SAFETY PRACTICES IN SPORTS AND
EXERCISE
INJURIES
•ARE DAMAGED TISSUES OR ORGANS WHICH
OCCUR WHEN IT ENCOUNTERS TRAUMA OR
PHYSICAL FORCE THAT IS GREATER THAN
WHAT IS CAN RESIST ABSORB.
DIRECTION OF FORCES APPLIED TO
MUSCULOSKELETAL STRUCTURES
•COMPRESSIVE
•TENSILE
•SHEAR
TWO TYPES OF INJURIES
•CHRONIC/ OVERUSE – SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OCCUR AFTER
A LONG PERIOD OF EXPOSURE TO THE FORCE.
•ACUTE INJURIES – HAVE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
(E.G., PAIN, SWELLING) THAT MANIFEST IMMEDIATELY AFTER
FORCE APPLICATION.
THREE TYPES OF OVER USE INJURIES
ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
•STAGE 1
- COMPLAIN OF PAIN ONLY AFTER THE ACTIVITY, GAME, OR TRAINING SESSION
•STAGE 2
- COMPLAIN DURING AND AFTER AN ACTIVITY BUT DO NOT FEEL IT DURING
REST .
•STAGE 3
- THE ATHLETE FEELS PAIN WHETHER AT REST OR PLAY.
ARE CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS AT MORE RISK
OF GETTING INJURED?
WHAT FACTORS INCREASE THE RISK OF
INJURY?
WHY DOES A BODY PART SWELL AFTER
GETTING INJURED?
MUSCULOSKELETAL STRUCTURES
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Ligaments Stabilize joints
Tendons Attaches muscles to bones
Muscles Creates movements
Bones Anchor for muscles
Joints Fulcrum for movement
COMMON SPORTS INJURIES
(ACUTE INJURIES)
• SPRAIN
• STRAIN
• FRACTURE
• DISLOCATION
• WOUNDS
• CONCUSSION
SPRAIN
• INJURIES FROM THE SOFT TISSUES
AFFECTING THE LIGAMENTS AND BLOOD
VESSELS WHICH ARE STRETCHED AND
OCCASIONALLY TORN OR PARTIALLY
TORN.
STRAIN
•INJURIES TO MUSCLES
OR TENDONS FROM
OVER EXERTION
AFFECTING THE
FIBERS WHICH ARE
STRETCHED AND
SOMETIMES
PARTIALLY TORN.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPRAINS AND STRAINS ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
CATEGORY FIBER DAMAGED LOSS OF FUNCTION
MILD MINIMAL TEAR PAIN WHEN MOVED
(FIRST DEGREE)
MODERATE PARTIAL TEAR PAIN AT REST AND WHEN
(SECOND DEGREE) MOVED
SEVERE COMPLETE TEAR COMPLETE LOSS OF FUNCTION
(THIRD DEGREE)
FRACTURE
• THE BREAKING OF A
PART, ESPECIALLY A BONE.
• A BREAK IN THE
CONTINUITY OF BONE
• FRACTURES MAY BE
CAUSED BY TRAUMA, BY
TWISTING DUE TO
MUSCLE SPASM, OR
INDIRECT LOSS OF
LEVERAGE OR BY
DISEASE.
CAUSES OF FRACTURE
•BY DIRECT BLOW
•BY CRUSHING FORCE
•BY FALL OR AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT
TYPES OF FRACTURE
1. GREENSTICK
►a fracture in a young, soft bone in
which the bone bends and breaks
►usually occur most often during
infancy and childhood when bones are
soft
► The name is by analogy with green
(i.e., fresh) wood which similarly
breaks on the outside when bent.
2. Transverse
⚫ A fracture, the line of
which forms a right
angle with the axis of
the bone.
3. Oblique
⚫ a fracture in which the
break is at an angle to
the bone’s axis
4. Comminuted
⚫ a fracture in which the
bone fragments into
several pieces
⚫ one in which the bone is
splintered or crushed,
with three or more
fragments.
