"Comprehensive Support for Students in Mathematics

subject seeking to Overcome Past Setbacks."

Std. - XII
Subject - Mathematics and Statistics
(Arts and Science)
Part - II

State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune

Std. XII Subject : Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II
 Promoter : School Education and Sports Department, Government of Maharashtra.
 Publisher : State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune.

Inspiration : Hon'ble I. A. Kundan (I.A.S.)

Principal Secretary,
School Education and Sports Department, Mantralaya, Mumbai.

Guidance : Hon'ble Suraj Mandhare (I.A.S.)

Commissioner (Education), Maharashtra State, Pune.
Hon'ble Pradipkumar Dange (I.A.S.)
State Project Director, MPSP, Mumbai.

Editor : Hon'ble Rahul Rekhawar (I.A.S.)

Director,
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune.

Co-Editors : Hon'ble Dr. Shobha Khandare

Joint Director,
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune.

Hon'ble Dr. Kamaladevi Awate

Deputy Director,
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune.

 Executive Editors : Hon'ble Manisha Yadav

Head, Dept. of Mathematics
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune.

Hon'ble Vrushali Gaikwad

Lecturer, Dept. of Mathematics,
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune.

 First Edition : June 2024

 Financial Aid : Samagra Project, MPSP, Mumbai.

 Printer : Runa Graphics, Pune.

 © All rights reserved with Publisher.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : Two
 'Comprehensive Support for Students in Mathematics subject seeking
to Overcome Past Setbacks.'

Specialized Mathematics Study Materials for HSC Students

Subject : Mathematics and statistics
(Arts and Science) Code : 40

OBJECTIVES OF THE BOOKLET

This booklet is prepared for the help of the students who will be appearing for the
Supplementary Examination and thereafter too. It is prepared as such students could not
score the minimum score to pass in the written Board examination held in February 2024.
This booklet is designed to boost the confidence of the students. It will definitely
help them to score good marks in the forthcoming examination. It will be a great support
for the students who lack behind others.
It is prepared in a systematic and easiest way by the expert teachers. The students
are aware of the text book as well as the examination pattern (MCQ’s, 1 Mark, 2 Marks,
3 Marks and 4 Marks questions). Still, this booklet elaborates every segment in detail.
It considers the level of the students.
By studying as suggested in the booklet, we are quite sure that the students will
be able to practice a lot with given guidelines. They will score and step into the world
of success.
The main objectives can be summarized as under :
1) To facilitate the essential study material to the students to confidently face the HSC
Board Examination.
2) To help every low achiever student to achieve 100% success at the HSC Board
Examination.
3) To motivate the students to score more than their expectation in the Mathematics
Subject which they find as most difficult.
4) To include tools and exercises that allow students to evaluate their own progress
and understand their improvement areas.
5) To help the teachers to reach out to students who struggle to pass in the Mathemat-
ics subject at the HSC Board Exam with the help of this material.
6) Each chapter in the booklet contains important concepts in short.
7) Based on these concepts simple solved examples are given.
8) Practice questions with hints and answers are given.
9) Two practice question papers will definitely help students.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : Three
 INTRODUCTION

Dear Students,
It does not matter if you did not score well in the regular examination held
in February 2024. Remember, "every setback is a setup for a comeback." Your
previous attempt must have taught you something valuable. We believe in your
potential to overcome this hurdle and excel in your upcoming exams.
After a comprehensive analysis of the results, SCERT, Maharashtra, Pune
has taken an initiative for the upliftment of students who could not achieve the
minimum passing score. It was found that some fundamental concepts were not
clear to the students. Hence, a significant effort was made to prepare this booklet.
This booklet is designed specifically for those who did not achieve the desired
results in their previous Mathematics exam. We understand that facing a setback
can be challenging, but it also presents an invaluable opportunity for growth
and learning. Our goal with this booklet is to provide you with comprehensive
resources and targeted exercises to help you strengthen your understanding of key
mathematical concepts. We have carefully curated the content to address common
areas of difficulty and to reinforce fundamental principles essential for success in
Mathematics.
This booklet will help you to prepare for the supplementary examination.
Through a combination of clear explanations, step-by-step problem-solving
strategies, and ample practice questions, we aim to build your confidence and
competence in the subject. Remember, perseverance and a positive mindset are
crucial as you work through this material.
Use this booklet diligently, seek help when needed, and stay committed to
your studies. With dedication and effort, you can turn this experience into a stepping
stone toward academic success. This resource will also prove to be extremely useful
for teachers as they assist students in preparing for the supplementary examination.
It will boost your confidence to appear for the exam once again. New students in
the coming years can also benefit from this booklet. Best wishes for your journey
ahead.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : Four
 INDEX

Sr. Chapters Pg. No.

Part - II
1. Differentiation 1

2. Applications of Derivatives 25

3. Indefinite Integration 34

4. Definite Integration 50

5. Applications of Definite Integration 59

6. Differential Equations 66

7. Probability Distributions 78

8. Binomial Distribution 84

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : Five
 Part II

1. Differentiation
1.1 Definition :

f (x + h) − f (x)
If lim exists, then this limits is called is the derivative of f (x) w.r.t.x
h→0 h
f (x + h) − f (x)
and is denoted by f ' (x) ∴ (x) = lim
h→0 h
Leibnitz’s Notation :
Let y = f (x) stbe a function of x. Let δ y be a small change in y corresponding to change

δx in x, then lim
h→0
[ δxδ ]
y
exists,is called the

derivative of y w.r.t.x and is denoted by

dx
dy
i. e. dx = lim
dyδy
h→0 δx
[ ]
dy d
Let y = f (x) then di ff.y w.r.t. x is = f (x) = f' (x)
dx dx
Sr. No. Derivatives of Standard Function Derivative of Composite Function
1) d
(k) = 0, k is const.
dx
n n−1
2) d d
x = nx
n n−1
[f (x)] = n [f (x)] f ' (x)
dx dx
3) d 1 −1 d 1 −1
= 2' = 2 f ' (x)
dx x x dx √ (x) [f (x)]
f
4) d 1 d 1
f (x) = f ' (x)
=
dx √ x 2√ x dx √ 2√ f(x)
5) d d sin f (x) = cos f (x) f ' (x)
sin x = cos x
dx dx
6) d d cos f (x) = − sin f (x) f ' (x)
cos x = − sin x
dx dx
7) d d
tan x = sec2 x tan f (x) = sec2 f (x) f ' (x)
dx dx
8) d d
cot x = − cosec2 x cot f (x) = − cosec2 f (x) f ' (x)
dx dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 1
 Sr. No. Derivatives of Standard Function Derivative of Composite Function
9) d d
sec x = sec x tan x sec f (x) = sec (x) tan f (x) f ' (x)
dx dx
10) d d
cosec x = − cosec x cot x cosec f (x)
dx dx
11) d
= ax log a, d f (x)
dx a = a f (x) log a f ' (x), a > 1, a ≠ 1
a > 1, a ≠ 1 dx
12) d d f (x)
e x= e x e = e f (x) f ' (x)
dx dx
13) d 1 d 1
log x, = log f (x) = f ' (x)
dx x dx f (x)
14) d 1 d 1
dx log x, = loga f (x) = f ' (x)
a x log a dx f (x) log a
a > 1, a ≠ 1 a > 1, a ≠ 1

Rules of Differentiation : Let u and v are differentiable functions of x.

