,
manufacturer recommendations, and the
sling's condition. Criteria may include
factors like the number of broken wires,
percentage of wear, and visible damage.
Environment Consider the environment in which the sling is used. Harsh
conditions, chemicals, heat, and other factors can accelerate sling deterioration.
Inspect slings more frequently in demanding environments.

Variety of Slings: Different types of slings

(e.g., wire rope, chain, synthetic webbing)
have specific inspection requirements.
Familiarize yourself with the inspection
criteria for each type of sling.

7. M. Wire Rope Sizing

226 | P a g e
 Lifting Capacity: The wire rope must be
capable of handling the maximum load that
the crane is designed to lift. The wire rope's
breaking strength should exceed the crane's
maximum lifting capacity by a significant
margin to provide a safety factor.

Safety Factor: A safety factor accounts for unexpected dynamic loads, variations
in loading, and other factors. The industry standard safety factor for wire ropes in
lifting applications is often 51, meaning the breaking strength of the wire rope is
five times the maximum expected load.

Wire Rope Construction: Different wire rope constructions (e.g., 6x19, 6x37,
8x25) offer various levels of flexibility, strength, and resistance to wear. Choose a
construction that suits the crane's intended use and load requirements.

Diameter: The diameter of the wire rope

affects its strength, flexibility, and how it
interacts with sheaves, drums, and
pulleys. A larger diameter generally
provides greater strength but might affect
how the rope interacts with the crane's
components. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.mazzellacom
panies.com%2Flearning-center%2Fwhat-is-wire-rope-specifications-
classifications-construction%2F&psig=AOvVaw2ptLZPvQuI130l-
70Fkc8P&ust=1693968105304000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449
&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOj32qu7koEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

Sheave and Drum Compatibility: Ensure

that the chosen wire rope diameter is
compatible with the sheaves and drums on
the crane. Using a wire rope with a diameter
that is too large or too small can cause
premature wear and reduce the rope's
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fpythonrope.com%2Fropes
%2Fsheaves-
service life. drums%2F&psig=AOvVaw1Bb9F2MpLuzOYbbmlSH7tg&ust=1693968301578000&
source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCPjW1-
i5koEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

227 | P a g e
 Bend Radius: Consider the minimum bend
radius recommended by the wire rope
manufacturer. Bending the wire rope
beyond its minimum recommended radius
can lead to kinks, wire breaks, and reduced
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A
rope life. %2F%2Fmanuals.chudov.com%2FGrove-
Rough-Terrain-Crane%2FWire-Rope-
Inspection.pdf&psig=AOvVaw0FknaQdDwuZmc
Corrosion and Environment: The 577RVe619&ust=1693968214908000&source=i
mages&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRx
operating environment, including qFwoTCJjBvb-5koEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

exposure to moisture, chemicals, and

other corrosive substances, can impact
the wire rope's lifespan. Choose a wire
rope with appropriate corrosion resistance
properties.

Operating Temperature: Extreme temperatures can affect the wire rope's

properties, including its strength and flexibility. Ensure the chosen wire rope can
withstand the temperature conditions of the crane's operating environment.

228 | P a g e
 Regulations and Standards: Follow industry standards, manufacturer
recommendations, and any relevant regulations when selecting and using wire
ropes in crane applications.

229 | P a g e
 https://www.osha.gov/sites/default
/files/publications/shib011917.pdf

230 | P a g e
7. N. Precaution in the Use of Wire Rope

Inspection: Regularly inspect wire ropes before

and after each use for signs of wear, damage, or
deterioration. Look for broken wires, kinks,
corrosion, and other abnormalities. Follow a
consistent inspection schedule based on the
rope's usage and operating conditions.

Correct Sizing: Ensure that the wire rope is properly

sized for the application and the load's weight. Refer
to industry standards, manufacturer
recommendations, and load charts to select the
appropriate size.

Safety Factors: Adhere to recommended

safety factors that exceed the expected
loads. A typical safety factor for wire ropes
in lifting applications is 5:1, meaning the
rope's breaking strength should be at least
five times the maximum anticipated load.

Storage: Store wire ropes in a dry, clean, and

well-ventilated area to prevent corrosion and
damage. Avoid direct contact with the ground, and
use proper storage devices like racks or reels.

Handling: Handle wire ropes with care to avoid

kinks and twists. Avoid dropping coils of wire rope
from heights, as impact can cause internal
damage.

231 | P a g e
 Installation: Properly install wire ropes on sheaves,
drums, and pulleys to ensure smooth operation and
minimal wear. Pay attention to the rope's bend
radius to prevent kinking.

Avoid Shock Loading: Prevent sudden loads

and shocks on the wire rope. Shock loading can
significantly reduce a rope's lifespan and cause
sudden failures.

Lubrication: Regularly lubricate wire ropes to reduce friction

and prevent corrosion. Use lubricants recommended by the
manufacturer to maintain optimal performance.

Avoid Overloading: Stay within the wire rope's rated

capacity. Overloading can cause permanent
deformation, wire breaks, and other failures.

Avoid Side Loading: Prevent side loading, which can

damage the rope's structure and lead to failure. Ensure
that loads are aligned with the rope's axis.

Wire Rope Connections: Use proper fittings, splices,

and attachments that are appropriate for the wire rope
type and application. Follow manufacturer guidelines
for making connections.

232 | P a g e
 Replace Damaged Ropes: Immediately replace
wire ropes that show signs of damage, wear, or
corrosion. Do not attempt to repair a damaged
wire rope unless you have the expertise and
equipment to do so safely.

Image source:

https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/article-What_is_Wire_Rope-Direction_and_Type_of_Lay.jpg
https://www.bridon-bekaert.com/-/media/corporate-website/images/resources-page/uk-podcasts/rope-storage/bridon-
reel.png?h=202&w=362&hash=4E719EF36949C2BDEA7841BFDEA49B0A
https://practicalmaintenance.net/wp-content/uploads/unreeling-wire-rope.jpg
https://wirerope.net/jrsent/wp-content/uploads/sheavedimensions.jpg
https://www.activelifting.com.au/media/com_eshop/products/Wire-Rope-Lube.jpg
https://www.nobles.com.au/Admin/Public/GetImage.ashx?width=1280&height=720&crop=7&Compression=75&image=%2FFiles%2FI
mages%2FShock+loading+birdcaging+web.jpg
https://www.elitesalesinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Elite-Sales-Inc-640x419.png
https://www.konecranes.com/sites/default/files/styles/5_7_small/public/2021-04/konecranes-side-pull-prevention-for-
cranes.jpg?itok=iQx-3_1Y
https://nasdonline.org/static_content/documents/1653/1623fig03.jpg

Crane Safety
The objective of this Code is to provide practical guidance on the safe use of tower
crane on administrative, technical and training aspects to ensure:
Prevention of accidents arising from the improper operation, erection, installation,
dismantling, telescoping, transport and maintenance of tower cranes;
Appropriate implementation and use of this Code.

Do 13-1998 Requirement
The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety &
Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project
site to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety & Health
Program (CSHP) at the construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment
utilization and maintenance. (DO13sec7.3)
Preventive Maintenance program: Sec 10.2.3: Routine inspection of all
heavy equipment must be performed by DOLE Accredited professionals in

233 | P a g e
 accordance with standards set by DOLE recognized equipment suppliers.
Training on crane and rigging Safety Sec 12.6A: Specialized instruction
and training should be given to drivers and operators of lifting appliances,
transport, earth moving and materials handling equipment and machinery or any
equipment of specialized or dangerous nature.

Under 1415.16: Chains, Ropes and Lifting Gears:

No chain, rope or lifting gear shall be used unless: it is of good construction,

sound material, of adequate strength, suitable quality and free from potent defects.
It has been tested and examined by a competent person specifying the safe working
load. No wire rope shall be used for lifting and lowering of any load if in any 10
meters length the total number of visible broken wires exceed five percent of the
total number of wires in the rope. No chain, rope of lifting gear shall be loaded
beyond its safe working load except for the purpose of testing. No chain, ring hook,
link, clamp, shackle, swivel, or eyebolt altered or repaired by welding shall be used
unless it is tested and examined, and its working load specified in the test.
Hooks for missing or lowering of load shall have devices to prevent
displacement of sling or load. No double or multiple slings shall be used if the upper
ends are not connected by means of shackle, ring or link of adequate strength or the
safe working load is exceeded. Chains with knots or chains shortened by means of
bolts and knots inserted through the links or by welding shall not be used. No chain,
rope or lifting gear shall be used unless it is thoroughly examined by a competent
person at intervals of six (6) months and the result of examination recorded in a
logbook maintained for the purpose open for inspection by the enforcing authority.
A chain or lighting gear shall not be used unless it is annealed, or heat treated as a
required by the manufacturer.
Sources:
Rule 1410: Construction Safety | Labor Code of the Philippines (wordpress.com)

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

234 | P a g e
 MODULE 8: FALL PROTECTION

Image-source: https://ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com/app/uploads/sites/2/2022/04/shutterstock_1239599536.jpg

OBJECTIVES
• To enhance workplace safety by defining fall hazards, identifying high-risk areas,
implementing appropriate protection methods, establishing fall protection
procedures, understanding the components of a personal fall arrest system, and
promoting its proper wear and use.

THE STATISTICS OF FALLS

FALLS CAN BE FATAL

• In the blink of an eyes we can hit the ground hard.

• Consequences of ignoring fall protection is obvious

235 | P a g e
 • Falls on the job kill 11,000 people and cause more than 200,000 disabling injuries
per year

8. A. DEFINITION OF FALL HAZARDS

• A fall hazard is anything at your worksite that could cause you to lose your
balance or lose bodily support and result in a fall. Any walking or working surface
can be a potential fall hazard.
• Work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a
person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury. i.e., work above
ground/floor level. could fall from an edge, through an opening or fragile surface.
• Fall protection is the backup system planned for a worker who could lose his or
her balance at a height, in order to control or eliminate injury potential.

> Fall protection must be provided when workers are at:

> 4 feet or 1.5m – general industry

> 6 feet or 1.8m – construction

236 | P a g e
Fall Hazards

Fall hazards refer to conditions or situations that can lead to a person falling from
an elevated position, such as a height or level above the ground. These hazards pose a
significant risk to the safety and well-being of workers and individuals in various settings,
including construction sites, industrial facilities, maintenance activities, and more. Falls
from heights are a leading cause of serious injuries and fatalities in many industries.

8. B. Elevated locations which require inquire increased fall hazard awareness

Elevated Fall Hazard Awareness: Awareness of fall hazards is essential in

various elevated locations to ensure the safety of workers and individuals. Here
are some elevated locations that require increased fall hazard awareness.

Roofs: Working on roofs, whether for construction,

maintenance, or repairs, presents significant fall hazards.
This includes both pitched and flat roofs.

Scaffolding: Elevated platforms and scaffolds used for

construction, painting, maintenance, and other tasks
require careful fall hazard awareness due to their potential
instability.

Towers and Antennas: Climbing communication towers,

broadcast antennas, or cellular towers poses substantial
fall hazards if adequate fall protection measures are not
in place.

237 | P a g e
 Bridges and Overpasses: Working on bridges,
overpasses, and elevated roadways exposes
workers to fall hazards, especially during
maintenance, painting, or repair activities.

Elevated Work Platforms: Elevated work

platforms, such as cherry pickers, scissor lifts, and
aerial work platforms, require proper fall protection
to prevent falls from heights.

Trenches and Excavations: Working near the

edges of trenches or excavations can result in falling
into these openings, causing serious injuries.

Power Line Work: Utility workers and linemen

operating near power lines and electrical
infrastructure must be vigilant to prevent falls and
electrocution.

Loading Docks: Loading and unloading materials

from trucks at loading docks require fall hazard
awareness, especially if there's a height difference
between the dock and the truck bed.

238 | P a g e
 Stairs and Stairwells: Climbing stairs or working near
stairwells can lead to falls if staircases are poorly
maintained or inadequately lit.

Elevated Storage Areas: Working on elevated storage

racks, shelves, or mezzanines demands proper fall
protection to prevent falls from height.

Construction Sites: Construction sites in general

have multiple elevated locations, such as open floors,
unfinished structures, and scaffolding, which require
constant fall hazard awareness.

Image sources;
Steel Roof Construction - Search Images (bing.com) scaffold construction - Search Images (bing.com) Outdoor TV Antenna Tower - Search Images (bing.com) construction of
bridges roads overpasses underpasses - Search Images (bing.com) construction elevated work platform - Search Images (bing.com) Trenches and Excavations: - Search
Images (bing.com) Power Line Work - Search Images (bing.com) loading dock construction - Search Images (bing.com) Construction Sites - Search Images (bing.com)

WHY FALL PROTECTION IMPORTANT?

• Falls from heights can cause serious injury or death to workers.

• Most accident statistics lists fall as one of the leading causes of traumatic
occupational deaths.

8. C. Appropriate Methods of Protection such as Eliminating fall hazard,

Preventing Employee Exposure, and Controlling Fall

8. C. i. Elimination

Appropriate methods of protection, such as eliminating fall hazards, play a

pivotal role in ensuring workplace safety. Eliminating fall hazards involves a

239 | P a g e
 proactive approach that identifies and removes potential dangers like cluttered
walkways, unstable platforms, or uneven surfaces. By addressing these hazards
at their source, employers create a safer environment for employees, minimizing
the risk of accidents and injuries related to falls. This preventative measure not
only promotes worker well-being but also contributes to a more productive and
efficient workplace.

8. C. ii. Preventing Employee Exposure

Appropriate methods of protection, such as preventing employee exposure
to fall hazards, are paramount for workplace safety. This approach focuses on
designing work processes and environments to minimize the risk of employees
encountering fall hazards. Implementing safety protocols like guardrails, safety
training, and the use of personal protective equipment ensures that workers are
shielded from potential dangers and reduces the chances of accidents related to
falls. By proactively preventing employee exposure to fall hazards, employers not
only protect their workforce but also foster a culture of safety and responsibility
that benefits both employees and the organization as a whole.

8. C. iii. Controlling Fall

Controlling falls and fall hazards is a vital strategy for workplace safety.
This method involves actively managing and mitigating fall risks through
comprehensive safety measures. It includes training employees in proper
procedures, providing necessary equipment like harnesses and lanyards, and
conducting regular inspections to ensure the effectiveness of safety measures.
By controlling falls and associated hazards, employers can empower their
workforce with the knowledge and tools needed to work safely at heights and in
elevated environments. This proactive approach not only safeguards employees
but also fosters a culture of caution and responsibility, enhancing overall
workplace safety and productivity.

240 | P a g e
Hierarchy of Fall Protection

The Hierarchy of Fall Protection is the preferred order of control to eliminate or reduce
fall hazards. This methodology mirrors common safety practices for hazard abatement
beginning with elimination and ending with administrative controls. Using the data
collected from the fall hazard assessments, each solution in the hierarchy can be applied
to each hazard.
A ranked or graded series of fall protection solutions ranging from the best solution to
the worst. In order of best to worst, these solutions are: Hazard Elimination, Passive Fall
Protection, Fall Restraint, Fall Arrest, and Administrative Controls.
1. Hazard Elimination
The preferred solution to all fall hazards is elimination. The reason for exposure to the
fall hazard is challenged and evaluated to determine if a change in the procedure,
practice, location or equipment will eliminate exposure to the fall hazard. Specifying
HVAC (Heating, Venting and Air Conditioning) equipment be located on the ground, or
in an equipment room rather than by the edge of the roof, is an example of hazard
elimination.
Best Practice
The hierarchy should be applied to any hazard before buying inappropriate
equipment or systems. By evaluating a fall hazard using the hierarchy, the best
solution is often very evident.

2. Passive Fall Protection

Physical barriers like guardrails around unprotected edges and covers over holes are
examples of passive fall protection.
Passive protection is generally considered to provide a higher level of safety since the
opportunity for error is less than using personal protective equipment (PPE). The initial
costs of passive protection, while possibly high, are often more efficient than the long-
term costs of PPE. However, passive protection may not be warranted if the frequency
and duration of exposure to the fall hazard is limited.
An exhaustive hazard assessment provides the information needed to make these kinds
of decisions to maximize cost-effectiveness.

241 | P a g e
3. Fall Restraint Systems
Fall restraint systems are erected in such a manner that a fall cannot occur. Fall
restraint systems use PPE to restrict the worker’s range of movement so they cannot
physically travel to the fall hazard. Fall restraint systems are often underutilized
because they are not specifically mentioned in many regulations, but they are preferred
over fall arrest systems. Free fall distance is not an issue for fall restraint systems,
therefore arresting forces, clearance requirements, secondary injuries, and rescue
issues are virtually eliminated.
Best Practice
Fall restraint is always better than fall arrest. Fall restraint systems prevent most
secondary injuries due to the fall and make rescue easy since the worker is still
accessible.

4. Fall Arrest Systems

Fall arrest systems are erected in such a manner that a fall can occur but the fall is
arrested within acceptable force and clearance margins.
Fall arrest systems have a higher risk associated with them, since we have to stop the
falling worker within an acceptable level of force and prevent him/her from contacting the
surrounding structure or the ground.
Training for both fall restraint and fall arrest systems is key.
ANSI Z359.2-2007 includes a significant amount of information about fall protection
training for authorized persons, competent persons, qualified persons, rescuers and
trainers.

5. Administrative Controls
Administrative controls are work practices or procedures that increase a worker’s
awareness of a fall hazard. It must be noted that administrative controls are the least
preferred method of protection because they do not provide a physical or positive means
of protection.
Administrative controls are preventive measures taken to reduce the likelihood of a fall.
These methods include safety monitors, warning lines, warning horns, designated areas,

242 | P a g e
or control lines. It must also be noted that OSHA regulates the use of many administrative
controls and it is incumbent on the fall protection program administrator to understand
the jurisdictions and regulations that apply.

Fall Hazard Survey

The first step for effectively implementing the Hierarchy of Fall Protection is to perform a
Fall Hazard Survey to identify and prioritize fall hazards and recommend options for
abatement based on regulatory requirements and fall protection standards.

8. D. Duty to have Fall Protection Procedures

This section emphasizes the importance of fall protection systems to

ensure the safety of workers who are exposed to fall hazards at elevated
locations. It specifies various situations where fall protection measures are
necessary, such as unprotected sides and edges, leading edges, hoist areas,
holes, dangerous equipment, steep roofs, precast concrete erection, residential
construction, wall openings, and other walking/working surfaces.

243 | P a g e
This section includes.

a) Employers must provide fall protection systems that conform to the criteria
specified in OSHA1926.502.
b) Employers must assess the strength and integrity of walking/working surfaces
to ensure they can safely support employees.
c) Workers must be protected from falls of 6 feet or more by guardrail systems,
safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.
d) Leading edge work requires fall protection unless demonstrated infeasible or
more hazardous, in which case a fall protection plan must be developed.
e) Hoist areas, holes, formwork, equipment, ramps, and other scenarios also
demand appropriate fall protection.
f) There are exceptions and provisions, and employers must demonstrate
infeasibility or greater hazard to opt for an alternative protection method.
g) Employees exposed to falling objects must wear hard hats and implement
measures like toe boards, screens, guardrails, or barricades to prevent objects
from falling onto lower levels.

Source: https//www.osha.gov/lawsregs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.50

8. E. Components/ Element of Personal Fall Arrest System

A personal fall arrest system is a combination of equipment designed to protect a

worker from the hazards of falling from an elevated position. It includes various
components that work together to arrest a fall and minimize the potential for injury.
Here are the essential elements and components of
a personal fall arrest system.

Full-Body Harness: A full-body harness is worn by

the worker and distributes the forces of a fall across
the shoulders, thighs, and pelvis. It consists of

244 | P a g e
 shoulder straps, leg straps, and a waist belt that are
connected to each other with buckles, D-rings, and other
hardware.

Anchorage Point: An anchorage point is a secure

attachment point that connects the worker's harness to the
structure. It must be capable of supporting the impact forces
generated during a fall. Anchorage points can include roof
anchors, lifelines, and structural members that are designed
to withstand fall forces.

Lanyard: A lanyard is a flexible line that connects the

harness to the anchorage point. Depending on the specific
application, lanyards can have different configurations,
such as shock-absorbing lanyards that help reduce the
impact forces on the body during a fall.

Self-Retracting Lifeline (SRL): An SRL is a type of

connecting device that automatically adjusts the length of the
lifeline as the worker moves. SRLs include a retractable line
housed in a housing unit. If a fall occurs, the device locks to
stop the fall quickly.

Rope Grab: A rope grab is another type of connecting

device that moves along a vertical lifeline as the worker
ascends or descends. In the event of a fall, the rope
grab locks onto the lifeline to arrest the fall.

Energy Absorber: An energy absorber is a

component that helps dissipate the energy
generated during a fall, reducing the impact
forces on the body and the anchorage point.

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 Shock-absorbing lanyards and SRLs often incorporate an energy absorber.

Backup System: In some situations, a backup system

may be used as an additional layer of protection in case
the primary system fails. Backup systems can include
secondary lanyards, redundant lifelines, or rope grabs.

Rescue Plan: A fall protection system should include a

rescue plan that outlines the steps to be taken in the event of a fall. The plan
should address how to safely retrieve a fallen worker and provide medical
assistance if needed.

Training and Inspection: Proper training on the correct use, inspection, and
maintenance of the fall arrest system is crucial. Regular inspection of all
components, including the harness, lanyards, and anchorage points, is necessary
to ensure their integrity.

PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM AND ITS COMPONENTS

Webbing

Webbing are the ropes and straps used in lifelines, lanyards, and strength components
of body harnesses. The webbing must be made of synthetic fibers.

• Snap Hooks

Snap hooks must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds and be
proof tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds without cracking,
breaking, or becoming permanently deformed.

It’s a System

Individually these components will not provide protection from a fall. However, when
used properly and in conjunction with each other they form a personal fall protection
system that becomes a vital part of your safety.

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Equipment Do’s and Don’ts

• Do inspect for wear and damage before use.

• Do remove from service after a fall for inspection.
• Do not use it to lift materials.
• Do not attach to guardrails or hoists.
• PFAS Inspection and Maintenance
• Inspect the label
• Inspect the hardware
• Inspect the Impact Indicator
• Inspect the webbing
• Check manufacturer inspection recommendation
• Frayed or broken harness straps

WHEN STOPPING A FALL

• Fall arrest system must-

• Limit max force on an employee to 1,800 pounds when used with a body harness.
• Be rigged so that an employee cannot free fall more than 6 feet.
• Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit the employee’s max deceleration
distance to 3.5 feet.

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FALL DISTANCE

PROPER WEAR OF PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM

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SUSPENSION TRAUMA

SOURCE:

Hierarchy of Fall Protection | Gravitec Systems Inc. Occupational Safety and Health Standard Rule 1086
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_v/otm_v_4.html

Image sources; Full-Body Harness: - Search Images (bing.com) FALL DISTANCE - Search Images (bing.com) how to do a harness - Search Images
(bing.com)

249 | P a g e
8. F. Proper Wear and Use of Personal Fall Arrest System and its Component

The proper wear and use of a personal fall arrest system (PFAS) and its
components are paramount for ensuring the safety of workers operating at heights
or in elevated environments. It begins with the careful selection of an appropriate
PFAS tailored to the specific job and conditions. A well-fitted full-body harness is
essential, with meticulous attention to adjusting all straps snugly and inspecting
for any signs of damage before each use. Inspecting the entire PFAS, including
harness, lanyard, and related components, is a non-negotiable pre-use step to
identify any defects or wear. Connecting the harness to a secure anchor point is
a critical link, and calculating the required fall clearance distance is vital to prevent
striking objects or the ground in case of a fall.

Anchor points must be capable of withstanding fall forces, and shock

absorbers should be correctly positioned if used. Importantly, knots in lanyards or
lifelines are to be avoided, as they can compromise the equipment's strength.
Comprehensive training is essential for users, covering not only equipment usage

250 | P a g e
 but also hazard recognition and emergency response. Regular inspections,
recertifications, and record-keeping round out the safety protocol. By adhering to
these practices, individuals can effectively employ PFAS, significantly reducing
the risk of injury or fatality in the event of a fall and promoting a safer work
environment at elevated heights.

DO 128-13 Amending RULE 1414

1414.01: Definition of Terms.
“Bearer” refers to a scaffold member spanning between two runners upon which
the platform rests.
“Brace” refers to a scaffold member that holds posts in a fixed position to prevent
any lateral movement.
“Competent Person” refers to one who is capable of identifying existing and
potential hazards in the surroundings or working conditions, and who has the
authority to take prompt corrective action to eliminate them; person must be a
holder of Scaffold Erector NC II and COSH training.
“Hoist” refers to a lifting machine with a carriage, platform or cage which moves
on guides.
“Plant or Equipment” refers to any plant equipment gear, machinery, apparatus
or appliances, or any part thereof.
“Post” refers to the vertical member of scaffold transmitting the load to the ground
or to a base plate.
“Putlogs” refers to a scaffold member spanning between a runner and a building
wall upon which the platform rests.
“Qualified Person” refers to one who, by possession of a recognized technical
degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge,
training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or
resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
“Runner” refers to a scaffold bracing, which extends horizontally from post to post
forming right angles with the bearer and forms a tie between the posts.
“Scaffold” refers to a temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or
suspended, used for access and/or working at considerable heights above ground.

251 | P a g e
 “Supported Scaffold” means one or more platforms supported by outrigger
beams, posts, legs, posts, frames or similar rigid support.
“Suspended Scaffold” means one or more platforms supported by ropes or other
non-rigid means from an overhead structure(s).
“Trestle Scaffold” refers to scaffolds in which the supports for the platform are
step ladders, tripods or similar movable contrivances.
1414.02: General Provisions.

2.1 General Requirements

Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and
strength for the purpose for which it is intended; Timber used for scaffolds shall
be in good condition, the bark completely stripped off, and not painted or
treated in any manner that defects cannot be easily seen; and All materials
and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for re-use shall be kept under good
condition and separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds.

1414.12: Fall Protection.

For Supported Scaffold
Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any scaffold 2m (6 feet) or more above
ground. Personnel performing work from a supported scaffold shall be protected by
guardrail from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold. Open sides and
ends shall be allowed when the scaffold distance is 25 cm (10 in) or less from the
structure being worked on.
Fall Arrest System - Personal fall-arrest systems used on scaffolds are to be attached
by lanyard to a vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or any rigid structural
member. When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to a fixed safe point
of anchorage, independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp edges and
abrasion. Safe points of anchorage include structural members of 346 buildings, but
not standpipes, vents, electrical conduit, etc., which may give way under the force of
a fall. Two or more vertical lifelines shall not be attached to each other, or to the same
point of anchorage.

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 When horizontal lifelines are used, they shall be secured to two or more structural
members. Life lines shall be made of good quality manila rope of at least 1.9 cm (3/4
in.) diameter or equivalent material such as nylon rope of at least 1.27 cm (1/2 in)
diameter and shall be of sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs (2500 lbs)
without breaking.
Guardrail System - Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides
and ends of platforms, and must be in place before the scaffold is released for
use by personnel other than erection/dismantling crews. Walkways located within
a scaffold shall have guardrail systems installed within 24cm (9½ in.) of and along
at least one side of the walkway. Each toprail or equivalent member of a guardrail
system shall be able to withstand a force of at least 100 kg (220 pounds) applied
in any downward or horizontal direction, at any point along its top edge.
The height of toprails on supported scaffolds shall be 91 cm (36 in.). Midrails,
screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, etc., shall be able
to withstand a force of at least 68 kg (150 pounds) applied in any downward or
horizontal direction, at any point along the midrail or other member. Guardrails
shall not be rough to prevent punctures or lacerations to personnel and to prevent
snagging of clothing, which may cause personnel to lose their balance.Ends of
rails shall not extend beyond their terminal posts, unless they do not constitute a
projection hazard to personnel. Crossbracing may serve as a midrail when its
crossing point is between 50 and 75 cm (20 and 30 in) above the work platform
and install toprail. Crossbracing may serve as a toprail when its crossing point is
between 96 and 122 cm (38 and 48 in.) above the work platform and install
midrail.
For Suspended Scaffold
Fall protection equipment shall be provided on anysuspended scaffold 2m (6
feet) or more above ground.
Fall Arrest System - Personal fall-arrest systems used on suspended scaffolds
shall be attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or any rigid
structural member. On suspended scaffolds with horizontal lifelines that may

253 | P a g e
 become vertical lifelines, the devices used to connect to the horizontal lifeline
shall be capable of locking in both directions.
Erectors and Dismantlers
Employers shall provide fall protection for personnel erecting, installing or
dismantling scaffolds, where it is feasible and when using it does not create a
greater hazard.
Competent Person
The employer shall designate a competent person, who shall be responsible for
determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for personnel
erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds.
Source:
https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf

Rules & Cite

https//www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf( title AMENDING
RULES 1414 ON SCAFFOLDINGS OF THE 1989 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS, AS AMENDED page 331

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

254 | P a g e
 MODULE 9: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

Image-source:
https://supremepipe.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/scaffolding-pipe-clamp-parts-construction-site-with-scaffold-tower-building-1.jpg

OBJECTIVES

• To improve workplace safety and efficiency by gaining a comprehensive

understanding of scaffolding, including its definition, classification, hazards, parts,
specific requirements, and amended rule 1414. This also involves ensuring
design stability, conducting regular inspections and tagging, understanding the
use of tube and coupler scaffold, wall ties and anchorage, applying common
safety considerations, practicing ladder safety, implementing guardrail systems
and fall protection, protecting against falling objects, maintaining clearance from
power lines, and exploring other types of scaffolds.

255 | P a g e
9. A. Definition of Scaffold

“Scaffold” refers to a temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or

suspended, used for access and/or working at considerable heights above ground. This
temporarily support system during construction, repair, maintenance, or other activities
that involve working at elevated heights, made up with poles, platforms, braces, and
connectors, which together create a stable platform.

Department Order No. 128 -13: Amending Rule 1414 of the 1989 Occupational Safety
and Health Standards, As Amended

9. B. Classification of Scaffolds

• Supported Scaffolds
are platforms supported by legs, outrigger
beams, brackets, poles, uprights, posts,
frames, or similar rigid support.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%
2F%2Fweeklysafety.com%2Fblog%2Fsupported-
scaffolds&psig=AOvVaw1MJmV_rO9Fx1ILk0C8T
PSa&ust=1693971257686000&source=images&c
• Mobile Scaffolds- Mobile scaffolds, also
d=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCK
CGyurEkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
known as rolling scaffolds or portable
scaffolds, are a highly practical solution for
construction, maintenance, and repair tasks
that require frequent repositioning within a
job site. These scaffolds are characterized
by their wheel or caster-equipped base,
allowing for effortless mobility without the
need for disassembly. This flexibility and
ease of movement make mobile scaffolds
an efficient choice for accessing different areas within a workspace while
maintaining a secure and stable work platform.

https://quickally.com.au/tradie-products/mobile-scaffold

256 | P a g e
 • Suspended Scaffolds- Suspended scaffolds set
apart from other scaffolds is their unique suspension
mechanism. These scaffolds are hung or suspended
from overhead supports, typically using ropes,
cables, chains, or powered systems like electric or
hydraulic hoists. The working platforms, where tasks
like exterior building maintenance, window washing,
painting, and repairs are carried out, are a defining
feature of suspended scaffolds. To maintain stability
and balance, counterweights are frequently used on
the opposite end of the platform from where workers
are positioned. Powered suspended scaffolds https://www.osha.gov/etools/scaffoldi
ng/suspended/multi-level
employ hoisting equipment, such as winches or
motors, to raise and lower the platform, ensuring
precise access to elevated work areas.

• System Scaffolds- often known as

modular scaffolds, are scaffolding
systems that utilize standardized
components such as frames, braces,
and connectors that can be assembled
in various configurations. These
https://www.enigma-is.com/haki-
components provide a high degree of scaffolding-system/

flexibility, enabling the scaffold to adapt to different project needs. One common
type of system scaffold is the cup lock scaffold, which employs a locking system
to secure horizontal components like ledgers and transoms to vertical standards.
System scaffolds are favored for their ease of assembly, versatility, and suitability
for a wide range of applications, from basic construction tasks to complex scaffold
structures.

257 | P a g e
 • Specialty Scaffolds- encompass a diverse
range of scaffolding systems tailored to meet
specific and often unique project
requirements. These scaffolds are designed
for specialized applications, such as shoring
scaffolds used to support the weight of a
building during construction or temporary
roof scaffolds that provide weather
protection for roofing tasks. Other examples
include marine scaffolds for shipyard
applications and mast climbing scaffolds for
https://www.layher.co.nz/liquid-yacht-
large-scale projects. lightweight-scaffolding/

• Cantilever Scaffolds- are a

specialized type of scaffolding
system designed for situations
where workers need access to
elevated work areas above an
obstacle, such as a wall or
parapet. Unlike traditional
https://www.youtube.com/watch
scaffolds supported from the ?app=desktop&v=QAPZmArBw
nk
ground, cantilever scaffolds are anchored to a structure or building on one end,
while the other end extends horizontally over the obstacle. They provide a safe
and stable working platform, allowing workers to perform tasks efficiently in
challenging spaces where other scaffold types might be impractical.

258 | P a g e
Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2
F%2Fwww.defenal.com%2Fproducts%2Ftube-
coupler-scaffold.html&psig=AOvVaw1hn-8gPNsCk-
uqmKGryyjW&ust=1693978540204000&source=im
ages&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFw
Tube and coupler scaffolds, also known as tube and
oTCJC58_rfkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE clamp scaffolds, are
a highly versatile and traditional scaffolding system extensively used in
construction, maintenance, and renovation projects. They are characterized by
their use of tubes (pipes) and couplers (clamps) to create a robust and adaptable
framework. Tubes, available in various lengths and diameters, serve as the
vertical and horizontal members, while couplers securely connect these
components. This scaffold type offers a customized and sturdy platform for
workers at elevated heights. Key components include ledgers and transoms,
which provide support and serve as platforms for scaffold planks or boards.
Additionally, guardrails and toe boards enhance safety by preventing falls and the
potential dropping of tools or materials. Tube and coupler scaffolds excel in
versatility, adaptability to complex structures, sturdiness, and durability, making
them ideal for a wide range of job site requirements and access challenges.

259 | P a g e
9. C. Hazards in the use of the Scaffolding

Fall Hazards Falls from heights are one of the most significant hazards when
working on scaffolding. Workers can slip, trip, or lose their balance, leading to
serious injuries or fatalities.

Instability or Collapse: If scaffolding is not properly

erected, braced, or secured, it can collapse or
become unstable, endangering workers and causing
equipment and material to fall.

Struck-By Hazards: Workers on scaffolding are at

risk of being struck by falling tools, materials, or
debris from higher levels.

Electrical Hazards: Scaffolds located near power

lines Electrical equipment can pose electrical
hazards, especially if workers or equipment come
into contact with live wires.

Incorrect Assembly and Disassembly: If

scaffolding is not properly erected or dismantled
according to manufacturer guidelines and industry
standards, it can lead to structural weaknesses and
hazards.

260 | P a g e
 Lack of Guardrails and Fall Protection:
Insufficient guardrails, mid-rail, and personal
fall arrest systems can increase the risk of falls
from scaffolds.

Unstable Ground Conditions: If the

scaffold's base plates are not properly
supported on stable ground or if the ground
shifts during work, the scaffold's stability can
be compromised.

Overloading: Exceeding the scaffold's

weight capacity by placing too much
equipment, materials, or workers on it can
cause structural failure.

9. D. Parts of Scaffolding

Scaffolding consists of various components that work together to create a

safe and stable platform for workers to perform tasks at elevated heights. The
specific parts of scaffolding can vary depending on the type and design of the
scaffold, but here are some common components.

261 | P a g e
Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fmedium.com%2F%40neenaahuja9393%2Fscaffold-ledger-defination-and-bascis
5e0d19dc5c29&psig=AOvVaw0ufPBC347Aly8375jtbmhF&ust=1692671408738000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoT
CPDXgMLa7IADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

Standards (Uprights): Vertical posts that serve as the main vertical supports of
the scaffold. They are placed at intervals along the length of the scaffold and
provide the vertical structure.

Ledgers (Horizontal Members): Horizontal crosspieces that connect the

standards, providing the framework for the scaffold's width. They help distribute
the load and provide stability.

Transoms: Horizontal crosspieces that connect

ledgers and provide additional support to the
scaffold's structure. They also serve as platforms
for workers.

262 | P a g e
 Diagonal Braces: Angled braces that connect
standards and ledgers diagonally. They improve
the scaffold's stability by preventing lateral
movement and swaying.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2
Fbiljax.com%2Fproduct%2Fdiagonal-
braces&psig=AOvVaw0X1MCwFMTXU2bw6gITD9R_&
ust=1693981093509000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=
89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIirpLzpkoEDFQAA
AAAdAAAAABAE
Base Plates: Plates are placed under the
scaffold's standards to provide a stable
foundation and distribute the scaffold's weight
onto the ground.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3
A%2F%2Fgeorgeroberts.com%2Fproducts%
2Ftraditional-scaffolding%2Fscaffold-
fittings%2Fen74-scaffolding-base-
plate%2F&psig=AOvVaw07YCeW8Xl6CyjB8d
Scaffold Boards (Planks): Wooden or metal
UY69OV&ust=1693981155150000&source=i
platforms that provide the working surface for
mages&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQj
RxqFwoTCLCj5NnpkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAA
workers. They are placed on the ledgers and
BAE
transoms to create a stable platform.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3
A%2F%2Fwww.indiamart.com%2Fproddetail%
2Fscaffolding-steel-plank-
12818428812.html&psig=AOvVaw1IuXOxcEnK
j1x7K9W4jlRH&ust=1693981275407000&sourc
Guardrails: Horizontal and vertical railings are
e=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBA
installed along the open sides of the scaffold to
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BAE workers from falling off the platform.
prevent

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%3A%2F%2Fsavageequipmentleasing.co
m%2Fproduct%2F5ft-scaffolding-guard-
rail-
grail5%2F&psig=AOvVaw0E4ODFdijuaSfy
be59lsy9&ust=1693981359664000&source
=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0C
BAQjRxqFwoTCPjkxLvqkoEDFQAAAAAdA
263 | P a g e AAAABAE
 Toe-boards: Low barriers that are attached along
the edges of the scaffold platforms to prevent
tools, materials, and debris from falling off and
posing a hazard to workers below.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%
2F%2Fsafefence.co.uk%2Ftower-toe-board-
Base Tie: set.html&psig=AOvVaw1cemfTmH-
A device used to secure the scaffold to the
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building or rce=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQ
structure to prevent the scaffold from swaying
jRxqFwoTCKjFs_rqkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK
or becoming unstable.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.constructionproductsonline.co.uk
%2Fscaffolding-tube-
ties&psig=AOvVaw2FnAiqZPpaAYnuQD7pOEYr
&ust=1693981693031000&source=images&cd=
vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIjkot
Couplers and Clamps: Connectors are used to join scaffold
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components together securely. They may be used to connect
standards, ledgers, transoms, and other parts.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2
F%2Fwww.gbmitaly.com%2Faccessories%2Fscaffo
ldings-couplings&psig=AOvVaw0Psq-n8TJr1-
sAY0lnTIXQ&ust=1693981838481000&source=ima
ges&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoT
CJi7y5_skoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
Adjustable Legs or Screw Jacks: Devices are placed under
the base plates to adjust the scaffold's height and level it on
uneven ground.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%
3A%2F%2Fwww.ubuy.com.ph%2Fproduct%2
F155X0U8EO-24-in-leveling-jack-8-
pack&psig=AOvVaw0LiKAwUpjLJ-
RYRMq0LcUL&ust=1693981914750000&sou
rce=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0C
BAQjRxqFwoTCJCZhMTskoEDFQAAAAAdA
AAAABAJ

264 | P a g e
 Outriggers: Extendable support arms that provide extra
stability for the scaffold, particularly in situations where the
scaffold needs to be extended beyond its base.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fscaffoldmart.com%2Fscaffolding-scaffold-
outrigger.html&psig=AOvVaw19cNKQiFFuROYhDKft
VhiG&ust=1693982053210000&source=images&cd=
vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCPi8hYbtk
oEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
Ladders or Staircases: Access points for workers to
climb up and down the scaffold safely.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.hunanworld.com%2Fframe-scaffolding-
staircase.html&psig=AOvVaw06rsnAzJOoMZqVBB
Q7cdXM&ust=1693982135507000&source=images
&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCM
Dsn63tkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK
Hoists and Pulleys: Equipment is used to raise and lower
materials and tools to different levels of the scaffold.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3
A%2F%2Ffacadly.com%2Fproduct%2Fscaffol
ding-hoist-pulley-
wheel%2F&psig=AOvVaw0UOWXvxrhjiGHx9f
Anchors and Tie-Off Points: Secure attachment points
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for personal fall protection systems, such as harnesses
ages&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRx
qFwoTCJC1xO7tkoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAf
and lanyards.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2
F%2Fsimplifiedsafety.com%2Fblog%2F8-mobile-
anchor-points-to-use-when-working-at-
height%2F&psig=AOvVaw0X_hwmF2D2k8zxA2MJ
VywQ&ust=1693982439406000&source=images&c
d=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOiuj
77ukoEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

265 | P a g e
 Scaffold Tags and Warning Signs: Clearly marked tags and signs indicating the
scaffold's load capacity, inspection status, and any safety warnings.

9. E. Amended rule 1414: Scaffoldings

A. Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and strength

for the purpose for which it is intended.

B. Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the bark completely
stripped off, and not painted or treated in any manner that defects cannot be easily
seen.

C. All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for re-use shall be kept
under good condition and separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds.
(4) Timber/bamboo scaffoldings shall be limited to a height of 20 meters from the
ground or base provided that, over a height of 10 meters, the scaffolding and all
other installations constructed over the scaffolding shall be designed by a
structural engineer and duly approved by the appropriate authority.

D. At heights over 20 meters, structural metals should be used designed by a

structural engineer and duly approved by the appropriate authority.

266 | P a g e
 E. Structural steel when used as load bearing members of scaffolding shall be
destressed at welded or bent joints and design construction approved by the
proper authority.

https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf( title: Construction

Safety, section: 1414, page: 130)

9. F. Specific Requirement of Scaffolding

Employers must provide access when the scaffold platforms are more than
2 feet (0.6 meters) above or below a point of access. Direct access is acceptable
when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches (36 centimeters) horizontally and
not more than 24 inches (61centimeters) vertically from the other surfaces. The
standard prohibits the use of cross braces as a means of access.

• Timber/bamboo scaffolds - limited to a height of 6 meters from the ground or base.

Over 6 meters height, steel scaffolds shall be used.
• Manufactured scaffolds- more than 6 meters in height - shall be designed by
structural engineer and approved by appropriate authority.
• Site fabricated supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a working load
of 150 kg/sqm designed and inspected by the structural engineer and approved
by the appropriate authority.
• Suspended scaffolds shall be designed and inspected by a structural engineer if
site fabricated.
• Fall protection equipment - required when working at a height of 2 meters. Over
10 meters, workers are required to use fall arrest equipment.

All personnel involved in scaffolding activities shall have appropriate training and
certification.

9. G. Design and Stability of scaffolding

A. Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting at least

four (4) times the maximum intended load
B. Suspended scaffolds – six (6) times the factor of safety

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C. All scaffolds designed by structural engineer shall be approved by appropriate
authority

9. H. Inspection and Tagging

Inspection and tagging shall be performed by qualified or competent person;

Green Tag – I will be hung on scaffolds that have been inspected and are safe for use.
A green “SAFE FOR USE” tag(s), and should be attached to the scaffold at each access
point after the initial inspection is complete.

Yellow Tag – tag(s), will replace all green “Safe Scaffold” tag(s) whenever the scaffold
has been modified to meet work requirements, and as a result, could present a hazard
to the user. This tag indicates special requirements for safe use.

Red – Danger – Unsafe for Use tag(s), will be used during erection or dismantling when
the scaffold is left unattended and replace all green “Safe for Use ” tag(s) or yellow
“Caution / Hazard “ tag(s) in the event a scaffold has been deemed unfit for use.

9. I. Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

Tube and coupler scaffolds are modular structures used in construction

and maintenance. They consist of steel tubes and specialized couplers that
connect the tubes together. Key components include vertical tubes (standards),
horizontal tubes (ledgers), diagonal tubes (braces), and various coupler types.

268 | P a g e
 This system offers versatility, allowing customization for different shapes and
sizes. Tube and coupler scaffolds are stable, can bear heavy loads, and are
durable. They require proper engineering, assembly, and inspection for safety.
Workers need training to use them correctly, and fall protection features like
guardrails are essential. Following guidelines and regulations is crucial for safe
usage.

Tube Scaffolds

Steel Tubes (Pipes)

Vertical tubes (standards) form the main vertical support

of the scaffold.

Horizontal tubes (ledgers) provide lateral support and

connect the vertical tubes.

Diagonal tubes (braces) add stability and prevent swaying.

Coupler Scaffolds

Couplers or Clamps:

Couplers are specialized fittings that connect the tubes

securely at various angles and positions.

Different types of couplers include swivel couplers, right-

angle couplers, putlog couplers, and sleeve couplers.

Image-source: https://www.buttweldingfitting.com/sale-36867081-astm-304l-316l-304-310s-321-2507-seamless-stainless-steel-pipe-
tube.html
https://radonscaffolding.com/scaffolding-products/fittings-and-couplers/

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Wall ties and Anchorage

Wall ties are connectors that link two parallel walls together, typically in
cavity wall construction. They are used to maintain the stability of the outer and
inner walls while allowing them to move slightly independently. The space
between the walls is known as the cavity, and wall ties span this gap. Wall ties
help prevent the outer wall from bowing out and ensure that the walls remain
aligned and stable.

Types of Wall Ties

Brick-to-Brick Ties:

These ties connect two masonry walls, often brick or

block walls, ensuring they work together structurally.

Cavity Wall Ties:

Used in cavity wall construction, these ties span the

cavity between the outer and inner walls, preventing
bulging and maintaining structural integrity.

Timber Frame Ties:

These ties secure timber frames to masonry walls,

maintaining a solid connection between different
materials.

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Restraint Ties: Restraint ties prevent horizontal movement
between walls, particularly in areas susceptible to high winds or
seismic activity.
Image-source: https://www.labc.co.uk/news/installing-cavity-wall-ties-
masonry-walls
https://www.massfoamsystems.co.uk/blog/cavity-wall-insulation-problems/
https://www.greatlakes-global.com/frame-scaffolding
https://www.scaffolding-direct.co.uk/screw-in-eyebolt-12mm-x-120mm/

Anchorage

Anchorage refers to the methods and components used to secure

structural elements to a stable base or foundation. Anchorage is crucial to prevent
structures from moving or collapsing under various loads and forces. Anchorage
methods vary depending on the type of structure, load, and other factors.
Common examples of anchorage include

• Foundation Anchors: Anchors secure a building's foundation to the

ground, preventing it from shifting due to soil settlement or lateral forces.
• Structural Steel Anchors: Bolts, fasteners, and connectors anchor steel
structural elements to foundations, walls, or other components.
• Concrete Anchors: Expansion bolts, wedge anchors, and epoxy anchors
are used to secure structural elements to concrete surfaces.
• Seismic Anchors: In seismic regions, specialized anchors and tie-down
systems are used to prevent buildings from toppling during earthquakes.
• Guy Wires: In structures like communication towers, guy wires anchor the
structure to the ground, providing stability against wind loads.

Both wall ties and anchorage are critical considerations in construction to create safe,
stable, and durable structures. Engaging qualified engineers and following established
best practices is essential to ensure proper installation and compliance with safety
standards.

RULES AND CITE: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.451 (Title: General requirements,

Section: 1926)

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Stability of Scaffoldings

Strength and Stability of Scaffolds Every scaffold shall:

a) Be capable of supporting twice the maximum load to which it may be

subjected without exceeding the allowable unit stresses of the materials used.

b) Have all standards diagonally and horizontally braced to prevent lateral

movement; and

c) Have no splices between the points of support of horizontal members and

secured to prevent lateral movement.

Design of Scaffoldings

The design of scaffolding systems is a meticulous process that

encompasses several crucial steps and considerations to ensure the safety and
functionality of the structure. It commences with a thorough evaluation of the
project's specific needs, taking into account factors such as the type of work,
working height, load capacity, and architectural intricacies of the structure.
Regulatory compliance is of paramount importance, necessitating a
comprehensive understanding of local, national, and industry-specific regulations
and standards governing scaffolding design and construction.

Load calculations are essential to determine the anticipated loads the

scaffold will bear, encompassing the combined weight of workers, equipment, and
materials. This data guides the selection of scaffold components, including
standards, ledgers, transoms, frames, and braces, ensuring they are rated to
handle the calculated loads and are compatible with each other. Detailed design
drawings or blueprints are then created, outlining the scaffold's layout,
dimensions, elevations, and component placements.

Stability and bracing considerations are paramount, as the scaffold's

structural integrity must be maintained to prevent swaying, shifting, or collapse.
Working platforms, typically composed of planks or boards, are meticulously

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 designed to provide a secure and even surface for workers, adequately supported
by transoms and ledgers. Guardrails, including top rails, mid rails, and toe boards,
are integrated along all open edges of the scaffold platforms to prevent falls and
ensure worker safety.

Access and egress points are strategically planned to facilitate safe entry
and exit from the scaffold, with options such as stairs, ladders, or ramps designed
to meet safety requirements. The design also incorporates provisions for regular
inspections and maintenance throughout the scaffold's use, ensuring ongoing
safety and compliance with standards and regulations. In essence, scaffold
design is a comprehensive process that demands meticulous planning and
adherence to safety protocols to create a secure and functional platform for
construction, maintenance, and renovation tasks.

RULE & CITE: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf (Title: Strength and

Stability of Scaffolds, Section: 1414.03, Page: 131)

INSPECTION AND TAGGING

Scaffold tags are used to protect the lives of your workers. It identifies if a scaffold
is safe or unsafe for use. Follow the guidelines below when tagging scaffolds.
A. Inspection and tagging of the scaffold are to be performed by a
competent person experienced in the erection of the scaffold.
B. A unique scaffold identification tag number must be clearly identified
on all tags for tracking purposes.
C. All scaffolds shall be inspected after the erection per regulatory
requirements.
D. All scaffold identification tags will be of a solid green, yellow, or red
color with black lettering.
E. Front information displayed and completed for each tag.

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Green Scaffold tags

Tags will be hung on scaffolds that have been inspected and are safe for use. A
green “SAFE FOR USE” tag(s), and should be attached to the scaffold at each
access point after the initial inspection is complete.

Image-source:https://safetyculture.com/wp-content/media/2018/06/scaffolding-tag-green.png

Yellow Scaffolds Tags

“CAUTION” tag(s), will replace all green “Safe Scaffold” tag(s) whenever the scaffold
has been modified to meet work requirements, and as a result, could present a hazard
to the user. This tag indicates special requirements for safe use.

Image-source:https://safetyculture.com/wp-content/media/2018/06/scaffolding-tag-green.png

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Red Scaffolds Tags

“DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE” tag(s), will be used during erection or dismantling
when the scaffold is left unattended and replace all green “Safe for Use ” tag(s) or yellow
“Caution / Hazard “ tag(s) in the event a scaffold has been deemed unfit for use.

