CHAPTER – 2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION
An equation involving with derivatives and their variables is called a differential equation.
Differential equations having only one independent variable and derivatives with respect to it
are called ordinary differential equation.
Differential equations which involve two or more independent variables and partial derivatives
with respect to them are called partial differential equation.
The order of a differential equation is the highest order derivative present in the equation. The
degree of a differential equation is the power of the highest derivative present in the equation.
Order and degree of a differential equation are always positive integers.
4.2.2 FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
Differentiate the given equation with respect to the variable and eliminate the arbitrary
constants. The order of a differential equation representing a family of curves is same as the
number of arbitrary constants present in the equation corresponding to the family of curves.
4.2.3 SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
A solution (or integral) of a differential equation is a relation between the variables which
satisfies the given differential equation. A solution in which the number of arbitrary constants is
equal to the order of the differential equation is called General (or complete) solution of the
differential equation. A solution obtained by giving particular (definite) value to the arbitrary
constants is called Particular solution.
A differential equation may have a single solution or many solutions or no solution.
4.2.4 METHODS OF SOLVING THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
All differential equations of the first order and first degree cannot be solved. Only those
among them which belong to or can be reduced to one of the following categories can be
solved by standard methods.
(i) Variables separable and reducible to variables separable form
(ii) Homogeneous Differential equation and reducible to Homogeneous form
(iii) Linear Differential equation and reducible to linear form
(iv) Exact Differential equation and reducible to exact form
 Differential Equations

(i) VARIABLES SEPARABLE METHOD:

Express the given differential equation in the form f (x) dx = g(y) dy and then integrate.
(ii) HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:
A function F (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree ‘n’ if
 y x
F  x, y   x n g   or y n g  
x  y
dy
A differential equation of the form  F  x, y  is said to be homogenous if F (x, y) is a
dx
homogenous function of degree zero. To solve a homogeneous differential equation of the
dy  y dy dv
type  F  x, y   g   , We make the substitution y = v x and v x
dx x dx dx
dx x
If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form  F  x, y   g   , we make the
dy  y
dx dv
substitution x = v y and v y
dy dy

(iii) LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

dy
A differential equation of the form  P y  Q, where P and Q are constants or functions of
dx
x only, is known as a first order linear differential equation in y.
dx
Another form of first order linear differential equation is  P1 x  Q1 , where P1 and Q1 are
dy
constants or functions of y only.
 Differential Equations

4.2.5 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

(BERNOULLI EQUATION)
dy
The differential equation of the form  Py  Q y n , where P and Q are constants or
dx
functions of x only, is called a Bernoulli equation in y.
dx
Similarly, the differential equation of the form  Px  Q x n , where P and Q are constants
dy
or functions of y only, is called a Bernoulli equation in x.

WORKING PROCEDURE TO SOLVE BERNOULLI EQUATION

dy
Given,  P y  Q yn                 1
dx
 Dividing both side by y n , we get
1 dy y dy
n
 P n  Q  yn  P y1 n  Q         2 
y dx y dx
dy dv
 Put y1 n  v, so that 1  n  y  n 
dx dx
dy 1 dv
i.e., y  n 
dx 1  n  dx
1 dv
 Then  2  becomes,  Pv  Q
1  n  dx
dv
i.e.,  P 1  n  v  Q 1  n 
dx
This is linear differential equation in v
 The solution of this equation is
v  I .F   Q  I .F  dx  c, where I .F  e 

Pdx

dy
Similarly, if the given equation is of the form  P x  Q xn
dx
 Dividing both side by x n , we get
1 dx x dx
n
 P n  Q  xn  P x1 n  Q         3
x dy x dy
dx dv
 Put x1 n  v, so that 1  n  x  n 
dy dy
dx 1 dv
i.e., y  n 
dy 1  n  dy
 Differential Equations

1 dv
 Then  3 becomes,  Pv  Q
1  n  dy
dv
i.e.,  P 1  n  v  Q 1  n 
dy
This is linear differential equation in v
 The solution of this equation is
v  I .F   Q  I .F  dy  c, where I .F  e 

Pdy

WORKED EXAMPLES

dy
Example 4.2.1. Solve  y tan x  y 3 sec x
dx
Solution :
dy
Given,  y tan x  y 3 sec x
dx
Dividing both side by y 3 , we get
1 dy 1
 tan x  sec x          1
y 3 dx y 2
1
Put v
y2
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
2 dy dv 1 dy 1 dv
3
  3 
y dx dx y dx 2 dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
1 dv
  v tan x  sec x
2 dx
dv
  2v tan x  2sec x  Linear equation in v 
dx
Here P  2 tan x, Q  2sec x

I .F  e   e
Pdx 2 tan xdx
 e 2logsec x  elog cos x  cos 2 x
2

Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

 v  cos 2 x    2sec x  cos 2 x  dx  c

 1 
  2   cos 2 x   2  cos xdx  c
y 
cos 2 x
  2sin x  c, is the required solution.
y2
 Differential Equations

dy y
Example 4.2.2. Solve   y2 x
dx x
Solution :
dy y
Given,   y2 x
dx x
Dividing both side by y 2 , we get
1 dy 1
  x          1
y 2 dx xy
1
Put v
y
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
1 dy dv 1 dy dv
2
  2 
y dx dx y dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv 1
 v  x
dx x
dv 1
  v   x  Linear equation in v 
dx x
1
Here P   , Q   x
x
1
  dx
I .F  e   e x  e  log x 
Pdx 1
x
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c
1 1
 v      x   dx  c
 x  x
 1  1 
        1.dx  c
 y  x 
1
  x  c
xy
1
  x  c, is the required solution.
xy
 Differential Equations

dy
Example 4.2.3. Solve  xy  xy 3
dx
Solution :
dy
Given,  xy  xy 3
dx
Dividing both side by y 3 , we get
1 dy x
  x          1
y 3 dx y 2
1
Put v
y2
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
2 dy dv 1 dy 1 dv
3
  3 
y dx dx y dx 2 dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
1 dv
  vx  x
2 dx
dv
  2vx  2 x  Linear equation in v 
dx
Here P  2 x, Q  2 x

I .F  e   e
Pdx 2 xdx
 e x
2

Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

    2 x  e  dx  c
 v e x
2
 x2

    e    e dt  c  Putting  x
 1 
2
 x2 t 2
 t ,  2 xdx  dt 
y 
e x
2

 2  et  c
y
e x
2

 2  e x  c
2

y
1
 2  1  ce x , is the required solution.
2

y
 Differential Equations

dy
Example 4.2.4. Solve x  y  x3 y 6
dx
Solution :
dy
Given, x  y  x3 y 6
dx
Dividing both side by x , we get
dy y
  x 2 y 6          1
dx x
Dividing both side by y 6 , we get
1 dy 1
6
 5  x2
y dx xy
1
Put v
y5
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
5 dy dv 1 dy 1 dv
6
  6 
y dx dx y dx 5 dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
1 dv v
   x2
5 dx x
dv 5v
   5 x 2  Linear equation in v 
dx x
5
Here P   , Q  5 x 2
x
5
I .F  e  Pdx   dx 5 1
 e x  e 5log x  elog x  5
x
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c
 1   1 
 v  5    5 x 2  5  dx  c
x  x 
1  1 
 5  5   5 x 3 dx  c
y x 
1  1   x 2 
     5  c
y 5  x5   2 
1 5
 5 5
 2  c, is the required solution.
x y 2x
 Differential Equations

dy
Example 4.2.5. Solve  x sin 2 y  x 3 cos 2 y
dx
Solution :
dy
Given,  x sin 2 y  x 3 cos 2 y
dx
Dividing both side by cos2 y , we get
1 dy 1
2
 2
x sin 2 y  x 3
cos y dx cos y
dy
sec 2 y  x  2 tan y   x 3          1
dx
Put tan y  v
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy dv
sec 2 y 
dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv
 2 xv  x 3  Linear equation in v 
dx
Here P  2 x, Q  x 3