5. Impacted
⚫ fracture in which
one fragment is
firmly driven into
the other.
B. Compound (Open fracture)
• a broken bone that penetrates the skin.
• Open fractures are typically caused by high-energy
injuries such as car crashes, falls, or sports injuries.
DISLOCATION
•Displacement of a
bone end from the
joints, particularly
in the shoulder,
elbow, fingers or
thumb.
WOUNDS
•an injury to living tissue caused by a
cut, blow, or other impact, typically
one in which the skin is cut or
broken.
TYPES OF WOUNDS
•Abrasion
•Laceration
•Puncture
•Avulsion
ABRASION
•occurs when your skin rubs
or scrapes against a rough
or hard surface. Road rash is
an example of an abrasion.
• There’s usually not a lot of
bleeding, but the wound needs to
be scrubbed and cleaned to
avoid infection.
LACERATION
•A laceration is a deep cut or
tearing of your skin.
•Accidents with knives, tools, and
machinery are frequent causes of
lacerations.
•In the case of deep lacerations,
bleeding can be rapid and
extensive.
PUNCTURE
• is a small hole caused by a long,
pointy object, such as a nail or
needle.
• Punctures may not bleed much,
but these wounds can be deep
enough to damage internal
organs.
AVULSION
•is a partial or complete
tearing away of skin and
the tissue beneath.
Avulsions usually occur
during violent accidents,
such as body-crushing
accidents, explosions, and
gunshots
•They bleed heavily and
CONCUSSION
• ARE LIFE-THREATENING INJURIES
BECAUSE THEY DISRUPT THE
NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN.
• A SEVERE BLOW TO THE HEAD COULD
CAUSE THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE
BRAIN TO RUPTURE.
COMMON SPORTS INJURIES
OVERUSE INJURIES
• STRESS FRACTURE
• TENDINOPATHY/ TENDINITIS
• OSTEOATHRITIS
• BURSITIS
STRESS FRACTURE
• ARE TINY CRACKS IN A BONE.
THEY'RE CAUSED BY
REPETITIVE FORCE, OFTEN
FROM OVERUSE — SUCH AS
REPEATEDLY JUMPING UP AND
DOWN OR RUNNING LONG
DISTANCES.
TENDINOPATHY/TENDINITIS
• ALSO CALLED TENDINOSIS,
REFERS TO THE BREAKDOWN OF
COLLAGEN IN A TENDON.
• THIS CAUSES BURNING PAIN IN
ADDITION TO REDUCED
FLEXIBILITY AND RANGE OF
MOTION.
OSTEOATHRITIS
• IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF
ARTHRITIS, AFFECTING MILLIONS OF
PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. IT OCCURS
WHEN THE PROTECTIVE CARTILAGE
THAT CUSHIONS THE ENDS OF YOUR
BONES WEARS DOWN OVER TIME.
• CAN DAMAGE ANY JOINT, THE
DISORDER MOST COMMONLY AFFECTS
JOINTS IN YOUR HANDS, KNEES, HIPS
AND SPINE.
BURSITIS
• IS A PAINFUL CONDITION THAT AFFECTS
THE SMALL, FLUID-FILLED SACS —
CALLED BURSAE.
• BURSAE- THAT CUSHION THE BONES,
TENDONS AND MUSCLES NEAR YOUR
JOINTS.
• OCCURS WHEN BURSAE BECOME
INFLAMED. THE MOST COMMON
LOCATIONS FOR BURSITIS ARE IN THE
SHOULDER, ELBOW AND HIP.
SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION
• ADOPT A COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING PROGRAM
• USE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICE CORRECT TECHNIQUE.
• INCORPORATE RECOVERY STRATEGIES IN THE TRAINING PROGRAM.
• FOLLOW RULES AND DECORUM DURING THE COMPETITION.