Image-source: https://safetyculture.com/wp-content/media/2018/06/scaffolding-tag-green.png

9. K. Safety Consideration Common to Scaffolds

Safety considerations are of utmost importance when working with

scaffolds to protect workers and prevent accidents. A key safety consideration is
ensuring that only trained and competent personnel are involved in scaffold
assembly, disassembly, and use. Adequate training covering scaffold assembly,
inspection, fall protection, and hazard awareness is essential to equip workers
with the necessary knowledge and skills. Compliance with local, national, and
industry-specific safety regulations and standards is non-negotiable.

Regular scaffold inspections, conducted by competent individuals, both before

each use and after any modifications or exposure to adverse weather conditions,
are crucial. Addressing any defects or issues promptly is essential for maintaining
safety. Adherence to the scaffold's load capacity is critical; overloading can
compromise its stability and lead to accidents.

The use of guardrails, toe boards, and fall protection systems, including
harnesses and lanyards, is imperative to prevent falls from scaffold platforms.
Secure access points, such as stairs, ladders, or ramps, should be provided for

275 | P a g e
 workers to enter and exit safely. Additionally, measures to protect against falling
objects, such as debris netting or tool tethers, should be in place to safeguard
workers and those below the scaffold. Regular safety meetings and clear
communication among workers further enhance safety awareness and
compliance on the job site.

9. L. Ladder Safety

Ladders are great pieces of equipment. Nearly everyone has one at home
or in the workplace. However, it may pose a threat to an individual’s safety if not
used correctly. should be used for simple access jobs for a short duration.
Otherwise, an alternative can be used in place of a ladder such as scaffoldings or
an elevated work platform. But if ladders are the only option, the following
precautions should be taken:

9. M. Five Rules of ladder Safety

1. Select the right ladder for the job.

2. Inspect ladder before you use it.
3. Set up the ladder with care.
4. Climb and descend ladders cautiously.
a. Face ladder and hold on with both hands.
b. Carry tools on belt or raise and lower with hand line
c. Check shoes and rungs for slippery surfaces.
5. Use safe practices when working on a ladder.
a. Always hold on with one hand and never reach too far to either side or rear
to maintain balance.
b. Never climb higher than the second step from top on a stepladder or third
from the top on a straight ladder.
c. Never attempt to move, shift, or extend ladder while in use

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 Proper Placement: Ensure the ladder is placed on a stable, level surface. Use
leg levelers or stabilizers on uneven ground to maintain stability.

Three-Point Contact: Always maintain three points of contact

(two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand) while climbing
or descending a ladder.

Weight Limit: Never exceed

the ladder's weight capacity,
including your own weight,
tools, and materials.

Face the Ladder: Always face the ladder while climbing up

or down. Avoid overreaching; reposition the ladder instead.

Image-source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.mysafetylabels.com%2Fmaintain-3-point-contact-while-climbing-ladders-label%2Fsku-lb-

2690&psig=AOvVaw0eOO3f82BeElmFXp481izJ&ust=1692671645953000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIDHmrPb7IADFQAAAAAdA

AAAABAE https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fsafesitehq.com%2Fosha-ladder-

safety%2F&psig=AOvVaw1amqdaYRni7SvbZr5wOFvz&ust=1692671774295000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOjkrPDb7IADFQAAA

AAdAAAAABAE https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fround-lake.dustinice.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.dir.ca.gov%2Fdosh%2Fetools%2F08-

001%2Fsafework.htm&psig=AOvVaw2MpmhcHD9dFmv42ot93q18&ust=1692671881807000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOib0qPc

7IADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

277 | P a g e
9. N. Guardrail System/Fall Protection

Guardrail System

A guardrail system is a safety barrier designed to prevent falls from elevated

surfaces such as rooftops, platforms, balconies, and construction sites. It typically
consists of vertical posts, horizontal rails, and toe boards. Guardrail systems are
commonly used in various industries to protect workers, pedestrians, and others
from potential falls.

Fall Protection: Fall protection refers to the

measures and equipment put in place to prevent
and mitigate the risk of falls from heights. It's a
critical aspect of workplace safety, especially in
industries where employees work on elevated
surfaces. Fall protection measures may include
guardrails, safety nets, personal fall arrest systems (harnesses, lanyards, and
anchors), and other safety equipment.

When it comes to workplace safety, especially in industries like construction,

manufacturing, and maintenance, both guardrail systems and fall protection
strategies are crucial to ensure the well-being of workers and prevent accidents.

9. O. Falling Object Protection

Falling Object Protection: Falling object protection is a safety concept and set
of measures designed to prevent objects from falling from elevated surfaces and
causing injury or damage to people, property, or
equipment below. This is particularly important in
construction, industrial, and other work
environments where objects can be dropped
accidentally from heights.

• Hardhats
• Barricades to exclude working below

278 | P a g e
 • Toe boards at edges of platforms
• Provision of panels and screens
• Canopies

Toe Boards: Toe boards are barriers attached

to the edge of elevated surfaces to prevent
tools, equipment, and materials from
accidentally falling off.

Safety Nets: Safety nets are placed below

elevated work areas to catch falling objects and
prevent them from reaching the ground. They
provide a protective barrier for workers below.

Barricades: Temporary barricades can be

set up around work areas to prevent
unauthorized access and keep people out of
the potential danger zone.

Tool Tethers and Lanyards: Workers can

secure their tools and equipment to their person
using tethers and lanyards. This prevents tools
from being dropped accidentally.

Overhead Protection: In some cases, protective

structures can be installed overhead to shield workers
from objects that could fall from above.

279 | P a g e
 Securing Equipment: Properly securing equipment and
materials on elevated surfaces, such as scaffolding,
platforms, or roofs, is crucial to prevent them from
becoming hazards.

Training and Awareness: Proper training for workers,

contractors, and anyone in the vicinity of elevated work areas can help prevent
accidents related to falling objects. This includes educating workers on proper tool
handling, using lanyards, and following safety protocols.

Regular Inspections: Regularly inspecting work areas, equipment, and safety

measures ensures that everything is in good condition and functioning as
intended.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Workers

may also use helmets or hard hats as part of their
personal protective equipment to protect their heads
from falling objects.

Image Source:
https://fallprotectionxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/harness-stadium.jpg
https://www.safetyrespect.com/wp-content/uploads/safety_fan_scaffolding_safetyrespect_2-1-670x446.jpg
https://www.safetysticklers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/steel-barricade-for-Barricading-in-Construction.jpg
https://www.neverletgo.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/NLG_Tool_Tethering_System.jpg
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*6QzqR7t3lucNnAw3T-zxdA.png
https://www.hseblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Scaffolding-Inspection-How-to-Do-It-and-Why-Its-Important.webp

9. P. Clearance from Power Lines

Regulation

https//www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/issuances/dc2020-02-0002.pdf (TitleTHE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND

REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11361, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "ANTI. OBSTRUCTION OF POWER LINES
ACT',Page 1)

280 | P a g e
 Maintain Safe Distance: Typically, a minimum clearance of 10 feet (3 meters) is
advised between scaffolds and power lines. However, this distance can vary
based on factors like voltage level, weather conditions, and the type of work being
performed.

Contact Utility Companies: Before erecting scaffolds near power lines, contact
the relevant utility companies to ensure you have accurate information about
voltage levels and safe distances. They can provide guidance on maintaining
proper clearances.

Use Non-Conductive Materials: Whenever possible, use scaffolding materials

that are non-conductive, such as fiberglass or wood. This helps minimize the risk
of electrical conductivity and shock.

Implement Barriers and Warnings: If you must set up scaffolds within a certain
distance of power lines, use barriers, signage, and warning tapes to clearly mark
the restricted area and warn workers of the potential danger.

Training and Education: Ensure that workers are well-trained on the risks
associated with working near power lines and understand the safety precautions
to take.

Regular Inspections: Regularly inspect the scaffolds and the surrounding area
to ensure that there are no breaches of the recommended clearance distance.
Address any concerns immediately.

Qualified Personnel: Only qualified and trained personnel should be involved in

setting up, using, and dismantling scaffolds near power lines.

Emergency Response Plan: Have a clear emergency response plan in place in

case of accidental contact between scaffolds or equipment and power lines.

Consider External Forces: Keep in mind that wind, weather conditions, and
movement of equipment can affect the clearance between scaffolds and power
lines. Take these factors into account when determining safe distances.

281 | P a g e
9. Q. Scaffolds Inspection

Scaffolds shall be erected, added, altered or dismantled only under the

supervision of the person in charge of the construction. All materials used in any
scaffold shall be inspected before use. Lumber with two nail holes aligned
crosswise or four nail holes along its length shall not be used as horizontal load-
bearing members of scaffolds. standards. Simply conducting a cursory
examination before using the scaffold does not fulfill the inspection requirement.
A thorough and critical examination is necessary to fulfill the inspection obligation.

9. R. OTHER TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS

Traveling scaffold shall:

• Be of stable construction and weighted at the base to prevent overturning,

• Be used only on firm and even surface,
• Be securely braced,
• Not be moved when any worker is on the scaffold,
• Be moved only from or near the base,

Suspended scaffold shall not be used unless

● the fixed support or outriggers to which

it is attached are capable of supporting
at least four (4) times the maximum
load to which they may be subjected
without exceeding the allowable unit
stresses of the material used; 132
RULE 1410

● the platform is at least 25 cm. wide, suspension points shall not be more than
3 m, apart, and provided with devices to keep the platform at a distance from
the wall to allow working in sitting position.

282 | P a g e
 ● when a suspended scaffold is raised or lowered, it shall have rope pulls
equipped with pulley blocks, and mechanical hoisting equipment with a
positive device to prevent the scaffold from falling freely.

● cantilever, jib, figure and bracket scaffolds:

● Every cantilever or jib scaffold shall be properly supported, fixed and anchored
on opposite side of the supports, have outrigger of designed strength and
properly strutted or braced to ensure rigidity and stability.

● Figure or bracket scaffold shall not be supported or held by dogs, spikes or

similar fixing devices that will pull out.

● Skips, brackets, boatswain chair:

● Skip, bracket, basket and boatswain chair shall not be used as substitutes for
a suspended scaffold unless the work is of such short duration and the work
is under the supervision of the person responsible for the construction.

● No skip, bracket or basket shall be used as a suspended scaffold unless it is:

i. at least 76 cm. deep and ii. either constructed of metal or carried by two
strong bands of metal fastened around the sides and bottom.

Ladder Scaffolds or Ladder Jack Scaffolds:

A ladder scaffold shall be used only when:

(a) the work is of such light nature and the

material required for the work is light and can
be hung on the ladder.

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 (b) the distance between the ladders of the scaffold is less than 3 m.

Trestle Scaffolds: Trestle scaffolds shall not be used

if the working platform is more than 5 m. from the
ground or floor or another surface upon which the
scaffold is erected.

A trestle scaffold shall not be erected on a scaffold platform unless: i. the platform
is sufficiently wide for the transport of materials, ii. the uprights are firmly attached
to the platform and braced to prevent displacement, and iii. designed by a
structural engineer and approved by the proper authority if erected on a scaffold
10 meters or over in height.

No trestle scaffold shall be erected on the suspended scaffold.

Outrigger Scaffold: An outrigger scaffold shall

have: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY 133 (a) its
platform within 8 cm. from the wall and shall have
an outrigger secured against horizontal and vertical
movements.

Bamboo Scaffold:

● Bamboo scaffold may be used for painting or

light construction work constructed and
maintained.
● the material and construction shall be
sufficient to carry at least four (4) times the
imposed load,
● only one worker shall be allowed in any one
span;
● the maximum span between posts shall be 266 cm. (8 ft.)

284 | P a g e
 ● when the height or fall is over 6.6 in. (20 ft.), the use of safety belt shall be
required;
● when erected over a height of 10 meters (30 ft.), the design shall be by a
structural engineer approved by the proper authority and construction shall be
under expert supervision, and the maximum height allowed is 20 meters (60
ft.)

source: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf (Title:

types of scaffolds, section 1414.5 page: 131)

9. R. i. TRAINING AND COMPETENCY REQUIREMENTS

AS per Rule 14.1.1 of OSHS All Scaffolds competent person MUST undergo the
standard scaffold training and assessment prescribed by DOLE-OSHC
Accredited Training Organization and TESDA. · 14.2 Scaffold Erector

All Scaffolds Erectors must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.

Scaffold Erectors shall have the following certification:

a. One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety
training organizations.

b. Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC II. · Under

DO 128-13 Rule 1414.14

Competent Person shall have the following certification:

a. COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training

organizations.

b. Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.

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 Supervision and Inspection of Scaffolds

Scaffold shall be erected, added, altered or dismantled only under the supervision
of the person in charge of the construction.

All materials used in any scaffold shall be inspected before use.

Lumber with two (2) nail holes aligned crosswise or four (4) nail holes along its length
shall not be used as horizontal load bearing member of scaffolds.

Image source
https://cdn.goodao.net/hunanworld/scaffolding-ladder_01.jpg
https://www.scaffoldingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Suspended-Scaffolding.jpg
https://www.seacoastscaffold.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/OUTRIGGER1.jpg

Source: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf (title: Supervision

and inspection of scaffolds, Rule: 1414.02, page: 130)

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

286 | P a g e
 MODULE 10: TEMPORARYSTRUCTURES (ERECTION AND DISMANTLING)

OBJECTIVES
• To ensure a comprehensive understanding and practical application of
scaffold safety protocols by effectively demonstrating the correct dismantling
procedures, utilizing full body harness and components of personal fall arrest
systems, familiarizing oneself with the components of frame and mobile
scaffolds, mastering the sequential process of erecting and dismantling
scaffolds, and accurately applying appropriate tags during scaffold
inspections.

10. C. Familiarization with the components of framed and mobile scaffolds

A Typical System Scaffold being assembled
A Typical system scaffold base in the process of being assembled and leveled

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A Typical Tube and coupler scaffold

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10. D. Sequences of Erecting the Scaffolds and Dismantling of Scaffolds

Erecting Scaffolds

The erection of scaffolds is a systematic process crucial for providing a

safe and stable platform for construction and maintenance tasks at heights. It
typically follows a well-structured sequence to ensure the scaffolding is secure
and compliant with safety standards. First and foremost, a thorough site
assessment is conducted to determine the type of scaffold needed, its location,
and potential hazards. After establishing a solid foundation, base plates or
adjustable feet are positioned to evenly distribute the scaffold's weight. Then,
vertical standards, known as uprights or standards, are erected and securely
connected to the base. The next step involves installing horizontal members,
called ledgers, and diagonal bracing to provide stability. To create a safe working
surface, scaffold boards or decking are placed across the ledgers. Guardrails, toe
boards, and safety netting are added to enhance worker safety. Throughout the
erection process, meticulous attention is paid to the proper assembly of
components, ensuring they are tightly connected, and all connections are locked
securely. Following erection, a final inspection is carried out to verify the scaffold's
stability and adherence to safety regulations before it is deemed fit for use.

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Dismantling Scaffolds

Dismantling scaffolds is equally important and must be done meticulously

to avoid accidents. The process typically involves reversing the sequence used in
erection. Starting with the removal of guardrails, decking, and safety netting,
workers then disassemble and detach ledger and brace connections. Vertical
standards are carefully taken down, and base plates or adjustable feet are
removed. Throughout the dismantling process, workers must exercise caution to
prevent components from falling, which can be hazardous to those below. The

scaffold should be systematically and gradually disassembled from the top down,
with all components inspected for damage or wear. Once dismantled, the scaffold
components are properly stored and secured for future use or transported away
from the site. Regular inspection and adherence to safety protocols during both
erection and dismantling are vital to ensure the scaffolding process is carried out
safely and efficiently, reducing the risk of accidents and ensuring a secure working
environment at elevated heights.

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 11: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (Industrial Hygiene)

Objectives
• Learn about Environmental Safety
• Identify types of hazardous materials and how exposures can occur.
• Identify hazards associated with hazardous materials, including injuries that may
occur.
• Describe methods for eliminating health hazards of hazardous materials.
• Familiarized with SDS Content

I. IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS
11. A. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and

controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness. Industrial
hygienists use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of
worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other methods to
control potential health hazards.
11. B. HEALTH HAZARDS

Health hazards are conditions, substances, or situations that have the potential
to injure or negatively impact a person's physical, mental, or emotional well-being. These
hazards can endanger a person's health in a variety of ways, including producing injuries,

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diseases, or chronic health disorders. Health risks can be encountered in a variety of
locations, including the job, the home, the outdoors, and leisure activities.
11. C. Classification of Health Hazards
11. C. i. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Organic Solvents
Organic solvents are commonly used in
construction for tasks like painting,
varnishing, and adhesive application.
Workers can be exposed through
inhalation of vapors or skin contact
when handling these substances.
Examples: Paint thinners, acetone, toluene.

Potential Occupational Exposure: Painters, carpenters, and workers

involved in surface preparation and
finishing tasks.
Acids
Acids are used in construction for tasks such
as masonry cleaning and etching. Exposure
can occur through inhalation of acidic vapors
or skin contact during handling.

Examples: Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid.

Potential Occupational Exposure: Masons, bricklayers, and workers
performing surface treatment.

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 Dust

Dust is a common hazard in construction,

arising from activities like concrete
cutting, sawing wood, and demolition.
Inhalation of dust particles is the primary
exposure route.

Examples: Silica dust, wood dust,

asbestos fibers.

Potential Occupational Exposure: Carpenters, concrete workers, and

those involved in demolition and renovation projects.

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals, such as lead and

cadmium, can be released during
welding and cutting operations. Workers
may inhale metal fumes or come into
contact with metals through skin
exposure.

Examples: Lead from lead-based paints, cadmium from welding.

Potential Occupational Exposure: Welders, painters, and workers

engaged in demolition and renovation activities.

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 Gases

Construction sites may contain hazardous

gases, including carbon monoxide (CO)
from equipment exhaust. Inhalation is the
primary route of exposure.

Examples: Carbon monoxide from

gasoline-powered tools, welding fumes.

Potential Occupational Exposure: Equipment operators, welders, and

workers in confined spaces where gas buildup is a concern.

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11. C. ii. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Noise

Unwanted sound is a form of vibration

conducted through solids, liquids, or
gases. The level of noise in an industrial
operation can constitute a physical
hazard to the exposed workers. The
extent of the hazard depends not only on Image-source: https://img.freepik.com/free-
photo/young-bearded-builder-man-construction-
the overall noise level but also on the time uniform-safety-helmet-covering-ears-with-
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which the worker is exposed. 3791036~hmac=df22f4ac84cfa711191cfe8308b
3b2f1825084d010140f9f529c6bc74fb3056e

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 Types of noise

● Continuous noise is a steady state noise with negligible level fluctuations

during the period of observation.

● Intermittent noise levels shift significantly during observation.

● Impact noise consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each lasting
less than one second.

Factors that can influence noise exposure. A number of factors can

influence the effects of noise exposure. These include:

● variation in individual susceptibility

● the total energy of the sound

● the frequency distribution of the sound

● other characteristics of the noise exposure, such as whether it is

continuous, intermittent, or made up of a series of impacts

● the total daily duration of exposure

Excessive vibration

A body is said to vibrate when it is in an

oscillating motion about a reference point.
The number of times a complete motion
cycle takes place during the period of one
second is called the frequency and is
Image-source:
measured in hertz (Hz). Vibration usually https://www.constructionbusinessowner.com/sites/default/files/
main_image/hilti4.jpg
refers to the inaudible acoustic
phenomena, which are recognized by through touch and feeling. It is a vector
quantity described by both a magnitude and direction.

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 Portable meters are available for vibration measurements. These usually provide
readouts that must be compared to the appropriate standards.
Inadequate illumination

Inadequate lighting on construction

sites can increase the risk of accidents
and injuries. Construction workers
operating in poorly lit areas, such as
tunnels or excavation sites, may face
tripping hazards or errors in tasks due
to insufficient illumination.
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• Luminance - a measure of light coming from a source

• Reflectance - the ability of a surface to return light.

• Glare is caused by bright light sources which can be seen by looking in the
range from straight-ahead to 450 above the horizontal. There are two types
of glares: direct and reflected.

• Direct Glare is produced when light is positioned at the surface. It can be

prevented by correct installation of lighting fittings, installing louvers below
the light source, enclosing the lamps in bowl reflectors, and opaque or
prismatic shades.

• Reflected Glare is produced when light is reflected off a shiny surface. It

may be addressed by providing indirect lighting.

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 Sources of light

There are two sources of light:

• Daylight, also called natural light depends on the availability at the

location and weather conditions.

• Electric Light can come from:

o Light-emitting diodes (LED) lamps
o Fluorescent lamps or tube
o intensity discharge or mercury
o Incandescent lamps or bulbs

Types of Lighting

Illumination can also be viewed in terms of:

• General lighting - illuminating the entire premises

• Local lighting - directing light on a particular object that you are

working with.

Factors in determining the quantity of light:

• Nature of work - more light will be required if one is working with

small objects.
• Environment - the ability of the surrounding surfaces to reflect light.
• Eyesight of the workers - the ability of the eye to adjust rapidly to
different distances declines as people grow older.

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 Extreme temperature

Extreme temperatures (extreme heat

and extreme cold) affect the amount of
work that people can do and the
manner in which they do it. In industry,
the problem is more often high
temperatures rather than low Image-source:
https://creativemarket.com/frogella1/706
temperatures.
0740-Male-character-in-hot-and-cold

The body continuously produces heat through its metabolic processes. Since the
body processes are designed to operate only within a very narrow range of
temperature, the body must dissipate this heat as rapidly as it is produced if it is
to function efficiently. A sensitive and rapidly acting set of temperature-sensing
devices in the body must also control the rates of its temperature-regulating
processes.

Heat stress may be experienced by workers exposed to excessive heat arising

from work. Workers at risk of heat stress include outdoor workers and workers in
hot environments such as firefighters, bakery workers, farmers, construction
workers, miners, boiler room workers, factory workers, etc., workers aged 65 and
older, those with heart disease, hypertension or those taking medications are at
a greater risk for heat stress.

Heat can be internally generated from internal body sources or external work
factors such as radiation, and hot surfaces of equipment and tools. The internally
generated heat is a product of the processes that occur within the cells, tissues,
and organs in the body.

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 The factors influencing heat stress include:

• Air Temperature - known as the ambient room temperature.

• Air Humidity - the amount of water vapor or moisture content of the air.
• Air Velocity - the rate at which air moves and is important in heat
exchange between the human body and the environment. because of its
role in convective and evaporative heat transfer. Air movement cools the
body by convection, the moving air removes the air film or the saturated air
(which is formed very rapidly by evaporation of sweat) and replaces it with
a fresh air layer, capable of accepting more moisture from the skin.
• Radiant Temperature - the thermal load of solar and infrared radiation in
the human body.
• Physical Workload - may be categorized as light, moderate, or heavy
depending on the task or job activity carried out by the worker
Light work – sitting or standing to control machines.

Moderate work – normal walking, moderate lifting and pushing

Heavy work – intense work of the extremities and trunk such as

shoveling, pushing and pulling heavy loads.

• Work-rest Regimen (Allocation of work in a cycle of work and recovery as

stated in the Screening Criteria for TLVs, ACGIH)

Cold stress. Workers exposed to extreme cold or work in cold environments such
as those in ice plants or freezers may be at risk of cold stress.
When exposed to cold temperatures, the human body loses heat faster than it
can be produced. Prolonged exposure to cold will eventually use up the body’s
stored energy and may result to hypothermia or abnormally low body temperature.

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 Extreme pressure

Construction projects often

require workers to enter confined
spaces like tunnels, underground
utilities, or sewer systems. These
environments can expose
workers to abnormal pressure
conditions, which can have
significant health and safety implications.

Risks Involved:

Hypoxia

Confined spaces may have limited oxygen levels, leading to

hypoxia, a condition where there is insufficient oxygen for normal bodily
functions.

Barotrauma

In underground construction or tunneling projects, workers may

encounter pressure changes due to variations in depth or location within
the confined space. Rapid pressure changes can result in barotrauma,
which can affect the ears, sinuses, and lungs. Symptoms may include ear
pain, sinus discomfort, and difficulty breathing.

Asphyxiation:

In cases where confined spaces are poorly ventilated, workers can

be at risk of asphyxiation due to the buildup of gases like carbon dioxide.
The lack of oxygen in the atmosphere can lead to unconsciousness and
death.

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 Radiation

Various tasks and projects can

lead to potential radiation
exposure, particularly ionizing
radiation. Workers engaged in
activities such as welding, X-
ray inspection, or maintenance
within nuclear facilities may be
at risk of radiation exposure.
This exposure can have
Image-source:https://sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Ionizing-and-
significant health and safety Non-Ionizing-Radiation.png

implications if not properly

managed.

Types of Radiation:

Ionizing Radiation. Recall that the human body is made up of

various chemical compounds, which are in turn composed of molecules
and atoms. Each atom has a nucleus with its own outer system of
electrons. When ionization of body tissues occurs, some of the electrons
surrounding the atoms are forcibly ejected from their orbits. The greater
the intensity of the radiation, the more ions will be created, and the more
physical damage will be done to the cells.

Non-ionizing Radiation. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation

with varying effects on the body, depending largely on the particular
wavelength of the radiation involved. Some examples of the non-ionizing
radiation are: low frequency, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible
radiation, ultraviolet radiation and lasers.

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 11. C. iii. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

Ergonomics is about the

interactions of people with the
machines they operate and their
working environment. It aims to
maximize human performance and
to minimize discomfort,
dissatisfaction and the risk of
musculoskeletal injury.
Simply put, ergonomics is all about fitting the task to the worker. If the
match is poor, the best solution is to redesign the work tasks to make them more
compatible with human characteristics. It is less effective to try to change
employee characteristics, for example by improving selection and training;
A good fit between technological, organizational and human factors is
clearly a goal if good business performance is to be delivered. If these factors can
be balanced productivity will improve, resulting in a competitive advantage
together with health and safety benefits.
The scope of ergonomics is therefore very wide. Some common activities where
ergonomics is important are

• Manual handling of loads;

• Tasks involving repetitive actions;
• The use of display screen equipment, such as when working with
computers.
Ergonomics literally means the customs, habits, and laws of work.
According to the International Labor Organization, it is
“… The application of human biological science in conjunction with the
engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual adjustment of man
[sic] and his [sic] work, the benefits being measured in terms of human
efficiency and well-being.”

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 The ergonomics approach goes beyond productivity, health, and safety. It
includes consideration of the total physiological and psychological demands of
the job upon the worker. It deals with the interaction between humans and
traditional environmental elements as atmospheric contaminants, heat, light,
sound, and all tools and equipment used in the workplace.
The human body can endure considerable discomfort and stress and can
perform many awkward and unnatural movements for a limited period of time.
However, when awkward conditions or motions are continued for prolonged
periods, the physiological limitations of the worker can be exceeded. To ensure a
continued high level of performance, work systems must be tailored to human
capacities and limitations.
Examples of ergonomic hazards are:

Image-source: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DTR_ML3W0AEpbiI.jpg
https://generalchipping.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/pouring_concrete.jpg

Awkward body postures – prolonged sitting, twisted body while bending

Repetitive movements – sewing, cutting, stamping

Static posture – prolonged standing without motion

Forceful motion – extreme pulling and pushing

Manual handling – improper carrying of materials, use of pliers.

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11. C. iv. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Biological hazards are any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or living

organism that can cause a disease in human beings. They can be a part of the
total environment or associated with certain occupations such as medical
professions, food preparation and handling, livestock raising, etc. A fundamental
difference between chemical and biological hazards is that biological agents,
whether bacteria, viruses or molds have the ability in the right conditions to rapidly
replicate themselves. This means that the focus on control is not only avoidance
of contact with the agent, but also on ensuring that conditions favorable for growth
of the organism are prevented. The three main categories of biological agents that
we will be covering examples of, are bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

BACTERIA - single celled

microorganisms that live in soil,
water, and air. There are many
thousands of different types of
bacteria – many are harmless, or
even beneficial, but some bacteria
are pathogenic - that is they cause Image-source:
https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/pain
disease. Examples of diseases caused
/flesh-eating-bacteria/
by bacteria include Legionnaires disease,
various types of food poisoning (e.g., salmonella) and anthrax. Antibiotics
are used to treat bacterial infections.

VIRUSES – tiny parasitic organisms

that can only reproduce within living
cells. They consist of nucleic acids
(RNA or DNA) with a protein coat. The
largest known virus approx. 1000 times
smaller than the average bacteria. Image-source:
https://www.foodstoragemoms.com/what-
Viruses cause many diseases including are-viruses-everything-you-need-to-know/

304 | P a g e
 the common cold, influenza, measles, rabies, hepatitis, and AIDS.
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses but many viral diseases are
controlled by vaccines.

FUNGI – simple plants lacking

chlorophyll and normal plant structures
(e.g., leaves, stems etc.). Fungi include
yeasts, molds, mildews and mushrooms.

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files.com/620e6fc20903c76d73735e50/6
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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a blood-borne
and sexually transmitted virus which
causes inflammation of the liver.
Many infected people have no
symptoms, but others have a flu-like
illness with nausea and jaundice. Image-source:
https://medlineplus.gov/images/HepatitisB_share.jp
Hepatitis B can cause hepatitis
g
(inflammation of the liver) and can also
cause long term liver damage.
Hepatitis B is more common in parts of the world such as south-east
Asia, Africa, the middle and Far East and southern and eastern Europe.
WHO estimates that there are 350 million chronically infected people
world-wide.
The virus may be transmitted by contact with infected blood or body
fluids from an infected person. The failure to clear hepatitis B infection after
six months leads to the chronic carrier state. Many people who become
chronic carriers have no symptoms and are unaware that they are infected.

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 Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a blood-borne
virus that causes inflammation of
the liver. There is no vaccine
available to prevent hepatitis C
infection. Hepatitis C infection
affects different people in different Image-source:
https://medlineplus.gov/images/HepatitisC_share.j
ways; many experiences no pg
symptoms at all while others
experience extreme tiredness. Reported symptoms include fatigue, weight
loss, nausea, 'flu like symptoms, problems concentrating, abdominal pain
and jaundice. It is estimated that around 15-20% of infected people clear
their infections naturally within the first 6 months of infection. For the
remainder, hepatitis C is a chronic infection that can span several decades
and can be life-long.
In the 80-85% of individuals who fail to clear their infections
naturally, the outcome of infection is extremely variable. Many people
never develop any signs or symptoms of liver disease in their lifetime, and
may not even know that they have been infected. Other people go on to
develop serious liver disease.
The World Health Organization estimates that there are 170 million
carriers of hepatitis C worldwide. The virus is spread when blood from an
infected person gets into the bloodstream of another. Prevention is
centered on stopping the blood from infected individuals from coming into
contact with others. Injecting drug users are at high risk of infection, sterile
injecting equipment should always be used. In a health care setting,
universal precautions should be adhered to; all blood and body fluids
should be treated as potentially infectious at all times.

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 HIV - (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus)

HIV is an infection which through

progressive destruction of specific
immune cells leads to AIDS. HIV is a
sexually transmitted and blood-borne
virus.

● People with HIV usually have no Image-source: https://www.nfid.org/wp-

content/uploads/2023/03/HIV-virus.jpeg
symptoms for a prolonged period
of time, while the virus acts slowly to weaken the body’s immune
system

● When a person’s immune system has been broken down, he or she

is susceptible to other illnesses, especially infections (e.g.,
tuberculosis and pneumonia) and cancers, many of which are not
normally a threat to a healthy person. At that severe stage of
infection, the person is often diagnosed as having AIDS. AIDS
stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

● Usually, the cause of illness and eventual death in a person with

HIV is not the virus itself, but illnesses to which the virus has made
the person vulnerable. With treatment, a person with AIDS may
recover from an illness, but will usually succumb to another. People
with HIV infection will almost certainly die prematurely.

HIV is a serious infection. Without treatment, most people are expected to

die from their infection.
Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV. However, there is now
a treatment called highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). The
treatment suppresses the HIV virus and can reverse the damage to the
immune system for some time, prolonging the lives of those infected. The

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 virus is continually changing, sometimes becoming resistant to current
drugs, so HAART may not be a long-term solution and it is not a cure.
11. C. v. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

Psychosocial hazards at work are

features of the job that can have a detrimental
impact on a worker's psychological well-being
and mental health. They can be caused by a
mix of organizational, social, and psychological
variables at work.

The psychosocial hazards in the building sector can have severe consequences
for workers' mental health and overall well-being. Some of the common effects
include:

Increased Stress

Persistent exposure to psychosocial hazards can lead to chronic stress, which

can, in turn, contribute to physical health problems, such as heart disease and
musculoskeletal disorders.

Mental Health Issues

Building workers are at a higher risk of developing mental health conditions, such
as depression and anxiety, due to the pressures and uncertainties associated with
their jobs.

Decreased Productivity

Workers experiencing psychosocial hazards may find it challenging to

concentrate and perform effectively, leading to reduced productivity and
increased errors on the job.

High Turnover Rates

The industry's failure to address these hazards can result in high turnover rates
as employees seek work environments that prioritize their well-being.

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 Safety Concerns

Mental distress can impair decision-making and situational awareness, potentially

increasing the risk of accidents and injuries on building sites.

Key psychosocial issues in construction

A variety of job-related factors, commonly referred to as 'stressors,' exist

within the construction industry that can potentially induce stress among its
workforce. These psychosocial concerns, notably stress, have been associated
with negative consequences concerning job satisfaction and the mental well-
being of both management and laborers in the construction sector. These
outcomes encompass job dissatisfaction and the development of mental health
issues such as anxiety and depression.

Potential stress-inducing factors identified through a review of relevant

literature on stress within the construction sector have been classified into five
primary psychosocial issue categories, as outlined by Sobeih et al. in their 2009
study. This categorization offers one method of organizing workplace stressors
based on insights drawn from the literature.

Job characteristics

Meeting client-imposed deadlines, hard workloads, and productivity

demands are significant stressors for construction employees, leading to
potential health issues such as musculoskeletal illnesses. These pressures
exist across the industry's many trades. The pace of large projects,
information delays, and flexibility to changing conditions and tough
situations all add to worker stress. Weather disturbances also increase
stress, especially when deadlines are approaching. Economic concerns,
such as abrupt workforce changes and managing contractual obligations
and project issues, cause stress for construction managers.

309 | P a g e
 Role in the Organization

Skill underutilization is a potential source of stress for construction

workers because they often have a diverse skill set but are confined to
repetitive tasks, such as traffic flagging, that underutilize their training and
prior experience, as reported in a 2003 study by Goldenhar and
colleagues. This limitation is consistent with data from the fourth European
Working Conditions Survey, which identified construction as one of the EU-
27 industries with the highest prevalence of monotonous and repetitive
jobs. Over the previous year, Goldenhar and colleagues connected skill
underutilization to near misses and psychological symptoms such as
anxiety, rage, and grief.

Social Aspects

Workers in the construction business have a high turnover rate

because they regularly relocate from one project to another, which has a
severe influence on their health, safety, and well-being. This turnover is
impacted by factors such as short-term contracts and temporary agency
employment, making it difficult to create trust and sustain cohesiveness
within teams, especially when teams include both directly employed and
contractual workers. Team cohesion, which can alleviate stress through
social support systems, is frequently weak on construction sites, creating
a particular challenge for site managers. Transitioning between work sites
with new managers can affect worker morale even in major construction
organizations, especially when changes are enforced without consultation,
leading to lower optimism and job security.

Job Prospects

Job insecurity is a prevalent psychosocial concern in the

construction industry, consistently impacting worker health and well-being
across various trades, potentially influenced by economic recessions. This
insecurity is particularly distressing for construction workers with fixed-term

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 contracts, lasting up to a year, who face uncertainty about securing future
employment when their contracts conclude, often leading to periods of
unemployment between projects. This instability is directly associated with
physical and psychological symptoms, including feelings of tension, anger,
and sadness over the past year.

Organizational Factors

Leadership and workplace culture both play essential roles in the

well-being of construction workers, with the challenge being to encourage
workers to report stress or pressure to management for effective coping
techniques. According to study, construction workers commonly perceive
stress recognition as a sign of weakness. Safety-specific leadership is
crucial in any business, including construction, because its absence can
generate psychological stress by contributing to an unsupportive safety
culture and pressure to disobey safety policies and procedures. Giving
workers more discretion over how they handle work pressures may
improve their well-being; this strategy is especially appropriate for
construction workers, who usually work in small groups.

11. D. HEALTH HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

Health hazards can exist in various settings, including workplaces, homes,

communities, and industrial sites. The identification of health hazards is a
fundamental step in developing effective safety and health programs,
implementing preventive measures, and ensuring the overall well-being of
individuals and communities.

1. Chemical Hazards
Review Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for chemicals used on the construction
site and label all containers. Train workers to recognize chemical hazards,
such as flammable or corrosive substances, and implement a hazard
communication program.

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 Mist Fumes Vapors

2. Physical Hazards
Conduct workplace inspections to identify physical hazards like noise,
heat, vibration, and ergonomic stressors. Monitor noise levels using sound
level meters, assess temperature and humidity, and evaluate workstations
for ergonomic risks.

Vibrations Noise Illumination

3. Ergonomic Hazards
Observe workplace tasks and conditions that may
lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Look for
repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward
postures, and heavy lifting.

Numbness

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 4. Biological Hazards
Identify biological hazards through risk assessments and health records.
Consider the presence of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other
microorganisms, especially in situations like mold growth or exposure to
sewage.

Viruses Bacteria

5. Psychosocial Hazards
Conduct surveys, interviews, and employee
feedback to identify psychosocial hazards,
including stress, bullying, harassment, and poor
work-life balance. Analyze incident reports for
signs of workplace stress or conflicts.

Stress

11. E. LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET

There are sixteen sections in safety data sheets. The first eight parts focus
on providing quick access to critical information that chemical handlers may need
for safe handling practices or by emergency response professionals. Sections 9–
11 contain technical and scientific data, such as stability, reactivity, and physical
and chemical properties. Sections twelve through fifteen are optional, however
they must be completely GHS compliant. Section sixteen is the final section and
contains information on the SDS itself, such as the revision date and changes
since the previous version.
Employers must guarantee that employees have access to safety data sheets for
any hazardous compounds with which they work. This criterion can be met in a
variety of ways by employers. SDS binders, for example, are quite prevalent, as
are computer-based SDS databases. What matters is that staff have access to

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 the safety data sheets for all of the chemicals they use. If the employer does not
have an SDS for one of these substances, they should contact the manufacturer
to receive the most recent version. In this regard, online SDS databases clearly
outperform binder-based solutions because the database vendor often handles
indexing and updating the safety data sheets.

Safety Data Sheet (Global Harmonized System) – is the biodata of a chemical, it

contans :
Chemical Product / Company Details
1. Composition, Information on Ingredients
2. Hazards Identification
3. First Aid Measures
4. Fire Fighting Measures
5. Accidental Release Measures
6. Handling and Storage
7. Exposure Controls, Personal Protection
8. Physical and Chemical Properties
9. Stability and Reactivity
10. Toxicological Information
11. Ecological Information
12. Disposal Considerations
13. Transport Information
14. Regulatory Information
15. Other information

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Sources:
https://www.spokaneenvironmental.com/
https://www.environmental-expert.com/
https://www.hse.gov.uk/vibration/wbv/index.htm
https://www.ccohs.ca/
https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/

11. F. Department Order No. 136-14: Globally Harmonized System of

Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

GHS OF CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING OF CHEMICALS is a set of international

guidelines that were developed by the United Nations. These guidelines were created to
ensure the safe manufacturing, handling, use, disposal, and transport of hazardous
materials. The GHS system is used to:

o Classify chemical data and hazard criteria.

o Identify a chemical's health, physical, and environmental hazards.

o Provide chemical manufacturers and distributors with a well-defined system to

communicate a chemical's hazard information and protective measures.

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11. F. i. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Employer (s) shall:

o Ensure development, implementation and monitoring of the Chemical safety

policy and program

o Ensure that all chemicals are properly labeled, and Safety Data Sheets are
provided in accordance with GHS.

o Provide the necessary control measures including the appropriate personal

protective equipment.

o Ensure that workers are provided with the appropriate information, education
and training on GHS and chemical safety.

o Establish and implement chemical emergency response plan to mitigate

accidents like accidental exposure, inadvertent release, and fire or explosion.

o Ensure that the Safety Officer is in charge of the overall responsibility for
chemical safety in the establishment.

Employees shall:

o Comply with the chemical safety policy and program.

o Take all reasonable steps to eliminate or minimize risk to themselves and to

others from the use of chemicals at work.

o Observe proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.

o Report immediately to their supervisor any situation which they believe could
present a risk of chemicals.

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11. F. ii. CONFINED SPACE

Numerous workplaces encompass

areas categorized as "confined spaces"
because, even though they are not
primarily intended for human occupation,
they offer sufficient room for workers to
enter and perform specific tasks. A
confined space typically features limited
or constrained access points and is not
Image-source:
designed for continuous human presence. https://www.safeopedia.com/images/uploads/flora-
food-plant-produce-pumpkin-squash-vegetable-
These confined spaces encompass a wide construction-gutter.jpg

range of structures, including but not limited to tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins,
hoppers, vaults, pits, manholes, tunnels, equipment enclosures, ductwork,
pipelines, and more.

OSHA utilizes the term "permit-required confined space" (permit space) to

characterize a confined space exhibiting one or more of the following
characteristics: it either currently contains or has the potential to contain a
hazardous atmosphere; it houses materials that could potentially engulf an
individual entering it; its walls converge inward, or its floors slope downward,
narrowing into a smaller area that may pose entrapment or asphyxiation risks; or
it harbors any other recognized safety or health hazards, such as unguarded
machinery, exposed live wires, or the potential for heat-related stress.

11. G. WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT

Definition of WEM

Work Environment Measurement is a systematic method of analyzing and

quantifying many elements and circumstances in the workplace in order to protect
employees' health, safety, and well-being. Work environment measurement's
major purpose is to identify potential dangers, assess exposure levels, and verify

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 compliance with relevant legislation and standards. This procedure entails
gathering data and information about several aspects of the workplace, including
as physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial issues.

11. H. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHs) Rule 1070

Rule 1070 of OSHS
it is stated that WEM shall be performed by the safety and medical
personnel who have taken adequate training and experience in WEM
(internal monitoring). Internal WEM also requires calibrated industrial
hygiene equipment. In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the
employer shall commission the Bureau / OSHC / Regional Office concerned
and other institutions accredited or recognized by the Bureau, to perform the
measurement.
Rule 1070 is the OSH standard for occupational health and environmental
control. It has seven (7) rules:
Rule 1071 – General Provisions
“This rule establishes TLVs for toxic and carcinogenic substances and
physical agents which may be present in the atmosphere of the work
environment. TLVs refer to airborne concentration of substances and
represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be
repeatedly exposed daily without adverse effect.”
Rule 1072 – TLVs for Airborne Contaminants and Rule 1073 (Tables)
These refer to TLVs of airborne contaminants for ―time-weighted
concentration for an 8-hour workday and a total of forty-eight 48 hours of work
exposure per week. ‖ TLVs tables for airborne contaminants, mineral dust,
and human carcinogens are also established.
Rule 1074 – Physical Agents
This refers to TLVs for physical agents particularly noise or ―sound pressure
that represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers
may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect on their ability to hear and
understand normal speech.

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 Rule 1075 – Illumination
“All places where persons work or pass or may have to work or pass in
emergencies, shall be provided during time of use with the adequate natural
lighting or artificial lighting or both, suitable for the operation and the special
type of work performed.”
Rule 1076 – General Ventilation
This is about General Ventilation that encompasses the workroom condition
for air supply, temperature, humidity, and odor. It states that:
“Suitable atmospheric conditions shall be maintained in workrooms by natural
or artificial means to avoid insufficient air supply, stagnant or vitiated air,
harmful drafts, excessive heat or cold, sudden variations in temperature, and
where practicable, excessive humidity or dryness and objectionable odors.”
Rule 1077 – Work Environment Measurement (WEM)
“WEM shall mean sampling and analysis carried out in respect of the
atmospheric working environment and other fundamental elements of the
working environment for the purpose of determining actual condition therein.”

11. I. DO 160 - 16 Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting Organizations to

Provide WEM Services

These guidelines shall apply to organizations which conduct or provide WEM

services to establishments. Accreditation of WEM providers shall fall under three
(3) categories and these are;

Category I – Sampling and Measurement

Category IA – Physical Hazards

Category IB – Chemical Hazards

Category IC – Ventilation

Category II – Occupational Hygiene Laboratory

Category III – Sampling and Occupational Hygiene Laboratory

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 It is stated that establishments shall only
seek WEM services from DOLE Accredited
WEM Providers. Otherwise, the WEM shall
NOT be regarded as compliant to Rule
1077 (Working Environment
Measurement) of the OSHS. It requires
that NO person or organization shall be
allowed, hired or provide WEM services
unless the requirements of this rule are
complied with.

11. I. i. Purpose of WEM

The purpose of Workplace Environment Measurement (WEM) is to

safeguard the health and safety of employees by identifying, assessing,
and controlling potential workplace hazards. WEM aims to prevent
occupational illnesses, injuries, and accidents through proactive measures,
ensuring regulatory compliance, enhancing employee well-being, and
fostering a culture of safety. By systematically managing risks and
implementing protective measures, WEM contributes to a secure work
environment, reduces costs associated with incidents, and supports the
overall success of organizations.

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 11. I. ii. Types of Work Environment Measurement/Monitoring

Area/Environmental Sampling

It involves collecting samples from the

general workplace environment to analyze potential
hazards. This type of monitoring helps identifies
pollutants, chemical concentrations, particulate
matter, gases, and other potential health and safety
risks. The results provide insights into the overall quality of the work environment
and help determine if control measures are needed.

Personal Monitoring

Is the measurement of a particular worker’s exposure to airborne contaminants.

The data collected approximates the concentration of contaminant by which the
worker is exposed to.

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 PERSONAL AIR SAMPLING

It involves measuring the exposure of individual

workers to specific hazards. This is achieved by
using personal monitoring devices that are worn by
workers during their tasks. These devices can
assess factors such as noise levels, airborne
contaminants, and radiation exposure. Personal
monitoring helps determine whether workers are
being exposed to hazardous levels of pollutants and
assists in evaluating the effectiveness of control measures and personal
protective equipment (PPE)..

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 Exposure Standards & Guidelines
STANDARDS
Legally acceptable exposure limits (Rule 1070 OSHS establishes the TLVs)

GUIDELINES
Recommended maximum exposure which are voluntary and not legally
enforceable.

SUMMARY

In this discussion, we explored the identification of health hazards in industrial

settings, particularly within the construction industry. Health hazards, which encompass
chemical, physical, ergonomic, biological, and psychosocial categories, were defined,
and examples of potential occupational exposures were provided. We emphasized the
significance of proper health hazards identification as a fundamental step in ensuring
worker safety and well-being. The introduction of confined spaces highlighted the need
for special attention to specific hazards within such areas. This discussion served to
underscore the critical role of hazard identification and communication in creating safe
workplace environments.

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 11. J. Evaluation of Health Hazards

Include pictures of Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Pressure
Temperature Humidity Meter Monometer
Illumination
WBGT heat stress Meter
Light

Multi gas meter

Concentration of Noise
Ventilation Meter substances Sound level meter

Comparison of Result of Measurement with Standards:

Threshold Limit Values (TLV) are exposure guidelines that have been
established for an airborne concentration of many chemical compounds.

11. J. i. (TLV) Categories:

Threshold Limit Value

• These are exposure guidelines that have been established for airborne
concentration of many chemical compounds.
• Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause adverse effects
to humans.

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 Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)

○ TLV-TWA is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal

8-hour workday.

○ or 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly

exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects.
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)

○ TLV-STEL is the maximum concentration to which workers can be

exposed continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of
the following:

a. irritation

b. chronic or irreversible tissue damage

c. narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of

accidental injury, impairment.

d. self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency.

Ceiling (TLV-C)
TLV-C is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any
part of the working exposure. The degree of hazard from exposure to
harmful environmental factors or stresses would depend on the following:

a. Nature of the material or energy involved

b. Intensity of exposure

c. Duration of exposure

d. Individual susceptibility

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11. K. TLV Requirements based on DOLE, OSH Standards of the following:

11. K. i. Chemicals

As per Rule:

1072.01: Threshold limit values refer to time weighted concentrations for an 8-hour
workday and a total of forty-eight (48) hours work of exposure per week.

1072.02: All employees exposure to any material specified in Table 8 and Table 8a of
this Rule shall be limited in accordance to the following:

(1) Materials with names preceded by “C” Ceiling Values:

An employee’s exposure to any material in Table 8, the name which is preceded

by a “C” (e.g. Boron triflouride), shall at no time exceed the ceiling value given
for that material in the Table.

(2) Other Materials, 8-hour Time Weighted Average:

An employee’s exposure to any material in Table 8, the name of which is not

preceded by a “C” and any material listed in Table 8a in any 8-hour workshift shall
not exceed the 8 hour time weighted average limit given for that material in the
Table. However, for a short period of time an excursion in the TLV value in the
Table may be allowed but should not exceed the following:

a. from 0 to I concentration by 3 times;

b. from I to I 0 concentration by 2 times;

c. from over 10 to 100 concentration by 1 ½ times;

d. from over 100 to 1000 concentration by 1 ¼ time

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 OSHS Rule 1072.03: Threshold Limit
Values for Airborne Contaminants (Table
8)

Action Level
• Action level means a concentration designated for a specific substance,
calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain
activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.

• Action level are generally set at one half or 50% of Threshold Limit Values.
The intent is to identify a level at which the vast majority of randomly sampled
exposures will be below the TLV.

Action Level of Chemicals

The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity
which requires medical surveillance, increased
industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological
monitoring. (NIOSH and OSHA)

• Action Levels for TLV for chemical is

50% of its TLV

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 11. K. ii. Permissible Noise Exposure Level
(PNEL)
As per Rule
1074.03:
(1) The values specified in Table 8b apply to
total time of exposure per working day
regardless of whether this is one
continuous exposure or a number of short-
term exposures but does not apply to
impact or impulsive type of noise.
(2) If the variation in noise level involves maximum intervals of one (1) second or
less, it shall be considered as continuous. If the interval is over one (1) second,
it becomes impulse or impact noise.
(3) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods noise
exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered rather
than the effect of each.

The threshold limit values refer to sound pressure that represents conditions under which
it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect
on their ability to hear and understand normal speech.
If the variation of noise level involves maximum intervals of one second or less, it shall
be considered as continuous. If the interval is over one second, it becomes impulse or
impact noise. When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods noise
exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered rather than the
effect of each
The permissible levels found in the table shall not be exceeded for the corresponding
number of hours per day allowed. Noise exposure of less than 90 dba does not enter into
the above calculations.
The OSH Standard requires employers to have A hearing conservation program in place
if workers are exposed to A ceiling (TLV-C) noise level of 85 decibels (dBA) or higher
over an 8-hour work shift.