I .F  e   e
Pdx 2 xdx
 ex
2

Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

    x  e  dx  c
 v ex
2
3 x2

 tan y  e    x  xe  dx  c
x2 2 x2

Put x 2  t , 2 xdx  dt

   12  te dt  c
 tan y e x
2
t

 tan y  e   e  t  1  c
1 x2 t

2
 tan y  e   e  x  1  c,
1 x2 x2 2
is the required solution.
2
 Differential Equations

dy
Example 4.2.6. Solve x 3  x 2 y   y 4 cos x
dx
Solution :
dy
Given,  x 2 y   y 4 cos x
x3
dx
Dividing both side by x 3 , we get
dy 1 y 4 cos x
 y
dx x x3
Dividing both side by y 4 , we get
1 dy 1 cos x
4
 3   3          1
y dx xy x
1
Put v
y3
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
3 dy dv 1 dy 1 dv
  4 
4
y dx dx y dx 3 dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
1 dv v cos x
  3
3 dx x x
dv 3v 3cos x
   Linear equation in v 
dx x x3
3 3cos x
Here P  , Q 
x x3
3
I .F  e   e  x  e3log x  elog x  x 3
Pdx dx 3

Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

 v  x3     x  dx  c
3cos x 3
x3

1 3
y3
 x   3 cos x dx  c
x3
  3sin x  c, is the required solution.
y3
 Differential Equations

dy
Example 4.2.7. Solve tan y  tan x  cos y cos 2 x
dx
Solution :
dy
Given,  tan x  cos y cos 2 x
tan y
dx
Dividing both side by cosy , we get
tan y dy 1
 tan x  cos 2 x
cos y dx cos y
dy
sec y tan y  sec y tan x  cos 2 x          1
dx
Put sec y  v
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy dv
sec y tan y 
dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv
 v tan x  cos 2 x  Linear equation in v 
dx
Here P  tan x, Q  cos 2 x

I .F  e   e
Pdx tan xdx
 elogsec x  sec x
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

 v  sec x    cos 2 x  sec x  dx  c

  sec y  sec x    cos x dx  c

 sec y sec x  sin x  c, is the required solution.
 dy 
Example 4.2.8. Solve e y   1  e x
 dx 
Solution :
 dy 
Given, e y   1  e x
 dx 
dy
 ey  e y  e x          1
dx
Put e y  v
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy dv
ey 
dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv
 v  ex  Linear equation in v 
dx
 Differential Equations

Here P  1, Q  e x

I .F  e   e
Pdx 1dx
 ex
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

 v  e x    e x  e x  dx  c

  e y  e x    e 2 x dx  c
1
 e x  y  e 2 x  c, is the required solution.
2
dy cos x
Example 4.2.9. Solve   sin x  sin y 
dx cos y
Solution :
dy cos x
Given,   sin x  sin y 
dx cos y
dy
 cos y   sin x  sin y  cos x
dx
dy
 cos y  sin x cos x  sin y cos x
dx
dy
 cos y  sin y cos x  sin x cos x          1
dx
Put sin y  v
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy dv
cos y 
dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv
 v cos x  sin x cos x  Linear equation in v 
dx
Here P  cos x, Q  sin x cos x

I .F  e   e
Pdx cos xdx
 esin x
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

 v  esin x    sin x cos x  esin x  dx  c

Put sin x  t , cos xdx  dt
  sin y   esin x    tet dt  c
 sin y esin x  et  t  1  c
 sin y esin x  esin x  sin x  1  c, is the required solution.
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.10. Solve  x 2 y 3  xy 

dy
1
dx
Solution :

Given, x 2
y 3  xy 
dy
dx
1

dy 1
 2 3
dx  x y  xy 
dx
 x 2 y 3  xy
dy
dx
 xy  x 2 y 3
dy
Dividing both side by x 2 , we get
1 dy 1
2
 y  y 3          1
x dx x
1
Put   v
x
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
1 dy dv

x 2 dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv
 vy  y 3  Linear equation in v 
dx
Here P  y, Q  y 3

I .F  e   e
Pdy ydy
 ey
2
/2

Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c


x
e  
1 y 2 /2 2

 
  y 3 e y /2 dx  c

Put y 2 / 2  t , ydy  dt
1 2
 
  e y /2  2  tet dt  c
x
 e
x
 
1 y 2 /2
 2et  t  1  c

 e
x
 
1 y 2 /2
 2e y /2  y 2 / 2  1  c
2

    y 2  2   ce  y /2 , is the required solution.

1 2

x
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.11. Solve  y log x  2  ydx  xdy

Solution :
Given,  y log x  2  ydx  xdy
dy  y log x  2  y
 
dx x
dy 2 y y 2 log x
  
dx x x
2
dy 2 y y log x
  
dx x x
Dividing both side by y 2 , we get
1 dy 2 log x
           1
y 2 dx xy x
1
Put v
y
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
1 dy dv 1 dy dv
2
  2 
y dx dx y dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv 2v log x
  
dx x x
dv 2v log x
   Linear equation in v 
dx x x
2 log x
Here P   , Q  
x x
2
I .F  e   e  x  e 2log x  elog x  2
Pdx  dx 2 1
x
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c
 1  log x  1 
 v 2       dx  c
x  x  x2 
1 1  1
  2     3 log x dx  c
yx  x
1
Let u  log x dv  dx
x3
1 1
du  dx v 2
x 2x
1 1 
     uv   v du 
y  x2 
 Differential Equations

1 1    1  1 1 
  2     log x   2    2 dx 
yx    2x  2x x 
1 log x 1 1
x y 2 x 2 2  x3
 2   dx  c

1 log x 1  1 
    c
x y 2x2 4  x2 
2

1 log x 1
    cx 2 , is the required solution.
y 2 4
dr
Example 4.2.12. Solve r sin   cos   r2
d
Solution :
dr
Given, r sin   cos   r2
d
dr
  cos   r sin   r 2
d
Dividing both side by  cos , we get
dr
 r tan    r 2 sec 
d
Dividing both side by r 2 , we get
1 dr 1
 tan    sec           1
r 2 d r
1
Put v
r
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
1 dr dv 1 dr dv
  2 
r d  d
2
r d d
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv
  v tan    sec 
d
dv
 v tan   sec   Linear equation in v 
d
Here P  tan  , Q  sec 

I .F  e   e
Pdx tan  d
 elogsec  sec 
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  d  c
1
  sec     sec2  d  c
r
1
  sec    tan   c, is the required solution.
r
 Differential Equations

dy y
Example 4.2.13. Solve 
dx x  xy
Solution :
dy y
Given, 
dx x  xy
dx x  xy

dy y
dx x
   x1/2 y 1/2
dy y
Divide both side by x1/2 , we get
1 dx x1/2
1/2
   y 1/2          1
x dy y
Put x1/2  v
Differentiating w.r.t 'y'
1 dx dv 1 dx dv
1/2
  1/2 2
2 x dy dx x dy dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dv v
2    y 1/2
dx y
dv v 1
   y 1/2  Linear equation in v 
dx 2 y 2
1 1
Here P   , Q   y 1/2
2y 2
1
  dy 1
I .F  e   e 2 y  e 2
Pdy  log y 1

y
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c
 1  1  1 
 x1/2      y 1/2  dy  c
 y 2  y 
   
x 1 1
    dy  c
y 2 y
x 1
   log y  c, is the required solution.
y 2
 Differential Equations

dz z z
 log z  2  log z 
2
Example 4.2.14. Solve
dx x x
Solution :
dz z z
 log z  2  log z 
2
Given,
dx x x
Divide both side by z , we get
1 dz 1 1
 log z  2  log z           1
2

z dx x x
Put log z  y
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
1 dz dy

z dx dx
 Equation 1 becomes,
dy 1 1
 y  2 y2           2
dx x x
Divide both side by y 2 , we get
1 dy 1 1
2
  2
y dx xy x
1
Put v
y
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
1 dy dv 1 dy dv
 2
  2 
y dx dx y dx dx
 Equation  2 becomes,
dv v 1 dv v 1
   2     2  Linear equation in v 
dx x x dx x x
1 1
Here P   , Q   2
x x
1
  dx
I .F  e   e x  e  log x 
Pdy 1
x
Solution is v  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c
11 1 1
      2   dx  c
y x x  x
1
    x 3 dx  c
xy
1 1
  2  c, is the required solution.
x log z 2 x
 Differential Equations