dy du dv
1) If y = u + v, then = +
dx dx dx
dy du dv
2) If y = u − v, then
= −
dx dx dx
dy dv du
3) If y = u . v, then
=u + v dx
dx dx
dy du
4) If y = k . u, then =k .
where k is constant
dx dx
dw dy dv du
5) If y = u . v . w, then
= uv dx + uw + vw dx
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dy dx dx
6) If y = , then =
v dx v2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 2
Theorem : If y is differential function of u and u is differential function of x, then y is
dy dy du
differential function of x and = .
dx du dx
A Let δy and δu be a small change in y and u corresponding to change δx in x
Proof :
As δx → 0, δy → 0 and δu → 0
dy lim δy
y is differential function of u then = δu→0 δu
du
du lim δu
u is differential function of x then = δx→0
dx δx
δy δy δu
Now, = .
δx δ u δx
Taking limit as δx→0

lim δy lim δy δu lim δy lim δu

∴ δx→0 = δx→0 . = δx→0 . δx→0
δx δ u δx δu δx

lim δy lim δu
= δu→0 . δx→0 δx 0, δu→0
∴
→
δu δx

lim δy dy du
∴ = .
δx→0 δx du dx
Here L.H.S. is exists so R.H.S. is exists y is differential function of x and
∴

dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
To finding the derivative of composite function is called Chain Rule
dy
1) Find If y = etan x
dx
Solution : y = etan x

Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy d
= etan x dx tan x = etan x sec2 x
dx
dy
2) Find If y = √ tan√ x
dx
Solution : y = √ tan√ x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 3
 Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy 1 d 1 d
= tan√ x = sec2 √ x dx √ x
dx dx
2√ tan√ x 2√ tan√ x

1 1
sec2 √ x
2√ tan√ x 2√ x
dy

3) Find If y = cot2 (x3)
dx
Solution : y = cot2 (x3)
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy d d
= 2 cot (x)3
dx
[ cot (x)3] = 2 cot (x)3 [− cosec2 (x)3] dx (x)3
dx

= 2 cot(x)3[−cosec2(x3)](3x2) = −6x2cot(x)3cosec2(x2)
dy

4) Find If y = log (sec ex2)
dx
Solution : y = log (sec ex2) Differentiate w.r.t.x

dy 1 d 1 d x2
= sec ex2 = x2 sec e
x2
tan ex2 e
dx sec e dx
x2
sec e dx
d 2
= tan ex2 ex2 x = tan ex2 ex2 2x = 2x ex2 tan ex2
dx

[ ( )]
2
dy x2 + 2 3
5) Find If y = log 4x 2
dx x −1
2 2

x
x2 + 2 3
Solution : y = log 4 x2 − 1 [( ) x2 + 1 3 2
( )
x2 + 2
= log (4x) + log x2 − 1 = xlog 4 + log x2 − 1
3
( )
2 2
∴ y = x log 4 + 3 log (x2 + 1) − 3 log (x2 − 1)

Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy d 2 d 2 d
= dx x log 4 + dx log (x2 + 1) − dx log (x2 − 1)
dx 3 3
2 1 2 1
= log 4 + ( x +2
1) 2x − (x2 − 1) 2x
3 3

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 4
 4x 4x
= log 4 + 3(x2 + 1) − 3(x2 − 1)

12x3 − 12x − 12x3 − 12x − 24x

= log 4 + = log 4 + 9(x4 − 1)
9(x − 1)
4

8x
= log 4 + 3(x4 − 1)

x
dy e√ + 1
6) Find If y =
dx x
e√ − 1

Solution : y =
e √x + 1
x
e√ − 1

Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy d e√ x + 1
= dx
dx x
e√ − 1
d d
(e√ x − 1) dx (e√ x + 1) − (e√ x + 1) dx (e√ x − 1)
=
(e √ x − 1)
2

1 1
x x x
√ − 1) e√ 2√ x − (e√ + 1) e√ 2√ x x
= (e
(e √ x − 1)
x
e√ x
x
e√ (− 2)
(e√ x − 1) − (e√ − 1) x
2√ x 2√ x − e√
= = =
(e√ x − 1)2 (e√ x − 1)2 √ x (e√ x − 1)2

Exercise 1.1

Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.

√x +5
2
1) y = 2) y = sin (log x) 3) log x5 + 4

4) 53 cos x − 2 5) y = √ sin x3 6) y = log [cos (x5)]

7) y = log e3x.[ (3x +

3
√ 2x + 5
2
4) 3
] 8) y = log
[ 1 − cos(32x)
1 + cos( )
3x
2
]
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 5
Derivative of Inverse Functions :
Theorem : If y = f (x) is a derivable function of x such that the inverse function
dx
dy
x = f (-1)
(y) is defined, then show that
1
= dy where ≠0 ( )
dy
dx
dx
( )
Proof : Let δy and δx be a small increments in x and y resp.

As δx → 0, δy → 0 and As δy → 0, δx → 0
dy δy
y is differential function of x then = lim
dx δx→0 δx
δx 1
Now, = δy
δy (δx)
Taking limit as δx → 0
lim δx lim 1
δ x→0 1
∴ δx→0 = =
δy lim δy lim δy
δx→0 δx →0 δx
δx
lim δx 1
∴ δx→0 =
δy dy
dx
lim δx 1
∴ δy→0 = δx → 0, δy → 0
∴
δy dy
dx
Here L.H.S. is exists so R.H.S. is exists
dx 1 1
= where dy ≠ 0 OR dy = where dx ≠ 0
dy dy dy
dx dx dy
dx dx
Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

Sr. No Derivatives of Standard Fun. Derivative of Composite Function

1) d 1 d 1
dx sin x = dx sin f (x) =
-1 -1
f '(x)
√1 − x 2
√1 − [f (x)] 2

2) d 1 d −1
dx cos x = − dx cos f (x) =
-1 -1
f '(x)
√1 − x 2
√ 1 − [f (x)]2
3) d 1 d 1
dx tan x = 1 + x2 dx tan f (x) =
-1 -1
f '(x)
√ 1 + [f (x)]2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 6
Sr. No Derivatives of Standard Fun. Derivative of Composite Function
4) d −1 d −1
dx cot x = 1 + x2 dx cot f (x) =
-1 -1
f '(x)
√1 + [f (x)] 2

5) d 1 d 1
sec-1
x = sec-1 f (x) = f '(x)
dx x √ x2 − 1 dx f (x) √ [f (x)]2 − 1
6) d −1 d −1
cosec -1
x = cosec-1 f (x) = f '(x)
dx x √ x2 − 1 dx f (x)√ [f (x)] − 1
2

1) Differentiate tan-1√ x w.r.t.x

Solution : Let y = tan-1 √ x

Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy 1 d x 1 1 1
= √ = =
dx 1+ √ (x) dx
2
1 +x 2 x
√ 2 √x (1 + x)
dy
2) Find.
dx If y = cosec
-1
( 1
sin 5x )


Solution : y = cosec-1 1
(
sin 5x )
= cosec-1 (cosec 5x) = 5x
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy
= 5x log 5
dx

3) Find
dy
dx If y = tan
-1
( sin
1 + cos x )
Solution : y = tan-1 ( sin
1 + cos x )
( ) 2 sin
x cos x
y = tan-1 2
2 x
2
2 cos
2

( ) sin
x
= tan-1 2 = tan-1 (tan
x)= x
cos x 2 2
2
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy 1
=
dx 2
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 7
 4) Find
dy
dx If y = tan
-1
(√ 1 − cos x
1 + cos x )
Solution : y = tan-1 √ 1 − cos x
1 + cos x

√
2 sin2( 2x )
y = tan-1 = tan -1 √ tan2 x
2
(
= tan-1 tan
x
)= x
2 cos ( )
x 2
2 2
2
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy 1
=
dx 2

5) Find
dy
dx If y = cot
-1
( a cos x − a sin x
a cos x + a sin x )
Solution : y = cot-1 ( a cos x − b sin x
b cos x + a sin x ) = tan-1 ( a cos x + b sin x
b cos x − a sin x )
( )
a
+ tan x
b a a
= tan-1 a = tan-1 ( ) + tan-1 (tan x) = tan-1 ( ) + x
1− tan x b b
b
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy
=0+ 1=1
dx

dy
6) Find dx If y = tan-1 ( cos 7x
1 + sin 7x )
Solution : y = tan-1 ( cos 7x
1 + sin 7x )
( )
7x 7x
cos2 − sin2
2 2
= tan-1
( cos
7x
2
+ sin
7x 2
2
)