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 11. K. iii. Illumination
As Per Rule

All places where persons work or pass or may have to work or pass in
emergencies shall be provided during time of use with adequate natural lighting
or artificial lighting or both, suitable for the operation and the special type of
worked performed.
1975.02 Natural Lighting
Skylight and windows should be located and spaced so that daylight conditions
are fairly uniform over the working area, if necessary, skylights and windows
should be provided with means to avoid glare. A regular system of cleaning
skylights and windows should be established to ensure that they are kept at all
times.
1075.03: Artificial Lighting
Shall be provided when daylight fails or for areas where the daylight illumination
is insufficient. The general lighting should be of uniform level, widely distributed
to avoid harsh shadows or strong contrast and free from direct or reflected glare,
if intense local lighting is necessary, a combination of general and supplementary
lighting at the point of work may be provided. And for supplementary lighting shall
be specially designed for the particular visual task and arranged or provided with
shading or diffusing devices to prevent glare.

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 1075.04: Intensity
Artificial lighting shall be adequate at the place of work for the operation or work
performed.
RULE 1075, OSHS
Recommended Illumination Levels
- A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, warehouse
- A minimum of 300 lux – medium Inspection; office deskwork with intermittent
reading and writing for filing and mail sorting.
- A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine woodworking, accounting, drafting,
- A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg;
proofreading in printing plants.

11. K. iv. General Ventilation/ Heat Stress Exposure

As per Rule

1076.01: Atmospheric Conditions

Suitable atmospheric conditions shall be maintained in workrooms by natural or artificial

means to avoid insufficient air supply, stagnant or vitiated air, harmful drafts, excessive
heat or cold, sudden variations in temperature, and where practicable, excessive
humidity or dryness and objectionable odors.

1076.02: Air Supply

(1) Clean fresh air shall be supplied to enclosed workplaces at an average rate of not
less than 20 to 40 cubic meters (700 to 1400 cu. ft.) an hour per worker, or at such a
rate as to effect a complete change of air a number of times per hour varying from
four (4) for sedentary workers to eight (8) for active workers.

(2) Where an adequate supply of fresh air cannot be obtained by natural ventilation or
where it is difficult to get the desired amount of air at the center of the workrooms
without creating uncomfortable drafts near the inlets, mechanical ventilation shall be
provided.

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 1076.03: Cleanliness

(1) Dusts, gases, vapors, or mists generated and released in work processes shall be
removed at the points of origin and not permitted to permeate the atmosphere of the
workrooms.

(2) Internal combustion engines fuelled by gasoline, diesel or liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG). Installed in workrooms shall be located such that exhaust gases are prevented
from permeating the atmosphere of the workrooms.

1076.04: Air Movement

The air movement in enclosed workplaces shall be arranged such that the workers are
not subjected to objectionable drafts. The air velocity shall not exceed 15 meters (50 ft.)
per minute during the rainy season and 45 meters (150 ft.) per minute during the summer
season.

1076.05: Temperature and Humidity

(1) A temperature suitable for the type of work performed shall be maintained in enclosed
workplaces and such temperature shall be increased or decreased and the degree of
humidity varied in accordance with the kind of work.

(2) All employees shall be protected either by insulation of the equipment or by other
suitable means against radiation and excessive temperature due to steam and hot water
pipes or other heated machinery or equipment.

(3) In workplaces involving exposure of workers to unduly high or low temperatures,

passage rooms shall be provided so that the workers can gradually adjust themselves to
the prevailing temperature

An effective program to reduce the impact of heat stress that will have on the core body
temperature of an employee, and to help the workers to adapt while working in the heat.

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 Screening Criteria for general diar (WBGT* values in °C)
Allocation of work Work Load
in a cycle of work
Light Moderate Heavy
and recovery
Acclimatized
75% to 100% 31.0 28.0 --------
50% to 75% 31.0 29.0 27.5
25% to 50% 32.0 30.0 29.0
0% to 25% 32.5 31.5 30.5
Action Limit for Heat Stress Exposure (WBGT* values in °C)
75% to 100% 28.0 25.0 ---------
50% to 75% 28.5 26.0 24.0
25% to 50% 29.5 27.0 25.5
0% to 25% 30.0 29.0 28.0
*WBGT – Wet bulb globe temperature

A properly applied acclimatization program decreases the risk of heat-related

illnesses. Such a program basically involves exposing employees to work in a hot
environment for progressively longer periods.

CONTROL OF HEALTH HAZARDS

11. L. Principles of Hazard Control

In controlling health hazards in the workplace, several principles are essential to

ensure the safety and well-being of employees. These principles guide organizations
in systematically addressing and mitigating health risks. Here are the key principles
of hazard control:

Recognition: The first step is to recognize and identify health hazards within the
workplace. This involves conducting assessments, surveys, and inspections to
pinpoint potential risks to employee health.

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 Assessment: After identifying hazards, a thorough risk assessment is necessary.
This involves evaluating the severity and likelihood of harm associated with each
hazard, taking into account exposure levels and potential health effects.

Prevention: The primary goal is prevention. Whenever possible, hazards should

be eliminated or reduced to the lowest practicable level to prevent employee
exposure.

11. L. i. Reasons for Control of Hazardous Substances

• Protecting workers health from exposure to substances
• Protecting workers comfort
• Complying with the standards implemented

General Diagram of Controlling Health Hazards

Three (3) zones where control measures can be applied:
• At the source of contamination
• Along the transmission path
• At the worker

11. M. Hierarchy of Control Measures

The hierarchy of control measures outlines a systematic approach to managing hazards.

It prioritizes control measures based on their effectiveness, with the most effective
controls at the top.
The hierarchy includes
• Engineering controls,
• Administrative controls,
• Personal protective equipment (PPE).

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Used in various industries, particularly in occupational health and safety, to minimize or
eliminate exposure to hazards. It's a widely accepted system promoted by numerous
safety organizations. This approach is designed to control hazards at the source, before
they come in contact with workers. The hierarchy of controls is typically depicted as a
pyramid, with the most effective controls at the top and the least effective at the bottom.

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11. M. i. Engineering Controls

Engineering controls are physical or mechanical systems, devices, or practices designed

to remove or reduce hazards in the workplace. These controls are considered one of the
most effective ways to protect workers from occupational hazards because they do not
rely on human behavior and are designed to remove the hazard at its source.
Engineering controls are typically implemented as part of a comprehensive risk
management strategy and are often used in conjunction with other control measures,
such as administrative controls and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Engineering controls are preferred over administrative controls and PPE because they
are designed to eliminate or reduce the hazard at the source, making them more reliable
and sustainable in protecting workers' health and safety.

• Elimination - Elimination is the most effective control measure in the

hierarchy of controls for managing hazards. It involves completely
removing the hazard or the exposure to it from the workplace.
This could include changing the work process to stop using a toxic
chemical, heavy object, or sharp tool. It is the preferred solution to protect

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 workers because no exposure can occur.

• Substitution - Substitution involves replacing a hazardous substance or

process with a less hazardous one. This approach aims to reduce or
eliminate the risk while maintaining the effectiveness of the task or process.
Substitution can be a highly effective control measure, but it requires
careful consideration of the alternatives to ensure that they do not
introduce new hazards or compromise the effectiveness of the task or
process.
Involves changing chemical substances and/or process with less
hazardous or harmful one Factors to consider.
o Hazard Assessment
o Effectiveness
o Compatibility
o Existing Control Measures
o Waste Disposal

• Isolation – Containment of the source of the hazard by placing the

hazardous substance in a sealed vessel or system to create a barrier
between the hazard and the worker. Examples include General dilution
ventilation and local exhaust ventilation.

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 • Modification – To change the physical operating conditions without
changing the chemical or process. Redesigning workstations to be more
ergonomic.

• Automation - Automation is a control measure that can be part of

engineering controls in the hierarchy of controls. Automation involves using
technology to perform tasks without direct human involvement, thereby
reducing or eliminating the risk of exposure to hazards. Automation can
significantly reduce the risk of workplace hazards by minimizing the need
for human intervention in dangerous tasks. However, it is essential to
ensure that automated systems are properly designed, maintained, and
monitored to ensure their effectiveness and safety.

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 • Ventilation - It involves using mechanical systems to control air quality by
removing contaminants from the air and providing a clean air supply.
Ventilation is particularly effective for controlling exposure to airborne
contaminants such as dust, fumes, gases, and vapors. Ventilation is an
effective control measure because it helps reduce the concentration of
airborne contaminants, thereby reducing the risk of exposure to hazardous
substances. However, ventilation should be used in conjunction with other
control measures, such as substitution or enclosure, for comprehensive
hazard control. This process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means to and from any space.

a. What is ventilation?
Ventilation is a key engineering control measure
used to manage health hazards in the workplace,
particularly those associated with airborne
contaminants. It involves the movement of air into
and out of a space to maintain adequate air quality
and dilute or remove pollutants.

In the context of controlling health hazards, ventilation systems are designed

to:

Remove Airborne Contaminants: Ventilation systems capture and

exhaust airborne pollutants, such as fumes, dust, gases, or biological
agents, from the workplace environment.

Provide Fresh Air: They ensure a constant supply of fresh outdoor air to
dilute and replace indoor air, preventing the buildup of harmful substances.

Control Temperature and Humidity: Ventilation systems can also help

regulate temperature and humidity levels to create a comfortable and safe
working environment.

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 Local Exhaust Ventilation: Installing exhaust systems to remove airborne
contaminants in facilities where employees are exposed to hazardous
fumes or dust.

Isolation of Hazardous Equipment: Enclosing machinery to prevent

worker contact with moving parts or harmful materials.

Substitution of Hazardous Substances: Replacing toxic chemicals with

less harmful alternatives in processes or materials.

b. Types of Industrial Ventilation

Industrial ventilation systems are designed to control and mitigate exposure to airborne
contaminants in the workplace. There are several types of industrial ventilation systems,
each serving different purposes and applications:

Two types of Ventilation:

- General or Dilution Ventilation
- Local Exhaust Ventilation

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c. Purpose of Ventilation
The purpose of ventilation in industrial settings is to maintain a safe and
healthy work environment by controlling indoor air quality, temperature, and
humidity. Ventilation serves several important purposes:

• Control of Airborne Contaminants: Ventilation helps control the concentration

of airborne contaminants such as dust, fumes, gases, and vapors, which can be
hazardous to health if inhaled.
• Dilution of Contaminants: Ventilation systems dilute contaminants by
supplying clean air and exhausting contaminated air, reducing the overall
concentration of pollutants in the workplace air.
• Temperature Regulation: Ventilation helps regulate indoor temperature by
removing excess heat or introducing conditioned air, ensuring a comfortable
working environment.
• Humidity Control: Proper ventilation helps control indoor humidity levels, which
is important for maintaining comfort and preventing mold growth and other
moisture-related issues.
• Odor Control: Ventilation can help remove unpleasant odors from the workplace,
improving overall air quality and worker comfort.
• Combustible Gas Control: In environments where combustible gases may be
present, ventilation helps prevent the accumulation of these gases to reduce the
risk of fires or explosions.
• Worker Comfort and Productivity: Proper ventilation contributes to a
comfortable and healthy work environment, which can improve worker morale,
productivity, and overall well-being.
• Compliance with Regulations: Many occupational health and safety regulations
require employers to provide adequate ventilation to protect workers from
exposure to hazardous substances.
Overall, ventilation plays a critical role in maintaining a safe, healthy, and comfortable
work environment, and it is essential for protecting the health and well-being of
workers.

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11. M. ii. Administrative Controls

Administrative controls are measures taken to manage or reduce workplace hazards

through administrative or managerial means. Unlike engineering controls, which
physically change the workplace or work process to reduce hazards, administrative
controls focus on changing the way work is performed. These controls are often used in
conjunction with engineering controls and personal protective equipment (PPE) to
provide a comprehensive approach to hazard control.
Administrative controls are an important part of a comprehensive safety program but are
generally considered less effective than engineering controls because they rely on
human behavior and enforcement. However, when used in combination with other
control measures, administrative controls can help further reduce the risk of workplace
hazards and improve overall safety.
These controls involve establishing workplace policies, procedures, and practices to
reduce exposure to health hazards.

Examples include:

Workplace Hazard Communication Programs: Implementing clear

labeling, signage, and safety data sheets (SDS) to inform employees about
the risks of hazardous chemicals.

Workplace Rotation: Scheduling job rotations to limit prolonged exposure

to ergonomic hazards or repetitive tasks.

Training and Education: Providing employees with comprehensive

training on recognizing and mitigating health hazards.

11. M. iii. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. It refers to clothing, helmets, goggles, or
other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or
infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical,
heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.

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PPE is often used in conjunction with other control measures, such as engineering
controls and administrative controls, to provide a comprehensive approach to workplace
safety. It is important for employers to assess the workplace hazards and provide
appropriate PPE to workers, as well as to ensure that PPE is properly maintained and
used correctly.

PPE serves as a last line of defense when engineering and administrative controls are
insufficient.

Examples include:

Respirators: Used to protect against inhaling hazardous airborne

substances.

Safety Gloves: Protect hands and skin from contact with chemicals,
biological agents, or sharp objects.

Hearing Protection: Earplugs or earmuffs worn in noisy environments to

prevent hearing loss.

a. Respiratory Protective Equipment

Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is a type of Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE) designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful substances, such as
chemicals, particulates, gases, or vapors. RPE is used when engineering controls and
other methods of controlling exposure to airborne hazards are not feasible or insufficient
to adequately protect workers.

RPE should be selected based on the specific hazards present in the workplace and the
level of protection required. It is essential that RPE is properly fitted to the wearer's face
and used correctly to ensure effective protection. Employers are responsible for
providing suitable RPE to workers, as well as training them on how to use and maintain
the equipment properly.

Air Purifying

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 Filtering air impurities which are present in the atmosphere before they are
inhaled by the worker.

Filter-Type Cartridge-type

b. Respirator Filter Definition

- N-Series Filters: Filter restricted to use in those atmospheres free of oil aerosols
- R-Series Filters: Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid
aerosol. Used only for single shift (8 hours of continuous or intermittent use)
- P-Series Filters: Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid
aerosol. Should be used and re-used for no more than 40 hours or 30 days whichever
occurs first.

Respiratory Protective Equipment

Air Supplying – Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated air.
- Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
Used in:
▪ Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
▪ Concentration of contaminant is high
▪ Fire-fighting

c. Criteria for selection of respirator

The selection of a respirator should be based on a thorough assessment of the
workplace hazards and the specific requirements of the job tasks. When selecting a
respiratory protective mask, it’s essential to consider the identification of contaminants,
the maximum possible concentration of those contaminants in the work area, comfort,
compatibility with the nature of the job, and ensuring a proper fit to prevent leakage

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 - Identification of containments
- Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the work area
- Acceptability in terms of comfort
- Compatibility with the nature of job
- Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage

d. Noise Reduction rating for Hearing Protectors

is a rating system used to determine the effectiveness of hearing protection devices to
decrease sound exposure within a given working environment.
- the higher the NRR number, the more hearing protection it can provide to the end-user.
Formula:
Earplugs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
Earmuffs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75

The Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) is a measure used to indicate the

effectiveness of hearing protection devices (HPDs) in reducing noise exposure in
decibels (dB). The NRR is typically provided by the manufacturer and is required by

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regulatory agencies, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
in the United States, to be displayed on the packaging of HPDs.
The NRR is calculated based on laboratory tests that measure the attenuation
(reduction) of noise levels when wearing the HPD. However, it is important to note that
the NRR is not a direct indicator of real-world performance and should be used as a
guide to selecting appropriate hearing protection.
To estimate the actual noise reduction achieved by an HPD in a real-world setting, the
NRR should be adjusted according to the following formula:
Adjusted NRR = NRR - 7 dB
The adjustment of 7 dB is used to account for factors such as variability in fit, differences
in noise frequencies, and other real-world conditions that may affect the actual noise
reduction achieved by the HPD.
For example, if an HPD has an NRR of 25 dB, the adjusted NRR would be:
Adjusted NRR = 25 dB - 7 dB = 18 dB
e. Workshop/Exercise on recommended controls: Hazards Identification

There would be workshop exercises in order to gauge and evaluate the learning
outcomes of each and every participant.

Workshop no. 1 focuses on classification and potential sources of hazards where in the
learning objectives is; Participants would be able to learn the classification and potential
sources of hazards and provide examples on each potential sources of hazards.

Instructions:

• This is an individual activity

• Workshop Duration is 15 minutes
• Based on the table provided below please provide example on each classification
and potential sources of hazards.
• Give at least 2 examples of each classification of hazard.

INSTRUCTIONS: Identify at least 2 hazard on each classification.

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 PROCESS HEALTH RISK CONTROL
HAZARDS DESCRIPTION MEASURE

Physical –

Chemical –

Biological –

Ergonomics -
WELDING

Physical –

Chemical –

Biological –

Ergonomics -

GRINDING

Physical –

Chemical –

Biological –

Ergonomics -
CUTTING

Physical –

Chemical –

Biological –

Ergonomics -
PAINTING

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 12: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:

• Explain the basic concept of occupational health.

• Identify health effects of common hazards in construction work.
• Recommend appropriate health interventions to prevent and control
occupational or work-related health problems.

A. Global and local statistics in work-related illness and injuries in the

construction industry

Cases of Occupational Diseases in Establishments Employing 20 or more

Workers by Industry Group and Type of Disease, Philippines: 2013-2019

2013 2015 2017 2019

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 4,803 5,145 2,066 784

Mining and Quarrying 9,255 1,735 1,660 1,508

Manufacturing 51,110 39,143 29,458 17,372

Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air 4,108 1,086 894 2,094

Conditioning Supply

Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste 266 451 366 25

Management and Remediation Activities

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 Construction 4,175 2,468 2,886 2,043

SOURCE: Philippine Statistics Authority

https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__1B__ISLE__OID/5501B3GI100.px
/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b30f7d20-2364-4ac3-935f-679b72bd630a

12. A. i. ILO REPORT

The International Labour Organization (ILO) projects that

approximately 2.3 million men and women worldwide lose their lives due to
work-related accidents or illnesses each year. This translates to more than
6,000 fatalities occurring daily. Globally, there are approximately 340 million
cases of occupational accidents and 160 million instances of work-related
illnesses annually. The ILO regularly updates these estimates, and these
updates have revealed an increase in both accidents and health issues linked
to work.

In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, it's

estimated that there are more than 11,000 fatal occupational accidents,
whereas only 5,850 cases have been reported (data is missing from two
countries). The significant underreporting of occupational accidents and
diseases, including fatal accidents, distorts the true extent of the problem.

In the most recent statistical data from the International Labour

Organization (ILO) regarding occupational accidents, diseases, and work-
related deaths worldwide, several significant findings emerge:

1. Work-related diseases are the leading cause of worker fatalities.

Hazardous substances, in isolation, are responsible for an estimated
651,279 deaths annually.
2. The construction industry exhibits a notably high incidence of reported
accidents compared to other sectors.

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 3. Both younger and older workers face heightened vulnerability in terms
of workplace safety. The ageing workforce in developed nations has
resulted in a growing number of older individuals remaining in the
workforce, necessitating special attention and considerations for their
safety and well-being.
SOURCE: International Labor Organization
https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and-
health/WCMS_249278/lang--en/index.htm

12. A. ii. Sources of local information

• ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS
o WORK-ACCIDENT & ILLNESS REPORT (WAIR)

The "Work Accident and Illness Report" (WAIR) is a document used

to report and record information about work-related accidents, injuries, and
illnesses that occur within a workplace. It is a critical tool for documenting
incidents that result in harm to employees, whether minor injuries or more
serious accidents, and for initiating appropriate corrective actions. The
purpose of the WAIR is to ensure that incidents are properly investigated,
necessary medical attention is provided, and preventive measures are
implemented to avoid future occurrences.

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 Below are the sample of the said form:

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 Refer to this link to check the actual form:
https://ro3.dole.gov.ph/fndr/mis/files/WAIR-Submission-via-DOLE-ERS.pdf

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 o ANNUAL MEDICAL REPORT

The "Annual Medical Report Form" (AMR) is a document used to

report and record the medical condition and fitness of employees within an
organization on an annual basis. It is typically required by regulatory bodies
or employers to monitor the health status of employees, ensure they are fit
for their job roles, and identify any potential health issues that might affect
their work performance or safety.

Below are the sample of the said form:

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352 | P a g e
 Refer to this link to check the actual form: https://ncr.dole.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2022/02/Annual-Medical-Report-Form.pdf

• NATIONWIDE SAMPLING SURVEY

A nationwide sampling is a comprehensive research initiative conducted

on a national scale to assess and gather data regarding various aspects of
workplace safety and health across an entire country or nation. These surveys
are designed to provide insights into the state of occupational safety and health
practices, regulations, and conditions within a given nation's workforce. They
encompass evaluations of workplace safety practices, occupational health, safety
regulations and compliance, hazard identification and control, training and
education, injury and illness data, workplace inspections, emergency
preparedness, ergonomics, workstation design, and worker participation. These
surveys serve as vital tools for governments, regulatory agencies, and
organizations to gauge OSH standards, inform policy development, enhance
safety measures, and improve the overall well-being of workers nationwide.

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 • INTEGRATED SURVEY ON LABOR & EMPLOYMENT (ISLE)

The Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE), formerly known

as BITS, is a comprehensive survey that was introduced in 2003. It includes
numerous data needs for employment, industrial relations, occupational injuries
and diseases, and employee labor expenses. The previous BLES collected these
data through several surveys such as the Survey on Specific Groups of Workers
(SSGW), Employment, Hours, and Earnings Survey (EHES), Industrial Relations
at Workplace Survey (IRWS), Occupational Injuries Survey (OIS), and Labor Cost
Survey (LCS).

Starting from the 2012 round, the ISLE encompasses establishments in

both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors with a workforce of 20 or more
employees. Each ISLE round focuses on different aspects of employment and
practices within establishments. The investigation into occupational injuries and
diseases is a regular component, while the assessment of labor costs is
conducted less frequently. Reference: https://psada.psa.gov.ph/catalog/ISLE/about

12. A. iii. Definition and principles of Occupational Health

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS

According to WHO, Occupational health is an area of work in public health to

promote and maintain highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations.
KEY PRINCIPLES IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Occupational safety and health are an extensive multidisciplinary field, invariably

touching on issues related to scientific areas such as medicine – including physiology
and toxicology – ergonomics, physics and chemistry, as well as technology,
economics, law and other areas specific to various industries and activities. Despite
this variety of concerns and interests, certain basic principles can be identified,
including the following:
• Worker Rights: Ensure safe, dignified, and fulfilling working conditions for all.

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 • Policy Establishment: Create and communicate national and enterprise-level
safety and health policies.
• National System: Develop and maintain a preventive safety culture.
• National Program: Formulate, implement, and review safety and health
programs.
• Consultation: Involve stakeholders in policy, system, and program
development.
• Prevention Focus: Prioritize primary prevention at workplaces.
• Continuous Improvement: Adapt laws and standards to progress and
changes.
• Information: Collect and disseminate accurate hazard information.
• Health Promotion: Enhance physical, mental, and social well-being.
• Health Services: Ensure access to occupational health services.
• Compensation and Rehabilitation: Provide support for workers affected by
occupational hazards.
• Education and Training: Training is essential for creating safe workplaces, and
trainers should be knowledgeable about industry-specific safety concerns.
• Responsibilities and Duties: Workers, employers, and authorities all have
defined responsibilities. Workers follow safety procedures, employers provide
safe workplaces and first aid, and authorities establish and update safety
policies.
• Enforcement: Implement an inspection system to ensure compliance with
safety measures and labor laws.

355 | P a g e
B. Occupational health Hazards in Construction Industry and their ill effects
12. B. i. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Noise: Construction sites often generate high

levels of noise due to heavy machinery and
equipment. Prolonged exposure can lead to
hearing damage and stress among workers.

Vibrations: Workers operating heavy

machinery may experience hand-arm or whole-
body vibrations, which can cause
musculoskeletal problems and circulation
issues.

Radiations: Construction activities involving

radioactive materials or radiation sources can
pose radiation hazards, potentially affecting
workers' health.

Defective or Inadequate Illumination: Poor

lighting on construction sites can lead to
accidents, as it may be difficult to see hazards,
tools, or obstacles.

Extreme Temperatures: Construction workers

can be exposed to extreme heat or cold, leading
to heat-related illnesses or cold-related injuries.

Image-source: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/images/RadiationDose.png

356 | P a g e
 12. B. ii. CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Dust: Construction activities generate

dust, which can contain harmful
substances like silica. Inhaling dust
particles can lead to respiratory problems
and lung diseases.

Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Mist:

Chemicals used in construction, such as
solvents and welding fumes, can be inhaled or come into contact with the
skin, potentially causing health issues.

12. B. iii. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

• Biological agents common in the construction
industry

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites:

Construction workers may encounter biological
hazards when dealing with contaminated water, sewage, or animal waste
during excavation and site preparation.

Insects: Insects can transmit diseases, and construction workers in

outdoor settings may be at risk of insect bites and associated health issues.

• Biological agents with related DOLE issuance:

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious

illness that mainly affects the lungs. The
germs that cause tuberculosis are a type
of bacteria. It can be a concern in the
construction industry due to factors like
close contact in crowded work
environments, shared housing for

357 | P a g e
 workers on some projects, a diverse workforce with international travel,
and the airborne transmission of the TB bacterium. Construction sites, with
their physical demands and often close-knit teams, can create conditions
where TB may spread more easily if an infected worker is present. As TB
is an airborne disease, it underscores the importance of maintaining proper
hygiene, implementing infection control measures, and providing
education and screening for construction workers to mitigate the risk of TB
transmission in the industry.

Guidelines for the Implementation of policy and program on TB prevention and

Control in the Workplace.

PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Programs on TB Advocacy, Education and Training, and measures to

improve workplaces shall be carried out in all workplaces.

➢ TB awareness program shall be undertaken through information

dissemination.
➢ Such awareness programs shall deal with the nature, frequency and
transmission, treatment with Directly Observed Treatment Short
Course (DOTS), control and management of TB in the workplace.
➢ DOTS is a comprehensive strategy to control TB, and is composed
of five components. These are:
• Political will or commitment to ensuring sustained and quality
TB treatment and control activities.
• Case detection by sputum-smear microscopy among
symptomatic patients.
• Standard short-course chemotherapy using regimens of 6 to
8 months for all confirmed active TB cases (i.e., smear
positive or those validated by the TB Diagnostic Committee).
Complete drug taking through direct observation by a

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 designated treatment partner, during the whole course of the
treatment regimen.
• A regular, uninterrupted supply of all essential anti-
tuberculosis drugs and other materials.
• A standard recording and reporting system that allows
assessment of case finding and treatment outcomes for each
• patient and of the tuberculosis control program's
performance overall.
➢ Workers must be given proper information on ways of strengthening
their immune responses against TB infection, i.e., information on
good nutrition, adequate rest, avoidance of tobacco and alcohol,
and good personal hygiene practices. However, it should be
underscored that intensive efforts in the prevention of the spread of
the disease must be geared towards accurate information on its
etiology and complete treatment of cases.
➢ Improving workplace conditions:
• To ensure that contamination from TB airborne particles is
controlled, workplaces must provide adequate and appropriate
ventilation (DOLE-Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
OSHS, Rule 1076.01) and there shall be adequate sanitary
facilities for workers.
• The number of workers in a work area shall not exceed the
required number of workers for a specified area and shall
observe the standard for space requirement. (OSHS Rule 1062)
➢ Capability building on TB awareness raising and training on TB Case
Finding, Case Holding, Reporting and Recording of cases and the
implementation of DOTS shall be given to company health personnel
or the occupational safety and health committee.

REFER TO THIS LINK TO CHECK THE COMPLETE GUIDELINES:

DOLE 73-05
https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2005/03/DO-73-05.pdf

359 | P a g e
 HEPATITIS B

Hepatitis B, a viral infection

affecting the liver, can pose concerns in
the construction industry due to the
potential for workers to encounter
situations involving blood exposure or
contact with contaminated tools and
equipment. Construction sites often
involve shared equipment, diverse workforces, and sometimes limited
access to healthcare, which increases the risk of hepatitis B transmission.
Furthermore, during demolition and renovation projects, construction
workers may come into contact with materials or surfaces contaminated
with the virus, particularly in older structures. To address this risk, it's
essential for employers in the construction industry to prioritize worker
safety by offering education on bloodborne pathogens, providing access to
hepatitis B vaccinations, promoting personal protective equipment usage,
implementing infection control protocols, conducting regular health and
safety assessments, and ensuring access to healthcare services for
workers. These measures can help safeguard construction workers from
the threat of hepatitis B infection.

DOLE issues guidelines on Workplace Policy

The DOLE advisory requires vaccination to all occupations with a

conceivable risk of Hepatitis B transmission in the workplace such as
health care workers and other workers whose occupation involves the
potential exchange of bodily fluids. It also encourages all establishments
to provide Hepatitis B immunization for all its workers.

The advisory also requires firms to include a policy on non-discriminatory,

confidentiality, work accommodation, and arrangements for workers with
Hepatitis B status. It specifically states the following:

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 1. There shall be no discrimination of any form against workers on the
basis of their Hepatitis B status consistent with international
agreements on non-discrimination ratified by the Philippines (ILO
C111). They shall not be discriminated against, from pre- to post-
employment, including hiring, promotion, or assignment;
2. They shall not be declared unfit to work without appropriate medical
evaluation and counseling;
3. Workers shall not be terminated on the basis of the actual,
perceived, or suspected Hepatitis B status;
4. Workplace management of sick employees shall not differ from that
of any other illness. Persons with Hepatitis-B related illness should
be able to work for as long as they are medically fit;
5. Job applicants and workers shall not be compelled to disclose their
Hepatitis B status and other related medical information. Co-
workers shall not be obliged to reveal and personal information
about fellow workers. Access to personal data relating to a worker’s
Hepatitis B status shall be bound by the rules of confidentiality and
shall be strictly limited to medical personnel or if legally required;
6. Employers shall take measures to reasonably accommodate
workers who are Hepatitis B positive or with Hepatitis B-related
illnesses;
7. Through agreements made between management and workers’
representatives, measures to support workers with Hepatitis B are
encouraged through flexible leave arrangements, rescheduling of
working time, and arrangement for return to work.

REFERENCE: https://www.dole.gov.ph/news/dole-issues-guidelines-on-workplace-policy-and-program-on-hepatitis-b/

361 | P a g e
HIV AND AIDS

HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus) is a
pathogen that targets the body's
immune system, weakening its
ability to fend off infections and
illnesses. It spreads through contact
with specific bodily fluids, most
commonly during unprotected sexual intercourse or by sharing injection
drug paraphernalia. When left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV is a lifelong infection, and
currently, there is no known cure. However, effective treatment is available
through HIV medication, known as antiretroviral therapy (ART). When
taken as directed, ART can significantly reduce the viral load (the amount
of HIV in the blood), achieving viral suppression. If the viral load becomes
so low that standard laboratory tests cannot detect it, it is referred to as
having an undetectable viral load. Individuals with HIV who adhere to their
treatment regimen, achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load, can
lead long and healthy lives, and importantly, they cannot transmit HIV to
their HIV-negative partners during sexual activity.

AIDS represents the advanced stage of HIV infection, which occurs

when the immune system has been severely compromised due to the
virus.

A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person with HIV experiences either

of the following conditions:

1. When their CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of
blood (200 cells/mm3). (For someone with a healthy immune system,
CD4 counts typically range between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.) OR

362 | P a g e
 2. When they develop one or more opportunistic infections, regardless of
their CD4 count.

In the absence of HIV medication, individuals with AIDS typically have a

life expectancy of around 3 years. Once a person contracts a severe
opportunistic infection, life expectancy without treatment decreases to
about 1 year. Nevertheless, HIV medication can still be beneficial and even
life-saving at this stage of HIV infection. Starting HIV medication promptly
after contracting the virus yields more significant benefits, underscoring the
critical importance of HIV testing.

REFERENCE:
https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids/

Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control in the
Workplace Program

FORMULATION OF WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM

A. It is mandatory for all private workplaces to have a policy on HIV

and AIDS and to implement a workplace program in accordance
with the RA 8504 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations, the
goals of the DOLE National Workplace Policy, the provisions of the
Labor Code and other International Standards (e.g., ILO Code of
Practice on HIV and AIDS and the World of Work).
B. The HIV and AIDS workplace policy and program may be a separate
policy and program or integrated into existing occupational safety
and health policy and program of the establishment.
C. There shall be collaborative efforts from the management and the
workers representatives in the development and the implementation
of the policy and program.
D. In establishment/workplace where there exists an organization of
workers/ workers union, the policy and program may be included as
provisions of the Collective Bargaining Agreements.

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 E. The DOLE Inter-Agency Committee chaired by the Occupational
Safety and Health Center shall assist the workplace/establishment
in the formulation and implementation of HIV AND AIDS Prevention
and Control Policy and Program. The DOLE Regional Offices shall
also serve as technical advisers in their respective areas on matters
concerning HIV and AIDS prevention and control in the workplace.

REFER TO THIS LINK TO CHECK THE COMPLETE GUIDELINES:

DOLE 73-05
https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DO102-10_HIV-
AIDS_Guidelines.pdf

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019

(COVID-19 PREVENTION MEASURES - What you need to know)

12. C. i. What is COVID-19?

COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is a respiratory illness caused by

a virus called SARS-CoV-2. The virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets
produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Image-source:https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS0e9J9LByBlMblKHGXgjTtCHEeZ5rBuuku96C-L8SCeTybYqh8
www.unilab.com.ph%2Farticles%2Fprotect-yourself-against-covid-
19&psig=AOvVaw0ggqBea_6_4OJAvYnAmrRN&ust=1692428435514000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=2ahUKEwjag_au0eWAAxW
vX2wGHUHFCzYQjRx6BAgAEAw

364 | P a g e
 12. C. ii. How is COVID-19 spread?

COVID-19 is spread primarily through respiratory droplets produced when an infected

person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or breathes. These droplets can contain a virus,
called SARS-CoV-2, and can land in the mouths or noses of people who are close to
or potentially inhaled into their lungs. The main modes of transmission include:

1. Close Contact: Being in close proximity (within about 6 feet or 2 meters) to an

infected person, especially if they are not wearing a mask, and having direct
contact with their respiratory droplets.

2. Airborne Transmission: In certain conditions, the virus can remain suspended

in the air in smaller droplets, called aerosols, and be inhaled by individuals who
are in the same space for an extended period, especially in poorly ventilated
areas.

3. Surface Contamination: Touching surfaces or objects that have the virus on

them and then touching the face, especially the mouth, nose, or eyes, can lead to
infection. However, this is considered a less common mode of transmission
compared to respiratory droplets.

4. Fecal-Oral Transmission: It's possible for the virus to be present in the feces of
infected individuals, and in some cases, it might be transmitted through
contaminated surfaces or inadequate hygiene practices.

5. Asymptomatic and Pre-symptomatic Spread: Infected individuals who do not

show symptoms (asymptomatic) or who have not yet developed symptoms (pre-
symptomatic) can still spread the virus to others. This makes early detection and
isolation of cases challenging.

12. C. iii. Symptoms Start Like Many Other Illnesses

The symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild to severe. Some people may
experience no symptoms at all. The most common symptoms include:

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 - Fever
- Cough
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Sore throat
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Diarrhea
- Loss of taste or smell

In some cases, COVID-19 can lead to more serious complications, such as

pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multisystem inflammatory
syndrome in children.

12. C. iv. Most at Risk Workers and Vulnerable Group

People over the age of 60. The risk of severe illness and death from COVID-19
increases with age.

People with underlying health conditions. This includes people with chronic
diseases such as heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, and cancer.

People who are pregnant. Pregnant women are at an increased risk of severe
illness from COVID-19.

Essential workers. This includes people who work in healthcare, food service,
transportation, and other essential industries. These workers are more likely to be
exposed to the virus because they work in close contact with other people.

People who live in crowded or unsanitary conditions. These conditions can

make it more difficult to social distance and practice good hygiene, which can
increase the risk of exposure to the virus.

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 12. C. v. How to Prevent COVID-19?

Get vaccinated and boosted: The COVID-19 vaccines are the best way to
protect yourself from the virus. They are safe and effective, and they can help to
prevent you from getting sick, getting seriously ill, and dying from COVID-19.

Why Vaccinate?

Vaccination is one of the ways to prevent COVID-19 because it helps your

body develop immunity to the virus. When you get vaccinated, your body
is exposed to a weakened or inactive form of the virus. This helps your
body's immune system learn to fight the virus if you are ever exposed to it
in the future.

Vaccination can help to prevent you from getting sick, getting seriously ill,
and dying from COVID-19. It can also help to reduce the spread of the virus
to others.

Wear a mask in indoor public settings: Masks help to block respiratory droplets
that may contain the virus. They are especially important in indoor settings where
people are likely to be in close contact with each other, such as grocery stores,
restaurants, and workplaces.

Social distance: This means staying at least 6 feet away from people who are
not in your household. Social distancing helps to reduce the risk of you coming
into contact with the virus.

Wash your hands often with soap and water: This is one of the best ways to
prevent the spread of germs. Be sure to wash your hands for at least 20 seconds,
especially after using the bathroom, before eating, and after being in contact with
someone who is sick.

Avoid touching your face: The virus can enter your body through your eyes,
nose, and mouth. By avoiding touching your face, you can help to prevent the
virus from getting into your body.

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 Stay home if you are sick: If you have any symptoms of COVID-19, such as
fever, cough, shortness of breath, or fatigue, stay home and avoid contact with
others. This will help to prevent you from spreading the virus to others.

Get tested if you think you may have COVID-19: If you have any symptoms of
COVID-19, get tested as soon as possible. This will help you to know if you have
the virus and can take steps to prevent spreading it to others.

12. C. vi. Covid-19 Alert Level System

Refers to the new Community Quarantine Classifications for dealing with
COVID-19 covering entire cities, municipalities and/or regions; aimed to manage
and minimize the risk of the disease through System Indicators, Triggers and
Thresholds determined by the IATF to specify the public health and social
measures to be taken in relation to the COVID-19 response, as may be updated
based on new scientific knowledge, information about the effectiveness of control
measures in the country and overseas, and its application.

12. D. DTI AND DOLE INTERIM GUIDELINES ON WORKPLACE PREVENTION AND

CONTROL OF COVID-19

I. DOH AO 2020-0013

Pursuant to DOH AO 2020-0013:

1. Shift from classifying individuals as Patients Under Investigation (PUI) and

Persons Under Monitoring (PUM) to using case definitions to classify cases into
Suspect, Probable, and Confirmed COVID-19 cases.

2. Establish a standard for and system of case detection, investigation, laboratory

confirmation, and notification.

On January 28, the Philippines started classifying coronavirus disease 2019

(COVID-19) cases as either Patients under Investigation (PUIs) or Persons under
Monitoring (PUMs). However, due to apparent local or community transmission

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 of the virus and the surge in cases, the Department of Health (DOH) has decided
to shift from classifying individuals as PUIs or PUMs to using case definitions
following guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO).

PUM

Person who may have been exposed to the virus but shows no symptoms — is
no longer included in the new classification, as residents are assumed to have
been exposed due to local transmission.

PUI (MILD, SEVERE OR CRITICAL)

Person who was not tested or awaiting test results is now classified as Suspect,
while a PUI (mild, severe or critical) with inconclusive test results is considered a
Probable case. A COVID Positive case is now referred to as Confirmed.

SUSPECT CASE

1. Individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI). Symptoms include fever of at

least 38°C and cough or sore throat, AND either of the following: (i) a
history of travel to or residence in an area that reported local transmission
of COVID-19 during the 14 days prior to symptom onset, OR (ii) with
contact to a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 during the 14 days
prior to symptom onset.

2. Individuals with sudden respiratory infection and severe symptoms such

as shortness of breath, difficulty of breathing or severe pneumonia with
unknown cause, and requires hospitalization

3. Individuals with fever or cough or shortness of breath or other respiratory

signs or symptoms and under any of the following conditions: (i) aged 60
years and above, (ii) with a comorbidity, (iii) assessed as having high-risk
pregnancy, or (iv) a health worker.

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 II. CASE

1. PROBABLE CASE
Suspect case whom testing for COVID-19 is inconclusive.
Suspect case who tested positive for COVID-19 but whose test was not
conducted in a national or subnational reference laboratory, or an officially
accredited laboratory.

2. CONFIRMED CASE

Any individual, irrespective of presence or absence of clinical signs and

symptoms, who was laboratory confirmed for COVID-19 in a test conducted
at the national reference laboratory, a subnational reference laboratory, and/or
DOH-certified laboratory testing facility.

3. CONTACT TRACING
Criteria for Close Contact Tracing

Without full PPE on any of the following:

✓ less than 1 meter interaction

✓ more than 15 minutes interaction
✓ living with the same household
Note: Rapid Antibody Test is never endorsed nor it is included by the WHO,
DOH and Unified Medical Societies as a criterion for clinical decision and
return to work

Rapid Antibody Test (RATs)

- not endorsed on any medical or government guidelines.
- not endorsed by any medical society and DOH expects it would no longer
be used after MECQ.
- there is a unified approach among medical groups recommending
complete eradication of rapid antibody test in the Philippines.

RT-PCR testing – remains to be the gold standard in COVID 19

RT-PCR pool testing – newly developed screening tool for COVID 19

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 III. CLEARANCE

Pursuant to DOH AO 2020-0220

Clearance from COVID 19 does not require a repeat swab test. Final clearance
can be provided and it is certified by a licensed medical doctor and it is not
depended on COVID 19 test.

A license medical doctor’s clinical assessment and judgement supersedes any

test.

1) DISINFECTION
➢ If the area where the suspect case is working is enclosed, only that are
would be disinfected.
➢ If the area where the suspect case is open, extend the area of
disinfection up to two meters from his working position using 1:100
sodium hypochlorite solution, wall to wall surface disinfection, workers
assigned to disinfect that area would wear full prescribed PPE. After 24
hours from disinfection, that area can be used again for work.
➢ Misting and foot disinfection was never endorsed
➢ Periodic disinfection of surfaces every 2 hours
➢ Artificial UV light still has pending studies
➢ Sunlight UV light kills SarsCov2 virus in seconds

2) EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT

Medications and supplements with presumptive positive

evidence/promising positive results against Covid 19:

➢ Azithromycin
➢ Melatonin
➢ Virgin Coconut Oil
➢ Vitamin C
➢ Vitamin D
➢ Vitamin E
➢ Prednisone/Dexamethasone

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WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH

Employers are required to implement all necessary workplace safety and health
programs, including the following COVID-related programs, at no cost to the
employees?

Increasing Physical and Mental Resilience

1. Employers shall provide their employees with psychosocial support, especially
those presenting mental health concerns.

2. Employers shall likewise promote work-life balance, especially in these trying

times through proper scheduling of activities and workforce rotation.

3. Company policies on prevention and control of COVID-19 should be aligned

with the existing minimum public health standards and guidelines issued by
the DOH and other regulatory agencies.

Reduced transmission of COVID-19

The following are the minimum public health standards to be complied with in all
workplaces:

1) Masks
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Face masks must be worn at all times. 4bcab32c7a9e0e3e7876f22.jpg

Medical grade masks are highly encouraged

and should be properly disposed of after use.
iii. Masks with vents should not be used.

Cloth masks, with additional filter such as

tissue paper or similar material, may be used
as long as they are clean and washed daily.
The filter should be changed daily or after
every sneezing or coughing episode, and
should be properly disposed of after use.

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 Hands should be washed/disinfected before replacing the filters.

Frequent mask handling and manipulation should be avoided.

2) Face shields

Face shields shall cover the entire face

(completely cover the sides and length of the
face). If possible, face shields should extend to
the ears and below the chin.

Visor-type and masks should always be worn

together when interacting with colleagues,
clients and/or visitors.

Face shields may be removed according to the

demands of the work or when the occupational
safety and health of the employees so requires. Image-source:
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526a5919599919dc02716c.jpg

3) Physical Distancing

Physical distancing of at least one (1) meter or

two (2) meters, when possible, shall be
observed at all times. This must be practiced
in combinations with the wearing of masks and
face shields.

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4) Frequent Disinfection

Frequent handwashing with soap and water or

the application of alcohol-based disinfectants
shall be mandatory in all workplaces and is
encouraged to be practiced at home.

The following disinfecting/washing resources,

supplies/materials should be made available to
employees and clients/visitors:

a. hand washing stations

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b. soap and sanitizers aafd35aa1a8a3f8b26bc.jpg

c. hand drying equipment or supplies (e.g., single use paper towel)

Display of signages/visual cues and reminders to practice proper handwashing

and other hygiene behaviors among employees is mandatory. These include:

Hand washing with soap and water, or use of hand disinfectants with alcohol-
based sanitizers specifically, but not limited to, the following instances:

➢ After using the bathroom

➢ Before and after taking off their face mask and/or face shield
➢ After touching frequently-touched surfaces and objects (e.g., stair
railings, elevator controls, door knobs)
➢ Before and after touching their face

Advising employees to conduct surface disinfection in their work stations

before the start of the shift, intermittently during shift and at the end of the shift.

Discouraging sharing of personal items between employees to prevent

possible transmission advising before and after handling food or eating

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SHUTTLE SERVICES

• Should be consistent with IATF Resolution 69:

• Large private establishments with total assets above P 100,000,000 located
inside special economic zones or other areas under Investment are
REQUIRED to provide shuttle services to their employees. In case, they
cannot financially sustain this provision, they can adopt alternative work
arrangements, vouchers for TNVS, cost sharing or other alternative
arrangements
• Employers may contract the services of public utility vehicles to subsidize
public transport operations.

DESIGNATION OF ISOLATION AREA

● Isolation a rea of 1 room every 200 employees shall be based on the average
number of employees actually reporting to work per shift.

● Isolation areas maybe outside of establishments provided that they are within
control of the employer, the facility is readily available when necessary and a
temporary holding facility is setup within the immediate vicinity of the
workplace/building.

● Establishments may also make arrangements with nearby treatment and

monitoring facilities or Barangay Local Government Unit.

CLOSURE AND DISINFECTION OF WORKPLACES

● Companies are encouraged to establish their company policies on temporary

closure, disinfection and contact tracing. Proactive disinfection is strongly
encouraged.

● Granular lockdown may be allowed provided that a company policy/OSH

program ensures safe entry of employees.

● Shorter lockdown period is allowed provided that the safety of employees is

ensured under company policy/OSH program and a certificate of return to

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 work from specialists is secured.

● AC units may be set according to nature of operations. Malls and shopping

centers may set it at 24 degrees centigrade.

● The bottom line is that the OSH committee of the company especially the OH
team analyzes the situation based on company processes and needs and
decides on what to do.

● DOLE DTI recognizes that the OSH committee of each company knows the
company more than anyone and hence they should decide on what to do
based on company processes.

ASSISTANCE AND REPORTING

● DTI and DOLE shall extend assistance and technical support to all
workplaces, employers and workers in complying with the Guidelines.

● The employer shall provide the DOLE through its Regional Office, copy
furnished the DOH, monthly reporting of illness, diseases and injuries utilizing
the DOLE Work Accident/Illness Report Form (WAIR).

REDUCE CONTACT

1. Most-at-risk population (MARP) for COVID-19 in the workplace (e.g., senior

citizens, pregnant women, individuals with underlying health conditions) and
those below 21 years old, shall continue to observe work-from-home
arrangements. When needed to occasionally report to work, they may be
allowed to, provided a certificate of fit to work is secured from the OSH
personnel and must stay in the workplace only for a specified number of hours.
They shall limit physical contact inside the premises.

2. Restriction of mass gatherings:

a. Depending on the risk classification of the workplace locality, as

defined by IATF’s risk severity grading, Employers shall follow the
restriction on mass gatherings, (i.e., only 10% of seating capacity for

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 meeting rooms in high/moderate-risk areas (e.g., confined spaces) and
a maximum of 50% seating capacity for low-risk areas (e.g., open
areas)).

b. Videoconferencing shall always be used for meetings needing large

attendance of employees and/or for meetings lasting longer than 15
minutes.

c. The safety officer, which refers to any employee or officer of the

company trained by the DOLE and tasked by the employer to
implement an occupational safety and health program, and ensure that
it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards, will determine
the maximum number of employees allowed to stay at any given time
in areas where they usually converge during breaks, or before/after
work shifts (e.g. canteens, locker rooms, changing rooms, lounges, rest
rooms or comfort rooms). The safety officer shall ensure that minimum
public health standards are followed at all times.

3. Employers shall adopt staggered meal schedules to further restrict contact

among its employees. Eating alone in the workstation is highly encouraged.
Dining in canteens may be allowed provided that employees shall strictly
comply with the physical distancing of at least one (1) meter and shall be
prohibited from talking with each other. Employers are required to provide
signages, physical barriers, and such other means to ensure compliance with
these protocols.

To ensure compliance with the physical distancing requirements, employers

may set up makeshift dining areas to complement canteens in the workplace.

a. Masks should be immediately worn after eating.

b. Use of communal items such as, but not limited to, dipping sauces and
condiments, utensil dispensers, and straw dispensers shall be
prohibited.

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 c. Serving of buffet meals and other similar set-ups shall be prohibited.

4. Employers shall, as much as practicable, minimize the duration of customer

transactions to less than 15 minutes.

REDUCE DURATION OF INFECTION

1. Detection.

All employees, upon entering the building premises/workplaces, shall be

required to accomplish the Health Declaration Form, or any digital iteration
thereof. The security staff or other responsible personnel shall immediately
screen the accomplished form and perform a temperature check.

a. If “Yes” to any item is answered or if with a T> 37.5 degrees Celsius, the
employee shall be denied entry and referred to the workplace isolation
area for further evaluation by the Safety Officer.

b. If “No” to all items are answered and temperature is <37.5 degrees Celsius,
the employee shall be permitted entry.

c. The security staff or other responsible personnel on duty shall immediately

give the accomplished health declaration form to the company Human
Resources (HR) for appropriate action and storage.

d. Should an online health declaration form be used, the form should be

electronically submitted to HR.

e. The Health Declaration Form shall be handled and processed in

accordance with the Data Privacy Act and related issuances to ensure that
–

i. Data collected should only include such necessary data

proportional to the purpose of contract tracing;

ii. The processing of personal data shall be transparent and that the

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 data subjects shall be apprised of the reasons for such collection;

iii. Reasonable and appropriate security measures and safeguards

shall be implemented to protect the personal data collected;

iv. The personal data collected shall be considered highly confidential;

and

v. The personal data shall be stored only for a limited period and shall
be disposed of properly after thirty (30) days from the date of
accomplishment.

2. Employers shall direct symptomatic individuals through appropriate health system

entry points such as the primary care facility (e.g., Barangay Health Center,
Infirmaries, Private Clinics/hospitals) or telehealth consultation. Referral networks
shall be established.

3. Employers may contact the DOH through its hotline 1555 for guidance on the
handling and referring symptomatic employees.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEES (OSH COMMITTEES)

Employers shall establish OSH Committees in accordance with Republic Act No. 11058,
its IRR, and DOLE Department Order No. 198, Series of 2018 which took effect on 25
January 2019.

The OSH Committee and/or safety officer of the workplace shall oversee enforcement
and monitoring of the minimum public health standards for COVID-19 prevention in the
workplace and this JMC.