Exercise 4.2.1
Solve the following differential equations
dy
1. x  y  x 3 y 6
dx
dy y
2.   xy1/3
dx x  1
dy
3.  y tan x  y 3 sec x
dx
dy y
  3 xe x y 2
3
4.
dx x
dy
5.  2 y tan x  y 2 tan 2 x
dx
dy
 4 xy  16 xe3 x y 2
2
6.
dx
7.  sec x tan x tan y  e x  dx  sec x sec 2 ydy  0
dy
8. sin y  cos y 1  x cos y 
dx
9.  x 2  y 2  2 x  dx  2 ydy  0
dy
10.  x sin 2 y  x 3 cos 2 y
dx
Answers
1 5 3 2 3
x  x  1   x  1  c  x  1
2/3
 x  cx 5 2. y 2/3 
2
1. 5
y 2 5 20
3. cos 2 x  y 2  c  2sin x  
4. x  y 1  e x
3


2
cos 2 x x sin 2 x e2 x 8
  c   e5 x  c
2
5. 6.
y 2 4 y 5
7. tan y sec x  e x  c 8. sec y   x  1  ce x

9. e x  x 2  y 2   c  x  1  ce  x
1 2
10. tan y 
2

2
 Differential Equations

4.2.6 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The Differential Equation of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is said to be Exact

M N
Differential Equation if 
y x

The solution of Exact Differential Equation is 

y constant

M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 4.2.15. Solve 5x 4

 3 x 2 y 2  2 xy 3  dx   2 x 3 y  3x 2 y 2  5 y 4  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   5 x 4  3x 2 y 2  2 xy 3 and N  x, y   2 x 3 y  3x 2 y 2  5 y 4
M N
 6 x 2 y  6 xy 2 and  6 x 2 y  6 xy 2
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   5 x 4  3 x 2 y 2  2 xy 3  dx   5 y 4 dy  c
 x5   x3   x2   y5 
 5    3 y 2    2 y3    5    c
 5  3  2  5 
 x5  x 3 y 2  x 2 y 3  y 5  c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.16. Solve cos x tan y  cos  x  y   dx  sin x sec 2 y  cos  x  y   dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   cos x tan y  cos  x  y  and N  x, y   sin x sec 2 y  cos  x  y 
M N
 cos x sec 2 y  sin  x  y  and  cos x sec 2 y  sin  x  y 
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x
 Differential Equations

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
  cos x tan y  cos  x  y   dx   0dy  c
 sin x tan y  sin  x  y   c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.17. Solve y 3
 3 x 2 y  dx   3 xy 2  x 3  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y 3  3 x 2 y and N  x, y   3 xy 2  x 3
M N
 3 y 2  3 x 2 and  3 y 2  3x 2
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   y 3  3 x 2 y  dx   0dy  c
 x3 
 y3 x  3   y  c
 3
 xy  x y  c, is the required solution.
3 3

 x
Example 4.2.18. Solve 1  e x / y  dx  e x / y 1   dy  0
 y
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
 x
Here, M  x, y   1  e x / y and N  x, y   e x / y 1  
 y
M  x  N  1  x 1  x 
 e x / y  2  and  e x / y  0    1   e x / y    e x / y  2 
y y  x  y  y  y y 
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
  1  e x / y  dx   0dy  c
ex/ y
 x c
1/ y
 x  ye x / y  c, is the required solution.
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.19. Solve  2 xy  y  tan y  dx   x 2  x tan 2 y  sec2 y  dy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   2 xy  y  tan y and N  x, y   x 2  x tan 2 y  sec 2 y
M N
 2 x  1  sec 2 y  2 x  tan 2 y and  2 x  tan 2 y
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
   2 xy  y  tan y  dx   sec 2 y dy  c
 x2 
 2 y    xy  x tan y  tan y  c
 2
 x 2 y   y  tan y  x  tan y  c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.20. Solve y e 2 xy 2
  
 4 x 3 dx  2 xye xy  3 y 2 dy  0
2

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y 2 e xy  4 x 3 and N  x, y   2 xye xy  3 y 2
2 2

M
 y 2 e xy  x  2 y    e xy  2 y   2 ye xy 1  y 2 x  and
2 2 2

y  
N
 2 xy e xy  y 2 1   2 ye xy 1  2 ye xy 1  y 2 x 
2 2 2

x  
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
 
  y 2 e xy  4 x 3 dx   3 y 2 dy  c
2

 e xy   x4   y3 
2

 y  2
2
  4    3    c
 y
   4  3 
 e xy  x 4  y 3  c, is the required solution.
2
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.21. Solve  y sin 2 x  dx  1  y 2  cos 2 x  dy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y sin 2 x and N  x, y    1  y 2  cos 2 x 
M N
 sin 2 x and    2 cos x   sin x   sin 2 x
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
   y sin 2 x  dx    1  y 2  dy  c

  cos 2 x   y3 
 y 
  y  c
 2   3 
 y cos 2 x  y3 
   y    c, is the required solution.
2  3 
Example 4.2.22. Solve ye xy dx   xe xy  2 y  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   ye xy and N  x, y   xe xy  2 y
M N
 y e xy  x 1   e xy 1  e xy  xy  1 and  x e xy  y 1   e xy 1  e xy  xy  1
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
   ye xy  dx   2 ydy  c
 e xy   y 2 
 y   2   c
 y   2 
 e xy  y 2  c, is the required solution.
 Differential Equations

dy y cos x  sin y  y
Example 4.2.23. Solve  0
dx sin x  x cos y  x
Solution :
dy y cos x  sin y  y
Given 
dx sin x  x cos y  x
  y cos x  sin y  y  dx   sin x  x cos y  x  dy  0
It is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y cos x  sin y  y and N  x, y   sin x  x cos y  x
M N
 cos x  cos y  1 and  cos x  cos y  1
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
   y cos x  sin y  y  dx   0 dy  c
 y  sin x   x sin y  xy  c, is the required solution.
dy 2 x  y  1
Example 4.2.24. Solve  0
dx x  2 y  1
Solution :
dy 2x  y 1
Given 
dx x  2 y 1
  2 x  y  1 dx   x  2 y  1 dy  0
It is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   2 x  y  1 and N  x, y   x  2 y  1
M N
 1 and 1
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
   2 x  y  1 dx    2 y  1 dy  c
 x2   y2 
 2    xy  x  2    y  c
 2  2 
 x  y  xy  x  y  c, is the required solution.
2 2
 Differential Equations

  1 
Example 4.2.25. Solve  y 1    cos y  dx   x  log x  x sin y  dy  0
  x 
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
 1
Here, M  x, y   y  1    cos y and N  x, y   x  log x  x sin y
 x
M 1 N 1
 1  and  1
y x x x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
  1 
   y 1    cos y  dx   0 dy  c
  x 
 y  x  log x   x cos y  c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.26. Solve 1  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy  dx   sin x 2  x 2  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   1  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy and N  x, y   sin x 2  x 2
M N
 2 x cos x 2  2 x and  2 x cos x 2  2 x
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is exact.
y x