= tan-1
( (cos 72x − sin 72x) (cos 72x + sin 72x)
(cos 72x - sin 72x)
2
)
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 8
 ( ) ( )
7x 7x 7x
cos + sin2 1 + tan
2 2 2
= tan-1 = tan-1
( cos
7x
2
− sin
7x
2
) 1 − tan
7x
2

= tan-1 (1) + tan-1 tan ( ) 7x

2

y = π + 7x Differentiate y w.r.t.x
2 2
dy 7
=
dx 2

7) Find
dy
dx If y = tan-1
8x
(
1 − 15x2 )
Solution : y = tan-1 ( 8x
1 − 15x2 ) = tan-1 ( 5x + 3x
1− (5x) (3x) )
= tan-1 (5x) + tan-1 (3x)

Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy 1 dy 1 dy 5 3
= (5x) + (3x) = 1 + 25x2 + 1 + 9x2
dx 1 + (5x) dx
2
1 + (3x) dx
2

8) Find
dy
dx If y = cos
-1
( 3 cos 3x − 4 sin 4x
5 )
Solution : y = cos-1 ( 3 cos 3x − 4 sin 4x
5 ) = cos-1 ( 35 cos 3x −
4
5 sin 3x )
Here. ( 35 ) + ( 45 )
2 2
=
9 16
5 + 5 =1
3 4
Put 5 = cos α and 5 = sin α ; Where α ; is constant
y = cos-1 (cos α cos 3x − sin α sin 3x) = cos-1 (cos (α + 3x) = α + 3x

Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy
=3
dx
Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions by Substitution :
Following are some substitution for expression in finding derivatives.
i) √ a2 − x2 OR a2 − x2 put x = a sinθ OR x = a cosθ

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 9
ii) √ a2 + x2 OR a2 + x2 put x = a tanθ OR x = a cotθ
iii) √ x2 − a2 OR x2 − a2 put x = a secθ OR x = a cosscθ
iv) √a − x OR √ a + x put x = a cosθ

v)
√ a− x
a+x
OR √ a+ x
a − x put x = a cosθ

vi)
√ a2 − x2
a2 + x2
OR
√ a2 + x2 put x2 = a2 cosθ
a2 − x2
Some more substitution for expression in finding derivatives.
i) 2x 2 put x = tanθ we get 2x = sin 2θ
1+ x 1 + x2
ii) 1 − 2x2 put x = sinθ we get 1 − 2x2 = cos 2θ

iii) 2x2 − 1 put x = cosθ we get 2x2 − 1 = cos 2θ

1 − x2
iv) 1 − x put x = tanθ we get
2
= cos 2θ
1 + x2 1 + x2

v) 2x put x = tanθ we get 2x = tan 2θ

1− x 2
1 − x2
vi) 3x − 4x3 put x = sinθ we get 3x2 − 4x3 = sin 3θ
vii) 4x3 − 3x put x = cosθ we get 4x3 − 3x = cos 3θ
viii) 3x − x3 put x = tanθ we get 3x− x3 = tan 3θ
1 + 3x2 1 + 3x2
dy -1 2x
9) Find
dx If y = sin √1 − x2

Solution : y = sin-1 2x √1 − x2
put x = sinθ ∴ θ = sin-1 x

y = sin-1 (2 sin θ √1 − sin2θ ) = sin-1 (2 sin θ √ cos2θ )

= sin-1 (2 sin θ cos θ)
y = sin-1 (sin 2θ) = 2θ = 2sin-1 x
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy 2
=
dx √1 − x2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 10
 Exercise 1.2
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
1) sin−1(x3) 2) cot−1 12
x
( ) 3) sin2(sin−1(x2))

4) cos-1 (4cos3 x − 3cos x) 5) sin-1 (√ 1 − cosx

2 ) 6) tan-1 ( 1−cos
sin )
7) cot-1 ( cos x
1 + sin x ) 8) sin-1
2 cos x + 3 sin
√ 13
9) sin-1 ( 2x
1 + x2 )
10) cosec-1 ( 1
3x − 4x2 ) 11) tan-1 ( 2ex
1 − e2x ) 12) cos-1 ( 1 − 9x2
1 + 9x2 )
13) tan-1 ( 4x
1 + 21 2) 14) tan-1 ( 7x
1 − 21x2 )
Logarithmic Differentiation :
A function in the form function to the power function i.e. y = (f (x))g(x) then taking log on
both sides, and solve the example : y = (f (x))g(x)
taking log on both sides, we get log y = log (f (x))g(x) log y = g (x) log f (x)
Now Differentiate y w.r.t.x
dy
1) If y = xtan−1 x, then dx

Solution : y = xtan−1 x
taking log on both sides, we get
log y = log xtan−1 x = tan−1 x log x
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
1 dy d d
= tan−1 x = log x + log x tan−1 x
y dx dx dx

dy
dx (
= y tan−1 x
1
x
+ log x
1
1 + x2 ) −1
= x tan x ( tan−1 x
x
+
log x
1 + x2 )
xx dy
2) If y = x then find dx
x

Solution : y = xx
taking log on both sides, we get
x x x
log y = log x = x log x
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 11
 Differentiate y w.r.t.x
Now u = xx

log u = x log x
Differentiate y w.r.t.x
1 du d d
u dx = x dx log x + log x dx x
du
dx = u x
1
(
x + log x )
d
x x
dx x = x (1+ log x)
1 dy 1
∴ y dx = xx x + log x xx (1+ log x)

dy
dx = y xx
1
x + log [
x (1+ log x) =
x
xx xx ] [x +
1
log x (1+ log x) ]
dy
2) If y = etan x + (log x)tan x then find dx

Solution : y = etan x + (log x)tan x
Put u = (log x)tanx
y = etan x + u
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy d du du
= etan x
dx tan x + = etan x sec2 x +
dx dx dx
Now, u = (log x)tan x
∴ log u = log (log x)tan x = tan x log (log x)
Differentiate w.r.t.x
1 du d d
= tan x log (log x) + log (log x) dx tan x
x dx dx
du 1 1
= u (tan x
log x x + log (log x) sec x)
2

dx
tan x
= (log x)tan x ( x log x + log (log x) sec2 x)

dy tan x
∴
dx = etan x sec2 x + (log x)tan x ( x log x + log (log x) sec2 x)

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 12
 Exercise 1.3
Differentiating the following w.r.t.x
x
2
ex (tan x) 2
1) 3 2) xa + xx + ax 3) (sin x)tan x − xlogx
2
(1 + x )2
cos3 x

Derivative of Implicit Functions :

Generally, we write the function in the form y=f(x), it is called explicit function. If functions
involving relationship between x and y, which can not be written in explicit form i.e. can
not separate variable x and y are called implicit functions.

Solved Examples :
dy
1) If x √ xy + y = 1, then find
dx
Solution : x + √ xy +y =1

Differentiating the following w.r t.x

d d d
+ +
dx x dx √ xy dx y = 0
1 d dy
1+ xy + dx = 0
2√ xy dx

1 +
√ xy
2
1
( x dx y )
dy
+ +
dy
dx = 0
1 d 1 dy
1+ + + =0
2√ xy dx 2√ xy dx

( x
2 √ xy
+1
dy
dx
)=−1−
y
2 √ xy

( 2 √ xy
) (
x + 2 √ xy dy
dx = )
− 2 √ xy − y
2 √ xy

dy
dx = ( √√ ) ( √√ )
− 2 xy − y
2 xy
xy
2
x + 2 xy

dy
dx = ( √ √ ) ( √√ )
− 2 xy − y
x + 2 xy
=−
y +2 xy
x + 2 xy

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 13
 dy
2) If cos (xy) = x + y then find dx
Solution : cos (xy) = x + y
Differentiating the following w.r.t.x
d dy
− sin (xy) xy = 1 + dx
dx

dy
( )
− sin (xy) dx + y = 1 + dx
dy

dy dy
− x sin (xy) dx − y sin (xy) = 1 +
dx
dy dy
− x sin (xy) dx − dx = 1 + y sin (xy)

dy
− (x sin (xy) − 1) = 1 + y sin (xy)
dx
dy 1 + y sin (xy) 1 + y sin (xy)
=
dx − (x sin (xy) − 1) = −
(x sin (xy) − 1)
dy
3) If xmyn = (x + y)m+n, then find dx