Monitoring by the OSH Committees shall include evaluation and analysis of the
company’s implementation of the minimum health standards and protocols to
immediately address the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace, if any, and recommend
and implement appropriate preventive measures. Health surveillance may be conducted

379 | P a g e
to determine the cause/s of the spread/transmission of the virus in the workplace.

For 2 or more private establishments housed under the same building, a joint OSH
Committee shall also be established in accordance with DOLE Department Order No.
198, Series of 2018. They may share resources for the successful implementation of a
comprehensive OSH Program, including a COVID-19 Prevention and Control Program

12. D. iv. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

Exhaustive Physical Exertions:

Construction workers often engage in
physically demanding tasks like digging,
lifting, or carrying heavy loads, which can
result in musculoskeletal injuries.

Excessive Standing: Prolonged periods of

standing on hard surfaces can lead to foot, leg,
and back pain among construction workers.

Improper Motions: Awkward body postures

and repetitive motions, such as bending or
twisting, can result in strains and discomfort.

Lifting Heavy Loads: Improper lifting

techniques and handling heavy materials can
cause back injuries and hernias.

Job Monotony: Repeatedly performing the

same tasks without variety can lead to boredom
and reduced job satisfaction, which may impact
worker well-being.

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 12. D. v. Other health hazards
• Work-related stress, Mental health

Stress is a pervasive issue in the construction industry, exerting its toll on

both the mental and physical well-being of workers. The demanding nature of
construction projects, characterized by tight deadlines, strenuous physical labor,
and frequent exposure to uncertain conditions, contributes significantly to worker
stress. Safety concerns, job insecurity, and long working hours further compound
the problem. The consequences of stress in construction can manifest as
decreased job satisfaction, impaired mental health, physical ailments, and
reduced productivity. To mitigate these effects, it is imperative for construction
companies to prioritize employee well-being by implementing stress-reduction
strategies, promoting work-life balance, and fostering a supportive and safe work
environment.

Construction Workers face a wide range of stressors:

Long Work Hours:

Construction workers often commence early morning shifts that

extend into the late afternoon or evening, sometimes surpassing 50 hours
a week. These extended work hours can result in worker fatigue and
heightened susceptibility to stress.

Physical Labor:

Within the construction field, employees engage in physically

demanding tasks that place significant strain on their bodies,
encompassing challenges related to both extreme heat and cold
conditions.

Dangerous Work:

Anxiety can arise among construction workers when operating

complex machinery like aerial work platforms (AWPs) and heavy-duty

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 equipment, which, if mishandled, can lead to workplace accidents, injuries,
and even fatalities.

Recognizing Signs of Stress in Construction:

Not all indications of stress in construction are overt. Workers should

remain vigilant for potential red flags, including headaches, anxiety, panic attacks,
reduced focus, sleep disturbances, low morale, poor dietary habits, and
decreased reaction time. Stress can have dire consequences, elevating the risk
of heart attacks, strokes, accidents, and injuries on the job, underscoring the
imperative need for stress management strategies in the construction industry.

REFERENCE:https://www.certifymeonline.net/blog/manage-construction-industry-stress/

• Substance abuse

Drug Abuse:

• Drug abuse, including substance misuse or addiction, can pose serious

safety risks on construction sites. Impaired judgment and coordination can
lead to accidents and injuries, jeopardizing both individual well-being and
the safety of others.
• Implementing strict drug-free workplace policies, conducting regular drug
testing, and providing access to support and rehabilitation programs can
help address drug-related concerns in the construction industry.

Alcohol Abuse:

• Involves consuming alcohol in excessive amounts or in ways that

negatively impact one's well-being and relationships.
• Improper Nutrition:
• Construction workers often face demanding physical tasks that require
energy and stamina. Poor nutrition, characterized by unhealthy dietary
choices, can lead to reduced energy levels, fatigue, and decreased
productivity on construction sites.

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 Encouraging healthy eating habits, providing access to nutritious meals at
work, and promoting awareness about balanced diets can help address this issue.

• Tobacco Abuse:
• Tobacco abuse involves the excessive use of tobacco products, such as
cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco, leading to harmful health effects.
These include increased risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease,
respiratory problems, and other serious illnesses.

Sedentary Lifestyle:

• While construction work is physically demanding, there can be instances

of sedentary activities, such as operating heavy equipment or sitting during
breaks. Extended periods of inactivity can contribute to health problems
like obesity and cardiovascular issues.
• Encouraging workers to incorporate regular physical activity into their daily
routines, even during breaks, can help mitigate the effects of a sedentary
lifestyle.
• To prevent alcohol abuse from affecting construction health: implement
clear policies, educate workers, offer support, and foster a safety-focused
culture.

POTENTIAL OCCUPATION EXPOSURE

Construction Workers

They are exposed to falls from

scaffolding, ladders, or roofs, as well as
the risk of being struck by falling objects
or heavy machinery.

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 Carpenters

Often work with power tools and heavy

materials, facing the risk of injuries from
equipment and manual handling.

Demolition Workers

Face hazards related to building collapse

and falling debris.

Painters

Deal with paints, solvents, and coatings,

which can emit harmful fumes and pose
chemical exposure risks.

Welders

Exposed to welding fumes and gases,

which can be harmful if not properly
ventilated.

Asbestos Abatement Workers

Handle materials containing asbestos

during removal and abatement projects.

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 Health and Safety Inspectors

May encounter biological hazards while

inspecting construction sites for
compliance with safety regulations.

Waste Management Workers on

Construction Sites
Handle waste materials that may contain
biological agents, like medical waste or
contaminated materials.

Masonry Workers

Engage in repetitive motions and heavy

lifting when laying bricks or stones.

Roofers

Often work in awkward positions on

sloped roofs, which can lead to
ergonomic issues.

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 Tunnel Workers

May experience ergonomic hazards due

to tight spaces and repetitive tasks.

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d57058d5cf5ca629e8

PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF EACH HAZARDS

PHYSICAL HAZARD PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Noise

Engineering Controls: Implement engineering solutions to reduce

noise at its source, such as using quieter equipment or machinery.

Administrative Controls: Schedule noisy activities during non-

working hours or in isolated areas to minimize worker exposure.

Hearing Protection: Provide workers with hearing protection

equipment, like earmuffs or earplugs, and ensure they are trained
in their proper use.

Noise Monitoring: Regularly monitor noise levels to identify areas

or tasks with high noise exposure and implement mitigation
strategies.

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 Vibrations

Use Low-Vibration Tools: Select tools and equipment with lower

vibration levels and provide anti-vibration handles or gloves.

Maintenance: Maintain machinery in good working condition to

reduce vibration levels.

Worker Rotation: Rotate workers out of jobs involving prolonged

exposure to vibration to minimize health risks.

Training: Educate workers on the potential risks of vibration

exposure and proper techniques for using vibrating equipment.

Radiations

Radiation Monitoring: Identify and monitor areas with potential

radiation hazards, such as those involving radioactive materials.

Radiation Shielding: Use appropriate shielding materials and

barriers to protect workers from ionizing radiation sources.

Worker Training: Ensure that workers handling radioactive

materials are properly trained in radiation safety protocols.

Defective or Inadequate Illumination

Regular Inspections: Conduct regular inspections of work areas to

identify and address inadequate lighting conditions.

Upgraded Lighting: Invest in high-quality lighting systems to

ensure adequate illumination, especially in areas with intricate
tasks.

Emergency Lighting: Install emergency lighting to provide

illumination in case of power failures or emergencies.

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 Extreme Temperatures

Weather Monitoring: Monitor weather conditions, particularly

during extreme heat or cold, and adjust work schedules accordingly.

Heat Stress Prevention: Provide access to shaded areas, rest

breaks, and hydration stations during hot weather to prevent heat-
related illnesses.

Cold Weather Protection: Supply workers with appropriate cold-

weather gear, including insulated clothing and heated shelters.

Educate Workers: Train workers on recognizing the signs of heat

stress or cold-related illnesses and the importance of taking
appropriate precautions.

CHEMICAL HAZARD PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Dust:

Dust Control Measures: Implement dust control measures like

wetting down surfaces, using dust suppressants, or installing dust
collection systems to minimize the generation and dispersion of dust
particles.

Respiratory Protection: Provide workers with appropriate

respiratory protection, such as dust masks or respirators, when
working in dusty environments. Ensure workers are trained in their
proper use and maintenance.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Require workers to wear

appropriate PPE, including safety goggles, gloves, and coveralls, to
prevent skin and eye contact with dust.

Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in enclosed spaces to help

dissipate airborne dust and maintain good indoor air quality.

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 Gases, Vapors, Fumes, and Mist:

Substitution: Whenever possible, substitute hazardous chemicals

with less hazardous alternatives to minimize exposure.

Engineering Controls: Implement engineering solutions like local

exhaust ventilation systems to capture and remove hazardous
gases, vapors, fumes, or mist at the source.

Isolation: Isolate areas where hazardous substances are present

to limit worker exposure.

Atmosphere Monitoring: Regularly monitor air quality in areas

where potentially harmful gases or vapors are present. Use gas
detectors and monitoring equipment to ensure safe working
conditions.

Respiratory Protection: Provide workers with appropriate

respiratory protection equipment, such as respirators with specific
cartridges for the chemicals in use. Ensure proper fit testing,
training, and maintenance.

Storage and Handling: Properly store and handle chemicals

following manufacturer guidelines, including storing incompatible
chemicals separately and in well-ventilated areas.

Emergency Response: Establish and communicate emergency

response procedures, including evacuation plans and the use of
safety showers and eyewash stations in case of exposure to
hazardous substances.

Personal Hygiene: Encourage proper personal hygiene practices

among workers, including washing hands and changing clothes
after working with chemicals.

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 BIOLOGICAL HAZARD PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Education and Training: Inform and train workers on biological

hazards and safety practices.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Provide and ensure

proper use of PPE like gloves and masks.

Vaccination: Offer relevant vaccinations to workers.

Safe Work Practices: Implement hygiene practices and safety

protocols.

Environmental Controls: Use engineering controls and maintain

equipment.

Waste Management: Follow safe disposal procedures for biological

waste.

Infection Control Plans: Develop and implement tailored plans.

Surveillance and Monitoring: Regularly monitor worker health.

Emergency Response: Prepare for exposure incidents and

outbreaks.

Documentation: Maintain records of training, incidents, and

assessments.

ERGONOMIC HAZARD PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Workstation Design: Optimize workstations to promote neutral

body postures and minimize awkward positions. Ensure that tools
and equipment are within easy reach.

Job Rotation: Implement job rotation schedules to reduce

prolonged exposure to repetitive tasks and job monotony.

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 Ergonomic Training: Provide workers with training on proper lifting
techniques, posture, and ergonomics. Encourage awareness of
ergonomic risks.

Mechanical Assistance: Use equipment like forklifts, conveyors, or

lifting aids to reduce the physical strain of lifting heavy loads.

Rest Breaks: Schedule regular breaks to allow workers to rest and

recover, especially during physically demanding or monotonous
tasks.

Adjustable Workstations: Use adjustable chairs, desks, and work

surfaces to accommodate different body sizes and postures.

Ergonomic Assessments: Conduct regular ergonomic

assessments of workstations and tasks to identify and address
potential hazards.

Personal Protective Equipment: Provide appropriate PPE, such

as anti-vibration gloves or ergonomic lifting belts, where necessary.

Worker Involvement: Encourage workers to actively participate in

identifying ergonomic issues and suggesting improvements.

Health Promotion: Promote overall worker health through wellness

programs, exercise, and fitness initiatives to reduce physical strain.

Management Commitment: Foster a workplace culture that

prioritizes ergonomic safety, with support from management and
supervisors.

12. D. vi. HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

• Legal Basis of health interventions

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER: NO. 2020 - 0042

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Health Promotion Framework Strategy in Province-wide and City-wide Health
Systems

GENERAL GUIDELINES

A. All P/CWHS health promotion policies, programs and activities shall be

anchored on the Health Promotion Framework Strategy (HPFS).

B. The envisioned P/CWHS health promotion goals shall be the following:

1. That all individuals are empowered to make healthy choices and choose
healthy lifestyles to curb risk factors;

2. That communities are informed, engaged, and mobilized in ensuring

their health and wellbeing;

3. That all settings wherein an individual lives, schools, and works foster
an environment that promotes health

C. P/CWHS shall implement the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter as the
underlying framework. These action areas are all interwoven and linked with one
another, which if implemented, can bring synergized and compounded impact on
the health and health outcomes of Filipinos in line with the UHC's goals. The
following shall be the action areas:

1. Implementing healthy public policies to promote health and wellbeing.

Establishing healthy public policies that promote health and wellbeing for
all is critical in the implementation of health promotion. Healthy public
policies will promote healthier individual choices and eliminate barriers to
behavioral change.

2. Reorienting health services and communities to health promotion. For

effective behavioral change to happen, a reorientation and rebalancing of
resources among promotion, prevention and treatment services must be
made at all levels of the health sector.

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 3. Strengthening personal and community health promotion capacity.
Personal skills and community development are necessary for health
promotion action to be successfully undertaken.

4. Fostering supportive and conducive environments/settings through the

life course. Environments and settings are influential in determining
societal and individual behavioral patterns. Conducive
environments/settings for health are necessary to lessen health inequities
in a community.

5. Development of strong collaborative intersectoral partnerships and

collective efforts in the local setting. As factors influencing health are
diverse and numerous, collaboration and collective action among various
stakeholders and community members are vital to effectively address
determinants of health, and health risk behaviors promotion strategies and
interventions.

D. P/CWHS shall provide population-based health promotion interventions,

activities and initiatives in the following strategic approaches:

1. Life-course Approach. All health promotion policies and programs shall

consider all life course stages.

2. Lifestyle and Behavioral Approach. All health promotion policies and

programs shall target the behavior of individuals to promote enabling and
healthy choices to curb risk factors.

3. Sociological Approach. All health promotion policies and programs shall

consider the environment in which an individual lives, schools and works
in, as this determines his or her overall well-being.

E. The Health Promotion and Communication Service (HPCS) shall be

transformed and hereinafter referred to as "Health Promotion Bureau (HPB)."

REFER TO THIS LINK TO CHECK THE COMPLETE GUIDELINES:

https://law.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DOH-Administrative-Order-No-2020-0042.pdf

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• Components of OSH Program Under D.O. 198-18 or the IRR of the RA 11058

DEPARTMENT ORDER: 198-18

CHAPTER IV

COVERED WORKPLACES

Section 12. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program. Covered

workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable OSH program in a format
prescribed by DOLE which shall be posted in prominent places.
(a) For establishments-with less than ten (10) workers and low risk
establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers. - The OSH program, which shall
be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:

1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;

2. General safety and health programs, including:
• Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control
(HIRAC),
• Medical surveillance for early detection and management of
occupational and work-related diseases, and
• First aid and emergency medical services;
3. Promotion of the following health domains: • Drug-free workplace (RA
9165), Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
• Healthy lifestyle;
4. Prevention and control of the following health domains:
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (RA 8504),
• Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), and
• Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010);
5. Complete company or project details;
6. Composition and duties of the OSH committee;
7. OSH personnel and facilities;
8. Safety and health promotion, training and education, including:

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 • Orientation of all workers on OSH, and
• Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control;
9. Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis, if
applicable;
10. Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and reporting;
11. Provision and use of PPE;
12. Provision of safety signage;
13. Provision of workers' welfare facilities;
14. Emergency and disaster preparedness and mandated drills;
15. Solid waste management system; and
16. Control and management of hazards.

(b) For medium to high-risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers
and low to high-risk establishments with fifty-one (51) workers and above. - The
OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least
the following:
1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;
2. General safety and health programs including:
• Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control
(HIRAC),
• Medical surveillance for early detection and management of
occupational and work-related diseases, and
• First aid and emergency medical services;
3. Promotion of the following health domains:
• Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),
• Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
• Healthy lifestyle;
4. Prevention and control of the following health domains:
1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (RA 8504),
2. Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), and

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 3. Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010);
5. Complete company or project details;
6. Composition and duties of the OSH committee;
7. OSH personnel and facilities;
8. Safety and health promotion, training and education, to include the
following:
• Orientation of all workers on OSH,
• Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control, • Continuous
training on OSH of OSH personnel, and
• Work Permit System such as working at height, working at confined
space, hot works, and other related activities;
9. Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis;
10. Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and reporting;
11. Provision and use of PPE;
12. Provision of safety signage;
13. Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as
building of temporary structures, and lifting and operation of electrical,
mechanical, communications system, and other equipment;
14. Provision of workers' welfare facilities;
15. Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the
organization and creation of disaster control groups, business continuity
plan, and updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment, as
required;
16. Solid waste management system;
17. Control and management of hazards;
18. Prohibited acts and penalties for violations; and
19. Cost of implementing company OSH program.
The DOLE shall prescribe a format that should be accomplished fully by the
employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, in consultation with the workers and
their representatives.

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 The OSH program shall be communicated and be made readily available to
all persons in the workplace. It shall be updated periodically whenever the DOLE,
other regulatory or government agencies and institutions promulgate new rules,
guidelines and other issuances related to workers' safety and health.
The establishment shall ensure that the core elements of OSH program are
integrated in the company OSH program such as management commitment and
employee involvement, workplace risk assessment, hazard prevention and control,
safety and health training and education, and OSH program evaluation.
The establishment shall submit a copy of the OSH program to the DOLE
Regional, Provincial, Field or Satellite Office having jurisdiction over the workplace.
A duly signed company commitment to comply OSH requirements together with
the company OSH program using the prescribed template shall be considered
approved upon submission EXCEPT for Construction Safety and Health Program
which shall need approval by DOLE prior to construction.
OSH programs in the pre-approved template may be modified by DOLE as
necessary based on existing laws, rules and regulations, and other issuances or
upon validation of the program during inspection. If there is a modification made by
the company, the company shall submit a revised copy of the OSH program to
DOLE.
The company shall review and evaluate the OSH program at least once a
year or as necessary, to ensure that its objectives are met towards an improved
safety and health performance.

REFER TO THIS LINK TO CHECK THE COMPLETE GUIDELINES:

https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/01/DO-198-Implementing-Rules-and-Regulations-of-Republic-Act-No_-11058-An-
Act-Strengthening-Compliance-with-Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Standards-and-Providing-Penalties-for-Violations-Thereof.pdf

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• MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Monitoring

It refers to the ongoing, systematic, and regular observation,

measurement, and assessment of individuals' health status to identify and track
potential occupational health risks or changes in their health due to workplace
exposures.

Types of Monitoring

Biological Monitoring - Analyzing biological samples to measure

chemical exposure levels, assessing internal exposure to workplace
hazards.

Medical Monitoring - Conducting health assessments, exams, and

diagnostic tests to detect and monitor conditions related to workplace
exposures.

Environmental Monitoring - Measuring hazardous substance levels in

the workplace to ensure safety compliance and identify exposure risks.

Steps in setting up a specific occupational health surveillance program.

Steps 1-3: This entail conducting exposure and risk assessments to identify
health effects that can be detected in the preclinical phase, making early
intervention more effective than later disease stages.

Step 4: Developing action criteria based on medical test results is crucial. While
consensus groups like ACGIH's Biological Exposure Index (BEI) and OSHA
standards offer guidelines for specific indicators, these guidelines may be limited
and inconsistent. Local context-appropriate criteria should be applied to each test.

Steps 5-6: Ensure standardized test procedures, quality control, provide

employees with test-related information, and maintain result confidentiality.

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 Steps 7-8: Interpret test results considering predetermined action level criteria,
individual exposure data (including non-occupational exposures), and reconfirm
abnormal findings.

Steps 9-11: In cases of abnormal results, consider removing the employee from
further exposure, while adhering to legal provisions for wage and benefit
protection during job transfers. Notify employees and fulfill statutory requirements
where applicable. Since screening tests may not provide a definitive diagnosis,
additional medical evaluations, including specialist referrals, may be necessary.

Steps 12-13: Reevaluate the work environment for employees with abnormal
screening results, implement measures to reduce exposure to safe levels if
needed, and maintain records, including medical records, notifications, exposure
assessments, and environmental modifications.

REFERENCE: Baker EL, Matte TP. Chapter 13. Surveillance of occupational

illness and injury. In: Halperin W, Baker EL, Monson RR, eds. Public health
surveillance. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992:178–94.
https://oem.bmj.com/content/60/9/705#ref-11

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 13: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Learning Objectives

• To know the different types of PPE and its uses.

• PPE General Requirements
• Proper donning, use, inspection, storage, and disposal of PPE

13. A. WHAT IS PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) is designed to
protect personnel from injury by
forming a barrier against workplace
dangers. It is not a replacement for
excellent engineering,
administrative, or work practices, but
should be utilized in concert with
these controls to maintain employee
safety and health. Personal
protective equipment will be
provided, used, and maintained
where its usage is considered to be
Image-source:
necessary and will reduce the chance of https://www.mnltap.umn.edu/topics/workplace/personal_pr
otection_equipment/images/PPE_person.jpg
occupational injury and/or sickness.

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Personal protective equipment today, as in the past, makes working safer and you
more productive.
1. When a hazard is identified in the workplace, every effort should be made to
eliminate it so that employees are not harmed.

2. It can be done by isolation, substitution, administrative and engineering controls.

3. However, if this cannot be done since employees will always be around, the use
of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is necessary.

4. PPE can also provide added protection to the employee even when the hazard is
being controlled by other means.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required for the safety of the workers and
should be considered an important aspect of the safety program to avoid injuries,
accidents, and job-related illnesses of the workers.

13. B. OSHS RULE 1080

Personal Protective Equipment

1081 General Provision
1081.01 Every Employer
“Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the eyes,
face, hands and feet, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary because
of the hazardous nature of the process or environment, chemical or radiological or
other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the
function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact”

1081.02
“All protective equipment shall be of approved design and construction appropriate
for the exposure and the work to be performed”

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 1081.03
“The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and proper maintenance of
personal protective equipment used in his workplace”

1081.04
“No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous environmental conditions
without protection

13. C. GUIDELINES FOR PPE USE

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES

As per RULE 1080

1081: General Provisions
1081: Every employer as defined in 1002
Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the eyes,
face, hands and feet, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason
of the hazardous nature of the process or environment, chemical or radiological or
other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the
function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

1082: Eye and Face Protection

Eyes and face protective equipment shall be required where there is reasonable
probability of exposure to such hazards. In such cases, the employer shall furnish a
type of protective equipment suitable for the work to be performed and the employees
shall use such equipment.

1083: Respiratory Protection:

The primary corrective measure in the control of occupational diseases caused by
harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays or vapors shall be to
prevent atmospheric contamination.

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 1084: Head Protection:
Hard hats for the protection of workers from impact penetration from falling and flying
objects, blows, and from limited electric shock and burns shall be provided where
there is reasonable probability of exposure to such hazards.
Hard hats shall be made of non-combustible or slow-burning materials and when
used in an electrical environment shall be non-conductor of electricity.

1085: Hand and Arm Protection

When selecting gloves, consideration should be given to the hazards to which the
wearer may be exposed to and the ease and free movement of the fingers.
Gloves shall not be worn by workers operating drills, punch presses or other
machinery in which the hand may be caught by moving parts.

1086: General Provisions

Workmen working in unguarded surface above open pits or tanks, steep slopes,
moving machinery and similar locations, or working from unguarded surfaces six (6)
meters (20 ft.) or more above water or ground, temporary or permanent floor platform,
scaffold construction or where otherwise exposed to the possibility of falls hazardous
to life or limb, shall be secured by safety belts and lifelines.

13. D. Determine the types of PPE and their uses

• Head Protection:
- Hard Hats: Protect against head injuries from falling objects, impact, and
electrical hazards.
- Bump Caps: Offer lightweight protection against minor bumps and scrapes,
suitable for low-risk environments.
• Eye and Face Protection:
- Safety Glasses: Shield eyes from impact, flying particles, and chemical
splashes.
- Goggles: Provide a seal around the eyes for protection against chemical
splashes, dust, and debris.

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 - Face Shields: Protect the face from impact, chemical splashes, and flying
particles.
• Hearing Protection:
- Earplugs: Inserted into the ear canal to reduce exposure to loud noises.
- Earmuffs: Fit over the ears to provide a seal and reduce noise levels.
• Respiratory Protection:
- Disposable Respirators (N95 Masks): Filter out airborne particles, such as
dust and infectious agents.
- Half-Face Respirators: Protect against airborne contaminants and
particulates.
- Full-Face Respirators: Cover the face and provide protection against
gases, vapors, and particulates.
• Hand Protection:
- Disposable Gloves: Protect against contamination and provide a barrier
against chemicals and infectious agents.
- Work Gloves: Provide protection against cuts, abrasions, and punctures in
various work environments.
• Foot Protection:
- Safety Shoes: Protect feet from impact, compression, and puncture
hazards.
- Steel-Toe Boots: Include a reinforced toe cap to protect against crushing
injuries.
• Body Protection:
- Coveralls: Offer full-body protection against chemical splashes, dust, and
other hazards.
- Aprons: Protect clothing from contamination and chemical splashes.
Vests: Enhance visibility in low-light conditions or high-traffic areas.
• Fall Protection:
- Harnesses: Secure workers to a fall arrest system to prevent falls from
heights.

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 - Lanyards and Lifelines: Connect the harness to an anchor point to arrest
falls.
• Heat and Cold Protection:
- Insulated Clothing: Provide warmth in cold environments.
- Cooling Vests: Help regulate body temperature in hot environments.
- High-Visibility Clothing:
Vests, Shirts, Jackets: Increase visibility in low-light conditions or areas
with moving vehicles or equipment.
Understanding the specific hazards present in the workplace is crucial for
selecting the appropriate PPE to ensure worker safety.

13. E. Explain the best practices in the use of PPE’s

• Selection: Choose the appropriate PPE for the specific hazards present in the
work environment. Ensure that the PPE fits properly and is comfortable to wear.
• Training: Provide training to employees on how to properly use, maintain, and
dispose of PPE. This includes how to put on, take off, and adjust the equipment.
• Inspection: Regularly inspect PPE for damage or wear and tear. Replace any
damaged or defective equipment immediately.
• Maintenance: Clean and maintain PPE according to the manufacturer's
instructions. Store PPE in a clean and dry area when not in use.
• Usage: Wear PPE whenever there is a risk of exposure to hazards. This includes
wearing the appropriate PPE for the task at hand and wearing it correctly.
• Removal: Remove PPE carefully to avoid contamination. Dispose of disposable
PPE properly after use.
• Communication: Encourage open communication between employees and
management regarding PPE issues. Employees should feel comfortable reporting
any concerns or problems with their PPE.
• Review: Regularly review and update your PPE program to ensure it is effective
and up-to-date with current regulations and best practices.

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13. F. Show the capability in identifying the types of PPE’s

• Head Protection: This includes helmets, hard hats, and bump caps to
protect the head from impact, falling objects, and electrical hazards.
• Eye and Face Protection: Safety glasses, goggles, face shields, and full-
face respirators protect against chemical splashes, flying particles, and
other hazards.
• Hearing Protection: Earplugs and earmuffs protect against noise-induced
hearing loss in noisy environments.
• Respiratory Protection: Respirators protect against harmful dust, fumes,
gases, and airborne contaminants. They can be filtering facepiece
respirators (FFRs) or air-purifying respirators (APRs).
• Hand Protection: Gloves protect against cuts, burns, chemical exposure,
and other hazards. They come in various materials, such as leather,
rubber, and fabric, depending on the specific hazard.
• Foot Protection: Safety shoes, boots, and toe guards protect against
crushing injuries, punctures, electrical hazards, and slips and falls.
• Body Protection: This includes coveralls, vests, aprons, and full-body suits
to protect against chemical splashes, spills, and other hazards.
• Fall Protection: Harnesses, lanyards, and lifelines protect against falls from
heights in construction and other industries.
• Heat and Cold Protection: Insulated clothing, gloves, and headwear protect
against extreme temperatures.
• High-Visibility Clothing: This includes vests, shirts, and jackets with
reflective stripes to increase visibility in low-light conditions.
• Understanding the types of PPE and their specific uses is essential for
ensuring worker safety in various environments.

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CATEGORIES OF PPE

I. HEAD PROTECTION

Image-source:
https://safetyhow.com/view/image/articles=1we1c3e4a1ca
a098ad2de28a2c48be3976.jpg

1. ANSIZ89.1 defines a helmet as a “Device that is worn to protect the head or

portion thereof, against impact, flying particles, electrical shock, or any
combination thereof and that includes a suitable harness.
2. ANSI Z89.1 – 1986 (Revised 1997) classifies helmets as follows
a. Class A (General) Helmets are intended to protect the head from the force
of impact of falling objects and electric shock during impact with exposed low
voltage (2,200VAC) conductors.
b. Class B (E – Electrical) Helmets are intended to protect the head from the
force of impact of falling objects and electric shock during contact with high
voltage (20,000 VAC) conductors.
c. Class C (C – Conductive) – No Test) Helmets are intended to protect the
head from the force of impact of falling objects But DO NOT protect you from
electric shocks.

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 3. Bump Caps
a. They are used only in confined spaces where the hazard is limited to bumping
the head on some obstruction.
b. They should never be used on construction sites, shipyards, or other locations
where more dangerous hazards are present. never substitute a bump cap for
a hard hat.
4. Other head protection hair nets, turbans

Classification of Helmets

Image-source:
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2694/707
6/files/radix-types.jpg?v=1661971475

1. Type I Helmets provide limited impact and penetration protection to the top of the
head.
2. Type II Helmets provide limited impact and penetration protection against front,
side, or rear (i.e. “lateral”) blows.
3. Class G & E Helmets provide limited protection, as outlined in the ANSI Z89.1,
1997 standard. Class G helmets are proof-tested to 2,200 Volts. Class E is proof
tested to 20,000 Volts, but these should not be construed as safe contact
voltages. Class C is not tested.
Safety Helmets Feature

Type and Materials

Safety helmets come in various types, such as hard hats and bump caps. They are
constructed from different materials, including

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 Hard Outer Shell The outer shell provides the primary protection against impact
and penetration. It is made from materials like plastic (ABS, PE), fiberglass, or
Kevlar.

○ Plastic (ABS, PE) is commonly used due to its durability and lightweight
nature.

○ Fiberglass Offers enhanced impact resistance and is suitable for more

demanding environments.

○ Kevlar Provides exceptional strength and resistance against impacts, ideal

for industries with high-risk hazards.

Accessories Safety helmets may include various accessories to enhance their

functionality and comfort, such as

○ Liners/Suspension Inner padding or suspension systems that improve

comfort and fit.

○ Chinstrap A strap that secures the helmet to the wearer's head, preventing
it from falling off during movement or impacts.

○ Brackets Attachments for accessories like face shields or earmuffs.

○ Slot Adapters Slots on the helmet allow for the attachment of additional
safety accessories.

○ Goggle Retainer A device for securing goggles to the helmet, preventing

them from falling off.

Safety helmets should be chosen based on the specific hazards and requirements
of the work environment. Regular inspection, maintenance, and proper usage are crucial
to ensuring the effectiveness of safety helmets in protecting workers' heads.

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Maintenance and Care

● Helmets MUST be cleaned regularly for easy inspections and to help the wearer
avoid skin irritation.

● Clean with mild soap (no detergents) and warm water.

● Never store a helmet on the back shelf of an automobile. Not only will it be
exposed to sunlight (leading to heat and UV damage), but it could become a
secondary missile in the event of a sudden stop.
The helmet must be stored in a clean, dry area, not subject to extremes of heat,
cold, or humidity.

● Recommended replacement schedule of helmets and suspension

* Suspension – Replace after 12 months.

* Entire Helmet – Replace after 5 years.

In any case, ALWAYS replace the helmet after it has withstood impact or
penetration

II. EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Why Is Eye and Face Protection Important?

Eye and face protection is essential in

workplaces to prevent injuries and maintain
workers' well-being. It guards against hazards
such as flying debris, chemical splashes, and
intense light, reducing the risk of serious
damage or blindness. Compliance with
regulations ensures a safe environment and
avoids legal issues. Proper protection also
Image-source: https://www.smflegal.com/wp-
supports clear vision, safe tool and machinery content/uploads/2017/08/Eye-Injuries-Caused-At-Work.jpg

use, and shields against harmful UV and infrared

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radiation. Eye and face protection not only prevents injuries but also promotes a strong
safety culture, reduces downtime, and contributes to overall workplace health and
productivity.

Types of Face and Eye Protection

1. Welding helmets

a. They protect the eyes and face against the

splashes of molten metal and the radiation
produced by arc welding.

b. Helmets should have the proper filter glass to

keep ultraviolet and visible rays from harming the
eyes.
Image-source: https://i0.wp.com/blueeagle-safety.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/10/633P.jpg

2. Hand Shields

a. A hand shield can be used where the protection of a

helmet is not needed, such as for inspection work,
tack welding, and other operations requiring little or
no welding by the user.

b. Frame and lens construction are similar to that

of the helmet. Image-source:
https://www.parkson.com.tw/upload/20
150709111115Shyiw6c.gif
c. Welding goggles are available with filter glass
shades up to No. 8. If darker shades are required, then complete protection
is needed because of the danger of skin burns.

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 3. Safety Glasses

Safety glasses are equipped with side shields that give

you protection from hazards that may not be directly in
front of you.

Image-source: https://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/34704-
7147229.jpg

4. Face Shields

They offer you full face protection and are often used
around operations that expose you to molten metal,
chemical splashes, or flying
particles. Image-source:
https://res.cloudinary.com/rsc/image/upload/bo_1.5px_solid_white,b_aut
o,c_pad,dpr_2,f_auto,h_399,q_auto,w_710/c_pad,h_399,w_710/F1768
922-01?pgw=1

5. Goggles

They give you more protection than safety glasses

because they fit closer to your face. Use them in
situations where you might encounter splashing
liquids, fumes, vapors, powders, dust, and mists.

Image-source:
https://res.cloudinary.com/rsc/image/upload/b_rgb:FFFFFF,c_pad,dpr_2.625,f_au
to,h_214,q_auto,w_380/c_pad,h_214,w_380/C1849467-01?pgw=1

Maintenance & Care

● Eye protectors should be stored after use in a clean dedicated environment away
from excessive heat and moisture.

● Storage Temperature: 0 deg C – 40 deg C

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 ● Relative Humidity: 30% - 80%

● Ensure before use that the eye protector is undamaged. Scratched or damaged
oculars should be replaced ensuring that instructions for fitting which accompany
replacement parts are adhered to.

● Cleaning & Disinfection

○ Eye protectors should be cleaned using a mild detergent or a suitable lens

cleaner, DO NOT use abrasive materials.

○ Eye Protectors may also be sterilized using a mild solution of disinfectant

III. EAR PROTECTION

Hazard

The hazard of not wearing ear protection in noisy environments is the risk of noise-
induced hearing loss. Exposure to high levels of noise over time can damage the delicate
structures in the inner ear, leading to permanent hearing impairment. This hazard is
particularly relevant in industries where loud machinery, equipment, or tools are used,
such as construction sites, manufacturing facilities, and airports. Wearing proper ear
protection, like earmuffs or earplugs, can significantly reduce the risk of hearing damage
and maintain workers' long-term hearing health.

Types of Ear Protection

● Earmuffs are ear protectors that cover the entire

outer ear and seal against the head. They use
cushioned ear cups and an adjustable headband to
create a secure seal and block out noise. Earmuffs
are easy to put on and take off, making them
suitable for intermittent noise exposure.

Image-source: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/840821J/peltor-
optime-98-earmuffs-h9a.jpg?width=506

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 ● Earplugs are small inserts that fit into the ear canal
to block out noise. They come in various forms,
including foam, reusable, and custom-molded
options. Earplugs provide a snug fit and can be worn
comfortably under helmets or other headgear. They
are particularly useful for continuous exposure to
loud noise.
Image-source: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/916857J/3m-e-a-r-ultrafit-x-
corded-ear-plugs.jpg?width=506

• Canal caps are a hybrid form of hearing protection

that combines the features of earmuffs and
earplugs. They consist of soft ear cushions
connected by a headband, designed to cover the
entrance of the ear canal without inserting deeply.
Canal caps offer a balance between the comfort of
earmuffs and the compactness of earplugs. They Image-source:
https://www.empiresafety.com/pub/media/
are suitable for situations where intermittent noise catalog/product/cache/aab238a4e286022d
599ff0ef8b6af5ac/e/l/elv-gc20.jpg

exposure occurs and where users may prefer a less

invasive option.

Maintenance and Care

● Reusable Earplugs - wash with soap and water; wipe dry with a clean cloth.

● Earmuffs - Clean cushions by washing them with soap and water, then wipe them
with an alcohol pad. If the cushions become cracked due to use, they should be
replaced as soon as possible. The foam inserts can also attract dirt and can be
cleaned with soap and water.

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IV. FALL PROTECTION

1. Fall arrest

a. Limits fall to six (6) feet which reduces force by decreasing fall distance.

b. Consist of a lanyard, anchorage point, and a full body harness

c. A lanyard is a device made of rope or nylon strap used to tether the

individual to an anchorage point and stop the individual in the event of a
fall.

d. Anchorage point is used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment

and shall be located above the employee’s waist.

e. A full-body harness is designed to retain the user in the event of a fall and
distribute the impact forces throughout the thighs, chest, and shoulder

Fall arrest reduces force by reducing fall distance. Fall arrest equipment is
required for work at heights of 6 feet or more. It consists of a full-body harness,
lanyard, and anchorage point.

MILLER 850-7 MILLER DL35 MILLER 216WLS

Image-source: https://www.wyler.com.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/wyler_enterprises_FallProtection_HarnessesBelts_HoneywellMiller_Miller-850.jpg

Image-source: https://images.globalindustrial.ca/images/500x500/B313423.jpg?t=1688541882141

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 Body belts are for positioning purposes only and should not be considered
fall arrest equipment.

Components of the System (OPE)

● Anchorage (Cross Arm Strap, Chain Cross Arm, Beam Clamp, Beam
Trolley, Cable Anchors, Etc.)

● Body Wear or Full Body Harness

● Connecting Devices (Web/Rope Lanyard with shock absorbing lanyard,

rope grab, self-retracting lifelines.

Fall Protection

BODY BELTS (Work Belt)

It is used to restrain a person in a hazardous work position and to reduce the

probability of fall. In the event of a fall, the forces are concentrated in the abdomen. The
possibility of internal organ damage significantly increases. Body belts should only be
used as a personal positioning device and must not be used for fall arrest.

Inspection and Maintenance

To maintain their service life and high performance, harnesses should be

inspected frequently. Inspect the harness thoroughly before each use. Regular
inspection by a competent person for wear, damage, or corrosion should be a part of
your safety program. Inspect daily and replace if found in defective conditions.

Harness Inspection

1. Webbing Strap - Grasp webbing with your hands 6 to 8 inches apart. Bend the
webbing in an inverted U. The surface tension resulting makes damaged fibers or
cuts easier to see. Follow the procedure for the entire length of the webbing.
Inspect both sides of each strap. Watch for frayed edges, broken fibers, pulled
stitches, cuts, burns, and chemical damage.

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 2. D-Rings – Check D-rings for distortion, cracks, breaks, and rough or sharp edges.
The Dring should pivot freely. Check the attachment point of the D-ring to make
sure it is secure.

3. Buckles – On tongue buckles check that the roller and tongue move freely and
that the tongue overlaps the buckle frame. Check outer and center bars on friction
and mating buckles for distortion.

4. Stitching – Check all stitching for ripped or pulled stitches and make sure the
webbing joints are not loose.

5. Pads/Lanyards – Check all pads on the harness for damage. Look for any cracks
or excessive wear. Check for corrosion of lanyard D-rings.

MAINTENANCE AND CARE

CLEANING

1. Proper storage and maintenance after use are as important as cleansing the
equipment of dirt, corrosives, or contaminants. Storage areas should be clean,
dry, and free of exposure to fumes or corrosive elements. Wipe off all surface dirt
with a sponge dampened in plain water. Squeeze the sponge dry.

2. Dip the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial soap or detergent.
Work up a thick lather with a vigorous back-and-forth motion. Then wipe dry with
a clean cloth. Hang freely to dry, but away from excessive heat, steam, or long
periods of sunlight.

V. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Hazards

▪ Dust & Mist: Particles suspended in the air, such as dust and mist, can be inhaled
and accumulate in the respiratory system, potentially causing respiratory irritation
and lung damage.

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 ▪ Vapors (Organic/Inorganic): Vapors are airborne chemicals that can enter the
respiratory system, causing health issues ranging from irritation to more severe
effects on the lungs, depending on the specific chemical.
▪ Insufficient Oxygen Supply: Working in environments with low oxygen levels
can lead to oxygen deprivation, impaired judgment, and even loss of
consciousness, posing a serious threat to safety.
▪ Gasses: Inhaling hazardous gasses can result in respiratory distress, as well as
potential systemic effects on the body due to the gasses being absorbed into the
bloodstream.
▪ Smoke: Smoke contains a mixture of particles, gasses, and chemicals that can
be harmful when inhaled, causing respiratory irritation and potential long-term
health problems.
▪ Fumes: Fumes are airborne particles formed by the condensation of vaporized
materials. Inhaling fumes, often generated by welding or similar processes, can
lead to lung and respiratory issues.
▪ Acids: Exposure to acid fumes or mists can cause severe respiratory irritation
and damage, potentially leading to chronic health problems over time.
▪ Temperature Extremes: Working in environments with extreme temperatures
can strain the respiratory system, especially if the air is too cold or hot, affecting
overall comfort and health

Air Purifying Devices

▪ Removes contaminants from the air as it is being breathed.

▪ They can be used only in an environment containing sufficient oxygen to sustain

life.

▪ They must never be used where contaminant levels exceed the respirators'
accepted protection factor.

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 Air Purifying Respirators

Mechanical Filter Respirators

N95 Respirator N99 Respirator N100 Respirator

Image-source: Image-source:
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https://images.fastcompany.net/ https://multimedia.3m.com/mws
https://post.healthline.com/wp-
image/upload/w_596,c_limit,q_ /media/784307J/3mtm-
content/uploads/2020/05/N95_
auto:best,f_auto/wp- particulate-respirator-8233-
Mask_1200x628-facebook-
cms/uploads/2020/04/i-3- n100.jpg?width=506
1200x628.jpg
90491123-what-is-an-n99-
mask-and-should-you-buy-
one.jpg
Chemical Cartridge Respirators

Single Cartridge Dual Cartridge Full-Face

Image-source: Image-source:
https://toprigidshop.com/wp- https://res.cloudinary.com/rsc/image/ Image-source:
content/uploads/2022/02/BIBA upload/b_rgb:FFFFFF,c_pad,dpr_2. https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/
RI-SK-10-HALF-MASK- 625,f_auto,h_535,q_auto,w_950/c_p tEMAAOSw8tJkb~zy/s-l400.jpg
SINGLE-CARTRIDGE.jpg ad,h_535,w_950/R2867136-
01?pgw=1&pgwact=1

419 | P a g e
Gas Mask with Canister

Image-source: https://api.aucklandmuseum.com/id/media/v/374658

MODULE 13: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

▪ The wearer is independent of the surrounding atmosphere; therefore, this kind of

respiratory protective equipment must be used in environments where
contaminants are immediately harmful to life.

▪ This equipment is frequently used in mine rescue work and firefighting.

Air Supplied Respirators

▪ They deliver breathing air through a hose connected to the wearer’s facepiece.

▪ The air source used is monitored frequently to make sure it does not become
contaminated, say carbon monoxide.

▪ The air-line respirator can be used in an atmosphere not immediately dangerous

to life or health

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Respirator Fit Test

▪ Respirator fit tests are explained fully in the American National Standard for
Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2, which is published by the American National
Standards Institute.
▪ A qualitative or quantitative respirator fit test must be carried out for each wearer
of the respirator to determine the amount of protection it will provide.

Maintenance and Care

▪ The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that

respirators be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Respirators used by more than
one worker should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. In some
situations, this can often be accomplished by simply wiping the sealing area of
the mask with a respirator wipe. Do not use alcohol or solvents to clean the mask.
This will affect the integrity of the facepiece, which might go unnoticed. Solvents
will damage the lens and lens coating.

▪ Disinfection: If required, the face piece can be disinfected and sterilized using
household chlorine bleach. A diluted solution of 25 ml bleach in one gallon of
water is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control.

▪ Storage: All respirator protection products must be stored away from the
contaminated atmosphere. Cleaned and ready-to-use respirators can be stored
in their original packaging. Do not store facepieces, cartridges, and filters in direct
sunlight, high temperatures, high humidity, or any contaminated areas.

VI. HAND PROTECTION

Fingers and hands are exposed to cuts, scratches, bruises, and burns. Although
fingers are hard to protect because they are needed for practically all work, they can
be shielded from common injuries.

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ARMS, HANDS, FINGERS

Image-source:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/38/28/11/382811cb0e8933cc00e36d2f833efb70.jpg

▪ Heat-resistant gloves are used to protect against burns and are comfortable
when the hands are exposed to sustained conductive heat.

▪ Metal mesh gloves are used by those who work constantly with knives to protect
them against cuts and blows from sharp or rough objects.

▪ Rubber gloves are worn by electricians. They must be tested regularly for
dielectric strength.

▪ Natural rubber provides flexibility and resistance to a wide variety of acids,

caustics, salts, detergents, and alcohols.

▪ Nitrile gloves are excellent general-duty gloves and they protect a wide variety
of solvents, oils, petroleum products, and some corrosives. Excellent resistance
to cuts, snags, punctures, and abrasions.

▪ Neoprene provides moderate abrasion resistance but good tensile strength and
heat resistance. Compatible with many acids, caustics, and oils.

422 | P a g e
 ▪ Vinyl gloves are particularly useful when petroleum products are handled.

▪ Leather gloves can resist sparks, moderate heat, chips, and rough objects. They
provide some cushioning against blows. They are generally used for heavy-duty
work. Chrome Tanned leather or horsehide gloves are used by welders.

▪ Chrome-tanned cowhide leather gloves with steel-stapled leather patches or

steel staples on palms and fingers are often used in foundries and steel mills.

▪ Cotton fabric gloves are suitable for protection against dirt, slivers, chafing, or
abrasion. They are not heavy enough to be used in handling rough, sharp, or
heavy materials.

▪ Heated gloves are designed for use in cold environments, such as deep freezers,
and can be part of a heated clothing system

VII. BODY PROTECTION

Hazards

▪ Heat: Working outdoors or in confined spaces can expose workers to high

temperatures, leading to heat-related illnesses if proper precautions are not taken.
▪ Splashes from Hot Metal: Welding, cutting, and similar tasks involving hot
metals can lead to splashes that cause burns or other injuries.
▪ Impacts: Falling objects, equipment collisions, or slips and falls can result in
impacts that lead to injuries, ranging from bruises to fractures.
▪ Cuts: Construction often involves handling sharp tools and materials, increasing
the risk of cuts and lacerations.
▪ Chemicals: Exposure to various chemicals used in construction, such as paints,
solvents, and cleaning agents, can pose health risks if not properly managed.
▪ Radiation: Activities like welding can emit harmful radiation that poses risks to
the eyes and skin of workers.

423 | P a g e
Types of Body Protection

Coveralls (chemical, working, thermal)

Full Body Suits (Fire, Heat temperature)

Image-source: https://www.krystian.com.pl/kombinezon-ochronny-funkcje-rodzaje/2018-04-09-roll-up-odziez-2/
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143.jfif?w=1600&format=jpg&quality=87&crop=349%2C0%2C2196%2C1236
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424 | P a g e
VIII. FOOT PROTECTION

Protecting Extremities

Feet and Legs

About a quarter of a million disabling occupational foot injuries take place each year.

This points to the need for foot protection in most industries and the need for supervisors
to see that their workers wear this gear.

All safety shoes have toes reinforced with a steel toe cap.

Types of Foot Protection

Safety Shoes with Steel Toe and Midsole: These shoes offer
protection against impact and compression hazards. The steel
toe protects toes from heavy falling objects, while the midsole
prevents penetration from sharp objects underfoot.

PVC Rubber Boots: These boots are designed to resist

chemicals and provide waterproofing. They are suitable for tasks
that involve exposure to liquids or chemicals.

Metal-Free Shoes: Some work environments restrict the use of

metal due to the risk of electrical conductivity. Metal-free shoes
protect without the use of metal components.

425 | P a g e
Gaiters or Leggings: Gaiters are protective coverings worn over
regular shoes or boots to shield the lower legs from various
hazards, such as sparks, debris, or chemicals.

Fireman’s Boots: Designed for firefighters and workers

exposed to high-temperature environments, these boots are fire-
resistant and provide thermal protection.

Thermal (Cold) Boots: Insulated boots are crucial in cold

weather conditions to prevent frostbite and maintain comfort for
workers exposed to low temperatures.

Lineman’s Boots: Designed for electrical linemen, these boots

protect against electrical hazards, such as shock and
electrocution, with non-conductive materials.

Image-source: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/71dQXy-TPHS._AC_UY580_.jpg https://m.media-

amazon.com/images/I/71xBpS9pk8L._AC_UL1500_.jpg https://www.bataindustrials.com/wp-
content/uploads/2022/10/Eagle-Antwerp-left-shoe-325-deg.png
https://www.rei.com/dam/feist_051118_55575_how_to_choose_gaiters.jpg?t=ea16by9xs
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content/uploads/2021/01/549.jpg https://linestar.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/hoofman-eh.png

426 | P a g e
Wet Works

Conditions in dairies and breweries, rubber boots and shoes, leather shoes with
wood soles, or wood-soled sandals are effective.

Wood soles have been so commonly used by workers handling hot asphalt that
they are sometimes called “paver’s sandals”.

Safety shoes are selected based on the hazards involved and are properly fitted.

These safety shoes are classified according to hazards:

They are available for use where there are specific electrical hazards or fire and
explosion hazards.

Protection Test of Safety Footwear

1. Impact-Resistance:

▪ ANSI Z41: 2005

Class 1-75 ft-lbs., 1-50 ft-lbs., 1-30 ft-lbs.
▪ CE EN345-1
Class 200 Joules

2. Compression Test:

▪ ANSI: Z41: 2005

Compressive Load: 1,136.4 kg
▪ CE EWN345-1
Compressive Load: 15,000 Newtons

3. Electrical Resistance Test:

▪ ANSI Z41: 2005

Test Voltage: 14,000V for one minute showing no leakage current of more
than 5.0 mA

427 | P a g e
 ▪ CE EN345-1
Conductive maximum resistance: 100K
Maintenance and Care

▪ Must be regularly cleaned and treated with good proprietary cleaning products.
▪ Do not use any caustic cleaning agents.
▪ Always wear safety shoes dry, never wet.
▪ Wear safety shoes in the correct working environment.

13. G. Program to Introduce PPE

Developing a comprehensive program to introduce Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE) in construction is a vital step in enhancing worker safety. This
program should begin with a needs assessment to identify specific PPE requirements
and potential hazards on the construction site, ensuring compliance with relevant
regulations. Proper PPE selection, procurement, distribution, and fitting are crucial,
accompanied by thorough training programs to educate workers on usage and
maintenance. Enforcing the mandatory use of PPE, conducting regular inspections,
maintaining records, and seeking feedback for continuous improvement are essential
elements of this program. Additionally, establishing emergency response procedures
and periodic reviews help adapt to changing needs and ensure ongoing safety.
Effective communication is key to fostering a culture of safety and PPE compliance
among construction personnel.