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
  1  2 xy cos x 2  2 xy  dx   0dy  c

 x  y    cos x 2 .2 xdx    2 xdx   c

 
 x  y sin x  yx  c, is the required solution.
2 2

4.2.7 SOLUTION OF EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY INSPECTION

Some of the differrential equations may be put in the exact form by a suitable
rearrangement of terms, and their solutions may be written by inspection.
The following integrable combinations are useful:
 Differential Equations

xdy  ydx  y
i  xdy  ydx  d  xy   ii  d 
x
2
x

xdy  ydx  x xdy  ydx   y 

 iii   d    iv   d  log   
  x 
2
y  y xy

xdy  ydx   y  xdy  ydx 1  x  y 

v  d  tan 1     vi   d  log  
x y
2 2
  x  x2  y 2 2  x  y 

x dx  y dy 1  ye x dx  e x dy  ex 
 vii   
 d  log x 2  y 2   viii   d 
x y
2 2
 2  y2  y

xdy  ydx
Example 4.2.27. Solve x dx  y dy  0
x2  y 2
Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
  y 
x dx  y dy  d  tan 1     0
  x 
Integrating we get,
x2 y 2  y
  tan 1    c, is the required solution.
2 2 x
ydx  xdy
Example 4.2.28. Solve  x dx  y dy   0
y2
Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
x
x dx  y dy  d    0
 y
Integrating we get,
x2 y 2 x
   c, is the required solution.
2 2 y
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.29. Solve x dx  y  x 2  y 2  1 dy

Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
x dx  y dy
x dx  y dy  y  x 2  y 2  dy   ydy
 x2  y 2 
1 
 d  log  x 2  y 2    ydy
2 
Integrating we get,
y2
log  x  y  
1 2 2
c
2 2
 log  x 2  y 2   y 2  2c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.30. Solve y  2 xy  e x  dx  e x dy
Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
 ye dx  e dy   2 xy dx  0
x x 2

Divide both side by y 2

 ye x dx  e x dy 
   2 xdx  0
 y2 
e 
x
 d    2 xdx  0
 y
Integrating we get,
ex  x2 
 2   c
y  2
ex
  x 2  c, is the required solution.
y
Example 4.2.31. Solve ydx  xdy  3x 2 y 2 e x dx  0
3

Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
ydx  xdy
 3 x 2 e x dx  0
3

2
y
x
 
d    d ex  0
 y
3

Integrating we get,
x
 e x  c, is the required solution.
3

y
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.32. Solve ye x / y dx   xe x / y  y 2  dy

Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
e x / y  ydx  xdy   y 2 dy
 ydx  xdy 
 ex/ y    dy
 y2 
x
 e x / y d    dy
 y
 d  e x / y   dy
Integrating we get,
e x / y  y  c, is the required solution.
  1 
Example 4.2.33. Solve  y 1    cos y  dx   x  log x  x sin y  dy  0
  x 
Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form

 ydx  xdy    
y
dx  log xdy    cos ydx  x sin ydy   0
x 
 d  xy   d  y log x   d  x cos y   0
Integrating we get,
xy  y log x  x cos y  c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.34. Solve ye xy dx   xe xy  2 y  dy  0
Solution :
The given equation is equivalent to the form
e xy  ydx  xdy   2 ydy  0
d  e xy   2 ydy  0
Integrating we get,
e xy  y 2  c, is the required solution.
 Differential Equations

4.2.8 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The Differential Equation of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is not Exact Differential

M N
Equation if  , which can be reduced to Exact Differential Equation by multiplying the
y x
given equation with appropriate functions called Integrating factors (I.F)
PROCEDURE TO FIND INTEGRATING FACTORS (I.F)
M N
 Find the difference 
y x
1  M N 
 i  If this difference is close to N , then find   .
N  y x 
1  M N   f  x dx
If     f  x  , then I .F  e
N  y x 
1  M N 
 ii  If this difference is close to M , then find   .
M  y x 
1  M N    g  y  dy
If     g  y  , then I .F  e
M  y x 

 If the given differential equation M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is homogeneous

1
then I .F  ,  Provided Mx  Ny  0 
Mx  Ny

 If the given differential equation M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is of the form

1
y f  xy  dx  x g  xy  dy  0 then I .F  ,  Provided Mx  Ny  0 
Mx  Ny

 If the given differential equation M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is of the form

x m y n  c1 ydx  c2 xdy   x p y q  c3 ydx  c4 xdy   0, where m, n, p, q, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are constants

M N
then I .F  x h y k , where h and k are constants to be determined such that  .
y x
After finding I.F, multiply it to the given equation, we get the Exact differential equation, then

the solution is 
y constant
 containing x 
M dx   terms of N not dy  c
 Differential Equations

WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 4.2.35. Solve x 2

 y 2  x  dx  xydy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   x 2  y 2  x and N  x, y   xy
M N
 2 y and y
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   2 y  y  y ......... close to N
y x
1  M N  1 1
Now,      y   f  x
N  y x  xy x
1
I .F  e   e  x  elog x  x
f  x  dx dx

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

x 3
 xy 2  x 2  dx  x 2 ydy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   x 3  xy 2  x 2  dx   0 dy  c
x 4 x 2 y 2 x3
    c, is the required solution.
4 2 3
Example 4.2.36. Solve  4 xy  3 y 2  x  dx  x  x  2 y  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   4 xy  3 y 2  x and N  x, y   x  x  2 y   x 2  2 xy
M N
 4 x  6 y and  2x  2 y
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    4 x  6 y    2 x  2 y   2 x  4 y  2  x  2 y  ......... close to N
y x
1  M N 
Now,   
1
N  y x  x  x  2 y 
 2  x  2 y    f  x 
2
x
 Differential Equations

2
I .F  e   e  x  e 2log x  elog x  x 2
f  x  dx dx 2

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

 4 x y  3x
3 2
y 2  x 3  dx   x 4  2 x 3 y  dy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   4 x 3 y  3 x 2 y 2  x 3  dx   0 dy  c
4 x 4 y 3x3 y 2 x 4
   c
4 3 4
4
x
 x 4 y  x 3 y 2   c, is the required solution.
4
Example 4.2.37. Solve  xy 3  y  dx  2  x 2 y 2  x  y 4  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   xy 3  y  y  xy 2  1 and N  x, y   2  x 2 y 2  x  y 4 
M N
 3 xy 2  1 and  4 xy 2  2  2  2 xy 2  1
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    3 xy 2  1   2  2 xy 2  1   xy 2  1    xy 2  1 ......... close to M
y x
1  M N  1
Now,   
1
M  y x  y  xy  1
2
  xy 2  1  y
 g  y 
1
  dy
I .F  e 
 g  y  dy
 e y  elog y  elog y  y
Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.
 xy 4
 y  dx  2  x 2 y 2  x  y 4  dy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   xy 4  y 2  dx   2 y 5 dy  c
x2 y 4 2 y6
  xy 2  c
2 6
x2 y 4 y6
  xy 
2
 c, is the required solution.
2 3
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.38. Solve  3x 2

y 4  2 xy  dx   2 x 3 y 3  x 2  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   3x 2 y 4  2 xy  xy  3xy 3  2  and N  x, y   2 x 3 y 3  x 2  x 2  2 xy 3  1
M N
 12 x 2 y 3  2 x and  6 x2 y3  2 x
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   12 x 2 y 3  2 x    6 x 2 y 3  2 x   6 x 2 y 3  4 x  2 x  3 xy 3  2  ......... close to M
y x
 M N 
Now,
1
M
  
1
 y x  xy  3 xy  2 
3
2
y

2 x  3 xy 3  2    g  y  
2
  y dy
I .F  e 
 g  y  dy 1 2
e  e 2log y  elog y 
y2
Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.
 2 2 2x 
 3 x y   dx   2 x y  x y  dy  0
3 2 2

 y 


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
 2x 
   3 x 2 y 2   dx   0 dy  c
 y 
3x3 y 2 2 x 2
  c
3 2y
x2
 x3 y 2   c, is the required solution.
y
Example 4.2.39. Solve  x 2  3 xy  2 y 2  dx   3 x 2  2 xy  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   x 2  3xy  2 y 2 and N  x, y   3x 2  2 xy
M N
 3 x  4 y and  6x  2 y
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
 Differential Equations