Solution : xnym = (x + y)m+n

taking log on both sides, we get

log xmyn = log (x + y)m+n

log xm + log yn = (m + n) log (x + y)

m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y)

Differentiating the following w.r.t.x

m
1
x
+n
1 dy
y dx
= (m + n)
1
(
(x + y)
1 +
dy
dx )
m
x
+
n dy m + n
= +
m + n dy
y dx (x + y) (x + y) dx

( n
y
−m+n
dy m + n
= ) −
dx (x + y) x
m

( nx + ny − my − ny
y (x + y)
) dy = mx + nx − mx − my
dx (x + y) x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 14
 ( x x ) x xx x
n − my
y ( + y)
dy n + − my
d
=
( + y)

dy
dx
= (
n − my
x
( + y)
x x ) ( x
x
) y ( + y)
n − my
=
y
x

dy log x
4) If xy = ex−y, then show that dx =
(1 + log x)2
Solution : xy = ex−y
taking log on both sides, we get
logxy = logex−y
y log x = (x − y) log e = x − y
y log x + y = x
x
y=
(log x + 1)
Differentiating the following w.r.t.x
1
dy (log x + 1) (1) − x log x
x = (log x + 1) − 1 =
dx = (1 + log x) 2
(1 + log x) 2 (1 + log x)2

5) If cos−1 (x2 − y2
x +y
2 2 )
= tan−1 a, then show that
dy
=
dx x
y

Solution : cos−1 2
x + y2(
x2 − y2
)
= tan−1 a

( x2 − y2
x2 + y2 )
= cos (tan−1 a) = k (constant)

x2 − y2 = x2k + y2k ∴ x2 − x2k = y2 + y2k

x2 (1 − k) = y2 (1 + k)

√
x2 (1 + k) x (1 + k)
= = Differentiating the following w.r.t.x
y2 (1 − k) y (1 − k)
dy
y (1) − y
dx = 0 dy dy − y
∴y−x =0 ∴ = =
y 2
dx dx − x x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 15
 6) If log10 (
x2 − y2
x2 + y2
= 2,)then show that
dy
=
99 x2
dx 101 y2
x2 − y2
( )
Solution : log10 2 ( )
x2 − y2
x + y2
=2 ∴
log x2 + y2
log 10
=2

( )
x2 − y2
log 2
x + y2
= 2 log 10

log ( ) x2 − y2
x2 + y2
= log 100

( )
x2 − y2
x2 + y2
= 100

x2 − y2 = 100 x2 + 100 y2

− 99 x2 = 101 y2

Differentiating the following w.r.t.x
− 99 (2x) = 101 (2y) dy
dx
− 99 (2x) dy

101 (2y) dx
dy − 99 x2
∴ =−
dx 101 y2

7) y =
√ log x +
√ log x +
√ log x + ... ∞ then find dy
dx

Solution : y =
√ log x +
√ log x +
√ log x + ... ∞

Squaring on both sides, y2 = log x +

√ log x +
√ log x + ... ∞

y2 = log x + y Differentiating the following w.r.t.x
dy 1 dy
2y = +
dx x dx
dy 1
∴ (2y − 1) =
dx x
dy 1
=
dx x (2y − 1)
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 16
 Exercise 1.4

dy
Ex. 1) Find if (i) x5 + xy3 + x2 y + y4 = 4
dx
(ii) y3 + cos (xy) = x2 (iii) x2 + exy = y2 + log (x + y)

dy y2
Ex. 2) If log (x + y) = log (xy) + P, where P is a constant then prove that =− 2
dx x
dy
Ex. 3) ex + ey = ex + y = them show that − ey − x
dx
Ex. 4) If y =
√ cos x +
√ cos x +
√ cos x + ... ∞ then show that dy = sin x

2
dx 1 − 2y

= (log x)
dy
Ex. 5) If ey = yx then show that
dx log y −
Derivative of Parametric Functions

Theorem : If x = f (t) and y = f (t) are two differentiable functions of parameter t,

where dx ≠ 0
dy dy/dt
such that y is defined as function of x then =
dx dx/dt dt
Proof : Let δx and δy be a small increments in x and y corresponding to change δt in t.

As δt → 0, δx → 0, δy → 0
lim δx
x is differential function of t then dx = δt → 0
dt δt
dy δy
y is differential function of t then = lim
dt δt
δy δy/δt
Now, =
δx δx/δt
Taking limit as δt → 0
δy lim δy dy
lim δy lim δt δt → 0 δt dt
∴ δt → 0 = δt → 0 = =
δx δx lim δx dx
δt δt → 0 δt dt
lim δy dy/dt
∴ δt → 0 = l δt → 0, δx → 0
δx dx/dt dy
dt
whrer dx ≠ 0
dy
Here L.H.S. is exists so R.H.S. is exists ∴ =
dx d x dt
dt

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 17
 dy
1) If x = at2 and x = 2at, them find
dx
Solution : x = at2 and x = 2at, Differentiating the following w.r.t.x

dx = 2at and dy = 2a
dt dt

∴ dx = dy/dt = 2a = 1
dt dx/dt 2at t
dy
2) If x = a (θ − sin θ) and y = a (1 − cos θ), them find
dx
Solution : x = a (θ − sin θ) and y = a (1 − cos θ)
Differentiating the following w.r.t.θ
dx = a (1 − cos θ) and dy = a sin θ
dθ dθ

2 sin2 θ (2)
∴ dy = dy/dt =
a (1 − cos θ)
= = cot ( θ2 )
dx dx/dt a sin θ
(θ)
2 sin 2 cos 2 (θ)
dy
3) If x = a cot θ and y = b cosec θ, them find
dx
Solution : x = a cot θ and y = a cosec θ
Differentiating the following w.r.t.θ
dx = a (− cosec θ) and dy = b (− cosec θ cot θ)
dθ dθ
− b cosce θ cot b cot θ b
∴ dy = dy/dθ = = = cot cos θ
dx dx/dθ − a cosce θ
2 a cosce 2
θ a

4) If x = sin √t and y = e √ t , them find dy

dx
Solution : x = sin √t and y = e √t
Differentiating the following w.r.t.t

dx = cos θ d 1 cos √t
√t √t = cos θ √t =
dt dt √t 2 2 √t
1 e √t
= e √t
d √t
= e√ t
dy
and =
at dt 2 √t 2 √t
dy dy/dt e√ t /2 √ t e √t
∴ = = =
dx dx/dt cos √ t /2√ t cos √ t
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 18
 dy π
5) If x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ, them find at θ =
dx 3
Solution : x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ

Differentiating the following w.r.t. θ

dx = a 3cos2 θ d
cos θ = − 3a cos2 θ sin θ
dθ dθ
dy d
= 3a sin2 θ sin θ = − 3a sin2 θ cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy/dθ 3a sin2 θ cos θ sin θ
∴ = = = = − tan θ
dx dx/dθ − 3a cos2 θ sin θ − cos θ
dy π dy π
at θ = ∴ θ= π = − tan θ =− √3
dx 3 dx 3 3
1
dy y3
6) If x = a cos θ and y = a sin θ, them show that
3 3
=−
dx x
Solution : x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ

Differentiating the following w.r.t. θ

dx = 3a cos2 θ d cos θ = − 3a cos2 θ sin θ

dθ dθ
dy d
= 3a sin2 θ sin θ = 3a sin2 θ cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy/dθ 3a sin2 θ cos θ sin θ
= = =
dx dx/dθ − 3a cos2 θ sin θ − cos θ
Given that, x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ
x = cos3 θ and y = sin3 θ
a a
1 1
( )x 3
a
= cos3 θ and
y 3
a
= sin θ ()
1