In the Philippines, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) sets

standards and guidelines for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) through its
Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS). These standards are outlined in
the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) Handbook published by the
Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC).

Here are key points related to PPE programs and Philippine standards:

• PPE Program: Employers are required to establish, implement, and maintain a

PPE program as part of their occupational safety and health (OSH) program. The

428 | P a g e
 PPE program should include the selection, provision, training, use, and
maintenance of PPE.
• Risk Assessment: Employers must conduct a workplace risk assessment to
determine the appropriate PPE needed to protect workers from identified hazards.
• Selection and Use: PPE should be selected based on the hazards present and
the tasks being performed. Employers should ensure that PPE is used properly
and fits each employee correctly.
• Training: Employers are required to provide training to employees on the proper
use, care, and maintenance of PPE. Training should also include information on
the limitations of PPE and the importance of using it correctly.
• Maintenance and Inspection: PPE should be inspected regularly for damage or
wear and tear. Damaged or defective PPE should be repaired or replaced
immediately.
• Record Keeping: Employers should maintain records of PPE inspections,
training, and other relevant information as required by DOLE regulations.
• Specific Requirements: The OSHS Handbook provides specific requirements
for different types of PPE, such as eye protection, head protection, hand
protection, and respiratory protection.

It's important for employers to comply with these standards to ensure the safety
and health of their workers. Violations of the OSHS can result in penalties, fines, or
other enforcement actions by DOLE. Employers should regularly review and update
their PPE programs to ensure they are in compliance with current regulations and
best practices.

PHILIPPINE STANDARDS FOR PPE

https://laborlawphilippines.wordpress.com/category/occupational-safety-health-
standard/rule-1080-personal-protective-equipment-devices/

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 14: DEMOLITION SAFETY

Image-source: https://www.ask-ehs.com/blog/safety-in-demolition-works/

Objectives

● List the hazards related to demolition activities

● To cite control methods to be free from its dangers.
● Know the regulatory requirements during demolition activities
● Enumerate techniques and methods of demolition process Describe the most
common hazard associated with demolition activities.
● Learn the hierarchy of control measures in demolition safety

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 14. A. What is DEMOLITION works?

Demolition work means to demolish or dismantle a structure or part of a

structure that is load bearing or otherwise related to the physical integrity of the
structure, but does not include: the dismantling of formwork, falsework, scaffolding
or other structures designed or used to provide support, access or containment
during construction work, or the removal of power, light or telecommunication
poles.

https://www.shutterstock.com/search/demolition
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enter-mandatory-ppe/

14. B. PLANNING IN SAFE DEMOLITION WORKS

1. Identify the Hazards

Proper planning allows you to identify

potential hazards associated with the
demolition process. This includes
recognizing risks to workers, nearby
structures, the environment, and the
public. Identifying these hazards
enables you to implement appropriate
safety measures to mitigate them.

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 2. Meet Legislative Requirements

Many countries have demolition

legislation and safety norms in place.
Adequate planning ensures that these
legal criteria are met, preventing legal
complications and ensuring that the
demolition is done safely and ethically.

3. Ensure Appropriate Equipment

Planning helps in determining the

precise equipment and tools required
for demolition. This ensures that
workers have the tools they need to
complete their tasks safely and
productively.
4. Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials

Demolition generates waste items that

must be appropriately disposed of.
Planning ensures that suitable waste
management practices are in place,
lowering the danger of pollution of the
environment.

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 5. Determine Appropriate Methods of Demolition

Different demolition procedures are required for

different structures and settings. Planning allows you
to select the best strategy for each project by taking
into account elements such as the structure's size,
location, materials, and surroundings.

6. Determine Cost of Demolition

Planning helps in estimating the costs of the

demolition job. This includes labor, equipment rental,
waste disposal, and other necessary safety
measures. A precise cost estimate facilitates
budgeting and financial planning.

Image-sources: https://www.ishn.com/ext/resources/Issues/2020/04-April/ISHN0420__F3_pic.jpg?1585769665
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de830d21
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bc3
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3

A. KEY AREAS FOR PLANNING

• Technique and Method of Demolition

• Sequence of Work Operation
• Estimate of Time of Completion
• Equipment to be Used
• Proposed Access and Egress

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• Bracing and Shoring
• Disconnection of Services
• Methods of Handling / Disposal of Demolished Materials
• PPE Requirements Demolition Personnel and Supervisor

Type of Construction
The construction type refers to the materials and methods used to build the structure.
Different construction types (e.g., wood, steel, concrete) require different demolition
methods and safety precautions.
Type of Structure (Ht., Use)
The height and intended use of the structure impact the planning process. Taller
structures might require specialized equipment and methods, while the building's use
affects safety measures and nearby occupants.
State of Structure
The condition of the structure is crucial. A deteriorated or unstable structure might
pose additional risks during demolition, and careful consideration is needed to
prevent unexpected collapses.
Structural Hazards
Identifying structural hazards, such as weakened floors, walls, or foundations, is
essential for worker safety and preventing unexpected collapses.
Hazardous Substances
The presence of hazardous materials like asbestos, lead paint, or other toxins affects
the demolition process. Proper removal and disposal methods are necessary to
prevent exposure and environmental contamination.
Location of Services
The location of utilities such as gas, water, electricity, and sewage lines must be
considered to avoid accidents during demolition. Proper disconnection or rerouting is
essential.

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 General Conditions of Adjoining Structures
Nearby structures can be affected by the demolition process. Assessing how the
demolition might impact neighboring buildings is crucial to prevent damage and
ensure public safety.
Access and Egress
Safe entry and exit points for workers, equipment, and emergency responders must
be established and maintained throughout the demolition project.
Suitability of Site for Equipment
The site's layout and condition influence the suitability of equipment usage. Cranes,
excavators, and other machinery require stable ground and proper positioning.

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 14. D. DEMOLITION TECHNIQUE

Sequential

The demolition process is divided into phases in which

just one type of material is used. Carefully removed all
at once and saved for reuse and recycling. The
garbage created in each stage of dismantling are of
identical sorts and character, therefore non-
Recyclable item contamination can be considerably
decreased. The following is the order of Demolition is
typically done in reverse order to the construction phase, and Building materials
separation and sorting must be arranged.

Induced

It entails a meticulously planned and calculated

process of structural pre-weakening, followed by
the application of sufficient force to cause a
controlled collapse. When using this method,
adequate room is essential. There must be
enough open space for the falling structure to fall
into. Furthermore, the area should be large
enough to allow individuals and equipment to be securely removed prior to collapse.
Wire rope, slings, and chain pulling are used to demolish a structure in induced
collapse.

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 Manual

Manual demolition involves the use of hand

tools and manual labor to dismantle a
structure. This method is suitable for smaller-
scale projects or specific sections of a building
that require careful and precise removal.

Image-source: https://havedumptruckwilltravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/home-
demolition-sledgehammer.jpg

14. E. METHOD OF DEMOLITION

Manual – use of hand held tools

Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain,

power shear, etc.

Explosives – use of explosives

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MODULE 14: DEMOLITION SAFETY

Mechanical

This type of demolition is normally used with

machinery such as cranes, bulldozers and a
wrecking ball. As a general rule, wrecking
balls, which will be connected to a crane by a
cable, are used on high-rise buildings so that
the building has fewer stories for implosion –
the use of explosives. The only real downside
to the wrecking ball is that you lack absolute
full control because you can’t be positive as
to where exactly the debris will fall or in what
manner the structure will collapse. Another
way the building can be brought down is by Image-source: http://vtrademark.ca/
undermining, which is the removal of supporting
elements of the structure so that the building falls
quickly but safely and generally in the direction that you desire.

Explosives

This is the technique that comes to mind

when you think of the demolition of a
building and it is the most theatrical.
However, it is not as easy as it appears to
be on TV. The explosives are set around
the structure in a controlled, predetermined manner that Image-source:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/im
when detonated will collapse inward and is considered an ages/b/bf/Explosives.jpg

implosion. The person in charge of hitting the fire button will

need to be qualified to do so as explosives can be dangerous if they are not handled
properly and/or handled by someone without the necessary training. While it takes

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 only seconds for this demolition method to actually take place, it makes up for time
by taking an adequate amount of time to set up and then clean up.

14. F. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH DEMOLITION

Falls

Demolition work often involves working at

heights, which increases the risk of falls.
Workers can fall from elevated areas such as
scaffolds, ladders, or structures if proper fall
protection measures are not in place.
o Falling through fragile roofing
material
o Falling through openings
o Falling from open edges
o Falling from roof or other elevated area
o Lift shafts
o Collapse of flooring
o Tripping over debris

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Being Hit, Trapped or Crushed by Objects

Falling debris, materials, or even sections of the

structure itself can strike and injure workers. The
risk of being trapped or crushed is also present,
especially in unstable structures.

o Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)

o Accidental / uncontrolled collapse of a structure
o Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
Use of equipment (Crane Lifting Loads)

Operating heavy machinery, such as cranes

used for lifting heavy loads, presents risks of
accidents if equipment is not operated properly
or if loads are not properly secured.

Manual Handling

Lifting and carrying heavy materials manually

can lead to musculoskeletal injuries if proper
lifting techniques are not followed.

o Using equipment
o Lifting material Clearing up
o Loading of materials to trucks/bins

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Manual Demolition

Manual demolition, while precise, can expose

workers to risks of injury from using hand tools and
working in close proximity to hazardous materials.

Hazardous Substances

Asbestos, lead-based paint, and other hazardous

materials can be present in older structures.
Exposure to these substances can lead to serious
health issues if not managed properly.

o Lead - lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol

o Asbestos - sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant
walls/partitions, cement sheets, flooring materials
o Silica - stones, bricks and concrete aggregates

Dangerous Goods

Some structures might contain or be near dangerous

goods, such as flammable materials or chemicals,
which can lead to fires, explosions, or chemical
exposures.

o Flammable liquids / vapor and sludge from industrial process and confined
space

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Noise and Vibration

Demolition can generate high levels of noise and

vibrations that can be harmful to workers' hearing and
overall well-being.

o Equipment
o Falling debris
o Explosives

Electric Shocks

Electrical hazards arise from live wires or faulty

electrical systems that can pose risks of electric shocks
to workers.

o Live wires from structure

Fires and Explosion

Demolition can disturb flammable materials or create

sparks, potentially leading to fires or explosions if
proper precautions are not taken.

o Flammable materials
o Welding or cutting
o Leaks of explosives gasses from accidental damage of pipes
o Arson especially when the site is unattended

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Dust

Dust generated during demolition can contain

hazardous particles, leading to respiratory issues and
other health concerns.

Reference
Occupational Safety and Health Standard Rule 1417
https://www.ishn.com/ext/resources/Issues/2020/04-April/ISHN0420__F3_pic.jpg?1585769665 https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/building-
regulations-abstract-concept-illustration-building-control-constructor-services-submit-application-form-construction-site-legal-document-
safety-policy_335657-
179.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693462896~exp=1693463496~hmac=c523ce5279307775fd687e3f9bebce85e9a1f41064c968ce3d42340956a45550
https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/heavy-excavator-digging-day-light_23-
2149194835.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693462989~exp=1693463589~hmac=8d276800ae21d1368110e656cd6b52660b99f0f9eeac4bd9a9c1ce5ade830d21 https://im
g.freepik.com/free-photo/crane-grab-scrap_1112-
1220.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693463147~exp=1693463747~hmac=b32e0b343b398286231a112ec563db995d0904479a17894b069262310e8f0bc3

https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/petrology-abstract-concept-illustration-rocks-formation-study-geology-branch-university-discipline-mineral-exploration-
natural-resources-experimental-petrology_335657
1145.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693463223~exp=1693463823~hmac=662141fe5f987e9e8d8f3b2b26973034e49878d08ae2af2c1ab4414c51bb12c5 https://img.freepik
.com/free-vector/net-income-calculating-abstract-concept-illustration_335657-
3675.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693463348~exp=1693463948~hmac=957e08181f6943124eee4209df36644884eafa5e55b169f3449ded684c17af73
https://news.samsungcnt.com/en/features/engineering-construction/2017-08-do-you-know-how-buildings-are-demolished/
https://news.samsungcnt.com/en/features/engineering-construction/2017-08-do-you-know-how-buildings-are-demolished/ https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/my-
drivehttps://bellacontractingservices.com/what-is-mechanical-demolition/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Controlled-explosive-demolition-of-the-main-span-
of-the-Old-Jamestown-Bridge-Rhode_fig5_303999649 https://www.dreyerboyajian.com/blog/construction-site-falls/
https://www.denverpost.com/2017/09/22/mexico-earthquake-trapped-girl-not-real/https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/manual-demolition-services-
3800977155.htmlhttps://www.envirofluid.com/flammable-liquids-in-the-united-states-redefined-to-align-with-ghs/https://www.jlconline.com/tools/safety-
workwear/decreasing-tool-vibration_o https://www.fantastichandyman.co.uk/blog/how-to-keep-your-house-safe-from-electrocution/

Image-source: https://www.mediashower.com/img/8154E79E-4DC1-11E8-B08B-30422ABB3D51/safetytrench%20pic%202%206-4-
18_600x.jpg
https://www.dynaway.com/hubfs/Illustration%20%2845%29%20%5BConverted%5D-1.png
https://elebia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/type-of-mobile-cranes.jpg
https://www.elcosh.org/record/document/3829/2.jpg
https://zotapro.com/wp-content/uploads/lead-paint-1-e1594410140554.jpg
https://www.ny-engineers.com/hubfs/hazardousmaterials.jpg
http://www.hss.com/hire/p/breaker-vibration-damped-110v
https://img.freepik.com/premium-photo/electric-worker-suffered-electric-shock-accident-unconscious-electrician-loses-consciousness-
electric-shock-accident-work-site-accident-from-maintenance-factory-control-room_41097-329.jpg?w=2000
https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/fire-burning-smoke-nature-destructive-inferno-unleashed-generative-ai_188544-
12515.jpg?w=1380&t=st=1693467129~exp=1693467729~hmac=e7b00cd5df5454f0f9dce590f42cb0ec470203b41927f2d84d31600b24ad39
c1
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4E12AQH_8dnpdOMLyg/article-cover_image-
shrink_720_1280/0/1620384325113?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=TMUpmxtlkK-x8g14aOPYEbiJzWPRj1TLiLW36zkvOKc
https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-10c6f/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/6929/11636/WS31655-14__99863.1550504726.jpg?c=2

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 14. G. HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

Image-source: https://pin.it/6Z4gFEs

I. Control Measures for Structural Instability

Several control procedures should be strictly applied to reduce the risks related
with structural instability during demolition activities. Identify any unstable elements
of the building that may provide hazards during the engineering survey phase.
Prioritize wall shoring or bracing to maintain stability and a secure work area during
the demolition process. Assign a competent individual to inspect the site on a regular
basis, focusing on weaker or degraded flooring, walls, and other structural parts.
Prevent excessive debris or stored objects from exceeding the floor's acceptable load
capacity, and use caution when using heavy equipment. Demolition should progress
in a top-down manner, starting from the uppermost floors. Importantly, refrain from
cutting or removing load-bearing members until the load they support has been
properly removed or shifted. By adhering to these comprehensive control measures,

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 the risk of structural instability can be effectively minimized, safeguarding the well-
being of workers and preventing potential accidents.

II. Control Measures for Unsecured Hazard in the Work Area

A set of control procedures should be implemented to properly handle unsecured
hazards in the workplace. These precautions are intended to reduce the risks
connected with falling objects while also providing suitable protection for employees.
Debris netting, sidewalk sheds, canopies, and catch platforms, for example, can
considerably reduce the risk of falling objects. Entrances to multi-story structures
should be protected by sidewalk shelters or canopies that extend at least 8 feet from
the building's front. Canopies should be at least 2 feet wider than building entrances
and able to support a load of 150 pounds. each square foot, offering a safe working
environment and reducing the risks of unsecured hazards.

III. Control Measures for Utilities, Walkways, and Illumination

A set of control mechanisms should be adopted to assure the safety of utilities,
pathways, and lighting. These precautions are intended to prevent accidents and
create a safe working environment. Before beginning work, verify the location of
utilities and confirm that utility lines have been turned off, capped, or controlled. To
guarantee adequate coordination, utility companies should be notified prior to
controlling utility lines. To reduce the risk of slips, trips, and falls (STF), safe access
points without the need to walk on exposed beams should be constructed. To ensure
safe travel, walkways should be at least 18" wide and constructed of 2" thick wood with
sufficient support. For stairwells used for access and egress, proper illumination must
be provided either through natural or artificial means, ensuring sufficient lighting
throughout all areas to promote a safe and well-lit environment.

445 | P a g e
 MODULE 14: DEMOLITION SAFETY

IV. Control Measures for Hazardous Substances

A set of control procedures should be established to properly manage hazardous
substances and protect the safety of the work environment. These precautions are
intended to protect against exposure to dangerous chemicals, gases, or flammable
materials. Initial worksite checks should be performed to determine the existence of
such compounds, followed by a careful approach of avoiding disturbing tanks or
equipment suspected of being in hazardous condition until suitable precautionary
measures are in place. Lines, tanks, and equipment containing hazardous compounds
should be completely purged to reduce dangers. To ensure safe conditions, air
monitoring systems capable of detecting elements such as oxygen, hydrocarbons
(HC), and dangerous gases must be used. Forced ventilation should also be used to
guarantee optimum air movement. Adequate respiratory protection is crucial for
individuals working with hazardous substances. For confined space work, ensuring the
competency of all involved personnel is vital to maintain a secure work environment.

V. Controlling Asbestos and Lead Hazard

A comprehensive approach is required to successfully control the risks posed by
asbestos and lead. Asbestos and lead are both well-known health dangers that are
governed by local and international health governing agencies. Asbestos fiber
exposure can cause major health problems such as asbestosis and lung cancer, whilst
lead exposure can harm the brain and reproductive systems. Proper control
mechanisms must be adopted to mitigate these hazards.
Building restorations, demolitions, and cleanup activities utilizing materials such
as vinyl floor tiles and cement are examples of hazardous areas where asbestos and
lead exposure may occur. Asbestos risks exist in industrial uses such as pipe wrapping
and heat-resistant fabrics, as well as automotive brake linings. Painted walls, bracing,
linings, buildings, and tanks can all provide a risk of lead poisoning.
To control these threats, medical health surveillance, local exhaust ventilation,
proper training, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are required.
Time-Weighted Average (TWA) and Excursion Limit are two types of exposure limits.

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 TWA restricts asbestos exposure to 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air over an 8-hour
work shift, whereas Excursion Limit restricts it to 1.0 fiber per cubic centimeter of air
over a 30-minute period.
Training is essential in hazard control. Employees who are exposed to hazardous
substances must receive initial and annual training on a regular basis. The training
program should cover topics like recognizing asbestos, understanding health impacts,
the link between smoking and asbestos-related lung cancer, and the use of
preventative controls to reduce exposure. This thorough training strategy is critical for
providing a safe work environment and avoiding the negative health impacts of
asbestos and lead exposure.

PPE Control

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OSHS RULE 1417- DEMOLITION
1417: Demolition:
1417.01 General Requirements
All demolition operations of buildings or other structures over six (6) meters high
shall be under supervision of a competent person. No person except the workers
who are directly engaged in the demolition shall enter a demolition area to within
a distance equal to 1 ½ times the height of the structure being demolished, where
this distance is not possible the structure shall be fenced around and no
unauthorized person shall be allowed within the fenced area.

1417.02: Demolition Work

1. On every demolition work, danger signs shall be posted around the structure and
all doors and openings giving access to the structure shall be kept barricaded or
guarded.

2. Demolition work shall not commence until:

a. all necessary steps have been taken to prevent injury to any person or
damage to adjoining property, and
b. all existing gas, electrical and other services likely to endanger a worker
shall have been shut off or disconnected.
3. Prior to demolition all glass shall:
a. be removed from windows and other locations, or
b. otherwise, shall be protected so that there is no possibility of breakage at
any stage of the demolition.
4. Shoring or other necessary measures shall be taken to prevent the accidental
collapse of any part of the building or structure being demolished or any adjacent
building or structure endangering the workers.

5. Demolition shall proceed systematically, story by story, in a descending order and

the work on the upper floors shall be completely over before removing any of the
supporting members of the structure on the lower floor. This shall not prohibit the
demolition on section, in the same descending order if means are taken to prevent

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 injury to workers and damage to property.

6. All precautions shall be taken to avoid damage from collapse of a budding being
demolished or any part of it when any part of the framing is removed from a framed
or partly framed building.

7. No building or any part of the structure shall be overloaded with debris or materials
to render it unsafe and hazardous to persons working.

8. Adequate precautions shall be taken to avoid danger from any sudden twisting,
springing or collapse of any steel or ironwork cut or released.

9. No workers shall stand on top of wall, pier or chimney more than six (6) meters (1
8 ft.) high unless safe flooring or adequate scaffolding or staging is provided on
all sides of the wall, three (3) meters (9 ft.) away from where he is working.

10. A truss, girder, or other structural member shall not be disconnected until it has
been:
a. relieved of all loads other than its own weight, and
b. provided with temporary supports.
11. Stairs and stair railings, passageways and ladders shall be demolished last.
12. When demolition is suspended or discontinued all access to the remaining part of
the building shall be fenced or barricaded.

1418.00 Mechanical Demolition:

The demolition area where work is done by mechanical devices such as weight balls or
power shovels shall:
a. be barricaded for a minimum distance of 1 1/2 times the height of the structure.
b. not allow entrance of unauthorized persons.
c. arranged and maintained so the mechanical devices used shall not cause any
damage to adjacent structures, power lines or public roads.

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1419.00; Explosives:
1419.01: Supervision:
1. A competent person shall be appointed in charge of and personally present at a
blasting operation who shall supervise the fixing of all charges and other blasting
activities.
2. The names of persons designated to handle, transport, prepare or use dynamite
or other high explosives shall be posted in the field office and on or in the
magazine.
3. No person inexperienced in handling dynamite or other high explosives shall
handle, transport, prepare or use dynamite, unless the inexperienced person
works under the personal supervision of a person with experience in blasting
operations.
4. A record of explosives received and used shall be properly maintained and open
for inspection by the enforcing authority.
5.
1419.0 2: Blasting:
1. Only the quantity of dynamite required for immediate use in blasting of a part of a
building or other structure shall be removed from the magazine.
2. No holes shall be drilled:
a. within 3.3 m. (10 ft.) of a hole containing explosives or blasting agents.
b. within 6.6 m. (20 ft.) of a hole being loaded with explosives or blasting agents.
3. Every firing circuit in connection with blasting operations shall be broken in a
suitable manner at a safe distance from the blasting area.
4. When a charge is fired, steps shall be taken to see that persons employed are in
a position free from the explosives or from flying objects.
5. The applicable provisions of Rule 1140 shall also apply to the use, handling, and
storage of explosives in construction industry

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 15: ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION

Image-source: https://www.ishn.com/ext/resources/Facility-inspection-Getty-900.jpg?1591974637

OBJECTIVES
• Learn about conducting regular safety inspections, including what to inspect, how
to prepare and conduct inspections, and the importance of using personal
protective equipment (PPE). Understand how to document inspection findings
and implement corrective actions.
• Gain practical skills in documenting the condition of construction sites using a
checklist. Learn how to observe and record important details during site visits to
ensure compliance with safety standards and regulations.
• Enhance your presentation skills by effectively communicating the findings from
construction site visits. Learn how to organize and present inspection results in a
clear and concise manner, highlighting key observations and recommendations
for improvement.

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15. A. Safety and health Inspection

15. A. i. DEFINITION

A safety and health inspection are a systematic and thorough assessment of a

workplace or facility to identify potential hazards, assess compliance with safety
regulations, and ensure the overall well-being of workers and the environment. This
process involves reviewing physical conditions, equipment, processes, work practices,
and management systems to identify areas that may pose risks to the health and safety
of employees, visitors, and the surrounding environment. Safety and health inspections
play a critical role in maintaining a safe work environment, preventing accidents, and
ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

15. A. ii. Elements of effective safety and health inspection programs

Effective safety and health

inspection programs encompass
several key elements to ensure the
systematic identification and
management of workplace hazards,
compliance with regulations, and the
continuous improvement of safety
standards. These elements include:

1. Clear Objectives: Clearly defined goals for improving safety, hazard

identification, and regulatory compliance.

2. Comprehensive Checklists: Detailed lists covering potential hazards, facilitating

thorough assessments.

3. Qualified Inspectors: Trained individuals familiar with safety, regulations, and

hazards.

4. Documentation: Accurate records of findings, hazards, and recommendations.

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 5. Corrective Action Process: Systematic approach for addressing identified
hazards.

6. Employee Involvement: Encouraging staff to report hazards and participate in

inspections.

7. Management Commitment: Active support from management for corrective

actions and improvement.

8. Training and Awareness: Regular education on safety inspections and hazard

recognition.

9. Feedback Mechanism: System to evaluate the effectiveness of the program.

10. Continuous Improvement: Integration of inspection insights for ongoing

enhancement.

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7057b1722

15. A. iii. Purposes of Safety and Health Inspections

Safety and health inspections

cover a wide range of critical
activities in the workplace. For
starters, they perform an important
role in recognizing potential hazards,
both visible and hidden, so
contributing to a safer environment
for all. Inspections assist avoid
workplace accidents, injuries, and
diseases by proactively detecting
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and correcting these dangers, hence
preserving a safe working environment.
These inspections also assure regulatory compliance, assisting firms in adhering to laws,

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rules, and industry standards while also reducing legal and regulatory issues. A safe
workplace also increases productivity by preventing disruptions caused by accidents or
health difficulties. Inspections help enhance staff awareness of hazards and safe
practices, fostering a culture of safety. A strong commitment to safety, demonstrated by
frequent inspections, boosts employee morale and job satisfaction, promoting a positive
safety culture. Beyond this, inspections provide valuable insights for continuous
improvement, enabling organizations to refine safety systems and processes over time.
Not only do inspections mitigate financial losses by preventing accidents, but they also
enhance an organization's reputation by showcasing a dedication to safety, which builds
trust with stakeholders. Lastly, inspections help prevent recurrence by identifying root
causes and facilitating effective corrective actions to prevent similar incidents from
happening in the future.

15. A. iv. Types of Inspection

Scheduled Inspections

Regularly planned inspections are conducted at predetermined intervals to

assess workplace conditions, identify hazards, and ensure ongoing compliance
with safety regulations.

Pre-Operational Inspections

Carried out before starting a new process, equipment, or operation to ensure that
all safety measures are in place and equipment is functioning correctly.

Periodic Inspections

Conducted at specific intervals to assess the condition of equipment, machinery,

and facilities to ensure they are safe for operation.

Random Inspections

Unannounced inspections are carried out without prior notice to evaluate

compliance, identify potential hazards and maintain vigilance regarding safety
practices.

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 Post-Incident Inspections

Conducted after accidents, near-misses, or incidents to determine their causes

and prevent their recurrence.

Compliance Inspections

Focused on ensuring that workplaces adhere to relevant laws, regulations, and

industry standards. They help prevent legal and regulatory issues.

Behavioral Safety Inspections

Aimed at observing employee behavior and practices to identify unsafe habits and
provide feedback for improvement.

Management System Audits

Comprehensive reviews of an organization's safety management system to

evaluate its effectiveness and identify opportunities for enhancement.

Housekeeping Inspections

Assess the cleanliness, orderliness, and organization of the workplace to prevent

slips, trips, falls, and other hazards related to clutter.

Ergonomic Assessments

Concentrate on the ergonomic aspects of workstations and processes to identify

potential factors contributing to discomfort or musculoskeletal disorders.

Chemical Safety Inspections

Focus on handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals to ensure

compliance with safety protocols and prevent exposure.

Fire Safety Inspections

Evaluate fire prevention measures, emergency response plans, fire exits, and
equipment to ensure readiness in case of a fire emergency.

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 Electrical Safety Inspections

Check electrical systems, wiring, and equipment for compliance with safety
standards and to prevent electrical hazards.

Confined Space Inspections

Assess confined spaces to determine their safety for entry, ventilation,

communication, and emergency procedures.

Machine Guarding Inspections

Evaluate the presence and effectiveness of safety guards on machinery and

equipment to prevent contact with moving parts.

Fall Protection Inspections

Focus on evaluating fall protection equipment, such as harnesses and guardrails,

to ensure their proper functioning.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Inspections

Examine the condition and use of PPE to ensure that employees are adequately
protected.

Health and Hygiene Inspections

Assess factors like ventilation, lighting, noise levels, and cleanliness to maintain
a healthy work environment.

6 Best Practices for Conducting Effective Inspections

Conducting inspections must also be process-oriented to be effective and to
enable uncovering of existing and potential issues along the production line. It
must be comprehensive and must integrate the following steps to deliver the
expected results - which is, to determine quality issues at an early stage:
Step #1 - Document Quality Standards

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 ➢ The organization needs a clear quality statement that drives the policy and
processes. It guides the quality management processes to be followed by the
quality teams, suppliers, and other stakeholders. It is used as a reference to
create quality checks during inspections and audits and ensure that right from
the raw materials to the different production processes, all comply with the
SOPs. It also helps to demonstrate the organization’s commitment to quality
culture.

Step #2 - Create Simple Inspection Workflows and Metrics

➢ Inspection workflows must be easy to understand and implement. In business
with medium to large set-ups, there may be many units and many different
elements that need to be inspected. Therefore, the workflows must be
comprehensive and broken down into multiple parts for being implemented with
minimal training. While improving the effectiveness of the inspection process,
it will also reduce the inspection time cycle. Establishing metrics for different
parameters will also help inspectors identify deviations quickly.

Step #3 - Define Control Procedures for Quickly Fixing Issues

➢ Use past data and trends to identify common issues that can be fixed quickly,
without much rework. The quality issues identified during the inspection must
be segregated and categorized for improving resource utilization as well as
address issues quickly for faster time to market without compromising on
quality.

Step #4 - Perform Preventive Maintenance of Inspection Equipment

➢ Calibrating the inspection equipment is as important as preventive
maintenance of the production equipment. This will improve equipment
accuracy and efficiency and also ensure consistent product quality.

Step #5 - Start at the Source

➢ Often, inspections are conducted on the final product. However, if there is
nonconformance or defects, it will mean tracing back to the root and reworking,
leading to scrappage and delays, not to mention additional costs. Instead,
performing inspections right at the start can lower the risk of low-quality

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 products and scrap later. It will also help identify problems early and address
them effectively.

Step #6 - Train the Inspection Teams

➢ The inspection teams need to understand regulatory requirements, quality
standards, and the need for inspections. This will help them perform their duties
correctly and effectively. Inspections involve not only inspecting the premises
but also interviewing the workers, observing their activities to ensure
standardization, reporting, follow-up, communicating, etc. Therefore, training
must be comprehensive and empower the teams with the required skills. This
will ensure adherence to processes and greater compliance.

Co-relate Hazard Classification to the discussion of Safety Inspection.

Hazard classification plays a crucial role in the context of safety inspections. It
provides a systematic way to identify, assess, and prioritize hazards during
inspections. Here's how hazard classification relates to safety inspections:
▪ Identification of Hazards: Hazard classification helps inspectors categorize
different types of hazards present in a workplace or environment. This
classification can include physical hazards (such as noise, machinery, or confined
spaces), chemical hazards (such as toxic substances or flammable materials),
biological hazards (such as pathogens or allergens), and ergonomic hazards
(such as repetitive tasks or awkward postures). During safety inspections,
inspectors use this classification to systematically identify and document hazards
present in the inspected area.
▪ Assessment of Risks: Hazard classification assists in assessing the risks
associated with identified hazards. By categorizing hazards based on their
potential severity and likelihood, inspectors can prioritize their evaluation and
determine the appropriate control measures. For example, hazards classified as
high-risk (e.g., those with severe consequences and high likelihood of
occurrence) may require immediate attention and implementation of control
measures to mitigate the risk during the inspection.

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 ▪ Prioritization of Control Measures: Hazard classification helps prioritize the
control measures recommended during safety inspections. Inspectors can focus
on addressing high-risk hazards first to prevent serious accidents or injuries. For
instance, if a hazardous chemical is classified as highly toxic and flammable,
inspectors may recommend implementing engineering controls (such as
ventilation systems or containment measures) and providing appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) to workers who handle the chemical.
▪ Documentation and Reporting: Hazard classification provides a structured
framework for documenting and reporting findings during safety inspections.
Inspectors can classify hazards based on their type, severity, and associated risks
in inspection reports. This classification helps stakeholders, such as employers,
safety officers, and regulatory agencies, understand the nature and extent of
hazards identified during inspections, facilitating informed decision-making and
prioritization of corrective actions.
▪ Continuous Improvement: Hazard classification supports continuous
improvement in safety management systems by identifying trends and patterns in
hazard occurrence and severity. By analyzing data from safety inspections and
hazard classifications over time, organizations can identify areas for
improvement, prioritize resources, and implement preventive measures to reduce
risks and enhance workplace safety.

In summary, hazard classification is closely intertwined with safety inspections, providing

a systematic framework for identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and addressing hazards
to ensure a safe working environment. By integrating hazard classification into safety
inspection processes, organizations can effectively manage risks and promote the health
and safety of workers.
Provide adequate discussion on Key Points.
Routine site safety inspections are crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being
of workers and visitors on a construction site or any workplace environment where
hazards are present. Here are key points about routine site safety inspections:
❖ Frequency: Inspections should be conducted regularly, typically daily or weekly,
depending on the nature of the site and the level of risk involved.

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 ❖ Checklists: Inspectors should use standardized checklists tailored to the specific
hazards present on the site. These checklists should cover areas such as
personal protective equipment (PPE), machinery safety, hazardous materials
handling, emergency procedures, and housekeeping.
❖ Documentation: Inspections should be thoroughly documented, including the
date, time, inspector's name, areas inspected, findings, and any corrective actions
taken or recommended.
❖ Identifying Hazards: Inspections aim to identify existing and potential hazards
such as slips, trips, falls, electrical hazards, chemical exposure, inadequate
ventilation, and structural weaknesses.
❖ Corrective Actions: Any hazards identified during the inspection should be
promptly addressed. This may involve immediate corrective action to eliminate
the hazard or implementing interim measures to reduce the risk until a permanent
solution can be implemented.
❖ Training: Inspectors should be adequately trained to recognize hazards and
understand relevant safety regulations and standards.
❖ Involvement of Workers: Workers should be encouraged to participate in safety
inspections and report any hazards they observe. Their input can provide valuable
insights into day-to-day safety issues.
❖ Continuous Improvement: Inspections should not be viewed as a one-time task
but as part of an ongoing process of continuous improvement in safety
performance. Lessons learned from inspections should be used to update safety
procedures and training programs.
❖ Legal Compliance: Routine safety inspections help ensure compliance with
relevant safety regulations and standards, reducing the risk of fines, penalties,
and legal liabilities.
❖ Management Review: Inspection findings should be reviewed by management
to track trends, allocate resources for corrective actions, and demonstrate
commitment to safety.

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 ❖ Emergency Preparedness: Inspections should include a review of emergency
response plans and the availability of first aid facilities, fire extinguishers, and
other emergency equipment.
❖ Communication: Inspection results should be communicated to all relevant
stakeholders, including workers, supervisors, contractors, and management, to
foster a culture of safety and accountability.

By adhering to these key points, routine site safety inspections can help mitigate risks,
prevent accidents, and promote a safe working environment for all personnel involved.

15. A. v. Qualification of a good inspector

A competent safety inspector plays a

crucial role in identifying and mitigating
workplace hazards to ensure a safe and
healthy environment for employees. The
qualifications of a good safety inspector
include:

1. Knowledge and Expertise: A good

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standards, and best practices relevant
to the industry. They should be well-
versed in safety procedures, hazard identification, risk assessment, and
preventive measures.

2. Experience: Practical experience in safety-related roles or industries enhances

an inspector's ability to recognize potential hazards, assess risks accurately, and
suggest effective solutions. Real-world experience contributes to their credibility
and problem-solving skills.

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 3. Attention to Detail: A meticulous eye for detail is essential for spotting even
minor hazards that could lead to accidents or injuries. Inspectors need to be
observant, thorough, and capable of analyzing various aspects of the work
environment.

4. Communication Skills: Effective communication is crucial for conveying

inspection findings, risks, and recommendations to workers, supervisors, and
management. A good inspector should be able to articulate complex safety
concepts clearly and tailor their communication to different audiences.

5. Analytical and Critical Thinking: Inspectors need to analyze workplace

conditions, assess potential hazards, and develop strategies for addressing them.
Strong analytical and critical thinking skills help them identify root causes and
implement effective solutions.

6. Problem-Solving: Hazards can be diverse and complex. A skilled inspector

should be adept at finding innovative solutions to address safety challenges and
prevent accidents.

7. Industry Knowledge: Industry-specific knowledge allows inspectors to

understand the unique hazards and risks associated with different sectors. This
knowledge enables them to tailor their inspections and recommendations
accordingly.

8. Regulatory Awareness: Inspectors should be well-versed in relevant safety

regulations and standards to ensure compliance. They should keep up with
changes in regulations and update their knowledge regularly.

9. Ethical Conduct: Safety inspectors need to act with integrity and

professionalism, maintaining impartiality and honesty in their assessments. Their
recommendations should prioritize safety over any other considerations.

10. Interpersonal Skills: Inspectors interact with employees, management, and

other stakeholders. Strong interpersonal skills help them build rapport, collaborate
effectively, and create a positive safety culture.

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 11. Continuous Learning: Safety practices and regulations evolve over time. A good
inspector should be committed to ongoing learning and professional development
to stay updated with the latest trends and advancements in the field.

12. Adaptability: Work environments can vary widely, and inspectors must adapt
their approach to different industries, settings, and challenges.

13. Physical Fitness: Depending on the nature of the inspections, physical fitness
might be necessary. Some inspections may require climbing, walking, or
maneuvering in tight spaces.

15. A. vi. Items need to be inspected

Workplace safety inspections are crucial for identifying hazards and maintaining
a safe working environment.

1. Machinery and Equipment:

a. Verify that machines are properly

guarded to prevent accidental contact
with moving parts.

b. Check for malfunctioning or damaged

equipment that could pose risks to
operators.

c. Inspect safety devices, emergency stop

buttons, and interlocks for proper functionality.

2. Electrical Systems:

a. Examine electrical panels, outlets, and

wiring for signs of damage, wear, or
overheating.

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 b. Ensure that all electrical components are properly grounded to prevent
shock hazards.

c. Check for exposed wires and address potential fire risks.

3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

a. Verify that employees are using

appropriate PPE for their tasks, such as
safety glasses, gloves, helmets, and
respirators.

b. Ensure PPE is in good condition and fits

properly for maximum effectiveness.

c. Housekeeping and Walkways:

d. Assess the overall cleanliness and organization of the workplace to prevent

slips, trips, and falls.

e. Check for clutter, spills, and debris that could create hazards.

f. Ensure walkways, staircases, and emergency exits are clear and well-lit.

4. Chemical Handling and Storage:

a. Review chemical storage areas to ensure

proper labeling, segregation, and
ventilation.

b. Check for leaks, spills, or improperly

sealed containers that could lead to
chemical exposure.

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 5. Emergency Response Plans:

a. Evaluate the availability and accessibility

of emergency contact information and
evacuation plans.

b. Confirm that employees are familiar with

emergency procedures and know the
location of first aid kits and medical supplies.

6. Workplace Ergonomics:

a. Inspect workstations and equipment for

ergonomic design to prevent
musculoskeletal disorders.

7. Height and Fall Protection:

a. Inspect scaffolds, ladders, and elevated

work areas for stability and proper setup.

b. Ensure employees are using fall

protection equipment, such as harnesses
and guardrails when working at heights.

8. Ventilation and Air Quality:

a. Check ventilation systems to ensure

proper airflow and exchange of fresh air.

b. Evaluate indoor air quality and address

any sources of dust, fumes, or airborne
contaminants.

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 9. Material Handling and Storage:

a. Assess how materials are handled,

stored, and transported to prevent
injuries.

b. Verify that heavy items are properly

secured and stored at appropriate
heights.

10. Safety Signage and Labels:

a. Ensure that safety signs, warning

labels, and hazard communication are
clearly visible and comprehensible.

11. Training and Compliance:

a. Review employee training records to

confirm that they have received necessary
safety training.

b. Check for compliance with relevant safety

regulations and industry standards.

12. Maintenance and Repairs:

a. Address any outstanding maintenance

issues promptly to prevent equipment
failure and hazards.

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 15. A. vii. Conditions need to be inspected.

Ensuring proper safety measures and inspections are essential to prevent

accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Various conditions and aspects need to be
inspected to maintain a safe working environment. Here are some key conditions that
should be inspected in construction:

Fall Hazards

Construction sites often involve working at

elevated heights. Inspectors need to ensure
that proper fall protection systems, such as
guardrails, safety harnesses, and safety nets,
are in place to prevent falls from scaffolds,
roofs, and other elevated areas.

Scaffolding and Ladders

Inspect scaffolds and ladders to ensure they

are structurally sound, properly erected, and
equipped with necessary guardrails and
supports. Unsafe scaffolds and ladders can
lead to serious accidents.

Electrical Safety

Check that electrical installations, equipment, and

wiring are up to code and properly grounded.
Electrical hazards pose a significant risk, so regular
inspections are crucial.

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 Excavations and Trenches

Inspect excavations and trenches for proper

shoring, sloping, or shielding to prevent collapses.
Adequate means of egress and clear signage
should also be in place.

Fire Safety

Inspect fire extinguishers, fire exits, and emergency

evacuation plans. Adequate fire prevention measures,
such as proper storage of flammable materials, are
also important.

Structural Integrity

Regularly assess the structural integrity of buildings,

bridges, and other structures under construction.
Weak foundations or faulty structures can lead to
catastrophic incidents.

Worksite Housekeeping

Maintain a clean and organized worksite to reduce

tripping hazards, ensure proper waste disposal, and
prevent clutter that could obstruct pathways.

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 15. A. viii. Factors Affecting the Frequency of Inspection

The frequency of inspections can vary based on several factors that influence the
level of risk and the need for oversight. Here are some key factors that affect the
frequency of inspection in construction:

Project Complexity

The complexity of the construction project plays a significant role in determining

inspection frequency. More complex projects, such as large-scale infrastructure
developments or projects involving intricate designs, may require more frequent
inspections to ensure that all aspects are proceeding according to plan and safety
standards.

Construction Type

The type of construction being undertaken can impact inspection frequency. For
example, high-rise buildings, bridges, and tunnels might require more frequent
inspections due to their unique challenges and potential safety hazards.

Project Phase

Different project phases have varying degrees of risk. Initial phases involving
excavation, foundation work, and structural framing often require more frequent
inspections, as errors or issues during these stages can have cascading effects on
the entire project.

Occupational Health and Safety Regulations

Compliance with occupational health and safety regulations is paramount in

construction. The regulatory requirements and standards in a specific region can
influence the frequency of inspections needed to ensure that the project aligns with
safety guidelines.

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 Worksite History and Incidents

A history of safety incidents or violations on a construction site may prompt regulatory

authorities or project owners to increase the frequency of inspections to monitor and
enforce safety improvements.

Worksite Conditions

Environmental factors, such as adverse weather conditions or geological challenges,

can impact construction safety. Inspections may need to be more frequent during
periods of challenging weather to assess and mitigate potential risks.

Worker Experience and Training

The skill level and experience of the construction workforce can influence the need
for inspections. Projects with less-experienced workers might require more oversight
to ensure that proper safety protocols are followed.

Use of Heavy Machinery and Equipment

If a project involves a significant amount of heavy machinery and equipment,

inspections may be more frequent to ensure that these machines are operated safely
and maintained properly.

Client or Project Owner Requirements

Clients or project owners may have specific requirements for inspections to meet their
quality and safety expectations. This can lead to increased inspection frequency.

Contractual Agreements

Contractual agreements between stakeholders can also dictate the frequency of

inspections. The parties involved may outline inspection schedules and criteria in the
construction contracts.

Emerging Technologies

The adoption of technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and

remote monitoring can influence inspection frequency. These technologies can

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 provide real-time data and insights that help identify issues early and reduce the need
for on-site inspections.

Project Budget and Timeline

Projects with constrained budgets or tight timelines might require inspections to be

balanced with the need for efficiency. In some cases, more inspections might be
necessary to avoid costly delays caused by errors.

15. A. ix. Preparing of Conducting Site Safety Inspections

Conducting site safety inspections is a

critical aspect of ensuring the well-being of
workers and minimizing risks in
construction projects. By identifying
potential hazards and taking corrective
actions, you can create a safer working
environment. Here's a step-by-step guide
to help you prepare for and conduct
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Understand the local, national, and industry-specific safety regulations that apply to
construction sites. This includes OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration) regulations in the United States, or equivalent regulations in your
country.

Gather Necessary Equipment:

Ensure you have the right tools for the inspection, such as a checklist, personal
protective equipment (PPE), a camera for documentation, measuring devices, and
any specialized equipment needed to assess specific hazards.

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 Develop a Comprehensive Inspection Checklist:

Create a detailed checklist that covers various aspects of safety, including general
site conditions, equipment safety, electrical hazards, fall protection, fire safety,
hazardous materials, and more. Tailor the checklist to the specific requirements of
your construction site.

Schedule Regular Inspections:

Plan regular inspections throughout different phases of the project. Early and
frequent inspections can help prevent issues from escalating and ensure that safety
measures are integrated from the beginning.

Form an Inspection Team:

If possible, involve a team of experienced individuals in the inspection process. This

could include representatives from management, safety personnel, workers, and
relevant subcontractors. Different perspectives can lead to more comprehensive
insights.

Communicate the Inspection Plan:

Inform all relevant parties about the upcoming inspection. This includes workers,
supervisors, and subcontractors. Clear communication will help everyone prepare
and be aware of the inspection's purpose and expectations.

Review Documentation:

Before the inspection, review previous inspection reports, incident reports, and
corrective action plans. This will help you identify recurring issues and track progress
on addressing previous safety concerns.

Conduct the Inspection:

During the inspection, follow these steps:

Use your checklist to systematically assess each area of the site.

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 Look for potential hazards, such as unguarded machinery, exposed electrical
wiring, inadequate signage, improper storage of materials, and more.

Document your findings with notes and photographs.

Engage with Workers:

While inspecting, engage with workers to gain insights into their perspectives on
safety concerns. They can provide valuable information about hazards they
encounter on a daily basis.

Prioritize Corrective Actions:

After the inspection, prioritize the identified hazards based on their severity and
potential impact. Determine what immediate actions are required to address these
hazards and prevent accidents.

Create a Corrective Action Plan:

Develop a detailed corrective action plan outlining the steps needed to address each
hazard. Assign responsibilities to relevant personnel for implementing these actions
within specified timeframes.

Provide Feedback:

Share your inspection findings with relevant parties, including management,

supervisors, and workers. This transparency promotes accountability and
encourages cooperation in maintaining a safe site.

Follow Up:

Follow up on the implementation of corrective actions to ensure that hazards are

addressed effectively. Track progress and make any necessary adjustments to your
action plan.

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 Continuous Improvement:

Use the insights gathered from inspections to continuously improve the site's safety
measures. Regularly update your checklist and procedures based on new risks and
best practices.

MODULE 15-A: ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION

15. A. x. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to Be Used

When conducting site safety inspections, wear the prescribed personal protective
equipment (PPE). Avoid entering the area wearing inappropriate and inadequate PPE.
Include PPE requirement during the planning stage of inspection.

Hard Hat: Provides head protection from falling objects,

overhead hazards, and impacts.

Safety Glasses or Goggles: Shields eyes from debris,

dust, flying particles, chemicals, and other eye hazards.

Hearing Protection: Reduces exposure to high noise

levels that can lead to hearing damage.

Respiratory Protection: Masks or respirators are

essential when inspecting areas with harmful dust, fumes,
gasses, or airborne contaminants.

Gloves: Protect hands from sharp objects, chemicals,

cuts, abrasions, and potential hand injuries.

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 High-Visibility Vest: Enhances visibility, especially in
high-traffic areas or during low-light conditions.

Steel-Toed Boots: Guards feet against heavy objects,

crushing hazards, and impacts.

Safety Harness: Required when inspecting elevated

areas or working near edges where fall hazards exist.

Fall Protection Equipment: Necessary when

inspecting scaffolding, elevated platforms, or areas with
fall risks.

Lockout/Tagout Equipment: Essential when inspecting

electrical equipment, machinery, or systems that need to
be isolated for safety reasons.

Chemical-Resistant Clothing or Apron: Used when

inspecting areas with potential chemical exposure.

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 Sunscreen and Sun Protection Gear: Important for
outdoor inspections to prevent sunburn and heat-related
issues.

First Aid Kit: Carry a basic first aid kit in case of minor
injuries during inspections.

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MODULE 15-A: ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION

15. A. xi. Inspection Report

An inspection report in construction is a formal

document that summarizes the findings of a site
safety inspection. It provides an overview of the
conditions observed during the inspection, identifies
potential hazards, and outlines corrective actions
that need to be taken. Here's a concise breakdown
of what an inspection report in construction typically
includes:
Image-source: https://encrypted-
tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQLHoU4w96
Title and Date: QTJ36xq3mV5hHc-
SLFuhEEOSM8KEU6UsT8kuTzspCc85b01

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 Clearly state the title of the report (e.g., "Construction Site Safety Inspection
Report").

Include the date of the inspection.

Introduction:
Provide a brief overview of the purpose of the inspection.

Mention any relevant background information.

Inspection Details:
Specify the location, area, and/or phase of the construction site inspected.

Inspection Team:
List the names and roles of the individuals who conducted the inspection.

Methodology:
Briefly describe the process followed during the inspection, including the checklist
used and any equipment used.

Findings:
Summarize the observations and conditions identified during the inspection.

Use clear and concise language to describe hazards, non-compliance issues, and
potential risks

Photographic Evidence:
Include relevant photographs or diagrams to visually support the findings.

Provide captions that explain the significance of each image.

Hazard Prioritization:
Rank identified hazards based on their severity and potential impact.

Corrective Actions:
Outline the recommended or required corrective actions for each identified
hazard.

Assign responsibilities for implementing these actions.

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 Timeline:
Specify deadlines for completing corrective actions.

Indicate whether any immediate actions are required.

Follow-Up Plan:
Detail how follow-up inspections will be conducted to verify the completion of
corrective actions.

Conclusion:
Summarize the overall findings of the inspection.

Emphasize the importance of addressing safety concerns promptly.

Recommendations:
Provide any additional recommendations for improving safety on the construction
site.

Signatures:
Include signatures of the inspection team members, confirming their participation
and agreement with the report's content.

Distribution:

List the recipients of the report, which may include project managers, supervisors,
safety officers, and relevant stakeholders.

Appendices (if needed):

Attach any supporting documents, such as reference materials, regulations, or

additional photographs.