M N
Consider    3 x  4 y    6 x  2 y   9 x  6 y  3  3 x  2 y 
y x
.......neither close to M nor close to N
But the equation is homogeneous of degree 2
1 1 1
I .F   3  3
Mx  Ny  x  3 x y  2 xy    3 x y  2 xy  x
2 2 2 2

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

 1 3y 2 y2   3 2y 
  2  3  dx    2  dy  0
x x x  x x 

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
 1 3y 2 y2 
    2  3  dx   0 dy  c
x x x 
3y y2
 log x    c, is the required solution.
x x2
Example 4.2.40. Solve  x 2 y  2 xy 2  dx   3 x 2 y  x 3  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   x 2 y  2 xy 2  xy  x  2 y  and N  x, y   3x 2 y  x 3  x 2  3 y  x 
M N
 x 2  4 xy and  6 xy  3 x 2
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    x 2  4 xy    6 xy  3 x 2   10 xy  4 x 2  2 x  5 y  2 x 
y x
.......neither close to M nor close to N
But the equation is homogeneous of degree 3
1 1 1
I .F   3  2 2
Mx  Ny  x y  2 x y    3 x y  x y  x y
2 2 2 2 3

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

x 2
y  2 xy 2 
1
2
x y 2
dx   3 x 2 y  x 3  2 2 dy  0
1
x y
1 2 3 x 
    dx    2  dy  0
 y x y y 


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
 Differential Equations

 1 2 3
     dx   dy  c
 y x y
x
  2 log x  3log y  c, is the required solution.
y
Example 4.2.41. Solve y 1  xy  x 2 y 2  dx  x 1  xy  x 2 y 2  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y 1  xy  x 2 y 2  and N  x, y   x 1  xy  x 2 y 2 
M N
 1  2 xy  3 x 2 y 2 and  1  2 xy  3 x 2 y 2
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    x 2  4 xy    6 xy  3 x 2   10 xy  4 x 2  2 x  5 y  2 x 
y x
.......neither close to M nor close to N
The equation is not homogeneous.
But the equation is of the form y f  xy  dx  x g  xy  dy  0
1 1 1
I .F    2 2
Mx  Ny  xy  x y  x y    xy  x y  x y  2 x y
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

y 1  xy  x 2 y 2  dx  x 1  xy  x 2 y 2  2 2 dy  0
1 1
2 2
2x y 2x y
 1 1 y  1 1 x
 2    dx   2
   dy  0
 2x y 2x 2   2 xy 2 y 2 


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
 1 1 y 1
  2    dx    dy  c
 2x y 2x 2  2y
1  1  1 xy 1
    log x   log y  c
2y  x  2 2 2
1 1 xy
   log x  log y   c
2 xy 2 2
1 x
 xy   log  2c, is the required solution.
xy y
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.42. Solve  xy sin  xy   cos  xy   ydx   xy sin  xy   cos  xy   xdy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y  xy sin  xy   cos  xy    xy 2 sin  xy   y cos  xy  and
N  x, y   x  xy sin  xy   cos  xy    x 2 y sin  xy   x cos  xy 
M
 x  y 2 cos  xy   x  2 y sin  xy    y   sin  xy   x   cos  xy   x 2 y 2 cos  xy   xy sin  xy   cos  xy 
y
N
 y  x 2 cos  xy   y  2 x sin  xy    x   sin  xy   y   cos  xy   x 2 y 2 cos  xy   3 xy sin  xy   cos  xy 
x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   2 xy sin  xy   2 cos  xy 
y x
.......neither close to M nor close to N
The equation is not homogeneous.
But the equation is of the form y f  xy  dx  x g  xy  dy  0
1 1 1
I .F   2 2 
Mx  Ny  x y sin  xy   xy cos  xy     x 2 y 2 sin  xy   xy cos  xy   2 xy cos  xy 
Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.
 1  1
 y tan xy   dx   x tan xy   dy  0
 x  y

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
 1 1
   y tan xy   dx    dy  c
 x y
 log sec xy 
 y   log x  log y  log c
 y 
 x sec xy 
 log    log c
 y 
x sec xy
  c, is the required solution.
y
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.43. Solve  y 2  2 x 2 y  dx   2 x 3  xy  dy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   y 2  2 x 2 y  y  y  2 x 2  and N  x, y   2 x 3  xy  x  2 x 2  y 
M N
 2 y  2 x 2 and  6 x2  y
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   3 y  4 x 2 .......neither close to M nor close to N
y x
The equation is not homogeneous.
The equation is not in the form y f  xy  dx  x g  xy  dy  0
Multiply the given equation by x h y k , we get
M  x h y k  2  2 x h  2 y k 1 and N  2 x h 3 y k  x h 1 y k 1
M N
  k  2  x h y k 1  2  k  1 x h  2 y k and  2  h  3 x h  2 y k   h  1 x h y k 1
y x
M N
To find h and k such that  , so that the equation is exact
y x
 k  2  x h y k 1  2  k  1 x h 2 y k  2  h  3 x h 2 y k   h  1 x h y k 1
Equating both side, we get
 k  2     h  1 and 2  k  1  2  h  3
 h  k  3 and h  k  2
5 1
By solving these, we get h  and k 
2 2
 M  x 5/2 y 3/2  2 x 1/2 y1/2 and N  2 x y  x 3/2 y1/2
1/2 1/2

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   x 5/2 y 3/2  2 x 1/2 y1/2  dx   0 dy  c
 x 3/2  3/2  x1/2  1/2
  y  2  y c
 3 / 2   1/ 2 
2
  x 3/2 y 3/2  4 x1/2 y1/2  c, is the required solution.
3
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.44. Solve  4 xy  3 y 4  dx   2 x 2  5 xy 3  dy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   4 xy  3 y 4  y  4 x  3 y 3  and N  x, y   2 x 2  5 xy 3  x  2 x  5 y 3 
M N
 4 x  12 y 3 and  4 x  5 y3
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   7 y 3 .......neither close to M nor close to N
y x
The equation is not homogeneous.
The equation is not in the form y f  xy  dx  x g  xy  dy  0
Multiply the given equation by x h y k , we get
M  4 x h 1 y k 1  3x h y k  4 and N  2 x h  2 y k  5 x h 1 y k 3
M N
 4  k  1 x h 1 y k  3  k  4  x h y k 3 and  2  h  2  x h 1 y k  5  h  1 x h y k 3
y x
M N
We have to find h and k such that  , so that the equation is exact
y x
4  k  1 x h 1 y k  3  k  4  x h y k 3  2  h  2  x h 1 y k  5  h  1 x h y k 3
Equating both side, we get
4  k  1  2  h  2  and 3  k  4   5  h  1
 h  2k  0 and 5h  3k  7
By solving these, we get h  2 and k  1
 M  4 x3 y 2  3 x 2 y 5 and N  2 x 4 y  5 x 3 y 4

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   4 x3 y 2  3 x 2 y 5  dx   0 dy  c
 x4   x3 
 4   y 2  3   y5  c
 4  3
 x 4 y 2  x3 y 5  c, is the required solution.
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.45. Solve  2 xy  y 2

 y  dx   3 x 2  4 xy  3 x  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   2 xy  y 2  y  y  2 x  y  1 and N  x, y   3x 2  4 xy  3x  x  3x  4 y  3
M N
 2 x  2 y  1 and  6x  4 y  3
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    2 x  2 y  1   6 x  4 y  3  4 x  2 y  2  2  2 x  y  1 ......... close to M
y x
1  M N 
Now,   
1
M  y x  y  2 x  y  1
 2  2 x  y  1     g  y 
2
y
2
   dy
I .F  e 
 g  y  dy
 e y  e 2log y  elog y  y 2
2