)
1 1

dy
dx
=
(y/a) 3

− (x/a) 3
1
=
(
(y/a) 3
− (x/a)
=−
y 3
x ()
dy √ ex − 1
7) If x = log (1 + t2) and y = t − tan−1 t them show that =
dx 2
Solution : x = log (1 + t2) and y = t − tan−1 t
Differentiating the following w.r.t. t
dx = 1 d 2
(1 + t2) =
dt (1 + t ) dt
2 (1 + t2)
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 19
 dy 1 1 + t2 1 − t2 t2
=1 − = =
dt (1 + t2) (1 + t2) (1 + t2)
dy t2
dy dt (1 + t2) t
∴ = = =
dx dx 2t 2
dt (1 + t )
2

Given that, x = log(1 + t2) ∴ ex = elog (1 + t ) ∴ ex = 1 + t2

2

∴ t = √e − 1
x
ex − 1 = t2
∴ dy = √ e − 1
x

dx 2

8) Differentiate tan −1 (√ ) x
1 − x2
w.r.t. sec −1
( 1
2x − 1
2 )
Solution : put u = tan−1
(√ ) x
1−x 2
and v = sec−1
( 1
2x − 1
2 )
put x = cos θ ∴ θ = cos−1 x

∴ u = tan−1
cos
(
√ 1 − cos θ
2
and v = sec−1 ) ( 1
2cos θ − 1
2 )

sin θ ( )
u = tan−1 cos θ and v = sec−1
( )
1
cos 2θ
u = tan−1 (cos θ) and v = sec−1 (cos 2θ)

u = tan−1
( 2
(
tan π − θ ) ) and v = cos −1
(cos 2θ)

u = π − θ and v = 2θ
2
u = π − cos−1 x and v = 2 cos−1x Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
2
du −1 dv −1
=0 − and =2
dx √1 − x 2 d x √ 1 − x2
du 1 du −2
= and =
dx √ 1 − x2 dx √ 1 − x2
du du/dx
we want to find =
dx du/dx

=
1/√ 1 − x2 =-
1
− 2/ √ 1 − x2 2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 20
 Exercise 1.5
dy
EX. (1) Find if, i) x = at4, y = 2at2 ii) x = t − √ t, y=t+ √t
dx
−1
iii) x = cos (log t), y = log (cos t) iv) x =
− x2 , y = sin t
√1
dy 1 1 1
EX. (2) Find if, i) x = sin2 θ, y = tan3 θ, at θ = π ii) x = t + , y = t2 , at t =
dx 3 t 2
iii) x = 3cos t − 2cos3 t, y = 3sin t − 2sin3 t, at t = π
6
dy y
EX. (3) If x = a √ sec θ − tan θ , y = a √ sec θ + tan θ , then show that =−
dx x
dy y log x
EX. (4) If x = esin 3t
,y=e cos 3t
, then show that =−
dx x log y
(
EX. (5) If x = a t −
1
t
)
and y = b t +
1
t
( )
then show that
dy
dx
b2 x
= 2
a y
Higher order derivatives : If = f (x) is differentiable function of x, then Differentiating the
following w.r.t. x
dy
= f ' (x) is called the first order derivative.
dx
Again Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d2 y
2
= f '' (x) is called the second order derivative.
dx
Again Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d3 y
= f ''' (x) is called the third order derivative.
dx3
dn y
In general the nth order derivative is n
= f n (x)
dx
d2 y
1) If y = x3 + 8x2 − 3x + 10, then find
dx2
Solution : y = x3 + 8x2 − 3x + 10
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
dy
= 3x2 + 16x − 3
dx
Again Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d2 y
= 6x + 16
dx2
2) If y = sin(log x), then find y2
Solution : y = sin (log x)
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 21
 dy cos (log x)
=
dx x
Again Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d d − sin (log x)
x − cos (log x)
d y x dx cos (log x) − cos (log x) dx x
2
x
= =
dx2 x2 x2

sin (log x) + cos (log x)

∴ y2 = −
x2
d2 y
3) If x = at2 and y = 2at, then find
dx2
Solution : x = at2 and y = 2at
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d dy/dt 2a 1
= = =
dx dx/dt 2a t
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d dy d 1
=
dx dx dx t
d2 y −1
=
dx 2 2at3
d2 y dy
4) If y = cos (m cos −1
x), then show that (1 − x2) −x + m2 y = 0
dx 2 dx
−1
Solution : y = cos (m cos x)
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x

dy
dx
= − sin (m cos−1x)
dy
d
dx
(m cos −1x) = − sin (m cos −1
x)
( −m
√ − x2
1 )
−1
√ 1 − x2 dx = m sin (m cos x)
Again Differentiating the following w.r.t. x

√1 − x 2
d2 y dy
dx2
+
dx 2 √1
1
− x2
(− 2x) = m cos (m cos−1 x)
( −m
√ 1 − x2 )
d2 y x dy −1 1
∴ √ 1 − x dx2 − 1 − x2 dx = − m cos (m cos x)
2 2

√ √ 1 − x2
2 dy
d y
(1 − x2) −x = − m2 cos (m cos−1 x) = − m2 y
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy

(1 − x2) −x + m2 y = 0
dx 2 dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 22
 d2 y dy
√ x2 − 1 ) , then show that (x − 1) +x = m2 y
m
5) If y = (x 2
dx 2 dx
Solution : y = (x √ x2 − 1)
m

Differentiating the following w.r.t. x

dy d
= m (x + √ x2 − 1 )m−1 (x √ x2 − 1 )
dx dx

= m (x + √ x2 − 1 )m−1 1 +
1
(
2 √ x2 + 1
2x
)
= m (x +
dy m (x +√ x2 − 1)m
√ x2 − 1)
m−1
( √ x2 + 1 + x
√ x2 + 1 )
=
dx 2 √ x2 + 1
dy

√ x2 + 1 dx = m (x + √ x2 − 1)m
Again Differentiating the following w.r.t. x
d2 y dy 1 d
√ x2 + 1 +
dx 2
2x = m m (x + √ x2 − 1)
m−1
dx
(x + √ x2 − 1)
dx2 √x + 1
2

∴ √ x2 + 1

d2 y
dx2
+
√
x
2
x + 1
d
dx
= m2 (x + √ x2 − 1)
m−1
( √ )
1+
2
1
x2 + 1
2x

∴ √ x2 +1
d2 y
dx2
+
√ x2
+
x
1
d
dx
= m2 (x + √ x2 − 1 )
m−1
(√ √ )
x2 + 1 + x
x2 + 1
d2 y x d m (x +√ x2 − 1)m
∴ √ x2 + 1 + =
dx2 √ x2 + 1 dx 2 √ x2 + 1

(
√ x2 + 1 ) ddx y + x ddyx m (x + √ x
2

2
2 2
−1 ) m

(√ x 2
+1 ) ddx y + x ddyx m y
2

2
2

Exercise 1.6

Ex. 1) Find the second order derivative of the following :

(i) x3 + 7x2 − 2x − 9 (ii) x2ex (iii) x2 log x

Ex. 2) Find
d2 y
dx 2
if, (i) x = cot− 1 (√ 1 −t t ) and y = cosec (√ 12t− t )
2
−1
2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 23
 d2 y π
Ex. 3) If x = a cos3 θ, y = bsin3 θ, find at θ =
dx2 4
d2 y dy
Ex. 4) If x = em tan − 1x then show that (1 + x2) + (2x − m) =0
dx2 dx
d2 y dy
Ex. 5) If x = cos t, y = emt then show that (1 − x2) −x − m2 y = 0
dx 2 d x
d2 y
Ex. 6) If y = x + tan x then cos2x − 2y + 2x = 0
dx2
d2 y dy
Ex. 7) If y = cos (m cos − 1x) then show that (1 − x2) −x + m2 y = 0.
dx 2 dx
d2 y
Ex. 8) If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then show that = 0.
dx2


Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 24
 2. Applications of Derivatives
I) Application of derivative in Geometry :
Equations of tangent and Normal at P(x1, y1) respectively are given by

y − y1 = m(x − x1) where m = dy

dx (x1, y1) [ [
y − y1 = m(x − x1) where m = −

1
[ [
dy
, if dx ≠0
[ [
dy
dx (x1, y1)
(x1, y1)

II) Rate measure : Rate measure means derivative of the function w.r.t. time t.
ds
Also learn that if s = f (t) is displacement of a particle at time t. Then velocity v = ;
2
dt
dv ds
accelerationa = = 2
dt dt
III) Approximations :
Approximate value of f (x) at x = a + h is given by f (a + h) f (a) + hf '(a)
IV) Rolle's theorem : If real-valued function f is continuous on a [a, b], differentiable on
(a, b) and f (a) = f (b), then ∃ at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that f '(c) = 0.
Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) : If real-valued function f is continuous on
(a, b) and differentiable on (a, b) then ∃ at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that
f(b) − f(a)
f '(c) =
(b − a)
V) Increasing and decreasing functions :
A function is increasing if f '(x) ≥ 0 and strictly increasing if f '(x) > 0.
A function is decreasing if f '(x) ≤ 0 and strictly decreasing if f '(x) < 0.
VI) Maxima and Minima :
A function f (x) has its maximum value at x = c if f '(c) = 0 and f ''(c) < 0
A function f (x) has its minimum value at x = c if f '(c) = 0 and f ''(c) > 0

Ex. 1) Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve

x3 + 2x2y - 9xy = 0 at point (2, 1)
Solution : Given x3 + 2x2y - 9xy = 0
Differentiate w.r.t.x.

3x2 + 2 x2 ) dy
dx
+y
d(x2)
dx ) )
−9 x
dy
dx
+y
d(x)
dx
=0 )
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 25
 dy dy
3x2 + 2x2 + 4xy − 9x − 9y = 0
dx dx
dy
(2x2−9x) = 9y − 4xy − 3x2
dx
dy 9y − 4xy − 3x2
=
dx 2x2 − 9x

) )
dy
dx (2,1)
=
9(1) − 4(2) (1) − 3(2)2 −1
2(2)2 − 9(2)
=
10

Equation of tangent at (2, 1) is given by

−1
y−1= (x − 2)
10
10y − 10 = −11x + 22
11x + 10y − 32 = 0
Equation of normal at (2, 1) is given by
−1
y−1= (x − 2)
−1
10 ) )
11
y−1= (x − 2)
10
11y − 11 = 10x − 20
10x − 11y − 9 = 0

Ex. 2) Find points on the curve given by y = x3 − 6x2 + x + 3 where the tangents are
parallel to the line y = x + 5.
Solution : Given the equation of the curve y = x3 − 6x2 + x + 3
Differentiate w.r.t.x.
dy d (x3 − 6x2 + x + 3)
= = 3x2 − 12x + 1
dx dx
Given that the tangent is parallel to y = x + 5 whose slope is 1.
dy
∴ Slope of tangent = =1 ⇒ 3x2 − 12x + 1 = 1
dx
3x (x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 4
When x = 0, y = (0)3 − 6(0)2 + (0) + 3 = 3
When x = 0, y = (4)3− 6(4)2 + (4) + 3 = −25
Hence the points on the curve are (0, 3) and (4, −25)

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 26
Ex. 3) A stone is dropped in to a quiet lake and waves in the form of circles are generated,
radius of circular waves increases at the rate of 5cm/sec. At the instant when the
radius of circular wave is 8 cm, how fast the area enclosed is increasing?
Solution : Area of the circle A = πR2 where R = radius of circular wave
Differentiate w.r.t.t.
dA d(R2) dR
=π = 2πR ……..(1)
dt dt dt
dR
Given that = 5cm/sec
dt
When R = 8cm, substituting in (1) we get
dA
= 2π (8) (5) = 80π
dt
Area of circular wave is increasing (when R = 8cm) at the rate 80π cm2/sec.

Ex. 4) Water is being poured at the rate of 36 m2/sec in to a cylindrical vessel of base
radius 3 m. Find the rate at which water level is rising.
Solution : Volume of cylindrical vessel V = πR2 H
where R = radius of base
H = height of vessel. Given R = 3 m,
V = π (3)2 H = 9πH
Differentiate w.r.t.t.
dV dH
= 9π .....….(1)
dt dt
dV
Given that = 36 m2/sec, substituting in (1)
dt
dH
36 = 9π
dt
dH 4
∴ =
dt π
4
thus water level is rising at the rate m/sec
π

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 27
Ex. 5) A car is moving, is given by s = 4t2 + 3t where s displacement in meters, t time
in seconds. What should be the velocity and the acceleration of the car at time
t = 20 second?
Solution : Given that s = 4t2 + 3t
Differentiate w.r.t.t.
ds
v= = 8t + 3 .............. (1)
dt
dv d(8t + 3)
And a = = = 8 .............. (2)
dt dt
Put t = 20 in (1) v = 8(20) + 3 = 163 m/s
Put t = 20 in (2) a = 8 m/s2

Ex. 6) Find the approximate value of following.

i) (3.98)3
ii) sin (30° 30') given that 1° = 0.0175c, cos(30°) = 0.866.
iii) e1.005 given that e = 2.7183
iv) log10 (998) given that log10e = 0.4343

Solution : i) observe that a + h = 3.98

Hence consider a = 4, h = −0.02
∴ f (x) = x3
∴ f '(x) = 3x2

f (3.98) f(4) + (−0.02) f ' (4)

(3.98)3 (4)3 − 0.02 (3(4)2)

64-0.96 63.04

ii) observe that a + h = 30° 30'

° 1
Hence consider a = 30°, h = 30' = 30 = ( × 0.0175) = 0.00875
60 2
c
) )
∴ f (x) = sin x
∴ f (x) = con x
f (30° 30') f (30°) + (0.00875) f ' (30°)
sin (30° 30') sin 30° + 0.00875 cos 30°
1
+ 0.00875 × 0.866 0.575775
2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 28
 iii) observe that a + h = 1.005
Hence consider a = 1, h = 0.005
∴ f(x) = ex ∴ f ' (x) = ex
f (1.005) f (1) + (0.005) f ' (1)

e1.005 (e)1 + 0.005 (e1)

2.7183 + 0.005 × 2.7183 2.731891

iv) Observe that a + h = 998

Hence consider a =1000, h = −2
log x
∴ f (x) = log10 x = = log x × log10e
log10
1
∴ f ' (x) = × 0.4343
x
f (998) f (1000) + (−2) f ' (1000)

log10998 log101000 − 2 )0.4343

1000 )

log10103 − 0.0008686 3 × log1010 − 0.0008686

3 × 1 − 0.0008686 2.9991314

Ex. 7) Check whether conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied by

f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3, x ∈ [1, 4]
Solution : Given that f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3
Since f (x) is polynomial. Therefore it is continuous on [1, 4] and
differentiable on (1, 4). Now for a = 1; f (1) = (1)2 − 2(1) + 3 = 2
for b = 4; f (4) = (4)2 − 2(4) + 3 = 11
∴ f (1) ≠ f (4)
∴ conditions of Rolle's theorem are not satisfied.

Ex. 8) Verify LMVT for the function f (x) = √ (x + 4) on the interval (0, 5)
Solution : Given that function f (x) = √ (x + 4)
f (x) is continuous on (0, 5) and differentiable on (0, 5)
Therefore LMVT is applicable. Note that a = 0, b = 5
Differentiate the function f (x) w.r.t.x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 29
 f ' (x) = 1
2√ x + 4
f (a) = f (0) = √ 0 + 4 = 2

f (b) = f (5) = √5 + 4 = 3

By LMVT, ∃ c ∈ (0, 5) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f ' (c) =
(b −a)

1 = 3 − 2 ⇒ 5 = 2 √c + 4
2√ c + 4 5−0
Squaring on both sides we get 25 = 4 (c + 4)
25 25 9
=c+4⇒c= −4= ∈ (0, 5)
4 4 4
Thus LMVT is verified.