15. A. xii. Implementation of Corrective Action:

Effectively implementing corrective actions in construction is vital for addressing

identified hazards and enhancing overall safety. To achieve this, a systematic
approach is crucial. This begins with prioritization, wherein hazards are ranked based
on severity, allowing high-priority hazards to be addressed first. Detailed action plans

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 are then crafted, specifying steps, responsibilities, and deadlines. Adequate resource
allocation ensures personnel, tools, equipment, and materials are available. Clear
communication among all stakeholders, with well-defined roles and responsibilities,
fosters a shared understanding. Training equips workers with necessary skills and
procedures. Thorough documentation of progress, responsibilities, and outcomes is
maintained. Execution involves adhering to the action plan, while supervision and
oversight ensure proper implementation. Feedback is sought and used to adapt and
improve actions. Verification confirms hazard mitigation, with continuous monitoring
sustaining safe practices. Reporting successes reinforces accountability and
recognition, while audits maintain compliance. Documenting positive outcomes
showcases the value of these efforts. Continuous improvement remains a focus,
integrating lessons learned and feedback into future safety plans. This systematic
approach ensures hazards are systematically addressed and construction safety is
elevated.

15. A. xiii. Monitoring of Implemented Corrective Action

Monitoring of implemented corrective actions is a critical phase to ensure ongoing

safety and effectiveness. This process involves several key steps:
Inspections: Regularly review corrective action implementation.

Data Collection: Gather incident reports and feedback.

Metrics: Track key indicators like incident reduction.

Feedback: Encourage worker input for improvements.

Documentation: Record progress, changes, and dates.

Adaptation: Adjust actions based on data and feedback.

Training: Update training to reflect changes.

Supervision: Ensure ongoing adherence to actions.

Review: Hold meetings to assess progress.

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 Improvement: Use insights for ongoing enhancements.

Audits: Periodically evaluate overall effectiveness.

MODULE 15: ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION

D.O. - 198 Section 14

Safety Officer. - In the implementation of the OSH program, safety officers shall be
employed or designated with the following duties and responsibilities:

(a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee;

(b) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation
being undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;

(c) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at
any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident
investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by
the OSH standards; and

(d) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary, based on the
requirements and procedures provided by the OSH standards.

MODULE 15. B: CONSTRUCTION SITE VISIT WORKSHOP

Instruction:
Identify hazards / risk and recommend control measures in a construction activity
in terms of:
A. General site premises, fire, electrical, signage, housekeeping, number of workers,
number of SO required;
B. Excavation, temporary structures, scaffoldings, confined space
permits/requirements;

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 C. Hand tools and power tools, mobile heavy equipment and cranes, requirements /
maintenance / third party testing, SO required and;
D. Health personnel like first-aider / nurse / dentist or physician, clinic, medicines,
number of beds and other facilities, training of OH personnel, etc.

Group 1: Group 2:

Group 3: Group 4:

Note: If the training is being conducted via F2F, QESH will arrange an actual site visit.
All participants will be provided with orientation and appropriate PPE’s. If webinar setup,

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pictures below will be group into four (4) and assume that they act as safety officer of
that given site setup.

Why visiting construction site is important as a safety officer?

Visiting a construction site is essential for a safety officer due to the critical
responsibility of ensuring the safety and well-being of workers. Being physically present
on-site allows you to identify potential hazards and assess risks firsthand, enabling you
to take proactive measures to mitigate dangers. This real-time oversight also empowers
you to address unsafe behaviors or conditions immediately, reducing the risk of
accidents.

Regular site visits are crucial for monitoring compliance with safety regulations,
codes, and standards. By observing safety practices and protocols in action, you can
verify that they are being followed according to established guidelines. Any deviations or
non-compliance can be promptly corrected to avoid potential legal issues.

One of the key roles of a safety officer is to provide training and education to
workers about proper safety procedures and equipment usage. Site visits offer
opportunities for hands-on training, allowing you to interact directly with workers and
provide guidance on staying safe while performing their tasks.

Construction sites are dynamic environments where conditions can change

rapidly due to factors like weather or project modifications. By visiting the site regularly,
you can assess how these changes might impact safety measures and make necessary
adjustments to ensure a safe working environment.

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MODULE 15. C: PRESENTATION OF INSPECTION WORKSHOP RESULTS

Listed below are the Safety Inspection Checklist that will be use.

Safety Inspection Checklist 1/2

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Safety Inspection Checklist 2/2

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 MODULE 16: JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

To systematically identify, assess, and mitigate workplace hazards to prevent

accidents and injuries.

16. A. DEFINITION

A Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), also known as a Job Safety Analysis (JSA), is a
systematic method used in the workplace to identify potential dangers connected with
certain tasks or employment. It entails breaking down a work into distinct phases,
examining each step to find potential hazards, and implementing mitigation solutions. A
JHA's major purpose is to avoid workplace injuries, illnesses, and accidents by
proactively identifying dangers and adopting appropriate safety measures.

Accidents can occur when:

• Workers use hazardous materials
• Work under hazardous conditions
• Work is performed incorrectly

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OSHA defines a job hazard analysis (JHA) as a technique that focuses on job tasks as
a way to identify hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the
worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment. Ideally, after you identify
uncontrolled hazards,
you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level.

A. Hazards that present risks to:

1. Safety
2. Health
3. Environment

16. A. i. BENEFITS OF JHA

Findings of a job hazard analysis can be used to eliminate and prevent hazards
in their workplaces. This is likely to result in fewer worker injuries and illnesses; safer,
more effective work methods; reduced workers ‘compensation costs; and increased
worker productivity. The analysis also can be a valuable tool for training new employees
in the steps required to perform their jobs safely.

Here are some key benefits of conducting JHA:

1. Accident Prevention

By methodically identifying potential dangers and

establishing controls, JHA contributes to a safer work
environment by preventing workplace accidents and
incidents.

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 2. Employee knowledge

Including employees in the JHA process raises their

knowledge of potential hazards and encourages them to
use safer working practices.

3. Increased Safety Culture

JHA fosters a strong safety culture throughout the

firm, making safety a shared value and priority for all
employees.

4. Effective Training

JHA offers a standardized framework for

developing training programs focused on specific
hazards and safe work practices.

5. Regulatory Compliance

Conducting JHA demonstrates a commitment to

meeting safety regulations and standards, reducing the
risk of non-compliance and associated penalties.

6. Reduced Injuries and Illnesses

By proactively addressing hazards, organizations can

significantly reduce the number of workplace injuries,
illnesses, and related medical costs.

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 7. Enhanced Communication

JHA encourages open communication about safety

between employees, supervisors, and management,
fostering a collaborative approach to risk mitigation.

8. Increased Productivity

When employees feel safe and confident in their work

environment, they are likely to be more productive and
focused on their tasks.

9. Continuous Improvement

Regularly reviewing and updating JHA allows

organizations to adapt to changes in procedures,
equipment, or work environment, ensuring ongoing
safety improvements.

10. Demonstrates Leadership

Implementing JHA demonstrates strong leadership

commitment to employee well-being and
organizational safety.

11. Empowers Decision-Making

JHA provides data-driven insights that enable informed

decision-making regarding safety improvements and
resource allocation.

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 JHA involves the following steps
1. Identify basic steps of a job
2. Determine associated hazards
3. Make recommendations to control the hazards
Uses of a JHA
• Create / improve SOP’s

• Guide in observing employee performance

• Accident investigation

• Safety inspection

Prioritizing JHA’s
• High Frequency of Accidents

• Increase occurrence of Near-Misses

• History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities

• Potential for Serious Harm

• New Jobs

• Changes in Procedures or Standards

JHA Team
• Supervisor

• Employee most familiar with the job

• Other employees who perform the job

• Experts or specialists (maintenance personnel, occupational

hygienists, ergonomists engineers)

Image-sources:
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9cd438d50.jpg

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MODULE 16: JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

16. B. BASIC STEPS IN PREPARING A JHA

Preparing a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) involves a systematic process of breaking

down a job or task into its individual steps, identifying potential hazards, and determining
appropriate control measures to mitigate those hazards.

1. Select the Job or Task

Choose a specific job, task, or work process

that you want to analyze for potential hazards.
This could be a routine task, a new project, or
any activity with potential risks.

2. Break Down the Job into Steps

Divide the selected job into its individual steps

or actions. Each step should be described in a
clear and concise manner. Start with the first
action and proceed in sequential order.

3. Identify Hazards

For each step identified, analyze the actions,

equipment used, materials involved, and the
work environment to identify any potential
hazards that could lead to injuries, illnesses, or
accidents. Consider physical, chemical,
biological, ergonomic, and environmental
factors.

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 4. Determine Control Measures

For each identified hazard, determine appropriate

control measures to reduce or eliminate the
associated risks. Control measures can include
engineering controls (physical modifications),
administrative controls (procedures), and personal
protective equipment (PPE).

5. Document the Analysis

Create a written document that outlines the job

steps, identified hazards, and corresponding
control measures for each hazard. This document
serves as the official JHA and should be
accessible to all relevant personnel.

6. Review and Validation

Review the JHA with relevant employees,

supervisors, or safety professionals to ensure
that hazards are accurately identified and that
the proposed control measures are feasible and
effective.

7. Implement Controls

Put the recommended control measures into

action. This might involve training employees on
safe work practices, installing safety equipment,
or modifying procedures.

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 8. Monitor and Update

Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the

implemented control measures. If new hazards emerge
or if changes in procedures, equipment, or work
environment occur, update the JHA accordingly.

9. Training

Train employees on the JHA, ensuring that they

understand the identified hazards, the rationale
behind the control measures, and the safe work
practices to follow.

10. Ongoing Review

Regularly review and update the JHA to reflect

changes in procedures, equipment, or work
environment. This ensures that the analysis remains
accurate and effective over time.

Image-sources:
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 16. C. EXAMPLE OF JHA ACTIVITY

Using a Power Saw to Cut Concrete Blocks

STEP 1: IDENTIFY THE BASIC JOB STEPS:

1) Set up the work area.

2) Gather necessary equipment and materials.

3) Put on personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety goggles, ear

protection, and gloves.

4) Position the concrete block on a stable surface.

5) Power on the saw.

6) Align the saw blade with the marked cutting line.

7) Slowly guide the saw along the cutting line.

8) Power off the saw.

9) Remove the cut concrete block and place it aside.

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 10) Power off the saw and disconnect it from the power source.

11) Clean up the work area and return equipment to storage.

STEP 2: DETERMINE THE HAZARDS:

✓ Physical Hazards:
○ Risk of cuts and abrasions from the sharp edges of the concrete block.

○ Noise exposure from the power saw.

○ Potential for flying debris during cutting.

✓ Chemical Hazards:
○ Dust generated from cutting the concrete block can be harmful if inhaled.

✓ Equipment Hazards:
○ Risk of accidental start-up of the power saw.

○ Risk of electrical shock if the saw is not properly grounded.

✓ Ergonomic Hazards:
○ Prolonged standing and repetitive motion while operating the power saw.
✓ Environmental Hazards:
○ Outdoor weather conditions affecting work conditions.

STEP 3: DETERMINE CONTROL MEASURES:

✓ Physical Hazards:
○ Wear cut-resistant gloves and appropriate clothing to minimize cuts and
abrasions.

○ Wear ear protection and safety goggles to reduce noise exposure and
protect against flying debris.

✓ Chemical Hazards:
○ Wear a dust mask or respirator to prevent inhalation of dust.

494 | P a g e
 ✓ Equipment Hazards:
○ Use a lockout/tagout system to prevent accidental start-up of the power
saw.

○ Ensure the power saw is properly grounded and in good condition.

✓ Ergonomic Hazards:
○ Take regular breaks to avoid prolonged standing.

○ Use proper body mechanics when operating the power saw.

✓ Environmental Hazards:
○ Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure to outdoor elements.

STEP 4: DOCUMENT THE ANALYSIS:

Create a written document that outlines the steps, hazards, and control measures
identified during the analysis. Make sure all workers involved in the activity are aware of
the JHA and its safety protocols.

In Conclusion
In conclusion, Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) is an essential technique for
guaranteeing workplace safety and reducing accidents. JHA enables enterprises to
establish a safer work environment for their employees by methodically detecting
potential hazards, assessing risks, and applying appropriate control measures. JHA's
entire process, which includes hazard identification, risk assessment, control measures,
and continuous improvement, allows both employers and employees to actively
participate in protecting against potential hazards. Workplaces can use JHA to reduce
accidents, injuries, and associated costs, while also developing a culture of awareness,
accountability, and proactive safety actions. Finally, JHA provides as a foundation for
maintaining a productive and secure workplace that appreciates the well-being of its
employees.

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 17: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

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attorney-white-plains-new-york-1024x684.jpg

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this Module participants will be able to:

• Discuss the purpose of accident investigation.

• Explain the method of accident investigation.
• Discuss the skills in interviewing.
• Explain the steps in preparing investigation report.
• Compute sample Severity Rate (SR) and Frequency Rate (FR)

496 | P a g e
MODULE 17: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

17. A. PURPOSE OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Accident investigations play a vital role in promoting a safer workplace. They

assist organizations in determining the fundamental causes of incidents and
implementing corrective procedures to avoid future occurrences. Investigations provide
insights into system flaws, human errors, and possible risks through rigorous study,
allowing for the formulation of effective preventive actions. Investigations assist to
building a culture of safety, raising employee morale, and eventually lowering injuries
and incidents by including employees in the process and resolving underlying concerns.
This dedication to continual development not only protects employees but also
strengthens an organization's reputation for prudent and proactive safety measures.
• to determine the cause of accidents and to prevent similar accidents in the future
to fulfill the legal requirement
• to determine the cost of an accident
• to determine compliance with applicable safety regulations
• to process workers' compensation claims

17. A. i. Types of incidents/ accidents to be investigated and reported

❖ All accidents must be investigated:

• LTA

• Non-LTA

• Property Damage

• Near Misses

❖ Near-Miss or dangerous occurrence is an event that could have caused

harm but:
• Did not happen
• Could happen ...
• still subject for investigation

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17. B. METHOD OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Accident investigations follow a systematic process to uncover the causes of

incidents and determine preventive measures. The method involves several key
steps:

Investigate Immediately
Start the investigation as soon as possible after the accident. Prompt action
preserves evidence and enhances accuracy.

Ensure Immediate Treatment

Attend to injured individuals promptly. Provide necessary
medical attention and ensure their well-being before
proceeding with the investigation.

Secure the Area

Isolate the accident site to prevent further harm and
preserve evidence. Restrict access to authorized
personnel only.

Record Event Details

Document the accident scene through photographs,
sketches, or videos. Capture relevant elements, such
as equipment, location, conditions, and any damaged
structures.

Collect Physical Evidence

Gather physical evidence related to the accident, such
as tools, equipment parts, and materials. Preserving
evidence helps determine causes accurately.

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 Review Other Sources
Examine records, documents, and any available data
related to the victim, work history, training, and any
previous incidents. Insights from colleagues and
friends can also provide valuable context.

Interview Witnesses
Conduct interviews with witnesses using the 5Ws + 1H
approach (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How). Obtain
detailed accounts of the incident from various
perspectives.

Identify Causal Factors

Determine contributing factors in the incident by examining four main categories:
Man (human error, behavior), Machine (equipment failure), Material (defective or
inappropriate materials), and Method (unsafe procedures).

Make Recommendations
Based on the investigation's findings, suggest actionable recommendations to
prevent similar accidents. Focus on practical, effective measures that enhance
safety and prevent recurrence.

Accident Investigations are usually considered a supervisors responsibility. Advantages

of Supervisors over other investigators:
• More familiar with the people involved
• Better understanding of the operations and equipmentD
• Personal interest in Investigations.

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Sources of Information
• Physical evidence at the scene
• Existing records
• Witnesses

Witnesses (these satisfy the 5 senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste)
• Victim and onlookers
• Those who heard what happened
• Saw area prior to incident
• Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances

Image-source: https://ablinlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/witness-1080x675.jpg
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MODULE 17: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

17. C. SKILLS IN INTERVIEWING WITNESSES

Effective interviewing of witnesses is

crucial for gathering accurate and
comprehensive information during accident
investigations. Mastering these skills
enhances the quality of information obtained
and contributes to thorough analysis. Here are
essential skills for interviewing witnesses:

Image-source: https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/constructors-
1. Active Listening: Attentively listen talking-construction-site_23-
2147710751.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693539611~exp=1693540211~h
without interruption to encourage open mac=12e5d4e7e1f4bf0eb173e115b05f801fee41bb750d3f0bfac40
e3638dc5d8bb8
sharing.

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 2. Empathy: Create a comfortable environment to foster trust and understanding.

3. Questioning Techniques: Employ open-ended questions and follow-ups for

detailed responses.

4. Non-verbal Communication: Maintain appropriate eye contact and body

language.

5. Neutrality and Objectivity: Remain unbiased and objective to ensure accurate

information.

6. Rephrasing: Paraphrase to confirm comprehension and active engagement.

7. Probing: Use probing questions to explore deeper insights.

8. Adaptability: Adjust your approach to suit the witness's style and emotions.

9. Note-taking: Document statements accurately for future reference.

10. Feedback: Offer a chance for witnesses to ask questions or clarify concerns.

The purpose of the interview is to establish an understanding with the witness and to
obtain his or her own words describing the event:
DO...
• put the witness, who is probably upset, at ease
• emphasize the real reason for the investigation, to determine what happened and
why
• let the witness talk, listen
• confirm that you have the statement correct
• try to sense any underlying feelings of the witness
• make short notes or ask someone else on the team to take them during the
interview
• ask if it is okay to record the interview, if you are doing so
• close on a positive note

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DO NOT…
• intimidate the witness
• interrupt
• prompt
• ask leading questions
• show your own emotions
• jump to conclusions

Ask open-ended questions that cannot be answered by simply "yes" or "no". The actual
questions you ask the witness will naturally vary with each incident, but there are some
general questions that should be asked each time:
• Where were you at the time of the incident?
• What were you doing at the time?
• What did you see, hear?
• What were the work environment conditions (weather, light, noise, etc.) at the
time?
• What was (were) the injured worker(s) doing at the time?
• In your opinion, what caused the incident?
• How might similar incidents be prevented in the future?

Asking questions is a straightforward approach to establishing what happened. But, care

must be taken to assess the accuracy of any statements made in the interviews.

Another technique sometimes used to determine the sequence of events is to re-enact

or replay them as they happened. Care must be taken so that further injury or damage
does not occur. A witness (usually the injured worker) is asked to reenact in slow motion
the actions that happened before the incident

A Healthy tip in asking Questions When you ask questions, pretend you are blind, and
you want a description, which you can picture in your imagination.

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MODULE 17: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

17. D. STEPS IN PREPARING INVESTIGATION REPORT

A well-structured investigation report is

crucial for documenting accident
details, findings, and recommendations
accurately. Follow these steps to create
a comprehensive investigation report:

1. Title and Date: Begin with a

clear incident title, date, and
time.

2. Executive Summary: Provide a Image-source: http://www.wikihow.com/Write-an-Incident-

Report
concise overview of the incident.

3. Introduction: State the report's purpose and scope.

4. Incident Details: Describe the incident's location, date, time, and involved
individuals.

5. Sequence of Events: Present a chronological account of the incident's

progression.

6. Findings: Summarize identified causal factors.

7. Recommendations: Propose actionable solutions.

8. Lessons Learned: Reflect on insights gained from the incident.

9. Conclusion: Sum up the report's outcomes.

10. Review and Approval: Ensure review by stakeholders.

11. Distribution: Share the finalized report with relevant parties.

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Physical Evidence
Before attempting to gather information, examine the site for a quick overview, take steps
to preserve evidence, and identify all witnesses. In some jurisdictions, an incident site
must not be disturbed without approval from appropriate government officials such as
the coroner, inspector, or police. Physical evidence is probably the most non-
controversial information available. It is also subject to rapid change or obliteration;
therefore, it should be the first to be recorded. Based on your knowledge of the work
process, you may want to check items such as:

• positions of injured workers

• equipment being used
• products being used
• safety devices in use
• position of appropriate guards
• position of controls of machinery
• damage to equipment
• housekeeping of area
• weather conditions
• lighting levels
• noise levels
• time of day

➢ Take photographs before anything is moved, both of the general area and specific
items. A later study of the pictures may reveal conditions or observations that
were missed initially.
➢ Sketches of the scene based on measurements taken may also help in later analysis
and will clarify any written reports.
➢ Broken equipment, debris, and samples of materials involved may be removed for
further analysis by appropriate experts. Even if photographs are taken, written
notes about the location of these items at the scene should be prepared.
Accident Investigation is not just for incidents involving serious injury, its for ANY
occurrence that has even the POTENTIAL of causing harm.

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MODULE 17: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

17. E. DOLE Reportorial

I. Content

DOLE reportorial requirements include all information and documents required to be

provided to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in order to comply with
labor laws. These reports contain information about the company, workforce data, labor
standards adherence, health and safety records, collective bargaining agreements,
training activities, benefits, terminations, occupational health, and other information.
These records promote openness, accountability, and regulatory compliance, promoting
a healthy work environment and fair labor practices. The content of these reports varies
depending on the legislation, industry, and organizational actions involved.

II. Purpose

The purpose of DOLE reportorial requirements is to promote openness,

accountability, and adherence to labor laws and regulations. These reports allow the
Department of Labor and Employment to monitor and assess how organizations are
implementing labor standards, occupational health and safety measures, and other legal
requirements. DOLE can ensure that workers' rights are safeguarded, fair labor practices
are followed, and workplaces are safe and conducive to employees by collecting and
analyzing this information. Furthermore, these reports aid in the maintenance of accurate
records, the support of policy-making decisions, and the promotion of a harmonious
relationship between employers and workers.

III. Frequency of Submission

The frequency with which DOLE reportorial requirements are submitted varies based
on the type of report and the size of the business. Some reports must be provided on an
annual basis, while others may be required regularly or monthly. The periodicity ensures
that relevant labor and safety data is consistently updated and submitted to authorities
for effective labor law and regulation monitoring and enforcement. Organizations must

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follow these submission dates in order to maintain compliance and contribute to the
overall improvement of workplace conditions and employee well-being.

DOLE Report Form

Please refer to DOLE/BWC/OHSD/IP-6, otherwise known as the “Employees Work
Accident / Illness Report” form on page 89 or to your OSH standards

Employees Work Accident / Illness Report

Included in the OSH Standards is Rule 1050: Notification and Keeping id Records of
Accidents and/or Occupational Illnesses.

Aside from your company’s own report form, the DOLE/BWC requires that accidents and
work related illnesses be reported. (Reference: DOLE/BWC/OHSD/IP-6)

OSHS Rule 1050 and DO 13:

Disabling Work Accidents And Illnesses
• must be reported to DOLE Regional Office on or before the 20th of the month

Accident or illness resulting to death or permanent total disability

• Must be reported to DOLE Regional office within 24 hours;
• DOLE will conduct investigation within 24 hours upon receipt of report

Dangerous occurrences w/c may or may not cause harm or damage:

• Boiler explosion
• Bursting of grinding wheel
• Collapse of cranes, winch, hoist
• Fire (plant stoppage not less than 24 hours)
• Failure of electrical machinery (plant stoppage not less than 24 hours)

These are of use in statistical analysis of accidents & Illnesses

Actual Loss Measurements (Injuries)
• Disabling injury frequency rate (FR)

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 • Disabling injury sensitivity rate (SR)
• Disabling injury index
• Serious injury frequency rate (FR)
• Non-LTI frequency rate (FR)

17. E. i. Types of disabilities as per Rule 1050

1. Medical Treatment Injury - shall mean an injury which does not result in a
disabling injury but which requires first aid and medical treatment of any kind.
2. Disabling Injury - shall mean a work injury which results in death, permanent
total disability, permanent partial disability or temporary total disability.
3. Death - shall mean any fatality resulting from a work injury regardless of the time
intervening between injury and death.
4. Permanent Total Disability (PTD) – shall mean any injury or sickness other than
death which permanently and totally incapacitates an employee from engaging in
any gainful occupation or which results in the loss or the complete loss of use of
any of the following in one accident:
a) Both eyes;
b) One eye and one hand, or arm, or leg or foot;
c) Any two of the following not in the same limb, hand, arm, foot, leg;
d) Permanent complete paralysis of two limbs;
e) Brain injury resulting in incurable imbecility or insanity
5. Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) – shall mean any injury other than death or
permanent total disability which results in the loss or loss of use of any member
of the body regardless of any pre – existing disability of the injured member or
impaired body function
6. Temporary Total Disability (TTD) – shall mean any injury or illness which does
not result in death or permanent total or permanent partial disability but which
results in disability from work for a day or more.

17. E. ii. Discussions as per Rule 1050 (e.g., time charges)

1. Death resulting from accident shall be assigned at time charge of 6,000 days.

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 2. Permanent total disability resulting from work accident shall be assigned a time
charge of 6,000 days.
3. Permanent partial disability either traumatic or surgical, resulting from work
accident shall be assigned the time charge as provided in Table 6 on Time
Charges

17. E. iii. Discussions on employee hours computation

Regular Hours: These are the standard hours an employee is expected to work in a day
or week as per their employment contract or company policy. In many countries, this is
typically 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week.

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Overtime Hours: Overtime hours are hours worked beyond the regular hours specified
in the employment contract. Overtime pay rates are often higher than regular pay rates
to incentivize employees and compensate them for the extra time worked.
Breaks: Depending on the labor laws and company policies, employees may be entitled
to rest breaks or meal breaks during their workday. These breaks are usually unpaid and
are not considered as part of the total hours worked.

Shift Differentials: Some companies offer additional pay for working certain shifts, such
as night shifts or weekends. These shift differentials are usually added to the employee's
regular pay rate for those hours worked.

Calculating Total Hours: Total hours worked are calculated by adding together the
regular hours, overtime hours, and any other hours worked (such as on-call hours or
training hours).

Recordkeeping: Employers are required to keep accurate records of employee hours

worked, including start and end times, break times, and total hours worked each day or
week.

Compliance: It's important to ensure that the computation of employee hours complies
with labor laws and regulations in your jurisdiction. This includes minimum wage
requirements, overtime pay rules, and maximum hours worked per day or week.

Software and Tools: Many companies use software or time-tracking tools to automate
the computation of employee hours, making the process more efficient and reducing the
risk of errors.

17. F. Calculation of frequency and severity rates

Frequency Rate:

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 The frequency rate in construction occupational safety and health measures the
number of occupational injuries and illnesses per a specific unit of exposure. It
provides insights into the frequency of incidents relative to the total work hours.

Formula:

Frequency Rate =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑰𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒓𝒚 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒚𝒆𝒆 −
𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆�

Interpretation:

A lower frequency rate indicates a safer work environment with fewer incidents
per unit of work hours, while a higher rate suggests a need for improved safety
measures.

Severity Rate:

The severity rate in construction occupational safety and health measures the
severity of occupational injuries and illnesses by taking into account the number
of lost workdays or restricted workdays due to incidents.

Formula:

Severity Rate = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 /

𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒅 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒚𝒆𝒆 − 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆�

Interpretation:

A lower severity rate indicates that incidents are causing fewer lost or restricted
workdays, indicating less severe injuries. A higher severity rate suggests a need
for measures to reduce the impact of incidents on workers' workdays.

Importance:

Frequency and severity rates provide key insights into the effectiveness of safety
programs and practices. By calculating and analyzing these rates, construction

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 companies can identify trends, prioritize safety measures, and continuously
improve their safety culture.

Here are the examples of calculation of Frequency Rate and Severity Rate:

EXAMPLE NO.1

FREQUENCY RATE

Disabling Frequency Rate – the number of disabling injuries per 1,000,000 employee-
hours exposure.

Frequency Rate (FR) =

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑰𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒓𝒚 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒚𝒆𝒆 −
𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆�

Frequency Rate (FR) = 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�

Frequency Rate (FR) = 50

Assuming:

# of Disabling Injuries = 10

Total Emp-Hr Exp = 200,000

SEVERITY RATE

Disabling Severity Rate – the number of Days Lost and/or charged per 1,000,000
employee-hours exposure.

Severity Rate (SR) = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 /

𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒅 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒚𝒆𝒆 − 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆�

Severity Rate (SR) = (𝟐𝟎𝟎) 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�

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 Severity Rate (SR) = 1,000

Assuming:

Total Days Lost = 200

Total Emp-Hrs Exp = 200,000

EXAMPLE NO.2

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ACCIDENT CAUSATION: RISKY WORKPLACE AND RISKY WORKERS –
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

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ACCIDENT CAUSATION: RISKY WORKPLACE AND RISKY WORKERS –

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

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EXAMPLE NO.3

A company having the following annual data. Compute for the FR and SR:
No. of workers 840

No. of hours / day 8

No. of days / week 6

No. of weeks / year 48

No. of fatality cases 3

No. of TTD cases 20, each with 5 days lost per

injury

No. of PTD cases 4

1 case of loss of eyesight (1eye)

2 cases of amputation involving

index finger (proximal phalange)

4 cases of amputation involving

great toe (distal phalange)

(Round of your answers up to two

decimal places)

FREQUENCY RATE

FR = (𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�(𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝑿 𝟖 𝑿 𝟔 𝑿 𝟒𝟖�

FR = 𝟑𝟒 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝟏, 𝟗𝟑𝟓, 𝟑𝟔𝟎�

FR = 17.57

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 SEVERITY RATE

SR =
[ 𝟐𝟎 𝑿 𝟓� + 𝟑 𝑿 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎� + 𝟒 𝑿 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎� + 𝟏 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎� + 𝟐 𝑿 𝟒𝟎𝟎� + 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟓𝟎�] 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�

SR = [𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎𝟎 +

𝟔𝟎𝟎] 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝟏, 𝟗𝟑𝟓, 𝟑𝟔𝟎�

SR = 𝟒𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎�𝟏, 𝟗𝟑𝟓, 𝟑𝟔𝟎�

SR = 23,406.50

MODULE 17: ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

D.O. 13 SEC. 14

Section 14. Safety Officer. In the implementation of OSH program, safety officers shall
be employed or designated with the following duties and responsibilities:

(a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee;

(b) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation
being undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;

© Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at

any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident
investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by
the OSH standards; and

(d) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary, based on the
requirements and procedures provided by the OSH standards.

Section 17. Occupational Safety and Health Reports. – All employers, contractors or
subcontractors, if any, shall submit to DOLE all safety and health reports, and

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notifications such as but not limited to the annual medical report (AMR), OSH committee
report, employer’s work accident/injury report (WAIR), and annual work accident/injury
exposure data report (AEDR).

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 18: ROLES OF SAFETY OFFICER

Objectives
● To learn the requirement to become a Certified Safety officer; and to understand
the role of being a Safety Officer in OSH implementation

According to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in the Philippines,

a safety officer plays a crucial role in ensuring workplace safety and health. The
specific responsibilities and qualifications of a safety officer are outlined in Republic
Act No. 11058, also known as the "Occupational Safety and Health Standards"
(OSHS), and its implementing rules and regulations.
Certification: DOLE recognizes the certification of safety officers through its Bureau
of Working Conditions (BWC). Safety officers who meet the qualifications and pass
the certification examination administered by BWC are awarded the Occupational
Safety and Health Practitioner (OSHP) certification. This certification serves as a
validation of the safety officer's competence and expertise in occupational safety and
health.

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18. A. Definition and Importance of a Safety Officer on Site
A Safety Officer, alternatively referred to as a Health and Safety Officer or HSE (Health,
Safety, and Environment) Officer, is a professional tasked with safeguarding the welfare
of workers, visitors, and the broader community within a workplace or construction area.
Their main duties involve recognizing and addressing potential risks, advocating for
secure work methods, and guaranteeing adherence to applicable safety protocols and
standards. The significance of having a Safety Officer present cannot be emphasized
enough, as their involvement is crucial in averting accidents, minimizing injuries, and
potentially saving lives, all while upholding legal and regulatory requirements.

Importance of a Safety Officer:

1. Accident Prevention: Safety Officers proactively

identify and mitigate potential hazards, reducing
the risk
of accidents and injuries in the workplace.

2. Legal Compliance: Compliance with safety

regulations and standards is crucial to avoid legal
penalties and liabilities that can arise from
workplace accidents.

3. Employee Well-being: A safe and healthy work

environment enhances employee morale,
productivity, and overall well-being.

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 4. Cost Savings: Preventing accidents and injuries
reduces the costs associated with medical
expenses, worker compensation claims, and
damage to equipment and property.

5. Regulatory Authorities: Regulatory bodies

often require the presence of qualified Safety
Officers on certain types of construction sites or
in workplaces dealing with hazardous materials.

18. B. Categories, Qualifications of Safety Officers

Category Prescribed Training on OSH Minimum

OSH
Experience

Safety Officer - Mandatory eight (8)-hour OSH orientation course -

1 (SO1) and
- Two (2) - hour trainers’ training

Safety Officer - Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic -

2 - OSH training course applicable to the industry
(SO2)

Safety Officer - Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic OSH training At least two
3 (SO3) course applicable to the industry; (2)
- Additional forty-eight (48) hours of years of
advanced/specialized occupational safety experience in
training course relevant to the industry; and OSH
- Other requirements as prescribed by the OSH

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 standards.

Safety Officer - Mandatory forty (40)-hour OSH training course Actual

4 (SO4) applicable to the industry; experience
- Additional eighty (80) hours of advanced/ as SO3 for at
specialized occupational safety training course least
relevant to the industry; four (4) years
- An aggregate of three hundred twenty (320) hours
of OSH related training or experience (Additional
training may be converted to years of experience
where eighty [80] hours of training may equal to
one [1] year of experience and vice versa.) and;
- Other requirements as prescribed by the OSH
standards.

18. C. Matrix of Number of Safety Officer Per Project

As per DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER

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 OSHS: Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
1. D. Part of Safety Officer in The Safety and Health Committee

Safety officers have a significant role in safety and health committees within workplaces.
These committees aim to safeguard employees' well-being and foster a secure working
atmosphere. Comprising members from management and workers, safety and health
committees work together to recognize, evaluate, and tackle issues related to
occupational health and safety (OHS).

How Safety Officers Contribute to Safety and Health Committees:

1. Expertise and Guidance: Safety Officers bring their specialized knowledge of
OHS regulations, practices, and hazards to the committee. They provide valuable
guidance and insights on risk assessment, control measures, and the
implementation of safety protocols.

2. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment: Safety Officers actively participate

in identifying workplace hazards and assessing the associated risks. Their input
helps the committee prioritize and address potential dangers effectively.

3. Safety Program Development: Safety Officers contribute to the development

and improvement of safety programs, policies, and procedures. They help design

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 strategies to mitigate risks, prevent accidents, and ensure compliance with safety
regulations.

4. Training and Education: Safety Officers assist the committee in planning and
conducting safety training programs for employees. They ensure that workers are
well-informed about safety procedures, emergency protocols, and the proper use
of personal protective equipment (PPE).

5. Incident Investigation: When accidents or near-miss incidents occur, Safety

Officers assist the committee in
investigating the root causes. They
provide their expertise to analyze
incidents, identify contributing factors,
and suggest preventive measures.

6. Monitoring and Auditing: Safety

Officers aid the committee in monitoring Image source:
https://safety.edu.vn/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/CTSAFE-
IBOEHS-Registered-Safety-Officer.jpg
the implementation of safety measures.
They may conduct regular safety audits, inspections, and reviews to ensure that
safety protocols are being followed.

7. Emergency Preparedness: Safety Officers help develop and review emergency

response plans and procedures. They ensure that the committee is well-prepared
to handle various emergencies, such as fires, chemical spills, or natural disasters.

8. Communication: Safety Officers act as

liaisons between the safety and health
committee, management, and workers.
They help communicate safety initiatives,
updates, and concerns effectively to all
parties involved.

Image source:
9. Continuous Improvement: Safety Officers https://nishe.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/how-to-become-a-
work-health-and-safety-officer.jpg
encourage a culture of continuous

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 improvement within the committee. They propose innovative ways to enhance
safety practices, reduce risks, and achieve better safety outcomes.

10. Reporting and Documentation: Safety Officers assist in maintaining accurate

records of safety-related activities, including incidents, inspections, training
sessions, and corrective actions. These records help the committee track
progress and demonstrate compliance.

18. E. Duties and Responsibilities of Safety Officer in Construction Site

Safety Officers play a critical role in ensuring the safety and well-being of
workers on construction sites. Their duties and responsibilities encompass a wide range
of tasks aimed at preventing accidents, promoting safe practices, and ensuring
compliance with relevant regulations.

Image source:
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 1. Hazard Identification and Assessment
● Identify potential hazards in the
construction environment, including
physical, chemical, biological, and
ergonomic risks.

● Conduct regular risk assessments to evaluate the severity and likelihood

of hazards and prioritize them for mitigation.

2. Compliance with Regulations

● Ensure compliance with local,

national, and international
safety regulations and
standards applicable to
construction activities.

● Keep up-to-date with changes

in regulations and communicate Image source:
https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRcyCo9xKo
necessary updates to relevant QNuAMsKQQbLiLICZxK4cVPsiu2Vl7lQn9XQnaRoGYhjVnfWPwQeile
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parties.

3. Safety Training and Orientation

● Provide safety orientations

and training to new workers
to ensure they understand
site-specific hazards,
emergency procedures, and
safety protocols.

● Conduct regular safety training sessions for all workers to reinforce safe
work practices and raise awareness about potential risks.

525 | P a g e
 4. Incident Investigation and Reporting

● Investigate accidents,
incidents, near-misses, and
unsafe conditions to
determine their causes and
contributing factors.

5. Emergency Preparedness

● Develop emergency response

plans tailored to construction site
conditions, including evacuation
procedures, first aid protocols,
and communication strategies.

● Coordinate drills and exercises to

ensure all workers are familiar with
Image source:
https://global-
emergency procedures. uploads.webflow.com/5e7fdf360c4ef47490fa4124/629a25240c7f3
10b155f7e91_First%20Aid.jpg

6. Safety Inspections and Audits

● Conduct routine safety inspections

to identify unsafe practices,
conditions, and equipment.

● Collaborate with relevant teams to

address identified issues promptly
and implement corrective actions.
Image source:
https://www.buildarray.com/storage/files/cms/images/construction_
site_safety_inspection_checklist.jpg

526 | P a g e
 7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Oversight

● Ensure that appropriate PPE is

provided to workers and is being used
correctly and consistently.

● Educate workers on the proper use,

Image source:
maintenance, and storage of PPE. https://www.icu-production.com/wpccontent/uploads/2021/06/366520300.png

8. Coordination with Management and

Workers

● Communicate safety policies,

procedures, and initiatives to workers,
contractors, and management.

Image source:
● Foster a safety culture by promoting https://kantata.marketing/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/work-
coordination-software-explained.jpg
open communication and collaboration
among all stakeholders.

9. Documentation and Records

● Maintain accurate records of

safety-related activities, including
inspections, training, incidents,
and corrective actions.

● Compile data for safety

performance reports and assist in
presenting safety-related Image source:
https://www.gislason.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/record-
keeping_feature.jpg
information to management.

10. Continuous Improvement

527 | P a g e
 ● Act as a liaison between the
construction site and regulatory
authorities during inspections and
audits.

● Ensure that the construction site

Image source:
is prepared for regulatory visits and https://blog.planview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Getting-
Started-with-Continuous-Improvement.png
that any identified non-compliance
issues are addressed promptly.

18. F. Effectiveness of Safety Officer

Accident Prevention:
An effective safety officer is proactive in identifying and mitigating potential
hazards before they lead to accidents. By implementing safety measures and
controls, they significantly reduce the likelihood of workplace incidents and
injuries.

Improved Compliance:
A capable safety officer ensures that the organization complies with relevant
safety regulations, standards, and guidelines. This not only avoids legal penalties
but also creates a culture of responsibility and adherence to safety protocols.

528 | P a g e
 Safety Culture Enhancement:
Effective safety officers promote a strong safety culture among employees. They
encourage open communication about safety concerns, educate workers about
the importance of safety, and lead by example.

Reduced Costs:
When accidents and injuries are prevented, the organization benefits from
reduced medical expenses, worker compensation claims, equipment damage,
and downtime. This leads to cost savings and improved financial performance.
Employee Morale and Productivity:
A safe work environment, fostered by an effective safety officer, boosts employee
morale and job satisfaction. Employees feel valued and protected, which
translates into higher productivity and lower turnover rates.

Image source:
https://alis.alberta.ca/media/697551/occupational-health-and-safety-officer-istock-498297568.jpg

Incident Response and Mitigation:

529 | P a g e
 In case of accidents or incidents, an effective safety officer responds promptly and
effectively. They lead investigations to identify root causes and implement
corrective actions to prevent similar occurrences.

Training and Education:

Effective safety officers provide thorough safety training to employees. This
ensures that workers are well-informed about risks, preventive measures,
emergency procedures, and proper use of safety equipment.

Emergency Preparedness:
Safety officers play a key role in planning and executing emergency response
drills and procedures. They ensure that employees are adequately prepared to
respond to various emergencies.

Communication and Collaboration:

Effective safety officers collaborate with management, workers, and relevant
stakeholders to address safety concerns and implement improvements. Their
communication skills are crucial in promoting a cohesive safety approach.

Image source:
https://proest.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Communication-in-Construction-1024x493.jpg

Continuous Improvement:

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 An effective safety officer doesn't rest on achievements but consistently seeks
ways to enhance safety measures, training programs, and overall safety
performance.

Data-Driven Insights:
They collect and analyze safety-related data, helping to identify trends, areas of
improvement, and potential risks that need attention.

Leadership and Influence:

An effective safety officer has the
ability to influence attitudes and
behaviors toward safety. They
inspire others to prioritize safety and
actively participate in maintaining a
safe work environment. Image source:
https://blog.herzing.ca/hubfs/workplace%20health%20and%20safety.jpg

531 | P a g e
MODULE 18: ROLES OF SAFETY OFFICER
18. G. D.O. 198 Section 14: Safety Officer

Section 14. Safety Officer. - In the implementation of OSH program, safety

officers shall be employed or designated with the following duties and responsibilities:

Image source:
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Officer-kirialign-blog%20(1).png

a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee;
b) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being
undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;
c) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at
any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident
investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by
the OSH standards; and
d) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary, based on the requirements
and procedures provided by the OSH standards.

532 | P a g e
 Safety officer/s of all workplace must possess the necessary training and
experience requirement according to its category as contained herein. The respective
qualifications of safety officers are as follows:

The number and qualification of safety officers shall be proportionate to the total
number of workers and equipment, size of work area, classification of the workplace and
such other criteria as required by the OSH standards.

The safety officer shall be required to undergo the prescribed DOLE-COSH

training orientation or course, advanced occupational safety training courses, and/or
other OSH related training or learning as necessary in the effective performance of its
duties and responsibilities.
Safety officers engaged in micro and small establishments, low to medium risk,
shall be engaged in safety programs including other tasks designated to him/her by
his/her employer.

533 | P a g e
 In the case of a contractor or subcontractor, at least one (1) safety officer must be
deployed at each specific area of operations to oversee the management of the OSH
program of its own workforce.

Minimum classification and number of safety officer for all covered workplaces
shall be as follows:

Source: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/01/DO-198-Implementing-
Rules-and-Regulations-of-Republic-Act-No_-11058-An-Act-Strengthening-Compliance-
with-Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Standards-and-Providing-Penalties-for-
Violations-Thereof.pdf , Department Order No.198 Series of 2018 - Implementing Rules
and Regulations of Republic Act No. 11058 Entitled “An Act Strengthening Compliance
with Ocupaional Safety and Health Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations
Thereof” , Chapter IV Covered Workplace, Section 14. Safety Officer, Page 12 - 13

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

534 | P a g e
 MODULE 19: TOOLBOX MEETING

Image-source: https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQEEHRSJiYRMkg/article-
cover_image-
shrink_600_2000/0/1523249535001?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=06lqVNh2Xxe60knrEV
hj49gjBmBq6oaKZlccPBjPNN8

Objectives
● Explain the roles of safety officers in the conduct of Toolbox and OSH trainings;
● Enumerate and discuss the stages of the training cycle;
● Discuss basic presentation and facilitating skills; and
● Prepare a training plan for their company.

19. A. Definition of Tool Box Meeting (TBM)

Sometimes called a "gang meeting” refers to daily meetings among workers and
their respective supervisors for the purpose of instructions, discussion and proper
briefing on the planned work, the assessment of past work, the possibility or actual

535 | P a g e
occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible
accidents and other related matters.
● a 10–15-minute on-the-job meetings held to keep employees alert to work related
accidents and illnesses.
● Proven technique for safe work habits.
● Explain the role of each worker (proper work assignment);
● Confirm the qualification and skill of each worker;
● Discover safety problems by danger searching activity;
● Check clothing and protective devices of workers (hang-over, lack of sleep, etc.)

536 | P a g e
19. B. Benefits of Tool Box Meeting

❖ PREVENTING ACCIDENTS

➢ Promotes safety awareness,

encourages employee involvement in the
safety program. Introduces workers to new
safety rules, equipment, preventive
practices and motivates workers to follow
standard operating procedures.

❖ TRAINING

➢ Toolbox Talks Helps when reviewing

new laws or industry standards, company
policies, and procedures. The market is
continuously altering and evolving and
without consistent knowing, your workers
are going to fall behind without any method
to capture up. Toolbox talks not only keep
your crew up to date on the latest safety
news however on how safety is altering and
advancing.

537 | P a g e
 ❖ GOOD COMMUNICATION

➢ Opening lines of interaction in an

everyday setting keeps little things from
slipping through the cracks and going
unnoticed. If there are tools that are
broken or outdated, this is a method to let
management understand they need to be
replaced or to remind other employees not
to use them.

19. C. Requirements in Conducting Toolbox Meeting

1. Management Support:
➢ Commitment: Management must demonstrate a strong commitment to safety by
actively participating in supporting toolbox meetings. Their presence and
involvement set a positive example for the rest of the team.
➢ Resources: Allocate time, personnel, and resources to facilitate toolbox meetings.
Adequate resources ensure that the meetings are informative and productive.
2. Preparation:
➢ Topic Selection: Choose relevant and specific topics for each toolbox meeting.
Focus on hazards or procedures that are relevant to the tasks to be performed
that day.
➢ Information Gathering: Collect all relevant information, data, and incident
reports related to the chosen topic. This ensures that the information presented is
accurate and up to date.

538 | P a g e
 Image source:
https://www.novade.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/5-reasons-digital-toolbox-meeting-system-featured-image.jpg

➢ Materials and Visuals: Prepare any necessary materials, such as visual aids,
charts, diagrams, or videos, to enhance understanding and engagement during
the meeting.
➢ Location: Select a suitable and safe location for the meeting, ensuring that all
participants can see and hear the presentation clearly.

3. Proper Conduct of Toolbox Meeting:

➢ Introduction: Start the meeting by introducing the topic and explaining its
relevance to the day's tasks. Emphasize the importance of safety and the purpose
of the meeting.

➢ Engagement: Encourage active

participation from all attendees. Ask
questions, share relevant examples,
and invite input from employees to
foster engagement and discussion.

539 | P a g e
 ➢ Clear Communication: Present the information clearly and concisely. Use
simple language, and avoid jargon or
technical terms that may not be
understood by all participants.

➢ Visual Aids: Use visual aids, if

available, to enhance understanding.
Visuals can help clarify complex
concepts and keep participants engaged.

➢ Discussion: Encourage open discussions about the topic. Allow employees to

share their experiences, concerns, and suggestions related to the safety issue at
hand.

➢ Interactive Approach: Make the meeting interactive by asking open-ended

questions, facilitating group discussions, and incorporating real-life scenarios.

➢ Action Items: Summarize key points discussed and outline any action items or
safety measures that employees should take. This ensures that the information
presented is translated into practical actions.

➢ Q&A: Allocate time for a question-and-answer session at the end of the meeting.
Address any queries or concerns raised by the participants.

➢ Feedback: Gather feedback from participants about the effectiveness of the

meeting and their understanding of the topic. This feedback can help improve
future toolbox meetings.

540 | P a g e
4. Follow-Up:

➢ Documentation: Document the topics discussed, key takeaways, action items,

and participants' attendance. This documentation serves as a record of the
meeting and can be used for reference in the future.

Image source:
https://safetyculture.com/wp-content/media/2019/10/Toolbox-Topics-Featured.png

➢ Implementation: Ensure that the safety measures and action items discussed
during the toolbox meeting are implemented consistently by all employees.
➢ Continual Improvement: Use feedback and observations from toolbox meetings
to continually improve the process. Adjust topics, formats, and approaches based
on the needs and preferences of the participants.

541 | P a g e
Department Order (DO) 198-18, Section 16: Safety and Health Training

Image source:
https://www.thetrainingterminal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Health-and-Safety.jpeg

Workers' OSH Seminar:

In accordance with DO 198-18, Section 16 mandates the implementation of a
Workers' Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Seminar within workplaces. This
seminar serves as a crucial platform to equip workers with the necessary knowledge and
skills to identify, assess, and mitigate potential hazards in their working environment.

Mandatory 8-hour Module:

The Workers' OSH Seminar consists of an essential 8-hour training module. This
module covers a spectrum of topics relevant to occupational safety and health. This
comprehensive training aims to empower workers with insights into recognizing
workplace risks, adhering to safety protocols, responding effectively to emergencies, and
integrating safe practices into their daily tasks.

Conducted by the Safety Officer:

The responsibility of conducting the Workers' OSH Seminar lies with the
designated Safety Officer of the organization. The Safety Officer holds a pivotal role in
ensuring workplace safety compliance and fostering a culture of safety among
employees. Conducting the seminar underlines the importance of having a
knowledgeable and trained individual oversee the training process.

542 | P a g e
Include Management:
Crucially, DO 198-18 emphasizes the involvement of management in the Workers'
OSH Seminar. This inclusive approach ensures that not only workers but also
management personnel actively participate in the training. This dual participation
emphasizes a collective commitment to safety, where management leads by example
and reinforces a culture of safety throughout the organization.

All Workers, Including New Hires:

The scope of the Workers' OSH Seminar encompasses all workers, regardless of
their roles or seniority within the organization. This all-encompassing approach ensures
that the entire workforce benefits from the training, regardless of their familiarity with
safety protocols. Furthermore, new hires are included, ensuring that they receive
fundamental safety training from the outset of their employment.

No Cost to Employees; Compensable Working Time:

A notable aspect of this training initiative is that it is provided to employees at no
cost. The organization covers the expenses associated with the training, relieving
employees of any financial burden. Moreover, the time spent attending the seminar is
considered compensable working time. This means that employees are compensated
for the duration of the seminar, promoting their engagement and participation.

543 | P a g e
For High-Risk Establishments: Quarterly Re-orientation:
Recognizing the varying risk levels across different workplaces, Section 16
introduces a provision for high-risk establishments. These establishments are required
to conduct a quarterly re-orientation for their workers. This re-orientation ensures that
employees in high-risk environments continuously refresh their knowledge, enabling
them to adapt to evolving safety challenges.

DO 198-18 SECTION 11: OSH Information

OSH Information Dissemination:

DO 198-18, Section 11, highlights the crucial requirement for providing OSH
information to workers. This section emphasizes the responsibility of employers,
contractors, and subcontractors to ensure that adequate and appropriate OSH
information is communicated to workers across all types of establishments, projects, and
work locations.

544 | P a g e
Effective Communication:
The provision of OSH information involves ensuring that workers have access to
accurate and relevant information related to occupational safety and health practices.
This information empowers workers to understand the potential hazards in their work
environment, the necessary safety measures, and the procedures to follow in case of
emergencies.

