Gemini (language model)

Gemini (formerly known as Bard) is a family of

Gemini
multimodal large language models developed by
Google DeepMind, serving as the successor to LaMDA
and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Ultra, Gemini Pro,
Gemini Flash, and Gemini Nano, it was announced on
December 6, 2023, positioned as a competitor to
OpenAI's GPT-4. It powers the chatbot of the same Developer(s) Google DeepMind
name. Initial release December 6, 2023
Predecessor PaLM 2

History Available in English

Type Large language model
License Proprietary
Development Website deepmind.google/technologies
Google announced Gemini, a large language model /gemini/ (https://deepmind.goog
(LLM) developed by subsidiary Google DeepMind, le/technologies/gemini/)

Google CEO Sundar Pichai (L) and DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis (R) spearheaded the development of
Gemini.

during the Google I/O keynote on May 10, 2023. It was positioned as a more powerful successor to
PaLM 2, which was also unveiled at the event, with Google CEO Sundar Pichai stating that Gemini was
still in its early developmental stages.[1][2] Unlike other LLMs, Gemini was said to be unique in that it
was not trained on a text corpus alone and was designed to be multimodal, meaning it could process
multiple types of data simultaneously, including text, images, audio, video, and computer code.[3] It had
been developed as a collaboration between DeepMind and Google Brain, two branches of Google that
had been merged as Google DeepMind the previous month.[4] In an interview with Wired, DeepMind
CEO Demis Hassabis touted Gemini's advanced capabilities, which he believed would allow the
algorithm to trump OpenAI's ChatGPT, which runs on GPT-4 and whose growing popularity had been
aggressively challenged by Google with LaMDA and Bard. Hassabis highlighted the strengths of
DeepMind's AlphaGo program, which gained worldwide attention in 2016 when it defeated Go champion
Lee Sedol, saying that Gemini would combine the power of AlphaGo and other Google–DeepMind
LLMs.[5]

In August 2023, The Information published a report outlining Google's roadmap for Gemini, revealing
that the company was targeting a launch date of late 2023. According to the report, Google hoped to
surpass OpenAI and other competitors by combining conversational text capabilities present in most
LLMs with artificial intelligence–powered image generation, allowing it to create contextual images and
be adapted for a wider range of use cases.[6] Like Bard,[7] Google co-founder Sergey Brin was summoned
out of retirement to assist in the development of Gemini, along with hundreds of other engineers from
Google Brain and DeepMind;[6][8] he was later credited as a "core contributor" to Gemini.[9] Because
Gemini was being trained on transcripts of YouTube videos, lawyers were brought in to filter out any
potentially copyrighted materials.[6]

With news of Gemini's impending launch, OpenAI hastened its work on integrating GPT-4 with
multimodal features similar to those of Gemini.[10] The Information reported in September that several
companies had been granted early access to "an early version" of the LLM, which Google intended to
make available to clients through Google Cloud's Vertex AI service. The publication also stated that
Google was arming Gemini to compete with both GPT-4 and Microsoft's GitHub Copilot.[11][12]

Launch
On December 6, 2023, Pichai and Hassabis announced "Gemini 1.0" at a virtual press conference.[13][14]
It comprised three models: Gemini Ultra, designed for "highly complex tasks"; Gemini Pro, designed for
"a wide range of tasks"; and Gemini Nano, designed for "on-device tasks". At launch, Gemini Pro and
Nano were integrated into Bard and the Pixel 8 Pro smartphone, respectively, while Gemini Ultra was set
to power "Bard Advanced" and become available to software developers in early 2024. Other products
that Google intended to incorporate Gemini into included Search, Ads, Chrome, Duet AI on Google
Workspace, and AlphaCode 2.[15][14] It was made available only in English.[14][16] Touted as Google's
"largest and most capable AI model" and designed to emulate human behavior,[17][14][18] the company
stated that Gemini would not be made widely available until the following year due to the need for
"extensive safety testing".[13] Gemini was trained on and powered by Google's Tensor Processing Units
(TPUs),[13][16] and the name is in reference to the DeepMind–Google Brain merger as well as NASA's
Project Gemini.[19]