Ex. 9) Show that the function f (x) = x3 + 10x + 7 for x ∈ R is strictly increasing.
Solution : Given the function f (x) = x3 + 10x + 7
Differentiate w.r.t.x. f ' (x) = 3x2 + 10
Here note that 3x2 ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R;
∴ 3x2 + 10 ≥ 10 > 0
∴ f ' (x) > 0
∴ f (x) is strictly increasing function.

Ex. 10) Test whether the function f (x) = x3 + 6x2 + 12x − 5 is increasing or decreasing
∀ x ∈ R.
Solution : Given f (x) = x3 + 6x2 + 12x − 5
f '(x) = 3x2 + 12x + 12
= 3 (x2 + 4x + 4)
= 3 (x + 2)2
Note that (x + 2)2 ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R
3 (x + 2)2 ≥ 0 ∀x ∈R
∴ f '(x) ≥ 0 ∀x ∈R
∴ f is increasing ∀ x ∈ R

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 30
Ex. 11) Find the local maximum and local minimum value of the function.
f (x) = x3 − 3x3 − 24x + 5
Solution : Given that f (x) = x3 − 3x2 − 24x + 5
Differentiate w.r.t.x
f ' (x) = 3x2 − 6x − 24 …….(1)
Differentiate w.r.t.x
f '' (x) = 6x − 6 …….(2)
Equating f ' (x) = 0
∴ 3x2 − 6x − 24 = 0
3(x2 − 2x − 8) = 0
∴ (x − 4 )(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 4 or x = −2
Substituting in (2), f '' (4) = 6 (4) − 6 = 18 > 0
∴ By second order derivative test, function attains its minimum value at
x = 4. For minimum value substitute x = 4 in the function
f (4) = (4)3 − 3(4)2 − 24(4) + 5 = −75
Substituting in (2), f '' (−2) = 6(−2) − 6 = − 18 < 0
∴ By second order derivative test, function attains its maximum value at
x = −2. For maximum value substitute x = −2 in the function.
f (−2) = (−2)3 − 3(−2)2 − 24(−2) + 5 = 33
Function has maximum value 33 at x = −2 and minimum value −75 at
x = 4.

Ex. 12) A wire of length 120 cm is bent in the form of a rectangle. Find its dimensions if
the area of rectangle is maximum.
Solution : Let x, y be the length and breadth of rectangle in centimeters respectively.
Given perimeter of rectangle = 120 = 2 (x + y)
∴ x + y = 60 ∴y = 60 − x
Area of rectangle A = xy = x (60 − x) = 60x − x2
dA
Differentiate w.r.t.x = 60 − 2x
dx
(d2A)
Differentiating again w.r.t.x = −2
(dx2)

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 31
 dA
Now equating = 0 ⇒ 60 − 2x = 0
dx
∴ x = 30

Now
d2A
) )
dx2 x = 30
= −2 < 0

∴ By second order derivative test, area of rectangle is maximum at

x = 30 ∴ y = 60 − 30 = 30
∴ Area of rectangle is maximum if length = 30 cm and breadth = 30 cm.

Exercise 2.1

1) A spherical soap bubble is expanding so that its radius is increasing at the rate of 0.02
cm/sec. At what rate is the surface area is increasing, when its radius is 5 cm?
2) Check the validity of the Rolle's theorem for the following functions.
i) f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3, x ∈ [1, 3]
ii) f (x) = e−x sin x, x ∈ [0, π]
iii) f (x) = 2x2 − 5x + 3, x ∈ [1, 3]
2
iv) f (x) = x3, x ∈ [−1, 1]
3) Test whether the function f (x) = x3 − 6x2 + 12x − 16, x ∈ R is increasing or decreasing.
4) Find the equations of the tangents to the curve x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 which are
parallel to the X-axis.
5) If the line y = 4x − 5 touches the curve y2 = ax3 + b at the point (2, 3) find the values
of a and b.
6) The surface area of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 2 cm2/sec.
At what rate the volume of the balloon is increasing when radius of the balloon is
6 cm?
7) A man of height 2 meters walks at a uniform speed of 6 km/hr away from a lamp post
of 6 meters high. Find the rate at which the length of the shadow is increasing.
8) A ladder 10 meter long is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder is
pulled horizontally away from the wall at the rate of 1.2 meters/sec. Find how fast the
top of the ladder is sliding down the wall when the bottom is 6 meters away from the
wall.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 32
 9) Find the approximate value of
i) 3 28
√
ii) sin (61°) given that 1° = 0.0174c, √ 3 = 1.732
iii) tan−1 (1.001)
iv) 32.01 given that log 3 = 1.0986
v) loge101 given that loge10 = 2.3026
10) Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f (x) = x2 − 5x + 9, x ∈ [1, 4]
11) Verify LMVT for the function f (x) = 2x − x2, x ∈ [0, 1]
12) Find the values of x for which f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 − 144x − 7 is strictly increasing.
13) Divide the number 30 in to two parts such that their product is maximum.
14) A ball is thrown in the air. Its height at any time t is given by h = 3 + 14t − 5t2. Find
the maximum height it can reach.
15) The profit function P (x) of a firm, selling x items per day is given by P (x) = (150 − x)
x - 1625. Find the number of items the firm should manufacture to get maximum profit.



Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 33
 3. Indefinite Integration
Definition : If f (x) and g (x) are two functions such that g' (x) = f (x) then we write
∫ f (x) dx = g (x) + c.
d(x3)
For example : = 3x2 therefore ∫ 3x2 dx = x3 + c
dx

1)
d
dx ) )
= x
(n + 1)

n+1
= xn, n ≠ −1 ∴∫ xndx =
x(n + 1)
n+1
+c

dx ) log a )
d a x
x ax
2) = =a ∴ ∫ axdx = +c
log a
d
3) (ex) = ex ∴ ∫ exdx = ex + c
dx
d
4) sin x = cos x ∴ ∫ cos xdx = sin x + c
dx
d
5) (− cos x) = sin x ∴ ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + c
dx
d
6) tan x = sec2x ∴ ∫ sec2xdx = tan x + c
dx
d
7) sec x = sec x tan x ∴ ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
dx
d
8) cosec x = − cosec x cot x ∴ ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c
dx
d
9) cot x = − cosec2 x ∴ ∫cosec2 x dx = − cot x + c
dx
d 1 1
10) log x = ∴∫ dx = log x + c
dx x x
Theorem : If f and g are real valued integrable functions of x then

1) ∫ (f (x) + g (x)) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ g (x) dx

2) ∫ (f (x) − g (x)) dx = ∫ f (x) dx − ∫ g (x) dx
3) ∫ k (f (x)) dx = k ∫ f (x) dx
1
Theorem : If ∫ (f (x) dx = g (x) + c then, ∫ f (ax + b) dx = g (ax + b) + c
a

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 34
Evaluate the following integrals :
1) ∫ (sin x + cos x) dx
Solution : I = ∫ sin x + cos x dx
= ∫ sin x dx + ∫ cos x dx
= − cos x + sin x + c
2) ∫ (x2 + 3x) dx
Solution : I = ∫ (x2 + 3x) dx
= ∫ x2 dx + ∫ 3x dx
x3 3x
= + 3
+c
3 log

3) ∫ (tan x + cot x)2 dx

Solution : I = ∫ (tan x + cot x)2 dx
= ∫ (tan2 x + 2 tan x cot x + cot2 x) dx
= ∫ (tan2 x + 2 + cot2 x) dx
= ∫ (sec2 x − 1 + 2 + cosec2 x − 1) dx
= ∫ (sec2 x + cosec2 x) dx
= ∫ sec2 x dx + ∫ cosec2 x dx
= tan x − cot x + c