Image source:
https://www.insperity.com/wp-content/uploads/effective-communication-strategies.png

DO 13 Section 12: Safety and Health Information

Mandatory OSH Information Provision:

DO 13, Section 12, reinforces the concept of disseminating safety and health
information to workers. This section mandates employers, contractors, subcontractors,
and others involved in various projects and establishments to provide workers with
adequate and suitable information concerning occupational safety and health.

Broad Scope of Application:

The requirement outlined in Section 12 of DO 13 applies to a diverse range of
workplaces, projects, and establishments where work activities are being carried out.
Regardless of the nature of the work or the type of project, employers and relevant
parties are obligated to ensure that workers receive the necessary safety and health
information.

545 | P a g e
Empowering Workers:
Both DO 198-18 Section 11 and DO 13 Section 12 prioritize the empowerment of
workers through information dissemination. By providing workers with relevant OSH
information, employers enable them to make informed decisions and adopt proactive
safety measures. Workers become aware of potential hazards, safe work practices,
emergency procedures, and the proper usage of personal protective equipment.

Collaborative Responsibility:
The responsibility for
disseminating OSH information is shared
among different entities, including
employers, contractors, and
subcontractors. This collaborative
approach underscores the collective
effort required to maintain a safe and Image source:
https://www.achievers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/06_17_19_2-
healthy work environment. Regardless of 1024x582.jpg

the specific parties involved, the priority

remains the same: ensuring that workers have access to accurate and useful OSH
information.

Ensuring Compliance:
Both DO 198-18 and DO 13 emphasize
the legal requirement to provide workers with
adequate OSH information. Compliance with
these regulations is not only a legal obligation
but also a critical step in promoting a culture of
safety within the workplace. Regular access to
safety information helps prevent accidents,
reduces risks, and fosters an environment
where safety is paramount.

546 | P a g e
DO 198-18 SECTION 12: OSH Program

Comprehensive OSH Program:

DO 198-18, Section 12, emphasizes the establishment of an Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH) Program within workplaces. This program serves as a comprehensive
framework to systematically address safety and health concerns, implement preventive
measures, and promote a culture of safety among employees.

Risk Assessment and Mitigation:

An integral component of the OSH Program is the identification and assessment
of potential risks within the workplace. This involves conducting thorough risk
assessments to identify hazards and evaluate the associated risks. Once identified,
appropriate measures are taken to mitigate these risks and prevent accidents or
incidents.

547 | P a g e
Training and Education:
Section 12 underscores the importance of training and education as part of the
OSH Program. Properly trained employees are better equipped to handle workplace
hazards, adhere to safety protocols, and respond effectively to emergencies. Regular
training sessions contribute to a workforce that is informed, vigilant, and actively
participates in maintaining a safe working environment.

Emergency Preparedness:
An OSH Program should include provisions for emergency preparedness and
response. This encompasses developing emergency evacuation plans, providing first
aid training, and establishing clear protocols for handling emergencies such as fires,
chemical spills, or medical incidents. Having a well-defined emergency plan minimizes
confusion and ensures a swift and coordinated response in times of crisis.

Image source:
https://reliablefire.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/emergency-evacuation-drill-training-1544164517-1360246.jpeg https://www.aedcpr.com/images/online-cpr-aed-first-aid-class.webp
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/300px-Fire_inside_an_abandoned_convent_in_Massueville%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg
https://safetyteksoftware.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Untitled-design-47-1024x683.png https://www.patientsafety.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Campagnes/Veiligheidscultuur/Blogs/4.%20Second%20victims.jpg?width=788&name=4.%20Second%20victims.jpg

Continuous Improvement:
The OSH Program is not static; it is designed for continuous improvement.
Section 12 highlights the need to regularly review and update the program based on new
risks, changing work conditions, and advancements in safety practices. By consistently
improving the program, organizations adapt to evolving safety challenges and maintain
a high standard of workplace safety.

548 | P a g e
OHS RULE 1966 – Occupational Health Program

Image Source: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-

Standards-2017-2.pdf
Page 177, Occupational Health Services, Occupational Health Program 1966.

Framework for Occupational Health:

OHS Rule 1966 establishes the framework for an Occupational Health Program.
This rule focuses specifically on the health aspects of workplace safety. It outlines the
measures and guidelines that organizations should follow to safeguard the health and
well-being of their employees.

Health Surveillance:
One of the key elements of the Occupational Health Program is health
surveillance. This involves monitoring the health status of employees exposed to
occupational hazards. Regular medical examinations and assessments are conducted
to detect and address any health issues related to workplace conditions.

Preventive Measures:
OHS Rule 1966 emphasizes the implementation of preventive measures to
protect employees' health. This includes measures to control exposure to harmful
substances, promote ergonomics, and ensure proper ventilation and hygiene in the
workplace. Preventive strategies are aimed at minimizing the risk of work-related
illnesses and health complications.

549 | P a g e
Health Education:
The rule also highlights the importance of health education within the
Occupational Health Program. Educating employees about potential health hazards,
proper hygiene practices, and ways to maintain their health in the workplace empowers
them to make informed decisions and take proactive steps to safeguard their well-being.

Image Source: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/images/EDkQGdeXkAIiM0q.jpg?_=56749 , https://lrh.health.gov.lk/wp-

content/uploads/2020/09/HEALTH-EDUCATION-UNIT.jpg

Collaborative Approach:
OHS Rule 1966 promotes a collaborative approach to occupational health. It
encourages employers, workers, and occupational health professionals to work together
in developing, implementing, and monitoring the Occupational Health Program. This
collaborative effort ensures that the program is well-rounded and effectively addresses
the health needs of employees.

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

550 | P a g e
 MODULE 20: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

Objectives: At the end of the module, the participants will be able to;

• Enumerate the different types of emergencies.

• Explain the elements of an emergency preparedness program.
• Discuss basic preparations for common emergencies; and
• Explain the fire brigade concept and organization.

Introduction:

"Emergency Preparedness and Response" is a crucial module that delves

into the strategic and proactive measures essential for addressing the
multifaceted challenges posed by occupational safety and health concerns.

Image-source: https://www.ishn.com/ext/resources/Emergency-preparedness-GettyImages-
1207460317.jpg?height=418&t=1603982564&width=800

551 | P a g e
Workplace Emergency Preparedness
Workplace emergency preparedness involves the proactive measures taken by
businesses and organizations to effectively respond to unforeseen and potentially
hazardous situations that could arise within their premises. The primary objective is to
ensure the safety and security of employees, visitors, and the workplace environment
while minimizing disruption to regular operations.

This process begins with identifying potential risks and hazards specific to the
workplace, ranging from natural disasters like earthquakes and fires to medical
emergencies, chemical spills, or even acts of violence. Once these risks are recognized,
comprehensive emergency plans are developed to outline step-by-step protocols for
various scenarios, including evacuations, sheltering, communication procedures, and
more.

Clear communication is vital during emergencies, and workplaces establish

communication strategies that encompass alert systems, intercoms, messages, or
emails to keep everyone informed and provide directions. Evacuation plans, complete
with well-marked routes and assembly points, are designed to ensure the safe exit of all
personnel.

Regular training sessions and drills familiarize employees with their roles and
responsibilities during emergencies, covering actions such as administering first aid,
using fire extinguishers, or following evacuation protocols. These practices simulate real-
life situations, refining the effectiveness of the emergency plans.

Incorporating first aid supplies and trained personnel, workplaces stand ready to
address medical emergencies promptly. An up-to-date list of emergency contacts,
including local authorities and key internal personnel, ensures a swift and coordinated
response.

552 | P a g e
Module 20: Emergency Preparedness and Response
20. A. Types of Emergencies (Natural and Man-made)

Emergencies can arise from various sources, and understanding their nature is
essential for effective preparedness and response. Emergencies are broadly categorized
into two main types: natural and man-made.

20. A. i. Natural Emergencies

Natural emergencies result from

natural phenomena and events beyond
human control. These emergencies
often require swift response to mitigate
their impact and ensure the safety of
individuals and communities.

Image-source: https://content.health.harvard.edu/wp
content/uploads/2023/04/7ffb6981-6d29-4295-9d4e-8d869b7a48b8.jpg

Some common types of natural emergencies include:

• Natural Disasters: These

include events like earthquakes,
floods, hurricanes, tornadoes,
tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
and wildfires. These disasters
can cause widespread damage
to infrastructure, disrupt
communities, and pose
significant threats to human life.
Image-source: https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/682759/frym-10-
682759-HTML-r1/image_m/figure-1.jpg

553 | P a g e
 • Severe Weather Events: Weather-related emergencies encompass extreme
weather conditions such as blizzards, severe storms, heavy rainfall leading to
flooding, and extreme heat waves. These events can lead to property damage,
power outages, and health risks.

• Geological Events: Geological emergencies involve events like landslides,

sinkholes, and mudslides. These events can have a sudden and destructive
impact on the environment and infrastructure.

Image-source: Image-source:
https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/img/photo/2018/08/sinkholes- https://cdn.britannica.com/29/93629-004-
when-the-earth-opens-up/s01_1024699572-1/original.jpg CC18E84C.jpg

Module 20: Emergency Preparedness and Response

20. A. ii. Man-made Emergencies

Man-made emergencies are caused by human activities and can have far-
reaching consequences for safety and security. These emergencies often require
coordinated response efforts to minimize harm and restore normalcy. Some examples
of man-made emergencies include:

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 • Industrial Accidents: Accidents
in industrial settings can result in
hazardous chemical spills,
explosions, fires, and structural
collapses. These emergencies
pose risks to workers, the
surrounding community, and the
environment.
Image-source:
https://www.newsclick.in/sites/default/files/2022
-01/accien36.jpg

• Transportation Accidents: Accidents involving transportation modes such as

automobiles, trains, airplanes, and ships can lead to significant injuries, property
damage, and disruptions to transportation networks.

Image-source: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2022/09/TAXI-QC.jpg

• Terrorist
Attacks: Deliberate acts of violence, such as
bombings, shootings, and cyberattacks, carried
out with the intent to cause harm and fear among
the public, are considered terrorist attacks.
These emergencies require swift response from
law enforcement and emergency services.
Image-source:
https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/0C2B/pr
oduction/_83751130_gettyimages-457546572.jpg

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 • Technological Failures: Emergencies
stemming from technological failures,
such as power outages, infrastructure
breakdowns, and communication
disruptions, can impact essential
services and public safety.
Image-source: https://images.theconversation.com/files/423016/original/file-20210923-18-
1fbqkfc.jpg?ixlib=rb-
1.1.0&rect=0%2C743%2C5166%2C2579&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop

• Public Health Crises: Health-related

emergencies, including disease
outbreaks, pandemics, and biological
threats, require coordinated efforts from
healthcare agencies to prevent the
spread of illness and protect public
health.
Image-source:
https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/styles/inner_page_style/public/Blog/Blog_COVID19_HealthRespon
se.jpg?itok=b9SmuhM_

20. B. Elements of an Emergency Preparedness Program

An effective emergency preparedness program encompasses various elements

that collectively ensure an organization's ability to respond efficiently and effectively to a
wide range of emergencies. These elements are essential for safeguarding lives,
minimizing damage, and maintaining continuity of operations. Here are the key
components of an emergency preparedness program:

1. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification: Identify potential hazards and

risks to shape tailored emergency response plans.

2. Emergency Response Plans: Craft well-defined strategies for various

emergencies, outlining actions, roles, and responsibilities.

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 3. Communication Protocols: Establish clear
communication procedures among stakeholders,
including internal and external partners.

4. Training and Drills: Regularly train personnel and

conduct exercises to assess plan effectiveness
and enhance readiness.

5. Emergency Equipment and Resources: Ensure

availability and maintenance of essential equipment
and resources.

6. Emergency Notification Systems: Implement

reliable methods for rapid communication to
employees and the public.

7. Evacuation Plans: Design safe evacuation routes

and assembly areas for personnel during
emergencies.

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 8. Medical and First Aid: Establish protocols for
providing medical assistance and training
designated personnel.

9. Resource Coordination: Collaborate with local

services and agencies for effective coordination.

10. Business Continuity: Develop strategies to

maintain critical operations during and after
emergencies.

11. Emergency Shelter and Care: Plan for

providing shelter, food, water, and care to
affected individuals.

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 12. Post-Emergency Recovery: Outline procedures
for damage assessment, cleanup, and restoration
of operations.

13. Documentation and Evaluation: Maintain

records, assess program effectiveness, and make
necessary adjustments.

Image-sources: https://img.freepik.com/premium-vector/video-conference-people-message-bubbles-communication-work-online-videocall_316839-
1370.jpg?w=900
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/doctors-personalized-prescriptive-analytics-big-data-healthcare-personalized-medicine-big-data-patient-care-
predictive-analytics-concept-bright-vibrant-violet-isolated-illustration_335657-
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https://img.freepik.com/premium-vector/medical-conference-2d-vector-isolated-illustration-presentation-nurses-professional-tutor-meeting-with-
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https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/virus-cure-concept-with-medicine_23-
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https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/time-management-planning-schedule-deadline-isometric-composition-with-character-distracted-worker-ringing-
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https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/isometric-evacuation-alarm-concept-with-fire-fighters-vector-illustration_1284-
80963.jpg?w=900&t=st=1693442881~exp=1693443481~hmac=2026d745583c9c66c44abd9824eaa6333f201e8ec5cf06014849db66b683397d
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/flat-national-doctor-s-day-illustration-with-medic-ambulance_23-
2149437386.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693443016~exp=1693443616~hmac=ed618db43046f648e4e7e550fb6f065a0a5be38a763f3457dce4648f5eba873d
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/humanitarian-help-people-donating-sanitary-protection-equipment-concept-illustration_114360-
1794.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693443230~exp=1693443830~hmac=f08a02ebeee3e7b6d2e8c9b26f628ca999cbce4f1891d60c2c81832a07d4adcf
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/illustration-people-working-together_52683-
52779.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693443768~exp=1693444368~hmac=c37a47823d02713c50f9bb8a658010a097a9c971720dfdd75f35d613dc1e9e48
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/cartoon-world-humanitarian-day-illustration_23-
2148996147.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693443844~exp=1693444444~hmac=7efbba8e2d0c958ad6246ab30b81155b9aa23c4ed71bc58e8feff738f22a8ec0
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/young-doctor-lab-coat-with-elements-career_24797-
2762.jpg?w=826&t=st=1693443995~exp=1693444595~hmac=e10807094aeeace251170319950a7084695c4fb746bd1881daae4ff35e4ed2b4

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 20 C. Preparing for Common Emergencies

Emergencies can strike unexpectedly, making it essential to be prepared for a

variety of situations. Whether natural or man-made, having a plan in place helps mitigate
risks and ensures the safety of individuals and assets. Here's how to prepare for common
emergencies:

1. Fire Emergencies

• Install and maintain smoke

detectors in key areas.

• Educate employees on fire

evacuation routes and assembly
points.

• Conduct regular fire drills to practice

evacuation procedures.

• Keep fire extinguishers accessible and properly maintained.

2. Severe Weather Events

• Monitor weather forecasts and

alerts from reliable sources.

• Establish a safe area or shelter for

severe weather situations.

• Educate employees about tornado,

hurricane, or storm preparedness.

• Secure outdoor equipment and materials that could become projectiles.

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3. Medical Emergencies

• Train designated staff in first aid

and CPR techniques.

• Keep well-stocked first aid kits in

easily accessible locations.

• Display emergency contact

information prominently.

• Develop a system for quickly notifying emergency medical services.

4. Power Outages

• Maintain backup power sources like

generators or uninterruptible power
supplies.

• Have emergency lighting in place to

prevent accidents in the dark.

• Protect sensitive equipment from

sudden power surges when power is restored.

5. Chemical Spills or Gas Leaks

• Identify hazardous materials and ensure

proper storage and handling.

• Provide training on responding to chemical

spills or gas leaks.

• Establish evacuation procedures and

assembly areas for such incidents.

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6. Security Threats or Intrusions:

• Implement access control measures to limit

unauthorized entry.

• Train security personnel in threat assessment

and response.

• Conduct security drills to prepare for potential

threats.

7. Medical Outbreaks or Pandemics

• Develop a pandemic response plan with

guidelines for remote work, hygiene practices,
and social distancing.

• Provide hand sanitizers and encourage

proper hygiene.

• Stay informed about public health guidelines and recommendations.

8. Natural Disasters (Earthquakes, Floods, etc.)

• Identify safe areas or evacuation routes for

each type of disaster.

• Secure heavy objects that could pose risks

during tremors.

• Store important documents and supplies in

waterproof containers.

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9. Cybersecurity Breaches

• Establish cybersecurity protocols to

protect sensitive data.

• Train employees to recognize phishing

attempts and suspicious activities.

• Have a response plan to isolate and

address cybersecurity breaches.

10. Communication Failures

• Have alternative communication methods in case

of network outages.

• Establish a chain of communication to relay

critical information.

• Utilize backup communication devices or

systems.

11. Civil Unrest or Acts of Violence

• Develop protocols for lockdowns and secure

zones in case of threats.

• Implement employee training on recognizing

signs of potential violence.

• Coordinate with local law enforcement for rapid

response.

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 12. Vehicle Accidents

• Promote safe driving practices among

employees.

• Ensure vehicles are well-maintained and

equipped with emergency kits.

• Establish procedures for reporting

accidents and seeking medical assistance.

Image-sources:
https://app.worksafe360.com/uploadedImages/Workplace_Emergencies/photo-fire.jpg?n=7579
https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/weather-effects-collage-concept_23-
2150062072.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693444165~exp=1693444765~hmac=8babe1f6d517d8ab2d93c7209483abafea4d91c684c16a75ce0c1994a4364d3b
https://img.freepik.com/premium-photo/digital-web-network-icons-background_488220-10321.jpg?w=1380
60930.jpg?w=1060&t=st=1693444674~exp=1693445274~hmac=77f35eb7ac144783e4a360badc1aa28c7ecae63bd753d0b5c48a3d2ed5f15fc8
a191b13713dcce1350b5452384d1fb9af5c 099~hmac=15caa9cf427490bb78d0d76494897429718276f75def87e05ec97324339b2826
4447.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693444374~exp=1693444974~hmac=bba12a450d1022b8950295b342a148e4f38927f55af1bc8aff4dc644f1215841
https://app.worksafe360.com/uploadedImages/Workplace_Emergencies/photo-fire.jpg?n=7579
https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/weather-effects-collage-concept_23-
2150062072.jpg?w=996&t=st=1693444165~exp=1693444765~hmac=8babe1f6d517d8ab2d93c7209483abafea4d91c684c16a75ce0c1994a4364d3b
https://img.freepik.com/premium-vector/vector-illustration-people-bad-communication-failed-communication-communication-barrier_625612-34.jpg?w=2000
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/mass-riots-abstract-illustration_335657-
5366.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693444922~exp=1693445522~hmac=f62c0a9459c11e7ea4a46c5bd4184748f7fc7bccbf5a9416fa4ac76056497228
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/creative-abstract-ssl-illustration_52683-
79797.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693444499~exp=1693445099~hmac=15caa9cf427490bb78d0d76494897429718276f75def87e05ec97324339b2826
4447.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693444374~exp=1693444974~hmac=bba12a450d1022b8950295b342a148e4f38927f55af1bc8aff4dc644f1215841
https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/person-putting-medical-mask-earth_23-
2148984685.jpg?w=900&t=st=1693444600~exp=1693445200~hmac=b1af1ab08f6c4900a0f411644b85ea191b13713dcce1350b5452384d1fb9af5c
099~hmac=15caa9cf427490bb78d0d76494897429718276f75def87e05ec97324339b2826
4447.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693444374~exp=1693444974~hmac=bba12a450d1022b8950295b342a148e4f38927f55af1bc8aff4dc644f1215841
https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/natural-disaster-cartoon-composition-with-outdoor-suburban-scenery-rain-clouds-tornado-vortex-destroying-living-
house_1284-60930.jpg?w=1060&t=st=1693444674~exp=1693445274~hmac=77f35eb7ac144783e4a360badc1aa28c7ecae63bd753d0b5c48a3d2ed5f15fc8
a191b13713dcce1350b5452384d1fb9af5c 099~hmac=15caa9cf427490bb78d0d76494897429718276f75def87e05ec97324339b2826
4447.jpg?w=740&t=st=1693444374~exp=1693444974~hmac=bba12a450d1022b8950295b342a148e4f38927f55af1bc8aff4dc644f1215841
https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/image-auto-accident-involving-two-cars_613910-
7924.jpg?w=900&t=st=1693444998~exp=1693445598~hmac=f9e29fea6f0544523f6f0f386fde2f1ada6d76fef6cec0d099bff9a1e630e604

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Module 20: Emergency Preparedness and Response
A. Emergency Preparedness Plan

An emergency preparedness plan is essential to ensure the safety and well-being

of individuals in various crisis situations. Whether it's a fire, earthquake, chemical spill,
severe weather occurrence, flood, or any other potential disaster, having a well-
structured plan can help save lives and minimize damage. Here's a comprehensive guide
to developing an effective emergency preparedness plan:

Image-source: https://www.healthychildren.org/SiteCollectionImagesArticleImages/EmergencyPreparednessGraph.jpg

I. Assessment and Identification

• Identify potential hazards and risks specific to your location and industry.

• Determine the likelihood and potential impact of each type of emergency.

• Consider the vulnerabilities of your workforce, infrastructure, and

surrounding environment.

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 II. Emergency Response Team

• Establish a dedicated emergency response team with assigned roles and

responsibilities.

• Include individuals with first aid, CPR, and specific hazard-related training.

• Designate communication roles for internal and external coordination.

III. Communication Plan

• Develop a clear communication strategy for notifying employees, visitors,

and relevant authorities.

• Establish primary and secondary communication channels, considering

different scenarios.

• Outline procedures for communicating with local emergency services and

neighboring organizations.

IV. Evacuation Procedures

• Define evacuation routes and assembly points for various emergencies.

• Conduct regular drills to familiarize personnel with evacuation procedures.

• Ensure clear signage and wayfinding to guide individuals to safe areas.

V. Shelter-in-Place Protocols

• Identify areas suitable for sheltering during severe weather, chemical spills,
or other hazards.

• Equip designated shelter areas with emergency supplies, including water,

food, and communication tools.

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 VI. Emergency Contacts and Resources

• Compile a list of important emergency contacts, including local authorities,

medical facilities, and utility providers.

• Provide instructions for accessing emergency resources, such as medical

kits and firefighting equipment.

VII. Notification and Alert Systems

• Implement an emergency notification system to quickly reach all personnel.

• Utilize various communication methods, including text messages, emails,

loudspeakers, and visual alerts.

VIII. Training and Education

• Train employees on emergency response procedures, roles, and

expectations.

• Conduct regular drills to ensure everyone is familiar with their respective

responsibilities.

• Offer training in first aid, CPR, and hazard-specific responses.

IX. Medical Assistance

• Establish a protocol for seeking medical assistance during emergencies.

• Train designated personnel in basic first aid and CPR techniques.

• Provide access to first aid kits, automated external defibrillators (AEDs),

and other medical supplies.

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 X. Recovery and Aftermath

• Develop a plan for post-emergency recovery, including damage

assessment and resource allocation.

• Address psychological and emotional support for affected individuals.

• Review and evaluate the effectiveness of the response and adjust the plan
accordingly.

XI. Regular Review and Updates

• Periodically review and update the emergency preparedness plan based

on lessons learned and changes in circumstances.

• Ensure that new employees receive training on the plan and that all
personnel are aware of any revisions.

XII. Coordination with Authorities

• Coordinate with local emergency response agencies and authorities.

• Familiarize yourself with relevant regulations and guidelines for emergency

preparedness.

21. D. Fire Brigade Concept and Organization

The fire brigade concept and organization are crucial components of ensuring
prompt and effective responses to fires and other emergencies. A well-structured fire
brigade not only prevents and controls fires but also contributes to overall safety within
a facility or community.

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 Image-source: http://cbmalir.gov.pk/assets/media/cbm-fire-brigade-pictures-2.png

I. Fire Brigade Concept

The fire brigade is a specialized team dedicated to preventing, mitigating, and

managing fires and other emergency situations. It consists of trained personnel equipped
with the skills, knowledge, and equipment necessary to respond swiftly and efficiently to
various types of incidents. The primary goals of a fire brigade include protecting lives,
minimizing property damage, and ensuring the safety of individuals within the affected
area.

II. Fire Brigade Organization

The organization of a fire brigade varies depending on the size, scope, and
complexity of the facility or community it serves. A fire brigade is a crucial component
of an organization's emergency response system, composed of trained personnel
responsible for responding promptly to fire-related incidents. The organization's fire
brigade structure typically includes a Fire Chief or Brigade Leader overseeing the
team, along with Firefighters and specialized personnel. Firefighters are equipped
with firefighting gear and trained in fire suppression techniques. The fire brigade's
roles encompass not only fire response but also prevention, emergency evacuation,

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 and collaboration with external emergency services. This coordinated approach
ensures effective fire management and safeguarding of lives and property within the
organization.

20. E. Objectives of Creating a Fire Brigade

The objectives of creating a fire brigade are to protect life and property in the
event of fires, rescue and protect people in the event of other emergencies and
extinguish fires in their area. Fire brigades can be either a private or public
organization that protects the safety of a county, municipality, or district. They can be
comprised of volunteers, firefighters, or a combination of both.

In the Philippines, the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) is responsible for the
prevention and suppression of all destructive fires. The BFP enforces all laws, rules,
and regulations to ensure adherence to standard fire prevention and safety measures
and promote accountability in the fire protection and prevention service. The Fire
Code of the Philippines of 2008 establishes a comprehensive fire code that aims to
ensure public safety, promote economic development through the prevention and
suppression of all kinds of destructive fires, and promote the professionalization of
the fire service as a profession.

References:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/12/19/republic-act-no-9514/
https://wise-answer.com/what-is-the-role-of-the-fire-brigade/
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.156
https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=600

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20. F. Fire Brigade Organizational Structure

Image-source: https://www.hpil.org/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=8601

20. G. Evacuation Drill and Procedures

Evacuation drills are crucial for preparing individuals to respond effectively during
emergencies, ensuring a safe and organized evacuation from a building or premises.
Here's an overview of the evacuation drill process and procedures:

1. Planning:

• Identify the frequency of evacuation drills required by regulations and the

specific needs of the organization.

• Form an evacuation drill planning committee or designate responsible

personnel.

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 • Determine the evacuation routes, assembly points, and roles of designated
personnel (floor wardens, evacuation coordinators, etc.).

2. Notification and Communication:

• Notify all occupants of the upcoming evacuation drill, explaining the

purpose and procedures.

• Clearly communicate the evacuation signal (alarm, siren, verbal

announcement, etc.).

• Ensure that everyone understands the signal and its meaning.

3. Conducting the Drill:

• Initiate the evacuation signal, simulating an emergency situation.

• Instruct occupants to follow established evacuation routes and assemble

at predetermined safe locations.

• Designate personnel to assist those with mobility challenges or disabilities.

• Encourage occupants to leave personal belongings behind and exit quickly

but calmly.

4. Assembly Points:

• Designate assembly points a safe distance away from the building or

premises.

• Ensure assembly points are well-marked, easily accessible, and away from
potential hazards.

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 5. Head Count:

• Conduct a head count to ensure that all occupants have evacuated safely.

• Use attendance sheets or electronic methods to track personnel during the

drill.

6. Evaluation and Feedback:

• Debrief with the evacuation drill planning committee, participants, and

designated personnel.

• Discuss strengths and areas for improvement.

• Address any issues that arose during the drill and identify corrective
actions.

7. Documentation:

• Document the date, time, and results of the evacuation drill.

• Maintain records of participants, head counts, and observations for future

reference.

8. Review and Improvement:

• Analyze the effectiveness of the evacuation drill and identify opportunities

for improvement.

• Modify evacuation procedures based on lessons learned from the drill.

• Schedule regular drills to ensure continued preparedness and to address

changing conditions or personnel.

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 9. Communication and Training:

• Provide regular training to new occupants and employees on evacuation

procedures.

• Keep occupants informed about evacuation routes, assembly points, and

any updates to procedures.

10. Collaboration with Emergency Services:

• Coordinate with local emergency services to ensure a smooth response in

case of a real emergency.

• Establish communication protocols for emergency responders during drills

and actual events.

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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 MODULE 21: EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Objectives: By the end of the Module, the participant will be able to list;
• Know the different compensable diseases and injuries under the law.
• You can also point out the instances that will label the injury as work-related.

Image-source: https://ecc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/PD_626_2013_edition.pdf

Legal Basis
• Presidential Decree No. 626, as amended
• Employees’ Compensation and State Insurance Fund
21. A. Main Functions Of ECC

The ECC (Employees' Compensation

Commission) plays a significant role in ensuring the
well-being of workers by providing compensation
benefits in case of work-related injuries, illnesses, or
death. The ECC is responsible for the administration
of the Employees' Compensation Program (ECP),
which is a social security program designed to provide financial assistance and support
to workers and their families in the event of work-related contingencies.

Image source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtnUpqVx6hDYVdeRktrpcXKleLuzTO_CC52dGVS2uQ3w-85LrhOKKsEbAvIaODjFszlTE&usqp=CAU

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Compensation and Benefits Administration: The
primary function of the ECC is to administer the
compensation and benefits provided under the
Employees' Compensation Program. This includes
providing monetary benefits to workers who suffer from
work-related injuries, illnesses, or death, and ensuring
that the rightful beneficiaries receive the appropriate
compensation.

Claims Processing: The ECC processes claims for

compensation from workers who have suffered from
work-related injuries, diseases, or death. This
involves reviewing the submitted documentation,
medical reports, and other relevant information to
determine the eligibility for compensation benefits.

Medical Rehabilitation and Vocational

Services: The ECC supports injured workers'
rehabilitation through medical and vocational
services. This may involve providing medical
treatment, physical therapy, and vocational
training to help workers recover and reintegrate
into the workforce after an injury.

Monitoring and Compliance: The ECC

monitors the compliance of employers with the
requirements of the Employees' Compensation
Program. This includes ensuring that employers
provide accurate and timely reports of work-

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related accidents, illnesses, and deaths to facilitate the claims process.

Education and Information

Dissemination: The ECC plays a role in
educating workers, employers, and other
stakeholders about the Employees'
Compensation Program, their rights and
responsibilities, and the process for filing
compensation claims. This helps raise
awareness and ensures that individuals know
how to access the benefits they are entitled to.

Policy Development and

Enhancement: The ECC contributes to
the development and enhancement of
policies related to the Employees'
Compensation Program. This involves
reviewing and updating regulations,
guidelines, and procedures to ensure that the
program remains effective and relevant.

Research and Data Collection: The

ECC conducts research and collects data
related to work-related injuries, illnesses,
and deaths. This information helps the
commission understand trends, identify
areas of improvement, and make
informed decisions about program
enhancements.

577 | P a g e
Coordination with Other Agencies: The
ECC collaborates with other government
agencies, such as the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) and the Social
Security System (SSS), to ensure a cohesive
and comprehensive approach to occupational
safety and health and the provision of
compensation benefits.

21. B. Purpose of ECP And Employees Covered of Benefits

The primary purpose of the ECP is to ensure that employees and their dependents
are adequately compensated and supported in situations where they experience work-
related contingencies. The program helps alleviate the financial burden that can arise
from medical treatment, disability, or death
resulting from occupational hazards.

Employees Covered by ECP Benefits

The Employees' Compensation Program
covers a wide range of employees in various
industries and sectors. Employees covered
by ECP benefits include:
Image source: https://encrypted-
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C6ptxbMR_zmiW3TpypBXUeIAY6WKNKM_4w&usqp=CAU

578 | P a g e
1. Private Sector Employees: Workers
employed in private companies,
regardless of the size of the business,
are covered by the ECP. This includes
regular, casual, contractual, and
project-based employees.

2. Government Employees: Employees

in the government sector, including
national government agencies, local
government units, and government-
owned and controlled corporations, are
covered by the ECP.

3. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs):

OFWs who sustain work-related injuries
or illnesses while working abroad are
also covered by the ECP, provided that
the injuries or illnesses are work-related
and occurred during the course of Image source: https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEq2Dsfa5dSAZA9oAlhAYVfm-2d-
employment. u9bMAuGUD24xjZENUfBf5L8UeRpSkOjnXdeYBZqGM&usqp=CAU

4. Domestic Workers: Even domestic

workers or household helpers are covered
by the ECP if they sustain work-related
injuries or illnesses while performing their
duties in the household.

Image source: https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/inline-

images/DomesticWorkersPage_2.jpg

579 | P a g e
5. Casual and Seasonal Workers: Workers
engaged in seasonal or intermittent
employment, as well as those who work on
a casual or irregular basis, are covered by
the ECP as long as their injuries or
illnesses are work-related.

Image source: https://sidekicker.com/au/wp-

content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/BLOG-POST-IMAGE-91-610x343.jpg

21. C. Compensable Diseases

Compensable diseases, also known

as occupational diseases, refer to illnesses
or health conditions that are deemed to be a
direct result of the nature of a person's work
or workplace environment. These diseases
are considered work-related, and in many
jurisdictions, employees who contract
compensable diseases may be entitled to
compensation benefits provided by workers'
compensation or occupational health and safety programs.

Characteristics of Compensable Diseases:

1. Causation: The primary criterion for a disease to

be considered compensable is a direct causal link
between the disease and the workplace. The
disease must have been contracted due to
workplace exposures, conditions, or hazards.

580 | P a g e
2. Occupational Exposure: Compensable
diseases often result from prolonged or repeated
exposure to hazardous agents, substances, or
conditions present in the workplace. These
agents can include chemicals, dust, radiation,
noise, biological agents, and more. Image source:
https://resource.chemlinked.com.cn/chemical/articles/TMTM
EgcYMQXPudX3Dm6Y.jpg

3. Recognition: In many jurisdictions, there are

specific lists or guidelines that outline which
diseases are considered compensable. These
lists are often based on medical research and
expert consensus about the link between certain
diseases and occupational exposures.

4. Medical Documentation: Claiming compensation

for a compensable disease typically requires
medical documentation and evidence to establish
the causal link between the disease and the
workplace. Medical reports, test results, and
expert opinions may be necessary to support the
claim.

Examples of Compensable Diseases:

1. Respiratory Diseases: Occupational lung diseases

like pneumoconiosis (e.g., silicosis, asbestosis),
occupational asthma, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by exposure to
airborne contaminants.

581 | P a g e
2. Skin Disorders: Dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and skin
cancer resulting from exposure to irritants, allergens, or
hazardous chemicals in the workplace.

3. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Hearing impairment due

to prolonged exposure to excessive noise levels in noisy
work environments like construction sites or factories.
Image source:
https://assets.medpagetoday.net/media/images/92xxx/92699.jpg?width=
0.6

x
4. Cancers: Certain types of cancers (e.g., lung cancer,
skin cancer) caused by exposure to carcinogens like
asbestos, radon, or hazardous chemicals.

5. Musculoskeletal Disorders: Repetitive strain injuries,

carpal tunnel syndrome, and other musculoskeletal
disorders resulting from repetitive or strenuous work
activities.

6. Infectious Diseases: Diseases like tuberculosis,

hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS contracted due to exposure
to infectious agents in healthcare settings or other
high-risk workplaces.

7. Lead and Mercury Poisoning: Poisoning resulting

from exposure to toxic substances like lead or
mercury in occupations involving metalwork,
painting, or chemical handling.

Image source: https://encrypted-

tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRg5SvcxvUElt4VPB6zjJr9PcmHkK8DEsPgItFGrlO4MMJ9FrkqznZrIm3MImTYUp3nngs&usqp=CAU , https://www.hg-
nic.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/fb8c3a5c110c633f6787b0e76668feb3-001.jpg_ooooxooxox_1280x720.jpg

582 | P a g e
Workers' Compensation and Benefits:
Workers who contract compensable diseases may be eligible for various benefits
under workers' compensation or similar programs. These benefits can include:

➢ Medical Treatment: Coverage for necessary

medical treatments, including doctor visits,
medications, surgeries, and rehabilitation services.

➢ Disability Benefits: Compensation for temporary

or permanent disability resulting from the disease,
based on the severity of the condition and its
impact on the worker's ability to work.

➢ Loss of Earnings: Payments to compensate for

lost wages due to the disease, especially if the
worker is unable to work during recovery.

➢ Vocational Rehabilitation: Assistance in transitioning to different job roles or

industries if the disease prevents the worker from returning to their previous
occupation.

➢ Survivor Benefits: Compensation provided to the

family of a worker who dies as a result of a
compensable disease.

Prevention and Workplace Safety:

Preventing compensable diseases involves implementing effective workplace
safety measures, providing proper personal protective equipment (PPE), maintaining
ventilation systems, offering training and education, and adhering to occupational health

583 | P a g e
and safety regulations. Employers have a responsibility to create a safe work
environment that minimizes the risk of employees contracting compensable diseases
due to their job tasks and exposures.

21. D. Compensability of Injuries

The concept of
"compensability of injuries" is a
crucial aspect of workers'
compensation systems in various
jurisdictions. It pertains to determining
whether an injury sustained by an
employee is eligible for compensation
benefits under the workers'
compensation program. The
assessment of compensability takes into account factors such as the nature of the injury,
the circumstances under which it occurred, and its relationship to the job.
Key Factors in Determining Compensability:
1. Arising out of Employment: For an injury to be compensable, it must have arisen
out of and in the course of employment. This means the injury must have occurred
while the employee was performing job-related duties or engaged in activities that
were within the scope of their employment.
2. Causation: There should be a direct causal relationship between the work activities
and the injury. The injury must have been caused or aggravated by the work
environment, work tasks, or workplace conditions.
3. Scope of Employment: Compensability may also depend on whether the injury
occurred on the employer's premises or during work-related travel, breaks, or other
activities that are considered within the scope of employment.

584 | P a g e
Examples of Compensable Injuries:

❖ Accidents on the Job: Injuries resulting from

accidents such as slips, falls, machinery
malfunctions, and lifting heavy objects while
performing work duties.
❖ Repetitive Strain Injuries: Injuries caused by
repetitive motions or overuse, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, or
stress fractures.
❖ Occupational Diseases: Illnesses or diseases contracted due to workplace
exposures, such as respiratory conditions from
inhaling hazardous substances or skin disorders
from contact with chemicals.
❖ Trauma or Fractures: Injuries like fractures,
sprains, and strains caused by sudden
movements or accidents during work.
❖ Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: If a
pre-existing condition is aggravated or worsened due to work-related activities,
the resulting injury may be compensable.
❖ Psychological Injuries: In some jurisdictions, mental health conditions resulting
from workplace stress, trauma, or harassment may be considered compensable.

Exceptions and Limitations:

➔ Intentional Self-Inflicted Injuries: Injuries

deliberately caused by the employee to claim
compensation benefits are generally not
considered compensable.

585 | P a g e
 ➔ Injuries Outside the Scope of Employment:
Injuries that occur during personal activities
unrelated to work, even if they happen on the
employer's premises, may not be compensable.

➔ Alcohol or Drug-Related Injuries: Injuries

sustained while under the influence of alcohol or
drugs in violation of workplace policies may be
excluded from compensation.

Image source: https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/10/650x450-Self-Injury.jpg

https://cornerconsult.com.au/media/2019/09/Untitled-design5-600x400.png https://drugabuse.com/blog/drug-alcohol-effects/

Workers' Compensation Benefits:

If an injury is deemed compensable, the injured employee may be eligible for
various benefits, including:
Medical Treatment: Coverage for medical expenses, including doctor visits,
surgeries, medications, and rehabilitation services.

Temporary Total Disability: Compensation for lost wages during the period the
employee is unable to work due to the injury.

Permanent Disability: Compensation for permanent impairment or loss of

function resulting from the injury.

Importance of Reporting and Documentation:

Timely reporting of the injury and thorough documentation are essential for
establishing compensability. Employees should report injuries to their employer as soon
as possible and seek medical attention. Medical records, incident reports, witness
statements, and other documentation play a critical role in proving that the injury is work-
related.

586 | P a g e
Module 21: Employees Compensation Program
21. E. Exempting Circumstances
It refers to specific situations or conditions that create exceptions to a general rule
or principle. In the context of workers' compensation and compensability of injuries,
"excepting circumstances" are scenarios or factors that deviate from the norm and may
affect whether an injury is considered eligible for compensation benefits. These
circumstances are exceptions to the usual criteria for compensability and can impact the
outcome of a compensation claim.

1. Horseplay or Willful Misconduct:

Injuries resulting from horseplay,
pranks, or intentional actions not related to
work tasks are often considered excepting
circumstances. If an employee engages in
such behavior, their injury might not be
compensable, as it deviates from the usual
Image source: https://ilt.safetynow.com/horseplay-stats-facts/
scope of employment.

2. Intoxication or Drug Use:

Injuries sustained while an
employee is under the influence of
alcohol or drugs may be considered
excepting circumstances. If substance
use contributed to the injury, it could
impact the eligibility for compensation
Image source: https://www.criminaldefencelawyers.com.au/blog/is-intoxication-a-defence-to-murder-and-manslaughter/
benefits.

587 | P a g e
 3. Personal Errands:
Injuries occurring while an employee
is running personal errands during work
hours are usually not compensable, as
these activities are outside the scope of
employment.
Image source: https://www.maxicabsgstransport.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Service-Image8.jpg

4. Willful Self-Injury:
Injuries intentionally inflicted by the
employee upon themselves, or injuries
caused by intentional disregard for safety
protocols, may be regarded as excepting
circumstances. Compensation benefits
may not apply in such cases.

5. Employee Misrepresentation:
If an employee misrepresents or
exaggerates the circumstances of their injury,
this may be considered an excepting
circumstance that could affect the validity of
their claim.

6. Pre-existing Conditions:
Injuries related to pre-existing medical
conditions might be treated as excepting
circumstances if the work-related activity did
not cause or worsen the condition.

588 | P a g e
 7. Acts of God or Natural Disasters:
Injuries resulting from unforeseeable
events such as acts of God (e.g.,
earthquakes, floods) may be seen as
excepting circumstances, as they are
beyond the control of the employer and not
directly related to work activities.
Image source: https://pacificteentreatment.com/the-connection-between-self-harm-and-teen-mental-health/ ,
https://www.monkhouselaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Blog-Post-General-Pic-Negligent-Misrepresentation-300x225.jpg , https://www.cardio.com/hs-
fs/hubfs/heart%20attack.jpeg?width=556&height=371&name=heart%20attack.jpeg , https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/kids_earthquakes.jpg

21. F. ECP Benefits

Image source: https://pianormin.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/employees-compensation-benefit.png

589 | P a g e
 1. Medical Benefits:
Under the ECP, injured or ill workers are entitled to medical benefits that
cover the cost of necessary medical treatment, hospitalization, surgeries,
medications, and other related healthcare services. The ECC oversees the
approval and reimbursement of medical expenses directly related to the work-
related injury or illness.
2. Survivorship Benefits:

In the unfortunate event of an employee's death due to a work-related

incident, the ECP provides survivorship benefits to the deceased employee's
dependents or beneficiaries. These benefits include:

➔ Funeral Benefit: Coverage for

reasonable funeral and burial
expenses.
➔ Death Pension: A monthly pension
provided to the deceased employee's
dependents, such as the spouse,
children, or parents, as defined by the
program's regulations.

590 | P a g e
 3. Sickness Benefit:
In addition to benefits for work-related injuries, employees are also entitled
to sickness benefits if they suffer from non-work-related illnesses or health
conditions that prevent them from working. These benefits are provided under the
Social Security System (SSS) program and are separate from the ECP.

21. G. Types of Disability and Their Corresponding Benefits

Image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Disability_symbols.svg/1200px-Disability_symbols.svg.png

591 | P a g e
 1. Temporary Total Disability (TTD):
Temporary total disability refers to a temporary inability to work due to a work-
related injury or illness. The injured worker is completely unable to perform any
job duties for a specified period. Benefits provided for TTD often include:

● Wage Replacement:
Compensation for a portion of
the injured worker's lost wages
during the period they are
unable to work.
● Medical Treatment: Coverage
for medical expenses related to
the injury or illness.

2. Temporary Partial Disability (TPD):

Temporary partial disability refers to a temporary reduction in an individual's ability
to work due to the injury or illness, resulting in a decreased earning capacity.
Benefits for TPD may include:

● Partial Wage Replacement:

Compensation for the
difference between the
worker's pre-injury wages
and the reduced wages they
earn while performing
modified duties.

3. Permanent Total Disability (PTD):

Permanent total disability occurs when an injured worker is permanently unable
to perform any type of work due to the injury or illness. Benefits for PTD usually
include:

592 | P a g e
 ● Lifetime Wage Replacement:
Compensation for a
percentage of the worker's pre-
injury wages for the rest of their
life.
● Medical Treatment: Ongoing
coverage for medical expenses
related to the injury or illness.

4. Permanent Partial Disability (PPD):

Permanent partial disability refers to a permanent impairment that partially
reduces an individual's ability to work. This impairment may be to a specific body
part, organ, or function. Benefits for PPD include:

● Impairment Rating: A medical

assessment assigns a
percentage of impairment to the
affected body part or function.
● Scheduled Awards:
Compensation based on the
impairment rating and
predefined benefit rates.

593 | P a g e
 5. Disfigurement:
Disfigurement refers to visible and permanent changes in the worker's
physical appearance due to the injury or medical treatment. Compensation for
disfigurement may be awarded based on the extent of the disfigurement.

Image source: https://media.cnn.com/api/v1/images/stellar/prod/150623092452-richard-norris-new-

crop.jpg?q=x_2,y_0,h_898,w_1596,c_crop/h_720,w_1280/f_webp , https://victormalcalaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/permanent-partial-disability-1.jpg ,
https://images.livemint.com/img/2019/02/24/600x338/disability_1551008349236.jpg , https://victormalcalaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/what-is-ttd-2.jpg ,
https://callagylaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Temporary-Partial-Disability.jpg

21. H. Attaining ECP Benefits

It involves a series of steps to ensure that injured or ill workers receive the
compensation they are entitled to. The ECP provides various benefits for employees who
suffer from work-related injuries, illnesses, disabilities, and for their dependents in the
event of death due to a work-related contingency.

1. Prompt Reporting:
If you sustain a work-related injury or illness,
it's crucial to report the incident to your
employer as soon as possible. Timely
reporting helps ensure that the necessary
documentation and processes are initiated
promptly.

594 | P a g e
 2. Seek Medical Attention:
After reporting the incident to your employer,
seek medical attention immediately. A
medical professional's assessment is vital to
document the extent of your injury or illness
and its relation to your work.

3. Employer's Report:
Your employer is responsible for submitting a
report of the work-related injury or illness to
the Employees' Compensation Commission
(ECC). This report includes details about the
incident, your medical condition, and other
relevant information.

4. Filing a Claim:
If you believe you are entitled to ECP
benefits, you may need to file a formal
claim. The process for filing a claim may
vary depending on the specific type of
benefit you are seeking (e.g., disability,
survivorship, medical treatment). The
ECC typically provides forms and guidelines
for submitting claims.

595 | P a g e
 5. Medical Documentation:
Your claim should be supported by
appropriate medical documentation,
including medical reports, test results, and
statements from treating physicians.
Medical evidence is essential to establish
the link between your injury or illness and
your work.

6. Submission of Required Documents:

Submit all required documents as
indicated in the ECC guidelines for the
specific benefit you are seeking. Missing
or incomplete documentation can lead to
delays in processing your claim.

7. Evaluation and Decision:

The ECC will review your claim and assess
its validity based on the submitted
documentation and the program's
regulations. This may involve reviewing
medical records, conducting interviews,
and assessing the circumstances of the
incident.

8. Benefit Approval or Denial:

After evaluating your claim, the ECC will either
approve or deny your application for benefits. If
your claim is approved, you will receive notification
about the benefits you are entitled to. If your claim

596 | P a g e
 is denied, you may have the right to appeal the decision.

9. Appeal Process:
If your claim is denied, you have the right to
appeal the decision. The appeal process
usually involves providing additional evidence
or clarifications to support your claim.

10. Receipt of Benefits:

If your claim is approved and all necessary
processes are completed, you will start receiving
the benefits you are entitled to. Benefit payments
may be provided periodically, depending on the
nature of the benefit (e.g., monthly pension,
lump-sum payment).

Image source: https://cdn-bpcnh.nitrocdn.com/ieQzYRgjVkhhcbVoeXpgOdAvBNcmfHXv/assets/images/optimized/rev-a9a4022/www.billdu.com/wp-

content/uploads/2021/04/Online-receipts.png , https://www.naceweb.org/uploadedImages/images/2017/feature/employer-rescinds-job-offer.jpg ,
https://spirithr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/shutterstock_731147215.jpg , https://www.scripps.org/sparkle-assets/variants/hi_res_emergency-branded-
1533911803843273_desktop_x++-1200x1200.jpg , https://www.hawaiicriminaldefense.net/blog/2020/september/what-an-appeal-is-and-how-it-can-change-a-ruling/ ,
https://freerangestock.com/photos/80985/approve-reject-represents-signboard-assurance-and-refused.html ,
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brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F030217-learning-20process.jpg , https://indochinapost.com/en/wp-content/uploads/present-invoice-and-documents-in-time.jpg ,
https://pphr.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/61/2016/03/healthcare-paperwork.png ,

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

597 | P a g e
 MODULE 22: OSH LEGISLATIONS

Objectives:
By the end of the Module, the participant will be able to list:
• State the legal basis, purpose and coverage of the occupational safety and health
standards.
• Articulate the responsibilities of management and workers in maintaining safe and
healthy working environment in the construction.
• State and comply with the administrative Rules of the Standards.
• Discuss how the OSH laws, policies, rules and regulation are administered and
enforced.

598 | P a g e
Introduction:
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) legislations play a vital role in ensuring the
well-being of workers and creating a safe working environment. These legislations are a
comprehensive framework of laws, regulations, and guidelines designed to protect
employees from workplace hazards, minimize the risk of accidents, and promote the
overall health and safety of individuals within a workplace.

In an ever-evolving professional landscape, OSH legislations provide a foundation

for employers, employees, and regulatory bodies to collaborate towards maintaining a
secure and healthy work environment. By outlining standards for equipment, processes,
training, and emergency response, these legislations contribute to reducing workplace
injuries, illnesses, and fatalities, while also enhancing productivity and employee morale.

This introduction aims to delve into the multifaceted world of OSH legislations,
exploring their significance, key components, and the far-reaching impact they have on
businesses, industries, and society at large. By adhering to these regulations and
fostering a culture of safety, organizations can not only safeguard their workforce but
also foster an atmosphere of trust, innovation, and sustainable growth.

599 | P a g e
22. A. Salient Features of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards

1. Safety and Health Regulations:

OSH standards establish specific
regulations and requirements that
employers must follow to ensure the safety
and health of their employees. These
regulations cover a wide range of topics,
including workplace layout, equipment,
machinery, hazardous materials handling, and more.

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

OSH standards define requirements for
the use of personal protective equipment
(PPE) to protect employees from
workplace hazards. Employers are often
mandated to provide appropriate PPE,
such as helmets, gloves, eyewear, and
respirators, to workers based on the nature
of their tasks and exposures.