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

 2 xy 3
 y 4  y 3  dx   3 x 2 y 2  4 xy 3  3 xy 2  dy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   2 xy 3  y 4  y 3  dx   0 dy  c
 x2 
 2 y3    y 4 x  y3 x  c
 2
 x 2 y 3  xy 4  xy 3  c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.46. Solve  x 2  y 3  6 x  dx  xy 2 dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   x 2  y 3  6 x and N  x, y   xy 2
M N
 3 y 2 and  y2
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   2 y 2 ......... close to N
y x
 Differential Equations

1  M N 
  2 2 y    f  x
1 2
Now,   2

N  y x  xy x
2
I .F  e   e  x  e 2log x  elog x  x 2
f  x  dx dx 2

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

x 4
 x 2 y 3  6 x 3  dx  x 3 y 2 dy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   x 4  x 2 y 3  6 x 3  dx   0 dy  c
x5 x3 y 3 6 x 4
   c
5 3 12
 6 x 5  10 x 3 y 3  45 x 4  c, is the required solution.
Example 4.2.47. Solve  8 xy  9 y 2  dx  2  x 2  3 xy  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   8 xy  9 y 2 and N  x, y   2  x 2  3 xy   2 x 2  6 xy  2 x  x  3 y 
M N
 8 x  18 y and  4x  6 y
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    8 x  18 y    4 x  6 y   4 x  12 y  4  x  3 y  ......... close to N
y x
1  M N 
Now,   
1
N  y x  2 x  x  3 y 
 4  x  3 y    f  x 
2
x
2
I .F  e   e  x  e 2log x  elog x  x 2
f  x  dx dx 2

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

8 x y  9 x y  dx  2  x
3 2 2 4
 3 x 3 y  dy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   8 x 3 y  9 x 2 y 2  dx   0 dy  c
 x4  2 x 
3
8y    9 y  c
 4  3
 2 x 4 y  3 x 3 y 2  c, is the required solution.
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.48. Solve  6 x 2  4 y 3  12 y  dx  3 x 1  y 2  dy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   6 x 2  4 y 3  12 y and N  x, y   3 x 1  y 2 
M N
 12 y 2  12 and  3 1  y 2 
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider 
y x
 
 12  y 2  1  3 1  y 2   9 1  y 2  ......... close to N

1  M N 
Now,   
1
N  y x  3 x 1  y 
2
3
x

9 1  y 2    f  x  
3
 dx
I .F  e 
f  x  dx
 e x  e3log x  elog x  x 3
3

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

6x 5
 4 x 3 y 3  12 x 3 y  dx  3 x 4 1  y 2  dy  0

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x
   6 x 5  4 x 3 y 3  12 x 3 y  dx   0 dy  c
 x6  3 x 
4
 x4 
 6   4 y    12 y  c
 6   4  4
 x 6  x 4 y 3  3 x 4 y  c, is the required solution.


Example 4.2.49. Solve xy 2  e1/ x dx  x 2 ydy  0
3


Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   xy 2  e1/ x and N  x, y    x 2 y
3

M N
 2 xy and  2 xy
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider   4 xy ......... close to N
y x
1  M N  1 4
Now,     2  4 xy    f  x
N  y x   x y x
 Differential Equations

4
I .F  e   e  x  e 4log x  elog x  x 4
f  x  dx  dx 4

Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

x 3

y 2  x 4 e1/ x dx  x 2 ydy  0
3

 M dx    
The solution is terms of N not dy  c
containing x

 
  x 3 y 2  x 4 e1/ x dx   0 dy  c
3

 x 2  1 1/ x3
 y2   e  c
 2  3
1 y 2 1 1/ x3
  e  c, is the required solution.
2 x2 3
Example 4.2.50. Solve  xy 2  2 x 2 y 3  dx   x 2 y  x 3 y 2  dy  0
Solution :
Given differential equation is of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
Here, M  x, y   xy 2  2 x 2 y 3  xy 2 1  2 xy  and N  x, y   x 2 y  x 3 y 2  x 2 y 1  xy 
M N
 2 xy  6 x 2 y 2 and  2 xy  3 x 2 y 2
y x
M N
Since  , the given differential equation is not exact.
y x
M N
Consider    2 xy  6 x 2 y 2    2 xy  3 x 2 y 2   9 x 2 y 2
y x
.......neither close to M nor close to N
since the equation is not homogeneous.
But the equation is of the form y f  xy  dx  x g  xy  dy  0
1 1 1
I .F   2 2 
Mx  Ny  x y  2 x 3 y 3    x 2 y 2  x 3 y 3  3 x 3 y 3
Multiply I .F to the given equation, we get the exact differential equation.

 xy 2
 2 x2 y3 
1
3 3
3x y
dx   x 2 y  x 3 y 2  3 3 dy  0
1
3x y
 1 2   1 1 
  2   dx   2
  dy  0
 3x y 3x   3 xy 3 y 


The solution is  M dx   terms of N not dy  c
containing x 
 Differential Equations

 1 2  1
   2   dx    dy  c
 3x y 3x  3y
1  1  2 1
    log x  log y  c
3y  x  3 3
1
  log x 2  log y  3c
xy
1 x2
  log  k , is the required solution.
xy y

Exercise 4.2.2
Solve the following differential equations
1. y e xy dx   x e xy  2 y  dy  0
  1 
2.  y 1    cos y  dx   x  log x  x sin y  dy  0
  x 
3. 1  e x / y  dx  1  x / y  e x / y dy  0

4. y e
2 xy 2
  
 4 x 3 dx  2 xye xy  3 y 2 dy  0
2

 x2 
5. 2 x log y dx    3 y 2  dy  0
 y 
6. ye x / y dx   xe x / y  y 2  dy  0
xdy  ydx
7. xdx  ydy  0
x2  y 2
8. y  x  y  1 dx  x  x  3 y  2  dy  0
9.  2 x 2 y  3 y 4  dx   3 x 3  2 xy 3  dy  0
10.  y 4  2 y  dx   xy 3  2 y 4  4 x  dy  0
11.  xy 3  y  dx  2  x 2 y 2  x  y 4  dy  0
12. y  x  y  dx   x  2 y  1 dy  0
dy x2 y
13. 
dx x 3  y 3
14.  y 3  3 xy 2  dx   2 x 2 y  xy 2  dy  0
15. y 1  xy  dx  x 1  xy  x 2 y 2  dy  0
16.  x 2 y 2  xy  1 ydx   x 2 y 2  xy  1 xdy  0
 Differential Equations

Answers
1. e xy  y 2  c 2. y  x  log x   x cos y  c
3. x  ye x / y  c 4. e xy  x 4  y 3  c
2

5. x 2 log y  y 3  c 6. e x / y  y  c

7.  x 2  y 2   tan 1  y / x   c
1
8. sec y   x  1  ce x
2
13 10/13 15/13 13 36/13 24/13  2 
9. x y  x y c 10. x  y  2   y 2  c
5 12  y 
x2 y 4 y6
11.  xy 
2
c 12. e x  xy  y 2  y   c
23 3
x y
13.  3  log y  c 14.  3log x  2log y  c
3y x
1 1 1
15. 2 2
  log y  c 16. xy  log x  log y  c
2x y xy xy
 Differential Equations

4.2.9 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

In this section, we discuss geometrical and physical problems which lead to the differential
equations of the first order and first degree.

4.2.10 ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES

Definition: Two families of curves are such that every member of either family cuts each
member of the other family at right angles are called orthogonal Trajectories of each other.
i.e., if each member of the family F 1 cuts every member of the family F2 at right angles then we
can say that the members of the family F 1 are orthogonal trajectories of the family F 2, and vice
versa.

Example: The family of concentric circles with centers at the origin and
the family of straight lines passing through the origin are orthogonal
trajectories.

Self-Orthogonal: Each member of the given family cuts every other member of the same family
orthogonally then we say that the family is self-orthogonal.

APPLICATIONS OF ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES:

The concept of the orthogonal trajectories has important applications in the field of Engineering
problems. For instance,

1. In an Electric field, the paths along which the current flows are the orthogonal trajectories
of the equipotential curves and vice versa.
2. In fluid flow, the stream lines and the equipotential lines are orthogonal trajectories.
3. The lines of heat flow for a body are perpendicular to isothermal curves.