Gemini Ultra was said to have outperformed GPT-4, Anthropic's Claude 2, Inflection AI's Inflection-2,
Meta's LLaMA 2, and xAI's Grok 1 on a variety of industry benchmarks,[20][13] while Gemini Pro was
said to have outperformed GPT-3.5.[3] Gemini Ultra was also the first language model to outperform
human experts on the 57-subject Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) test, obtaining a
score of 90%.[3][19] Gemini Pro was made available to Google Cloud customers on AI Studio and Vertex
AI on December 13, while Gemini Nano will be made available to Android developers as well.[21][22][23]
Hassabis further revealed that DeepMind was exploring how Gemini could be "combined with robotics to
physically interact with the world".[24] In accordance with an executive order signed by U.S. President
Joe Biden in October, Google stated that it would share testing results of Gemini Ultra with the federal
government of the United States. Similarly, the company was engaged in discussions with the
government of the United Kingdom to comply with the principles laid out at the AI Safety Summit at
Bletchley Park in November.[3]

Updates
Google partnered with Samsung to integrate Gemini Nano and Gemini Pro into its Galaxy S24
smartphone lineup in January 2024.[25][26] The following month, Bard and Duet AI were unified under
the Gemini brand,[27][28] with "Gemini Advanced with Ultra 1.0" debuting via a new "AI Premium" tier
of the Google One subscription service.[29] Gemini Pro also received a global launch.[30]

In February, 2024, Google launched "Gemini 1.5" in a limited capacity, positioned as a more powerful
and capable model than 1.0 Ultra.[31][32][33] This "step change" was achieved through various technical
advancements, including a new architecture, a mixture-of-experts approach, and a larger one-million-
token context window, which equates to roughly an hour of silent video, 11 hours of audio, 30,000 lines
of code, or 700,000 words.[34] The same month, Google debuted Gemma, a family of free and open-
source LLMs that serve as a lightweight version of Gemini. They come in two sizes, with a neural
network with two and seven billion parameters, respectively. Multiple publications viewed this as a
response to Meta and others open-sourcing their AI models, and a stark reversal from Google's
longstanding practice of keeping its AI proprietary.[35][36][37] Google announced an additional model,
Gemini 1.5 Flash, on May 14th at the 2024 I/O keynote.[38]

Gemma 2 was released on June 27, 2024.[39]

Two updated Gemini models, Gemini-1.5-Pro-002 and Gemini-1.5-Flash-002, were released on

September 24, 2024.[40]

On December 11, 2024, Google announced Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental,[41] a significant update to its
Gemini AI model. This iteration boasts improved speed and performance over its predecessor, Gemini 1.5
Flash. Key features include a Multimodal Live API for real-time audio and video interactions, enhanced
spatial understanding, native image and controllable text-to-speech generation (with watermarking), and
integrated tool use, including Google Search.[42] It also introduces improved agentic capabilities, a new
Google Gen AI SDK,[43] and "Jules," an experimental AI coding agent for GitHub. Additionally, Google
Colab is integrating Gemini 2.0 to generate data science notebooks from natural language. Gemini 2.0
was available through the Gemini chat interface for all users as "Gemini 2.0 Flash experimental".

On January 30, 2025, Google released Gemini 2.0 Flash as the new default model, with Gemini 1.5 Flash
still available for usage.

Technical specifications
The first generation of Gemini ("Gemini 1") has three models, with the same architecture. They are
decoder-only transformers, with modifications to allow efficient training and inference on TPUs. They
have a context length of 32,768 tokens, with multi-query attention. Two versions of Gemini Nano, Nano-
1 (1.8 billion parameters) and Nano-2 (3.25 billion parameters), are distilled from larger Gemini models,
designed for use by edge devices such as smartphones. As Gemini is multimodal, each context window
can contain multiple forms of input. The different modes can be interleaved and do not have to be
presented in a fixed order, allowing for a multimodal conversation. For example, the user might open the
conversation with a mix of text, picture, video, and audio, presented in any order, and Gemini might reply
with the same free ordering. Input images may be of different resolutions, while video is inputted as a
sequence of images. Audio is sampled at 16 kHz and then converted into a sequence of tokens by the
Universal Speech Model. Gemini's dataset is multimodal and multilingual, consisting of "web documents,
books, and code, and includ[ing] image, audio, and video data".[44]