3. Machinery and Equipment Safety:

Standards outline safety requirements for
machinery and equipment used in the
workplace. This includes guidelines for
proper installation, operation,
maintenance, and guarding of machines to
prevent accidents.

600 | P a g e
 4. Hazardous Substances Management:
OSH standards establish guidelines for the
safe handling, storage, and disposal of
hazardous substances and chemicals.
Employers are required to provide information
about the hazards of these substances and
ensure that employees have access to
appropriate protective measures.
5. Emergency Response Plans:
OSH standards often require employers to
develop and implement emergency
response plans. These plans outline
procedures for responding to workplace
emergencies, including fires, chemical spills,
natural disasters, and medical incidents.
6. Worker Participation:
OSH standards often emphasize the
involvement of workers in safety matters.
Workers are granted the right to participate
in safety committees, report hazards, and
provide input on safety policies and
procedures.
7. Recordkeeping and Reporting:
Employers may be obligated to maintain
records related to workplace accidents,
injuries, near-miss incidents, risk
assessments, and safety training. They are
often required to report certain incidents to
regulatory authorities.

601 | P a g e
 8. Inspections and Enforcement:
OSH standards typically empower regulatory
authorities to conduct workplace inspections to
ensure compliance with safety regulations.
These authorities can issue citations, fines, or
penalties for non-compliance.
9. Continuous Improvement:
OSH standards often emphasize the need for
continuous improvement in workplace safety and
health. Employers are encouraged to review and
update their safety programs regularly to adapt to
changing risks and technologies.
10. Compliance Assistance and Guidance:
OSH standards may include provisions for
regulatory agencies to provide assistance and
guidance to employers and employees to ensure
they understand and can comply with the
regulations.

22. B. DO 198-2018

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 Department Order (DO) No. 198-2018, a pivotal directive issued by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in the Philippines, stands as a
cornerstone in the realm of occupational safety and health standards. Enacted on the
6th of December, 2018, and subsequently unveiled to the public on the 9th of January,
2019, this far-reaching proclamation officially took effect on the 25th of January, 2019.
Its overarching significance resonates across the expanse of industries, as it has been
meticulously designed to safeguard the physical and mental well-being of the Filipino
workforce.

Woven with meticulous attention to detail, DO 198-2018 emerges as a beacon of

progress in the realm of labor protection. Deep-rooted within its provisions is an
unwavering commitment to cultivating a culture of safety within workplaces, where
individuals can thrive without compromising their health and security. This profound
commitment to the welfare of workers underscores the importance of this order in the
broader context of national development.

Rules Under the Philippine Osh Standard

Listed below are the list of rules under the Philippine OSH Standard

RULE 1000 GENERAL PROVISION:

This rule lays the groundwork for the entire OSH framework. It includes principles,
objectives, and general guidelines that govern the implementation and
enforcement of workplace safety and health standards. It sets the tone for
promoting safe working conditions and preventing occupational hazards.

RULE 1010 OTHER SAFETY RULES:

This rule addresses safety regulations that don't fit within specific categories but
are essential nonetheless. It covers a range of miscellaneous safety requirements
that are applicable across industries, such as fire prevention, emergency
response, and general safety practices.

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RULE 1020 REGISTRATION:
This rule outlines the process by which employers or establishments must register
with the appropriate regulatory bodies. Registration serves as evidence of
compliance with OSH standards, promoting transparency and accountability in
maintaining safe workplaces.

RULE 1030 TRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH:
This rule underscores the importance of educating and training personnel to
ensure they understand and adhere to OSH standards. It mandates training
programs that equip workers with knowledge and skills to identify hazards, use
protective equipment, and follow safety protocols.

RULE 1040 HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE:

This rule establishes the structure and responsibilities of health and safety
committees within workplaces. These committees promote collaboration between
management and employees to address safety concerns, recommend
improvements, conduct safety inspections, and ensure ongoing communication
about safety matters.

RULE 1050 NOTIFICATION AND KEEPING OF RECORDS OF ACCIDENTS AND/OR

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES:
This rule dictates the procedures for promptly reporting and documenting
workplace accidents and occupational illnesses. Proper record-keeping facilitates
analysis, trends identification, and corrective action, contributing to safer working
conditions.

RULE 1060 PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS:

This rule focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of workplace
premises. It covers aspects like layout, building materials, ventilation, lighting, and
other factors that contribute to a safe and healthy work environment.

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RULE 1070 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
This rule emphasizes maintaining worker health and safety by controlling
environmental factors. It may include standards for air quality, noise levels,
temperature, and exposure to hazardous substances to prevent occupational
diseases.

RULE 1080 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES:

This rule sets guidelines for the selection, use, maintenance, and proper disposal
of personal protective equipment (PPE) and safety devices. It ensures that
workers have access to appropriate PPE to safeguard against workplace hazards.

RULE 1090 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS:

This rule provides comprehensive guidelines for handling, storing, and using
hazardous materials safely. It includes risk assessments, proper labeling, storage
protocols, emergency response plans, and employee training to prevent accidents
and exposure.

RULE 1100 GAS AND ELECTRIC WELDING AND CUTTING OPERATIONS:

This rule details safety measures for gas and electric welding and cutting
operations. It covers equipment inspection, proper ventilation, protective
measures, and training to prevent burns, fires, and toxic fume exposure.

RULE 1120 HAZARDOUS WORK PROCESSES:

This rule addresses specific high-risk work processes, such as confined space
entry, chemical handling, and other dangerous activities. It prescribes procedures
to mitigate risks and ensure worker safety during these processes.

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RULE 1140 EXPLOSIVES:
This rule focuses on the proper storage, handling, and use of explosives to
prevent accidents. It outlines safety measures to ensure that explosives are
managed safely, reducing the risk of explosions and related incidents.

RULE 1150 MATERIALS HANDLING AND STORAGE:

This rule provides guidelines for the safe handling, storage, and transportation of
materials within workplaces. It includes instructions for proper lifting, stacking, and
securing loads to prevent injuries and accidents.

RULE 1160 BOILER:

This rule covers the safety aspects of boiler operation, including design,
installation, maintenance, and operation. It aims to prevent boiler explosions,
leaks, and other
hazards by establishing strict safety standards.

RULE 1170 UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS:

This rule addresses the safety requirements for unpressurized vessels used in
industrial processes. It includes guidelines for proper construction, inspection,
testing, and maintenance to prevent failures and leaks.

RULE 1180 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE:

This rule focuses on the safe installation, operation, and maintenance of internal
combustion engines used in various industries. It aims to prevent accidents
related to engine malfunction, exhaust emissions, and fuel handling.
RULE 1200 MACHINE GUARDING:
This rule mandates the installation of safety guards on machinery to prevent
accidents during operation. It covers various types of machines and specifies
guard design and placement to protect workers from moving parts and other
hazards.

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RULE 1210 ELECTRICAL SAFETY:
This rule sets safety standards for electrical installations and equipment. It
includes guidelines for proper wiring, grounding, protection against electrical
shock, and safe handling of electrical equipment.

RULE 1220 ELEVATORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENT:

This rule outlines safety requirements for elevators, escalators, and related
equipment. It covers installation, maintenance, inspection, and safety features to
prevent accidents and malfunctions.

RULE 1230 IDENTIFICATION OF PIPING SYSTEM:

This rule emphasizes the importance of accurately identifying the contents of
piping systems to prevent mishandling or accidental release of hazardous
substances. Proper identification ensures workers are aware of the substances
they are working with.

RULE 1240 POWER PIPING LINES:

This rule focuses on safety standards for power piping systems, which transport
high-pressure fluids. It includes guidelines for construction, inspection, testing,
and maintenance to prevent leaks and failures.

RULE 1410 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY:

This rule addresses safety measures specific to construction sites. It includes
regulations for proper excavation, scaffolding, equipment usage, and overall site
safety to prevent accidents and injuries.

RULE 1420 LOGGING:

This rule focuses on safety practices in logging operations. It covers the safe use
of tools and equipment, proper felling techniques, and measures to prevent
accidents during tree cutting and hauling.

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RULE 1940 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL:
This rule emphasizes fire prevention and control measures in the workplace. It
includes requirements for fire-fighting equipment, fire drills, emergency
evacuation plans, and measures to contain and suppress fires.

RULE 1950 PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS:

This rule outlines safety measures for handling pesticides and fertilizers in
agricultural and industrial settings. It includes guidelines for proper storage,
application, disposal, and protective measures to prevent exposure.

RULE 1960 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES:

This rule focuses on ensuring the health and well-being of workers. It includes
provisions for medical examinations, health monitoring, first aid facilities, and
occupational health programs to promote worker health and prevent occupational
diseases.

RULE 1970 FEES:

This rule specifies the fees associated with various OSH-related processes, such
as inspections, certifications, and regulatory services. It ensures that the costs of
maintaining safety standards are appropriately funded.

RULE 1980 AUTHORITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT:

This rule delineates the roles and responsibilities of local government units in
enforcing OSH regulations within their jurisdictions. It ensures effective
coordination between national and local authorities to promote workplace safety.

Each of these rules serves as a critical component of the Philippine OSH Standard,
collectively working to establish comprehensive safety guidelines and practices across
different industries, thereby promoting safe and healthy working conditions for
employees and employers alike. For full details of every rule listed above. Visit this link:
https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf

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DO 198-2018: Coverage
This Rules shall apply to all establishments, projects and sites, and all other places
where work is being undertaken in all branches of economic activity, including:

● Industries such as mining, fishing, construction, agriculture, and maritime

● Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation; and

● Establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment

promotion agencies (e.g., Philippine Economic Zone Authority [PEZA], Clark
Development Corporation [CDC]);

● Contractors and subcontractors including those engaged in the projects of the

public sector.

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DO 198-18 SECTION 3: Definition of Terms

Classification Of Establishment
High Risk
a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or potential hazard within the
company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not only within but
also persons outside the premises of the establishment.
Medium Risk
a workplace where there is moderate exposure to safety and health
hazards and with probability of an accident, injury or illness
Low Risk
a workplace where there is low level of danger or exposure to safety and
health hazards or with low probability to result in accident, harm or illness

following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially HIGH-RISK

activities:
I. Chemical Works and Chemical
Production Plants: These
workplaces involve the production,
handling, and processing of various
chemicals. The presence of toxic,
flammable, and reactive
substances can lead to fires,
explosions, chemical exposures, and other serious incidents.

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 II. Construction: Construction sites
are known for their dynamic and
often hazardous environments.
Risks include falls, heavy machinery
accidents, electrical hazards, and
structural collapses.

III. Deep Sea Fishing: Deep Sea fishing involves

challenging conditions, potential exposure to
extreme weather, and heavy machinery
operation. Accidents at sea can result in
drowning, injuries, and fatalities.

IV. Explosives and Pyrotechnics Factories:

These workplaces deal with the
manufacturing of explosives and pyrotechnic
materials. Mishandling or accidents during
production can lead to explosions with
devastating consequences.

V. Firefighting: While firefighting aims to

manage emergencies, it's inherently risky due
to exposure to flames, smoke, hazardous
materials, and building collapses.

VI. Healthcare Facilities: Healthcare workers

face exposure to infectious diseases,
radiation, chemicals, and physical strains.
Surgical procedures, patient handling, and
exposure to bloodborne pathogens pose risks.

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 VII. Installation of Communication
Accessories, Towers, and Cables:
Workers in this field face the risks
associated with working at heights, tower
collapses, electrical hazards, and adverse
weather conditions.
VIII. LPG Filling, Refilling, Storage, and
Distribution: LPG (liquefied
petroleum gas) is flammable and can
lead to explosions if not handled
properly. These facilities require
strict adherence to safety protocols.

IX. Mining: Mining operations involve

heavy machinery, confined spaces,
and exposure to toxic gases. Cave-
ins, equipment accidents, and
respiratory hazards are concerns.

X. Petrochemical Works and

Refineries: Petrochemical facilities
handle volatile materials. Fires,
explosions, chemical releases, and
exposure to harmful substances are
significant risks.

XI. Power Generation, Transmission,

and Distribution: Electrical utilities
involve exposure to high voltage
systems, falls, and contact with
energized equipment.

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 XII. Transportation: Transporting goods
and people involves road, air, rail, or
water hazards. Vehicle accidents, cargo
spills, and exposures to hazardous
materials can occur.

XIII. Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste

Management, Remediation Activities:
Workers in these fields are exposed to
contaminants, confined spaces,
infectious agents, and risks associated
with waste disposal.

Activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as determined
by DOLE in accordance with existing issuances on the classification of establishments.

DO 198-18 SECTION 4A: Duties of Employer

OSHS Rule 1005 – Duties of Employer

1) Capacity Building of Workers, Including

Mandatory Trainings: Employers are
mandated to enhance the knowledge and
skills of their workers through capacity-
building initiatives. This involves providing
relevant training programs that equip
employees with the necessary
competencies to identify hazards, follow
safety protocols, and respond effectively to emergencies.

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 2) Provision of Information on OSH: Employers are required to disseminate
crucial information related to occupational safety and health to their workforce.
This includes educating workers about potential hazards, safety measures,
emergency procedures, and other aspects that contribute to a safer work
environment.

3) Use of Devices or Equipment with Approved Industry Standards: Employers

must ensure that the devices and equipment used in the workplace adhere to
approved industry standards. This prevents the use of substandard or unsafe
equipment that could pose risks to worker safety.

4) Compliance with OSH Standards: Employers have a legal obligation to comply

with all the requirements outlined in the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Standards. This involves adopting and implementing safety protocols,
procedures, and practices that align with industry regulations.

5) Providing Appropriate DOLE-Tested and Approved PPEs Free of Charge:

Employers must furnish their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE)
that has been tested and approved by the Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE). These PPEs, including safety helmets, gloves, eyewear, and more, must
be provided at no cost to the workers. This ensures that employees are
adequately protected from workplace hazards.

DO 198-18 SECTION 4B: Duties of Workers

OSHS Rule 1005 – Duties of Employee

o PARTICIPATE IN CAPACITY BUILDING

ACTIVITIES on safety and health and
other OSH related topics and programs.

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 o COMPLY WITH INSTRUCTIONS to prevent accidents or imminent danger
situations in the workplace.
o OBSERVE PRESCRIBED STEPS to be taken in cases of emergency.
o PROPER USE OF ALL SAFEGUARDS AND SAFETY DEVICES
furnished for workers’ protection and that of others.
o REPORT TO THEIR IMMEDIATE SUPERVISOR any work hazard that
may be discovered in the workplace.

DO 198-18 SECTION 5-8: Workers’ Rights

1. The Right to Know

The different types of hazards in the workplace & be provided with training,
education and orientation.

2. The Right to Report

To report accidents and dangerous occurrences to DOLE-ROs and other

government agencies in the most convenient way; Workers shall be free from
retaliation for reporting any accidents.

3. The Right to Personal Protective Equipment

To be provided barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature

of the process or environment and FREE OF CHARGE. (Rule 1080 - Personal
Protective Equipment and Devices. All PPE shall be of the appropriate type as
tested and approved by the DOLE based on its standards.

4. The Right to Refuse Unsafe Work

To refuse unsafe work without threat or reprisal from the employer in cases of
imminent danger. Affected workers may be temporarily assigned to other work
areas.

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DO 198-18 SECTION 4C: Duties of Other Person
OSHS Rule 1005 – Duties of Other Person

Any other person, including the builder or contractor who visits, builds,
renovates or installs devices or conducts business in any establishments or
workplace, shall comply with the provisions of this Rules and all other regulations issued
by the Secretary of Labor and Employment. Whenever 2 or more undertakings are
engaged in activities simultaneously in one 1 workplace, it shall be the duty of all
concerned to collaborate and cooperate to ensure compliance with OSH standards
and regulations.

DO 198-18 SECTION 9: Safety Signage and Devices

OSHS Rule 1005 – Construction Signages

All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being
undertaken shall have safety signage and devices to warn the workers and the public of
the hazards in the workplace. Safety signage and devices shall be posted in prominent
positions at strategic locations in a language understandable to all, and in accordance
with the OSH standards on color of signs for safety instructions and warnings, Globally
Harmonized System (GHS) pictograms, construction safety, classification and labeling
of chemicals, radiation, safety instructions and warning signs, set by DOLE.

DO 198-18 SECTION 10: Safety in the Use of Equipment

DO 13 Section 10: Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment
Contractor or subcontractor, if any, must comply with the OSH standards set by
DOLE on safety and use of such equipment in the different phases of the company or
project operation including the transport to and from the establishment, project, site or
place where work is being undertaken. Appropriate training and certification by the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), Professional

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Regulation Commission (PRC) or other concerned government agency shall be a
requirement for operators before use of equipment, if applicable.

DO 198-18 SECTION 11: OSH Information

DO 13 Section 12: Safety and Health Information

The employer, contractor, or subcontractor, if any, shall provide the workers in all
establishments, projects and all other places where work is being undertaken adequate
and suitable information on the following:
• Workplace hazards and the risk posed on the safety and health of the workers
such as chemical safety data sheets.
• Control mechanisms in place that reduces or minimizes the risk of exposure to
hazards and other preventive strategies.
• Appropriate measures, including the probable location of workers, for the
prevention, control and protection against those hazards; and
• Emergency and disaster management protocols including proper evacuation and
shut-down procedures.

Company Safety and Health Program

DO 198-2018 Section 12
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Programs

Mandatory for All Establishments: The provision emphasizes that all

establishments, regardless of their nature or size, are required to implement an OSH
Program. This underscores the importance of ensuring the safety and health of
employees across various industries.

OSH Policy or Management Commitment: Companies are required to develop

and have a duly signed OSH Policy or Management Commitment. This policy should
reflect the organization's commitment to prioritizing the safety and health of its

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employees. The involvement and commitment of top management are essential for
creating a culture of safety within the company.

Use of DOLE Prescribed OSH Program Template: The Department of Labor

and Employment (DOLE) provides a prescribed template for the OSH Program. This
template serves as a guideline for companies to structure their safety and health
programs effectively. Adhering to the template helps ensure that all necessary
components are included and that best practices are followed.

Review and Evaluation: Regular review and evaluation of the OSH Program are
mandated. The program should be assessed at least once a year or as necessary. This
requirement acknowledges the dynamic nature of workplaces and the need to adapt
safety measures to changing conditions. Regular evaluation helps identify shortcomings,
areas for improvement, and emerging risks.

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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH
PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13-1998: Section 5
Prior to the commencement of construction
activities, the designated CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT MANAGER is responsible for
formulating and submitting an extensive
Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP)
to the respective DOLE Regional Office. The
associated expenses shall be
incorporated within the overall Image source: https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCpD-
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project budget, and it must be
distinctly itemized for record-keeping purposes.

1. Purpose and Scope: The primary objective of the Construction Safety and
Health Program is to establish a systematic approach to managing occupational
safety and health concerns on construction sites. It encompasses a wide range
of activities and measures aimed at identifying and mitigating potential hazards.

2. Responsibility: The designated CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER holds

the responsibility for formulating and preparing the Construction Safety and
Health Program. This individual is accountable for ensuring that the program is
thorough, effective, and aligned with the regulatory standards set by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).

3. Submission to DOLE Regional Office: Before the commencement of actual

construction work, the Construction Safety and Health Program must be
submitted to the appropriate DOLE Regional Office for review and approval. This
step ensures that the program aligns with the prescribed safety standards and
guidelines.

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 4. Comprehensive Nature: The Construction Safety and Health Program is
expected to be comprehensive, covering a wide range of safety measures and
protocols. This includes hazard identification, risk assessment, safety training,
emergency response plans, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and
more.

5. Integration of Costs: A significant aspect of the program is the integration of

costs into the overall project budget. The expenses associated with implementing
safety and health measures must be included in the project's financial planning.

6. Separate Pay Item: Notably, while the cost is integrated into the overall project
budget, it must be delineated as a distinct payment item. This separation of costs
ensures transparency and accountability in financial tracking.

7. Record-Keeping: Proper documentation of the Construction Safety and Health

Program and its associated costs is crucial. This facilitates auditing, monitoring,
and evaluation of the program's effectiveness over time.

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DO 198-2018: Section 14 - Safety Officer
OSHS: Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
Safety Officer
Category Prescribed Training on OSH Minimum OSH
Experience

Safety Officer • Mandatory eight (8)-hour OSH

1 (SO1) orientation course AND
• Two (2)-hour trainers’ training

Safety Officer • Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic OSH

2 (SO2) training course applicable to the
industry

Safety Officer • Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic OSH At least two (2)
3 (SO3) training course applicable to the years of
industry; experience in OSH
• Additional forty-eight (48)-hours of
advanced/specialized occupational
safety training course relevant to the
industry; AND
• Other requirements as prescribed by
the OSH standards.

Safety Officer • Mandatory forty (40)-hour OSH training Actual experience

4 (SO4) course applicable to the industry; as SO3 for at least
• Additional eighty (80)-hours of four (4) years
advanced/specialized occupational
safety training course relevant to the
industry;

Safety officers of all workplace must possess the necessary training and
experience requirement according to its category as contained herein. The respective
qualifications of safety officers are as follows:

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 Source: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/01/DO-198-Implementing-
Rules-and-Regulations-of-Republic-Act-No_-11058-An-Act-Strengthening-Compliance-
with-Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Standards-and-Providing-Penalties-for-
Violations-Thereof.pdf , Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No.11058
Entitled “An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health
Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof”, D.O No. 198 Series of 2018

DOLE Labor Advisory 04-2019

Appointment of Safety Officer

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DO 198-2018: Section 14: SAFETY OFFICER

The engagement of the services of a certified OSH consultant (SO4) shall be

allowed for a period not longer than 1 year for establishments whose designated
safety officer has to be trained or is in the process of completing the prescribed
training courses and relevant experience.

• Oversee the overall management of the OSH Program in coordination with the
OSH committee;
• Frequently monitor and inspect any Health or Safety aspect of the operation
being undertaken with the participation of Supervisors & Workers
• Assist Government Inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at
any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an Accident
Investigation by providing necessary information and OHS Reports as required
by the OSH Standard; and
Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary, based on the requirements and
procedures provided by the OSH Standards

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Department Order No. 198-18, Section 13: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Committee,

OSH Standard Rule 1040 – Establishment of Health and Safety Committee

In order to ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of the safety and
health program, it is a requirement for covered workplaces to establish a dedicated
Safety and Health Committee.

1. Responsibilities of the Health & Safety Committee: The Health and Safety
Committee is entrusted with several key responsibilities to ensure a safe working
environment:

2. Formulating Accident Prevention Programs: The committee is tasked with

formulating comprehensive accident prevention programs that encompass various
measures to mitigate workplace hazards and prevent accidents.

3. Directing Accident Prevention Efforts: It plays a crucial role in guiding and

directing the concerted efforts aimed at preventing accidents. By establishing guidelines
and best practices, the committee contributes to the overall safety culture of the
workplace.

4. Supporting Government Inspections: The committee serves as a point of

contact for government inspecting authorities, providing necessary assistance and
information to facilitate inspections and compliance checks.

5. Overseeing Safety Training Initiatives: It takes charge of initiating and

supervising safety training sessions for employees. These training programs enhance
employee awareness of potential risks and equip them with the knowledge to respond
effectively.

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6. Development of Disaster Contingency Plans: A significant responsibility is the
development and maintenance of comprehensive disaster contingency plans. These
plans ensure that the workplace is prepared to manage and respond to unforeseen
emergencies effectively.

DO 198-18 SECTION 13: OSH Committee

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DO 198-18 SECTION 15: OSH Personnel and Facilities
OSHS Rule 1060 – Occupational Health Services
The number of health personnel, which may be classified as full time (FT) or part-
time (PT), equipment and facilities, and the number of supplies shall be proportionate
to the total number of workers and the risk or hazard involved in the workplace, the
ideal ratio of which shall be as follows:

Covered workplaces shall have qualified occupational health personnel such as

certified first-aiders, nurses, dentists, and physicians duly complemented with the
required medical supplies, equipment and facilities.

DOLE Labor Advisory 10-2019

Joint Organizations Recognized as First Aid Training Providers Aside from PRC

Aside from Philippine Red Cross (PRC) the following

agencies conducting First Aid Training are considered as
Recognized First Aid Training Providers:

● Department of Health (DOH)

● Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
● Technical Education Skills Development Authority
(TESDA) including Accredited Training Centers
(EMS-NC II or NC III)

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DO 198-18 SECTION 15: OH, Personnel and Facilities
OSHS Rule 1060 – Occupational Health Services

• The employer may not establish a hospital or dental clinic in the workplace where
there is a hospital or dental clinic which is located not more than five (5) kilometers
away from the workplace, accessible in not more than twenty-five (25) minutes

travel time, and the employer has facilities readily available for transporting
workers to the hospital or dental clinic in cases of emergency.
• For this purpose, the employer shall enter into a written contract with the hospital
for the use of such hospital for the treatment of workers in cases of emergency.

DO 198-18 SECTION 16: Safety and Health Training

OSHS Rule 1050 – Training of Personnel in Occupational Safety and Health
All OSH Personnel shall undergo the prescribed mandatory trainings from DOLE
accredited Safety Training Organizations or its recognized training institutions.
Workers shall undergo the mandatory 8-hour OSH seminar as prescribed by DOLE.
This training may be conducted by the company safety officer in a staggered manner.
Workers performing critical occupations shall undergo the mandatory competency
assessment and certification by TESDA. Workers’ OSH Seminars and Trainings or
Orientations required by the employer or by other regulations in the performance of
their task shall be undertaken at no cost to the worker and considered as
compensable working time.

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DO 198-18 SECTION 17: OSH Reports
OSHS Rule 1050 – Notification and Keeping of Records Of Accidents And/or
Occupational Illnesses
Employers, contractors or subcontractors, if any, shall submit to DOLE all Safety
and Health Reports, and notifications such as but not limited to:
• W - Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR)
• A - Annual Exposure Data Report (AEDR)
• R - Report of Safety Organization (RSO)
• M - Minutes of the Meetings of H&S Committee (Rule 1030)
• A - Annual Medical Report (AMR)

DO 198-2018, Section 19: Provision of Worker Welfare Facilities, DOLE Order No.
13, Section 16 – Worker Welfare Facilities
All establishments, projects, work sites, and any other work areas must offer the
following welfare facilities free of charge to ensure humane and conducive working
conditions:

1. Ample Supply of Safe Drinking Water: Adequate provisions of safe and

potable drinking water should be readily available to all workers.

2. Adequate Sanitary and Washing Facilities: Proper and sufficient

sanitary and washing facilities must be accessible to all workers, ensuring
their hygiene and comfort.

3. Appropriate Living Accommodations: Depending on the industry,

suitable living accommodations should be provided, especially in sectors
like construction, shipping, fishing, and for night-shift workers.

4. Segregated Sanitary, Washing, and Sleeping Facilities: Separate

facilities for each gender, including sanitation, washing, and sleeping
arrangements, should be provided as required.

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 5. Lactation Station: Establishments, with the exception of those covered by
DOLE Department Order No. 143-15, should have designated lactation
stations to support nursing mothers.

6. Safety Infrastructure: Necessary infrastructure such as ramps and

railings must be in place to ensure worker safety within the premises.

7. Additional Welfare Facilities: Other welfare facilities that are deemed

necessary for workers' well-being may be prescribed in accordance with
OSH standards and other pertinent guidelines.
DO 13 Section 19: Violations and Penalties

a. Violations committed by Contractors as determined by DOLE after due

process shall be considered as PRIMA FACIE CASE of a construction
malperformance of grave consequence under RA 4566 as amended and
pertinent Implementing Rules & Regulations.
b. In cases of imminent danger situations, the procedures or requirements of the
OSHS and DOLE regulations shall be applied.

DO13 Section 5 – Construction Safety and Health Program

a. The total cost of implementing a duly approved OSH program shall be an

integral part of the cost of the operations.

b. It shall be a separate pay item in construction and in all contracting or

subcontracting arrangements.

DO 198-2018 Chapter 5 Sec. 22: Employer’s Responsibility and Liability

The employer, project owner, contractor, or subcontractor, if any, and any person
who Manages, Controls or Supervises the work being undertaken shall be jointly and

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solidarity liable for compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards including
the penalties imposed for violation thereof as provided for in this Rules.

DO 198-18 SECTION 23: Visitorial Powers of the Secretary of Labor

The Secretary of Labor or his/her duly authorized representatives with the
appropriate inspection authority shall have the authority:

➢ To ENFORCE the mandatory OSH standards in all establishments and conduct

an annual spot audit on its compliance for the same. Must be attended by a Safety
Officer and representative of the management and workers of the establishment.

➢ May order stoppage of work or suspension of operations of any unit or department

of an establishment when non-compliance to these Rules, OSH standards and
other applicable laws poses grave and imminent danger to the safety and health
of workers in the workplace.

➢ Any kind of SELF-ASSESSMENT shall not take the place of labor inspection
conducted by DOLE.

➢ No person or entity shall obstruct, impede, delay or otherwise render ineffective

the orders of the Secretary of Labor and Employment or the Secretary’s duly
authorized representatives issued pursuant to the authority granted under Article
128 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, and no lower court or entity shall issue
temporary or permanent injunction or restraining order or otherwise assume
jurisdiction over any case involving the enforcement orders.

DO 198-18 SECTION 24: Payment of Workers During Work Stoppage Due to

Imminent Danger
If stoppage of work due to imminent danger occurs as a result of the employer’s
violation or fault, the employer shall pay the affected workers their corresponding wages
during the period of such stoppage of work or suspension of operations. For purposes
of payment of wages and any other liabilities arising from the WSO, the employer is
presumed a party at fault if the WSO was issued secondary to an imminent danger

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situation which would imperil the lives of the workers. A mandatory conference not later
than 72 hours shall be held to determine whether the WSO will be lifted or not.

DO 198-18 SECTION 27: Employee’s Compensation Claim

1. A worker may file claims for compensation benefits arising out of work-related
disability or death.

2. Such claims shall be processed independently of the finding of fault, gross

negligence or bad faith of the employer in a proceeding instituted for the purpose.

3. The employer shall provide the necessary assistance to employees applying for
claims.

DO 198-18 SECTION 29 Prohibited Acts and its Corresponding Penalties

Any WILLFUL FAILURE or refusal of an employer, contractor or subcontractor to comply

with the following OSH Standards below or with a compliance order issued by the
Secretary of Labor and Employment or his/her authorized representative shall be
penalized of the Administrative Fines as follows computed on a per day basis until full
compliance:

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DO 198-18 SECTION 29 Prohibited Acts and its Corresponding Penalties

Non-adherence to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards or defiance

of compliance orders will be classified as willful if carried out deliberately and
intentionally. This applies when such actions are undertaken voluntarily. Any
employer, contractor, or subcontractor repeatedly found in breach of the same
prohibited act will face a penalty encompassing the standard fine in addition to an
extra fine equal to fifty percent (50%) of the original fine for each instance of
repeated violation.

I. Imminent Hazard

A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

B. Within a span of three (3) days

II. Other Violations

A. Within a time, frame not exceeding ninety (90) days, as determined by the
approved action plan.

DO 198-2018 Section 29 Prohibited Acts and its Corresponding Penalties

Additional Penalty:

1. Should there be non-compliance of two (2) or more items, all penalties shall be
imposed; however, the total daily penalty shall not exceed One Hundred
Thousand Pesos (₱ 100,000.00).

2. When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness,
the imposable penalty shall be One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱100,000.00).

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 3. Repeated obstruction, delay or refusal to provide the Sec Lab or any of its
authorized representatives access to the covered workplace or refusal to allow
access to relevant records and documents necessary in determining compliance
with OSH standards;

4. Misrepresentation in relation to adherence to OSH; or

5. Making retaliatory measures such as termination of employment, refusal to pay,

reducing wages and benefits or in any manner discriminates against any worker
who has given information relative to the inspection being conducted.

22. C. Salient Features of the D.O No. 13

Image source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/d-221002141805-

cbc29999/85/do-13-guidelines-on-constructionppt-1-320.jpg?cb=1671537916

Scope and Coverage: DOLE Department Order No. 13 primarily focuses on

occupational safety and health regulations within the construction industry. It outlines the
guidelines and requirements that employers, contractors, and workers in the construction
sector must adhere to.

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Definition of Terms: The order provides clear definitions of terms used within the
construction industry and the context of occupational safety and health, ensuring that
there is a common understanding of key concepts.

OSH Program Requirement: One of the prominent features is the emphasis on the
implementation of an Occupational Safety and Health Program by all construction
employers, aimed at safeguarding the health and well-being of workers. The program
includes measures for accident prevention, hazard identification, safety training,
emergency response, and more.

Safety and Health Committee: The order establishes the need for a Safety and Health
Committee in construction projects. This committee plays a pivotal role in monitoring and
overseeing the implementation of safety measures on-site.

Cost of OSH Program: The order specifies that the cost of the Occupational Safety and
Health Program should be integrated into the overall project expenses. It must be treated
as a distinct payment item in construction and contracting arrangements.

Penalties for Violations: DOLE Department Order No. 13 outlines penalties for
violations of the guidelines, which range from fines to possible suspension of
construction activities if serious breaches occur.

Worker Welfare Facilities: The order mandates that all construction sites provide
essential welfare facilities such as safe drinking water, sanitary and washing facilities,
suitable living accommodations, and more, to ensure humane working conditions for
workers.

Construction Malperformance: The order associates violations committed by

contractors with construction malperformance under specific circumstances. This
emphasizes the gravity of adhering to safety regulations.

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Imminent Danger Situations: It highlights the application of expedited procedures or
requirements from Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) and DOLE
regulations in cases of imminent danger situations. This ensures prompt and effective
response to emergencies.

Guidelines for Safety and Health Program: The order provides comprehensive
guidelines for creating and implementing safety and health programs in the construction
industry, covering various aspects of hazard identification, training, and emergency
response.

--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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MODULE 23: OSH Programming

Objectives
By the end of the ECC Module, the participant will be able to list:
● Identify the elements of the DOLE-prescribed OSH program.
● Explain the roles, commitment, and participation of various levels of the
organization in implementing the OSH program; and
● Review how to fill out the DOLE reportorial requirements correctly.

23. A. Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP)

A Construction Safety and Health Program

(CSHP) is a comprehensive strategy or framework
designed to promote and maintain safety and health
standards within construction projects. It
encompasses a range of policies, practices,
procedures, and guidelines that are put in place to
ensure the well-being of all individuals involved in
construction activities, including workers, contractors,
visitors, and the general public. The ultimate goal of a
CSHP is to prevent accidents, injuries, and illnesses Image source: https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRql5Y020A
by systematically identifying and managing potential 82D0sylJGbOw4odzbVRZFqyCgaw&usqp=CAU

hazards and risks associated with construction work.

I. Policy Statement:

A clear and concise statement

outlining the organization's
commitment to prioritizing safety
and health in all construction
activities. This statement sets the
tone for the entire program.

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 II. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification:

A systematic process of identifying

potential hazards and assessing the
associated risks. This involves
analyzing tasks, equipment,
materials, and environmental
factors to pinpoint areas of concern.

III. Safe Work Practices:

Specific guidelines and procedures

that outline how tasks should be
performed safely. This includes
instructions for using equipment,
handling materials, and operating
machinery in a manner that
minimizes risks.

IV. Training and Education:

Plans for educating workers and

contractors about safety procedures,
proper tool usage, emergency
response protocols, and the importance of adhering to safety guidelines.

V. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Detailed instructions regarding the selection, proper use, maintenance,

and disposal of personal protective equipment, such as helmets, gloves,
goggles, respirators, and reflective clothing.

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 VI. Communication:

Protocols for effective communication

among workers, supervisors,
management, and contractors. Clear
communication channels ensure that
safety concerns and information are
relayed promptly.

VII. Inspections and Audits:

Scheduled checks of construction

sites to identify potential safety
hazards, ensure compliance with
safety regulations, and implement
corrective actions as needed.

VIII. Incident Reporting and Investigation:

A process for reporting and

investigating accidents, injuries, near
misses, and incidents. Thorough
investigations help determine the root
causes of incidents and prevent their
recurrence.
IX. Continuous Improvement:

Mechanisms for evaluating the

effectiveness of the CSHP and
making necessary adjustments
based on lessons learned, changing
conditions, and advancements in
safety practices.

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 X. Health and Wellness:

Consideration for the overall well-

being of workers, which may include
health assessments, access to
medical care, ergonomic
considerations, and addressing
factors that can impact workers'
physical and mental health.

23. B. Safety and Health Program criteria

A safety and health program are a systematic approach that organizations

implement to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and accidents. Various criteria or
elements contribute to an effective safety and health program, which can vary depending
on the nature of the work and the industry.

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Common Criteria
1) Management Leadership and Employee Involvement:
➢ Clear commitment from top management to prioritize safety and health.
➢ Active involvement and engagement of employees in identifying hazards and
contributing to safety initiatives.

2) Employee Empowerment and Participation:

➢ Encouraging employees to report hazards, near misses, and unsafe
conditions.
➢ Involving employees in safety committees and decision-making processes.

3) Safety Communication:
➢ Effective channels for communicating
safety information, updates, and
emergency instructions.
➢ Regular safety meetings, newsletters,
and other means of sharing safety-
related information.

4) Emergency Preparedness:
➢ Detailed plans for responding to
emergencies, such as fires, chemical
spills, and medical situations.
➢ Evacuation procedures, assembly
points, and communication strategies.

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 5) Recognition and Incentives:
➢ Rewarding individuals or teams for
exceptional safety performance.
➢ Creating a positive safety culture
through incentives and recognition
programs.

23. C. Legal Basis for Implementing CSHP

Implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP) within

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) programming is typically based on a
combination of legal regulations, standards, and best practices. The legal basis for
implementing a CSHP in the context of OSH programming can be derived from various
sources, depending on the jurisdiction and regulatory framework.

Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS): The OSHS is a set of rules and
regulations that provide comprehensive guidelines for ensuring the safety and health of
workers in various industries, including construction. The OSHS outlines specific
requirements for the construction industry, including hazard identification, safety training,
protective equipment, emergency preparedness, and more.

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Republic Act No. 11058 (OSH Law): This law, also known as the "Occupational Safety
and Health Standards Act," governs workplace safety and health in the Philippines. It
mandates the establishment of a comprehensive and effective OSH program in
workplaces, including the construction sector. The law emphasizes the role of employers
in providing a safe working environment and protecting workers from hazards.

Department Order No. 198-18: DOLE issued this Department Order to provide
guidelines for the implementation of OSH programs in workplaces. It requires employers
to establish and maintain an OSH program that includes hazard identification and
assessment, preventive and control measures, training, and emergency preparedness.
This order is particularly relevant to the implementation of a CSHP.

Construction Industry Safety and Health (CISH) Program: DOLE has specific
guidelines for safety and health in the construction industry. These guidelines require
construction establishments to develop and implement a CISH program, which
encompasses various aspects of safety and health, including hazard identification, risk
assessment, safe work practices, and protective measures.

Enforcement and Inspections: DOLE conducts inspections and enforces compliance

with OSH regulations. Failure to implement a CSHP or adhere to OSH standards can
result in penalties, fines, and sanctions.

Worker Participation: DOLE encourages worker involvement in OSH programs.

Employers are required to establish safety committees that include representatives from
both management and workers. Worker participation is important in shaping safety
programs and ensuring their effectiveness.

Safety Officer Requirements: Employers in the construction industry are required to

designate a safety officer who is responsible for overseeing safety and health matters.
The safety officer plays a key role in implementing the CSHP and ensuring compliance
with OSH regulations.

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23. D. Elements of the CSHP

I. Management Commitment and

Leadership:

➢ A statement of commitment to safety

and health from top management.

➢ Designation of responsible
individuals or roles for overseeing the
CSHP.

II. Hazard Identification and Assessment:

➢ Procedures for identifying and

evaluating potential hazards specific
to the construction site and
activities.

➢ Risk assessment to prioritize

hazards and determine appropriate control measures.

III. Safe Work Procedures and Practices:

➢ Clear guidelines for safe work

practices and procedures for various
tasks.

➢ Steps to mitigate risks associated with

specific construction activities.

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IV. Training and Education:

➢ Training plans for workers and

contractors on safety procedures, hazard
recognition, and emergency response.

➢ Ongoing education to keep everyone

informed about new safety measures
and regulations.

V. Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE):

➢ Guidelines for selecting, using,

maintaining, and replacing PPE
as necessary.

➢ Information about the appropriate PPE for specific tasks and work
conditions.

VI. Emergency Response and Evacuation:

➢ Procedures for responding to

emergencies, such as fires,
chemical spills, and medical
incidents.

➢ Evacuation plans, assembly points,

and communication strategies.

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VII. Communication:

➢ Protocols for clear communication of

safety information, including hazards
and updates.

VIII. Inspections and Audits:

➢ Regular site inspections to identify

potential hazards and ensure
compliance with safety measures.

➢ Internal and external audits to

assess the overall effectiveness of
the CSHP.

IX. Continuous Improvement:

➢ Mechanisms for reviewing and

improving the CSHP based on
lessons learned and feedback.

➢ Encouragement of worker
involvement in suggesting
improvements.

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 X. Health and Wellness:

➢ Consideration of workers' overall

health and well-being.

➢ Provisions for addressing

workplace-related health concerns
and providing access to medical
resources.

XI. Compliance with Regulations:

➢ Adherence to local, state, and

national safety and health
regulations.

➢ Implementation of practices that

fulfill legal requirements.

XII. Documentation and Recordkeeping:

➢ Maintenance of records related to

safety training, inspections,
incidents, and corrective actions.

➢ Documentation of safety measures

and improvements made over time.

➢ Promotion of a positive safety

culture through rewards and recognition.

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23. E. Monitoring and Evaluation of Safety and Health Policies / Program

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of safety and health policies and programs is
crucial to ensure that occupational safety and health (OSH) initiatives are effective,
efficient, and meeting their intended goals.

Planning:

At the planning stage, organizations need to define their safety and health
objectives clearly. These objectives might include reducing workplace accidents,
improving employee health, and enhancing overall safety culture. Establishing
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals
provides a clear framework for M&E activities. Additionally, allocating appropriate
resources, both in terms of personnel and budget, is essential for conducting
effective monitoring and evaluation.

Data Collection:

Collecting accurate and relevant data is the foundation of any successful

monitoring and evaluation process. Organizations need to establish systems for

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 systematically gathering data related to workplace incidents, near misses, training
records, safety inspections, employee feedback, and other pertinent information.
Properly structured data collection processes ensure that the information
gathered is reliable and representative of the actual situation.

Performance Measurement:

Performance measurement involves using predefined key performance indicators

(KPIs) to assess the effectiveness of safety and health policies and programs.
These KPIs could encompass metrics like incident rates, compliance with safety
procedures, utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), completion of
safety training, and more. Comparing the actual performance against the set
targets helps identify areas where the organization is succeeding and where
improvements are needed.

Analysis:

Once the data is collected and performance is measured, a thorough analysis is

conducted to identify trends and patterns. This analysis involves looking beyond
the numbers to understand the underlying causes of certain outcomes. For
instance, if there is a spike in incidents in a particular department, an analysis
might reveal issues related to training, equipment maintenance, or workflow
design. Identifying strengths and weaknesses helps organizations develop
informed strategies for improvement.

Feedback and Communication:

Communication is vital to ensure that evaluation findings are understood and

acted upon. Results are shared with key stakeholders, including upper
management, employees, safety committees, and regulatory bodies. Positive
outcomes can be celebrated, while areas needing attention are communicated
transparently. By engaging employees in the process and valuing their input,
organizations create a culture of collaboration and accountability.

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Continuous Improvement:

The analysis and feedback obtained from the evaluation process provide the
basis for continuous improvement. Organizations use this information to adapt
their safety and health policies and programs. This might involve updating training
materials, refining safety procedures, investing in better equipment, or addressing
any systemic issues that have been identified. This iterative process ensures that
safety and health initiatives remain effective in the ever-evolving work
environment.

Documentation:

Comprehensive documentation is critical for tracking progress over time and

ensuring accountability. By maintaining accurate records of data collection,
analysis, decision-making processes, and action taken, organizations create a
historical record that allows them to trace the evolution of their safety and health
efforts. This documentation is also valuable for regulatory compliance and internal
audits.

Periodic Review:

The effectiveness of safety and health policies and programs can change over
time due to shifts in the workplace, new technologies, regulatory changes, and
other factors. Regular reviews of these initiatives ensure that they remain aligned
with the organization's goals and the evolving landscape of occupational safety
and health. Periodic reviews also provide an opportunity to refine KPIs and targets
based on lessons learned from previous evaluations.

Stakeholder Engagement:

Engaging a diverse group of stakeholders throughout the M&E process brings a

holistic perspective to the evaluation. Involving employees, managers, safety
committees, external experts, and regulatory bodies provides a well-rounded view

649 | P a g e
 of the organization's safety and health performance. This engagement fosters a
sense of ownership and responsibility for safety and health outcomes among all
stakeholders

Technology and Tools:

Modern technology offers tools that can significantly streamline the monitoring
and evaluation process. Data management systems, digital dashboards, and
analytics software allow organizations to efficiently collect, store, analyze, and
visualize data. These tools enhance the accuracy and speed of decision-making
by providing real-time insights into safety and health performance.
23. F. D.O. 198 Section 12
Section 12. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program
Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable OSH program in a
format prescribed by DOLE which shall be posted in prominent places.

(a) For establishments - with less than ten (10) workers and low risk establishments with
ten (10) to fifty (50) workers. - The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the
employer, must include at least the following:

Image source:
https://www.facebook.com/oshc4a/posts/chapter-iv-section-12-do-198-18-
irroccupational-safety-and-health-programunakali/3910750955610917/

650 | P a g e
 1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;

2. General safety and health programs, including:

➢ Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control

(HIRAC),

➢ Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational

and work-related diseases, and

➢ First aid and emergency medical services;

3. Promotion of the following health domains:

➢ Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),

➢ Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and

➢ Healthy lifestyle;

4. Prevention and control of the following health domains:

➢ Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (RA 8504),
➢ Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), and
➢ Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010);

5. Complete company or project details;

6. Composition and duties of the OSH committee;

7. OSH personnel and facilities;

8. Safety and health promotion, training and education, including:

➢ Orientation of all workers on OSH, and

➢ Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control;

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 9. Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis, if applicable;

10. Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and reporting;

11. Provision and use of PPE;

12. Provision of safety signage;

13. Provision of workers' welfare facilities;

14. Emergency and disaster preparedness and mandated drills;

15. Solid waste management system; and

16. Control and management of hazards.

(b) For medium to high-risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers and low to
high-risk establishments with fifty-one (51) workers and above. - The OSH program,
which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:

1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;

2. General safety and health programs including:

➢ Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control

(HIRAC),

➢ Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational

and work-related diseases, and

➢ First aid and emergency medical services;

3. Promotion of the following health domains:

➢ Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),

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 ➢ Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and

➢ Healthy lifestyle;

4. Prevention and control of the following health domains:

➢ Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (RA 8504),
➢ Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), and
➢ Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010);

5. Complete company or project details;

6. Composition and duties of the OSH committee;

7. OSH personnel and facilities;

8. Safety and health promotion, training and education, to include the following:

➢ Orientation of all workers on OSH,

➢ Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control,

➢ Continuous training on OSH of OSH personnel, and

➢ Work Permit System such as working at height, working at confined space,

hot works, and other related activities;

9. Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis;

10. Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and reporting;

11. Provision and use of PPE;

12. Provision of safety signage;

653 | P a g e
 13. Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as building of
temporary structures, and lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,
communications system, and other equipment;

14. Provision of workers' welfare facilities;

15. Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the
organization and creation of disaster control groups, business continuity plan, and
updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment, as required;

16. Solid waste management system;

17. Control and management of hazards;

18. Prohibited acts and penalties for violations; and

19. Cost of implementing the company OSH program.

The DOLE shall prescribe a format that should be accomplished fully by the employer,
contractor or subcontractor, if any, in consultation with the workers and their
representatives.

The OSH program shall be communicated and be made readily available to all
persons in the workplace. It shall be updated periodically whenever the DOLE, other
regulatory or government agencies and institutions promulgate new rules, guidelines and
other issuances related to workers' safety and health.

The establishment shall ensure that the core elements of OSH program are
integrated in the company OSH program such as management commitment and
employee involvement, workplace risk assessment, hazard prevention and control,
safety and health training and education, and OSH program evaluation.

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 The establishment shall submit a copy of the OSH program to the DOLE Regional,
Provincial, Field or Satellite Office having jurisdiction over the workplace. A duly signed
company commitment to comply with OSH requirements together with the company
OSH program using the prescribed template shall be considered approved upon
submission EXCEPT for Construction Safety and Health Program which shall need
approval by DOLE prior to construction.

OSH programs in the pre-approved template may be modified by DOLE as

necessary based on existing laws, rules and regulations, and other issuances or upon
validation of the program during inspection. If there is a modification made by the
company, the company shall submit a revised copy of the OSH program to DOLE.

The company shall review and evaluate the OSH program at least once a year or
as necessary, to ensure that its objectives are met towards an improved safety and
health performance.

Source: https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2019/01/DO-198-Implementing-
Rules-and-Regulations-of-Republic-Act-No_-11058-An-Act-Strengthening-Compliance-
with-Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Standards-and-Providing-Penalties-for-
Violations-Thereof.pdf , D.O NO. 198 Section 12. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Program, Chapter IV Covered Workplace, Page 8-10.

G. D.O. 13 Section 5
Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP)
Section 5 of the DOLE D.O. No.13 provides that every construction project shall have
a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP).

For the purpose of these guidelines, all projects regardless of amount, funding
source and mode of implementation shall comply with the minimum safety and health
requirements.

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 The contractor's proposed CSHP shall be in accordance with DOLE D.O. No. 13,
series of 1998 and its Procedural Guidelines to be submitted as part of the first envelope
(Technical Proposal) during the bidding process and later the winning bidder shall submit
the same for approval of the DPWH authority, subject to concurrence by DOLE- BWC.

For projects to be implemented by administration, a CSHP shall also be prepared

by the DPWH Implementing Office in accordance with the requirements of DOLE D. O.
No. 13, s. of 1998 and likewise it shall also be submitted to DPWH authority for approval
and thereafter to be concurred also by the DOLE-BWC.

The required Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP) for specific project
shall include but not limited to the following:

a. composition of the Safety and Health personnel responsible for the proper
implementation of CSHP;

b. specific safety policies which shall be undertaken in the construction site,

including frequency of and persons responsible for conducting toolbox and gang
meetings;

c. penalties and sanctions for violations of the Construction Safety and Health
Program;

d. frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing and training
all workers at the site with regard to the Construction Safety and Health Program
which they operate; and

e. the manner of disposing waste arising from the construction.

Source: https://www.dole9portal.com/qms/references/QP-OO2-23/DPWH-DO-056-
S2005.pdf , D.O 13 Section 5, Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP), Page
--------------- END OF MODULE ---------------

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References:

Cayago, A. (2022, May 21). Assessment of Employees Health and Safety at workplace:
A Post Pandemic Employees Role in Ensuring a Safe Working Environment in the
Philippines. https://journal.ijprse.com/index.php/ijprse/article/view/573

Lu, J. L. (2022). State and trends of occupational health and safety in the Philippines.
Acta Medica Philippina, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v56i1.3865

Workers’ right to refuse unsafe work. (n.d.). Platon Martinez.

https://platonmartinez.com/articles/workers-right-to-refuse-unsafe-work

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