The problem of finding the orthogonal trajectories of a given family of curves depends on the
solution of the first order differential equations.

TO FIND THE ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES OF THE FAMILY OF CARTESIAN CURVES

Given f  x, y, c   0
 Differentiate w.r.t 'x' and eliminate arbitray constant 'c '
dy dx
 Replace by 
dx dy
 Solve this differential equation to get the required orthogonal trajectories.

TO FIND THE ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES OF THE FAMILY OF POLAR CURVES

 Differential Equations

Given f  r ,  , c   0
 Differentiate w.r.t ' ' and eliminate arbitray constant 'c '
dr d
 Replace by  r 2
d dr
 Solve this differential equation to get the required orthogonal trajectories.

WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 4.2.51. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y 2  cx 3 ,

where c is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, y 2  cx 3            1
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'

 c  3x 2 
dy
2y
dx
dy 3cx 2
              2
dx 2y
y2
From 1 , c 
x3
Using this,  2 becomes
 y2 
3 3  x2
  
dy x
dx 2y
dy 3 y
 
dx 2 x
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy
dx 3 y
 
dy 2 x
 2 x dx  3 y dy
Integrating this equation, we get
y2
x  3  c
2

2
 2 x  3 y 2  k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
2
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.52. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x 2/3  y 2/3  a 2/3 ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, x 2/3  y 2/3  a 2/3            1
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
2 1/3 2 1/3 dy
x  y 0
3 3 dx
2 dy 2
 y 1/3   x 1/3
3 dx 3
1/3
dy x dy y1/3
  1/3    1/3             2 
dx y dx x
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy
dx y1/3
   1/3
dy x
 x1/3 dx  y1/3 dy
Integrating this equation, we get
x 4/3 y 4/3
 c
4/3 4/3
 x 4/3  y 4/3  k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 4.2.53. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y 2  4ax,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, y 2  4ax            1
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy
2y  4a
dx
y dy
a             2
2 dx
Using  2  in 1 , we get
 y dy 
y2  4  x
 2 dx 
dy y
 
dx 2 x
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy
 Differential Equations

dx y
 
dy 2 x
 2 xdx   y dy
Integrating this equation, we get
y2
x2   c
2
 2 x 2  y 2  k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 4.2.54. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x 3  3 xy 2  c,
where c is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, x 3  3 xy 2  c            1
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
  dy  
3 x 2  3  x  2 y   y 2 1   0
  dx  
dy dy
 x 2  2 xy  y 2  0  x 2  y 2  2 xy
dx dx
dy x  y 2 2
             2
dx 2 xy
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy
dx x 2  y 2
 
dy 2 xy
dy 2 xy
  2  Homogeneous differential equation of degree 2 
dx x  y2
dy dv
Put y  vx, so that v x
dx dx
dv 2 x  vx 
v x  2 2 2
dx x v x
dv x 2  2v  2v
v x  2 
dx x 1  v  2
1  v2
 Differential Equations

dv 2v 2v  v 3  v 3v  v 3
x   v    
dx 1  v2 1  v2 1  v2
1  v2 dx
 dv  
3v  v 3
x
Integrating this equation, we get
1  v2 dx
 3v  v3 dv   x
1 3  3v 2 dx

3 3v  v 3
dv   
x
log  3v  v 3    log x  log c
1
3
log  3v  v 3   3log x  3log c
log  3v  v 3   3log x  log k
log  3v  v 3  x 3  log k
 y y3  3
3  3  x  k
 x x 
 3 x 2 y  y 3  k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
x2 y2
Example 4.2.55. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves   1,
a 2 b2  
where  is the parameter.
Solution :
x2 y2
Given,   1            1
a 2 b2  
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
2x 2 y dy x y dy
 2 0  2  2 0
a 2
b   dx a b   dx
y dy x
 2  2
b   dx a
2
a y dy
  b2               2
x dx
y2 x2
From 1 , 2  1 2
b  a
y 2
a x
2 2
y2a2
 2    b 2               3
b  a 2
a x
2 2

Equating  2  and  3 , we get

 Differential Equations

a 2 y dy y 2a2
  2
x dx a  x 2
1 dy y
  2
x dx a  x 2
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy
1 dx y
 2
x dy a  x 2
a2  x2
 dx  y dy
x
Integrating this equation, we get
a2  x2
 x dx   y dy
a2
 x dx   x dx   y dy
x2 y 2
a 2 log x   c
2 2
 x 2  y 2  2a 2 log x  k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 4.2.56. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves
x 2  y 2  2 x  c  0, where  is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, x 2  y 2  2 x  c  0            1
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy dy
2 x  2 y  2  0  y  x  
dx dx
dy
   x  y             2
dx
Using  2  in 1 , we get
 dy 
x2  y 2  2   x  y  x  c  0
 dx 
dy
 y 2  x 2  2 xy  c  0
dx
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy
dx
y 2  x 2  2 xy  c  0
dy
dx 1 c
 2x  x2   y 
dy y y
 Differential Equations

dx dt
Put x 2  t , so that 2 x 
dy dy
dt 1  c
  t    y    Linear differential equation in t 
dy y  y
1  c
Here P   , Q    y  
y  y
1
  dy
I .F  e   e y  e  log y 
Pdy 1
y
Solution is t  I .F    Q  I .F  dy  k
1  c  1 
 t       y     dy  k
 y  y  y 
1  c 
 x 2       1  2  dy  k
 y  y 
x2 c
  y   k
y y
 x 2   y 2  c  ky
 x 2  y 2  ky  c  0, is the required orthogonal trajectories.
Example 4.2.57. Show that the family of curves y 2  4a  x  a  is self orthogonal.
Solution :
Given, y 2  4a  x  a             1
Differentiating w.r.t 'x'
dy
2y  4a
dx
y dy
a             2
2 dx
Using  2  in 1 , we get
 y dy   y dy 
y2  4   x  
 2 dx   2 dx 
dy  y dy 
 y2  2 y  x  
dx  2 dx 
2
dy  dy 
 y 2  2 xy  y2  
dx  dx 
 y 2  2 xy y1  y 2 y12             3
dy
where y1 
dx
dy dx 1
Replace by  i.e., Replace y1 by 
dx dy y1
 Differential Equations

2
 1  1
y 2  2 xy     y 2   
 1
y  y1 
2 xy y1  y 2
 y2 
y12
 y 2 y12  2 xy y1  y 2
 y 2  2 xy y1  y 2 y12             4
Equations  3 and  4  are same. This shows that the equations of orthogonal trajectories and the given family
of curves are same. Hence the family 1 is self orthogonal.
x2 y2
Example 4.2.58. Show that the family of curves  2  1, where  is the parameter,
a  b 
2

is self orthogonal.
Solution :
x2 y2
Given,  2  1            1
a  b 
2

Differentiating w.r.t 'x'

2x 2 y dy x y dy
 2 0  2  2 0
a   b   dx
2
a   b   dx
y dy x
 2  2
b   dx a 
 y  a 2      x b2   
dy
dx
2 dy dy
 a y y   xb 2   x
dx dx
dy dy
 x   y   xb 2  a 2 y
dx dx
 dy   2 dy 
   x  y     xb  a 2 y 
 dx   dx 
 2 2 dy 
 xb  a y 
 
dx 
 dy 
x y 
 dx 
 2 2 dy  2 dy   2 2 dy  2 dy 2 dy
 xb  a y  a  x  y    xb  a y  a x  a y  b x  a y
dx   a  b  x
2 2
2 2