The second generation of Gemini ("Gemini 1.5") has two models. Gemini 1.5 Pro is a multimodal sparse
mixture-of-experts, with a context length in the millions, while Gemini 1.5 Flash is distilled from Gemini
1.5 Pro, with a context length above 2 million.[45]

Gemma 2 27B is trained on web documents, code, science articles. Gemma 2 9B was distilled from 27B.
Gemma 2 2B was distilled from a 7B model that remained unreleased.[46]

As of 2024 August, the models released include[47]

Gemma 1 (2B, 7B)

CodeGemma (2B and 7B) - Gemma 1 finetuned for code generation.

Gemma 2 (2B, 9B, 27B) - 27B trained from scratch. 2B and 9B

RecurrentGemma (2B, 9B) - Griffin-based, instead of Transformer-based.

PaliGemma (3B) - A vision-language model that takes text and image inputs, and outputs
text. It is based on PaLI.[48]

Reception
Gemini's launch was preluded by months of intense speculation and anticipation, which MIT Technology
Review described as "peak AI hype".[49][20] In August 2023, Dylan Patel and Daniel Nishball of research
firm SemiAnalysis penned a blog post declaring that the release of Gemini would "eat the world" and
outclass GPT-4, prompting OpenAI CEO Sam Altman to ridicule the duo on X (formerly Twitter).[50][51]
Business magnate Elon Musk, who co-founded OpenAI, weighed in, asking, "Are the numbers
wrong?"[52] Hugh Langley of Business Insider remarked that Gemini would be a make-or-break moment
for Google, writing: "If Gemini dazzles, it will help Google change the narrative that it was blindsided by
Microsoft and OpenAI. If it disappoints, it will embolden critics who say Google has fallen behind."[53]

Reacting to its unveiling in December 2023, University of Washington professor emeritus Oren Etzioni
predicted a "tit-for-tat arms race" between Google and OpenAI. Professor Alexei Efros of the University
of California, Berkeley praised the potential of Gemini's multimodal approach,[19] while scientist Melanie
Mitchell of the Santa Fe Institute called Gemini "very sophisticated". Professor Chirag Shah of the
University of Washington was less impressed, likening Gemini's launch to the routineness of Apple's
annual introduction of a new iPhone. Similarly, Stanford University's Percy Liang, the University of
Washington's Emily Bender, and the University of Galway's Michael Madden cautioned that it was
difficult to interpret benchmark scores without insight into the training data used.[49][54] Writing for Fast
Company, Mark Sullivan opined that Google had the opportunity to challenge the iPhone's dominant
market share, believing that Apple was unlikely to have the capacity to develop functionality similar to
Gemini with its Siri virtual assistant.[55] Google shares spiked by 5.3 percent the day after Gemini's
launch.[56][57]

Google faced criticism for a demonstrative video of Gemini, which was not conducted in real time.[58]

See also
Gato, a multimodal neural network developed by DeepMind

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Further reading
Honan, Matt (December 6, 2023). "Google CEO Sundar Pichai on Gemini and the coming
age of AI" (https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/06/1084539/google-ceo-sundar-pich
ai-on-gemini-and-the-coming-age-of-ai/). MIT Technology Review. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20231206233355/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/06/1084539/goo
gle-ceo-sundar-pichai-on-gemini-and-the-coming-age-of-ai/) from the original on December
6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
"Gemma explained: An overview of Gemma model family architectures- Google Developers
Blog" (https://developers.googleblog.com/en/gemma-explained-overview-gemma-model-fam
ily-architectures/). developers.googleblog.com. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

External links
Official website (https://deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/)
Press release (https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-ai/) via The Keyword
White paper for 1.0 (https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/gemini/gemini_1_repo
rt.pdf) and 1.5 (https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/gemini/gemini_v1_5_report.
pdf)

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