Now, a    a 
2 2  dx 
  dx   dx 
 dx
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
x y  x y  x y  x y 
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
 2 2 dy  2 dy   2 2 dy  2 dy 2 dy
y b2  a 2 
dy
 xb  a y  b  x  y    xb  a y  b x  b y  b x  a y
2 2

and b 2    b 2       
dx dx dx dx dx  dx
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
x y  x y  x y  x y 
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
Using these, equation 1 becomes,
x2 y2
 1
 a  b  x y dy  b2  a 2 
2 2

 dy  dx
x y   dy 
 dx  x y 
 dx 
 Differential Equations

 dy   dy 
x x y  y x y 
  2 2  
dx dx 
1
a  b  dy 2
b  a 
2

dx
 dy   
x y   y 
  2 2  x 
dx
1
 a  b   dy 
 dx 
 y
  x  yy1   x     a 2  b 2            2 
 y1 
dy
where y1 
dx
dy dx 1
Replace by  i.e., Replace y1 by 
dx dy y1
 y
 x    x  yy1    a  b            3
2 2

 y1

Equations  2  and  3 are same. This shows that the equations of orthogonal trajectories
and the given family of curves are same. Hence the family 1 is self orthogonal.
Example 4.2.59. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r  a 1  cos   ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, r  a 1  cos              1
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
dr
 a sin              2
d
r
From 1 , a 
1  cos  
Using this in 2 , we get
dr r sin 

d 1  cos  
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d  r sin  d sin 
r 2   r 
dr 1  cos   dr 1  cos  
1  cos   d   dr
sin  r


 2sin  / 2 
2

d  
dr
2sin  / 2  cos  / 2  r
 Differential Equations

dr
 tan  / 2  d  
r
Integrating this equation, we get
dr
 tan  / 2  d    r
log sec  / 2 
  log r  log c
1/ 2
c
2 log sec  / 2   log
r
c
sec 2  / 2    r  c cos 2  / 2 
r
 r  k 1  cos   , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
a
Example 4.2.60. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r  ,
1  cos 
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
a
Given, r             1
1  cos 
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
dr a sin 
             2
d 1  cos  2
From 1 , a  r 1  cos  
Using this in  2  , we get
dr r 1  cos   sin 

d 1  cos  
2

dr r sin 

d 1  cos  
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d r sin  d sin 
r 2   r 
dr 1  cos   dr 1  cos  
1  cos   d   dr
sin  r


 2 cos  / 2 
2

d  
dr
2sin  / 2  cos  / 2  r
dr
 cot  / 2  d  
r
Integrating this equation, we get
 Differential Equations

dr
 cot  / 2  d    r
log sin  / 2 
  log r  log c
1/ 2
c
2 log sin  / 2   log
r
c c
sin 2  / 2    r 
r sin  / 2 
2

k
r , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
1  cos 
Example 4.2.61. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r n sin n  a n ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, r n sin n  a n            1
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
 dr 
r n  n cos n   sin n  nr n 1 0
 d 
dr
nr n 1 sin n   nr n cos n
d
dr  r cos n

d sin n
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d  r cos n d
r 2  r  cot n
dr sin n dr
d dr

cot n r
Integrating this equation, we get
dr
 tan n d   r
log sec n
 log r  log c
n
log sec n  n log cr
 sec n   cr 
n

 r n cos n  k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.

 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.62. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r n  a n sin n ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, r n  a n sin n            1
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
dr
nr n 1  a n  n cos n 
d
dr a n cos n

d r n 1
dr ra n cos n
 n
d a sin n
dr
 r cot n
d
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d d
r 2  r cot n   r  cot n
dr dr
d dr

cot n r
Integrating this equation, we get
dr
 tan n d    r
log sec n
  log r  log c
n
n
c c
log sec n  n log  log sec n  log  
r r
n
c
 sec n   
r
 r n  k cos n , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.63. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r n  a n cos n ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, r n  a n cos n            1
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
dr
nr n 1  a n   n sin n 
d
dr  a n sin n

d r n 1
dr  ra n sin n
 n
d a cos n
dr
  r tan n
d
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d d
r 2   r tan n  r  tan n
dr dr
d dr

tan n r
Integrating this equation, we get
dr
 cot n d   r
log sin n
 log r  log c
n
log sin n  n log cr  log sin n  log  cr 
n

 sin n   cr 
n

 r n  k sin n , is the required orthogonal trajectories.

 Differential Equations

 k2 
Example 4.2.64. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves  r   cos   a,
 r 
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
 k2 
Given,  r   cos   a            1
 r 
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
 k2   dr k 2 dr 
 r     sin    cos    2 0
 r   d  r d 
dr  k 2   k2 
 cos   1  
  r    sin  
d  r 2   r 
dr  k2   k2 
  1  2 
  r   tan 
d  r   r 
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d  k   2
k2 
r 2  1  
  r   tan 
dr  r 2   r 
d 2 2  r 2  k 2 
 k  r    r  tan 
dr  
d  r 2  k 2 
  tan 
dr  r  k 2  r 2  
 
d r  k2
2
 dr
tan  r  k  r  k  r 
Integrating this equation, we get
r2  k2
 cot  d   r  k  r  k  r  dr
A B C 
log sin        dr
 r k r k r 
Now, r 2  k 2  A  k  r  k  r   Br  k  r   Cr  k  r 
Putting r  0 implies A  1, Putting r  k implies B  1, Putting r   k implies C  1,
1 1 1 
 log sin        dr
r k r k r 
 log sin   log r  log  k  r   log  k  r   log c
r
 log sin   log  log c
 k  r  k  r 
 Differential Equations

r
 log sin   log  log c
k  r2 
2

sin 
 log  log c
r
k 2  r2 
sin   k 2  r 2 
 c
r
 k2 
  r   sin   k , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
 r 
Example 4.2.65. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r  2a  cos   sin   ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, r  2a  cos   sin              1
Differentiating w.r.t ' '
dr
 2a   sin   cos               2
d
r
From 1 , 2a 
cos   sin 
Using this,  2  becomes
dr r   sin   cos  

d cos   sin 
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d r   sin   cos  
r 2 
dr cos   sin 
d   sin   cos   d sin   cos 
 r  r 
dr cos   sin  dr cos   sin 
cos   sin  dr
d 
sin   cos  r
Integrating this equation, we get
cos   sin  dr
 sin   cos  d   r
 log  sin   cos    log r  log c
 log  sin   cos    log cr
  sin   cos    cr
 r  k  sin   cos   , is the required orthogonal trajectories.
 Differential Equations

Example 4.2.66. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r  4a  sec   tan   ,
where a is the parameter.
Solution :
Given, r  4a  sec   tan              1
Differentiating w.r.t ' '

 4a  sec  tan   sec 2    4a sec   sec   tan  

dr
d
dr
 r sec   by using 1 
d
dr d
Replace by  r 2
d dr
d 
r 2  r sec 
dr
d
 r  sec 
dr
d dr
 
sec  r
Integrating this equation, we get
dr
 cos  d    r
 sin    log r  c
 log r  sin   c, is the required orthogonal trajectories.

Exercise 4.2.3
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following family of curves, where a is the parameter
1. r 1  cos    a 2. r  a 1  cos   3. r n cos n  a n
4. 4a sec  tan  5. r  a cos 2  / 2  6. r  a 1  sin  
7. x 2  y 2  2ax 8. x 2  3 y 2  ay 9. x 3  3 xy 2  a
10. y  x  ae  x 11. y 2  2 xy  x 2  a 12. y  ax 2
13. xy  a 2 14. x 4/3  y 4/3  a 4/3 15. r 2  a 2 cos 2
16. Show that the family of curves x 2  4a  y  a  is self orthogonal.

Answers
1. r 1  cos    k 2. r  k 1  cos   3. r n sin n  k n 4. r 2 1  sin 2  
5. r  k sin 2  / 2  6. r  k 1  sin   7. x 2  y 2  ky 8. x 3  k  y 2  x 2 
9. 3 x 2 y  y 3  a 10. x   y  2   ke  y 11. x 2  2 xy  y 2  k 12. x 2  2 y 2  k
13. x 2  y 2  k 14. x 2/3  y 2/3  k 15. r 2  k sin 2