1
4) ∫ dx
√ 3x + 1 − √ 3x − 5

)√ 3x + 11− √ 3x − 5 ) dx
Solution : I = ∫

∙ )
√ 3x + 1 + √ 3x − 5 )
= ∫ ) )
1 √ 3x + 1 + √ 3x − 5
dx
√ 3x + 1 − √ 3x − 5

=∫ ) √ 3x + 1 + √ 3x − 5
√ 3x + 1 + √ 3x − 5 ) dx

)
= ∫ √ 3x + 1 + √ 3x − 5 dx
6 )
1 1
[
= ∫ (3x + 1) + (3x − 5)2 dx
6
2
1
[
}
1

}
1 1
= 2 2
6 ∫ (3x + 1) dx + ∫ (3x − 5) dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 35
 } }
1 1
+1 +1
1 (3x + 1) 2 (3x − 5) 2
= + +c
6
) )
1 + 1 .3
2 ) )
1 + 1 .3
2

} }
3 3
1 2 2
= (3x + 1) 2 + (3x − 5)2 +c
18 3 3

}x }
3 3
1
= (3 + 1) 2 + (3x − 5) 2 + c
27
x3
5) ∫ dx
(x −1)
Solution : I = ∫ x3 dx
(x−1)

= ∫ (x ) − 1 + 1 dx
3

(x − 1)

= ∫ )
x3 − 1
+
1
x − 1 x − 1 dx )
=∫ ) x − 1) dx
(x − 1) (x + x + 1 1 2
+
x−1

= ∫ ) x + x + 1 +
x − 1)
1
2
dx
3 2
= x + x + x + log (x − 1) + c
3 2

6) ∫ sin 5x cos 7x dx
Solution : We know that 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A − B)
1
I= ∫ 2 sin 5x cos 7x dx
2
1
= ∫ [sin (5x + 7x) + sin (5x − 7x)] dx
2
1
= ∫ [sin(12x) + sin (−2+)] dx
2
1
= ∫ [sin 12x − sin 2x] dx
2
1 1 1
= [− cos 12x × + cos 2x × +c
2 12 2
1 1
I=− cos 12x + cos 2x + c
24 4

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 36
 )1 +sincos2x2x) dx
7) ∫ tan(−1)

Solution : I = ∫ cot )
sin 2x )
1 + cos 2x
−1
dx

= ∫ cot )
2 sin x cos x )
2
2cos x
−1
dx

= ∫ cot−1 (cot x) dx
2
=∫ x dx = x + c
2
3 11
8) If f ' (x) = x − 2, then find f (x)
f (1) =
x 2
3
Solution : f (x) = ∫ f ' (x) dx = ∫ x − 2 dx
x
2 3
= x + +c
2 x
11 2 11
Given f (1) = ∴ 1 + 3 +c= ∴c=2
2 2 2 2
2 3
f (x) = x + +2
2 x
Exercise 3.1

Evaluate the following integrals :

e2x + e−2x e4logx − e5logx
1) ∫ dx 2) ∫ dx 3) ∫ (tan x + cot x)2 dx
ex x5
3x − 4x tan x
4) ∫ dx 5) ∫ dx 6) ∫ cos3 x dx
5x sec x + tan x

√
1 − sin
7) √ 1 + sin2x dx
8) ∫ tan−1
1 − sinx

Theorem : If x = φ (t) is a differentiable function of t , then prove that

∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f [φ (t)] φ ' (t) dt
f ' (x)
Result : 1) ∫ dx = log |f (x)| + c
f (x)
f (x)n+1
2) ∫ f (x)n f ' (x) dx = +c
n+1

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 37
 f ' (x)
3) ∫ dx = 2 √ f (x) + c
√ f (x)

Evaluate the following integrals :

cot (log x)
1) ∫ dx
x
cot (log x)
Solution : Let I = ∫ dx
x
1
put log x = t ∴ dx = 1 dt
x
I = ∫ cot t dt

= log (sin t) + c

= log (sin log x) + c

1
2) ∫
x + √ x dx
1 1
Solution : I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x + √x √ x (√ x + 1)
put √ x + 1 = t ∴ 1 dx = 1dt
2√ x
∴ 1 dx = 2dt
√x
I = ∫ 1 2dt = 2 ∫ 1 dt =2 log (t) + c
t t
∴ I = 2 log (√ x +1) + c

1
3) ∫ dx
1 + e−x
1 1
Solution : I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1 + e−x 1
1+ x
e
1 ex d
I = ∫ ex + 1 dx = ∫ x dx ∴ (ex + 1) = ex
ex e +1 dx
I = log (ex + 1) + c

4) ∫ (3x + 2) √ (x + 4) dx
Solution : Put x − 4 = t ∴ x = 4 + t ∴1dx = 1dt
I = ∫ [3(4 + t) + 2] √ t dt

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 38
 1 1 3
I = ∫ (14 + 3t) t 2 dt = ∫ (14t 2 ) + 3t 2 ) dt
3 5
t2 t2
I= 3
+ 5
+c
2 2
3 5
28
= (x − 4) 2 + 6 (x − 4) 2 + c
3 5
sin (x + a)
5) ∫ dx
cos (x − b)
sin (x + a) sin [(x − b) + (a + b)]
Solution : I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
cos (x − b) cos (x − b)

sin (x − b) cos (a + b) + cos (x − b) sin (x + b)

= ∫ dx
cos (x − b)

= ∫ ] sin (x − b) cos (a + b)
cos (x − b)
+
cos (x − b) sin (a + b)
cos (x − b) ] dx

= ∫ [cos (a + b) tan (x − b) + sin (a + b)] dx

= cos (a + b) log [sec (x − b)] + x sin (a + b) + c

ex + 1
6) ∫ dx
ex − 1
ex − 1 + 2 ex − 1 2
Solution : x I=∫ dx = ∫ + x dx
e −1 x
e −1 e −1
2 2
= ∫ 1 + x dx = ∫ 1 dx + ∫ x dx
e −1 e (1 − e−x)
e−x
= ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫ dx
1 − e−x
Put (1 − e−x) = t ∴ − (e−x)(−1)dx = 1dt ∴ e−xdx = 1dt
1
∴ I = ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫ dt = x + 2 log(t) + c
t

= x + 2 log (1 − e−x) + c

ex + 1
∴ ∫ x
dx = x + 2 log (1 − e−x) + c
e −1

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 39
 Exercise 3.2

Evaluate the following integrals :

tan (log x) 1 sec8 x
1) ∫ dx 2) ∫ dx 3) ∫ dx
x x √ log x cosec x

ex (1 + x) sin (x + a)
4) ∫ e3 log x (x4 + 1)−8 dx 5) ∫ dx 6) ∫ dx
cos (x.ex) cos (x + b)

1 1
7) ∫ dx 8) ∫ dx
x log x x − √x

Prove that : ∫
1
x2 + a2
d x =
1
a
tan−1
x
a ()
1
Proof : Let, I = ∫ dx
x + a2
2

x
Put x = atanθ ∴ tanθ = x ∴ θ = tan−1 a
a ()
∴ dx = asec2 θdθ

1
I=∫ asec2 θdθ
a tan θ + a2
2 2

=∫ ase2θ
dθ = ∫ sec θ dθ =
2
1
∫ dθ
a (tan θ + 1)
2 2
asec θ
2 a

=
1
a
θ+c=
1
a
x
tan−1 a + c ()
∴ ∫
1
x −a2
2
dx =
1
a
x
tan−1 a + c ()
Prove that :

1) ∫
1
x −a2
2
dx =
1
2a
log
x− a
x+ a
+c 2) ∫
1
a −x
2 2
dx =
1
2a
log
a+x
a−x
+c( )
3) ∫
√a − x 2
1 x
dx = sin−1 a + c 4) ∫
2 ()1
√ x − a2
2
dx = log (x + √ x2 − a2 ) + c

5) ∫
1
√ x2 + a2
dx = log (x + √ x2 + a2 ) + c 6) ∫
1
√ x2 − a2
dx =
1
a
x
sec−1 a ()
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 40
Evaluate the following integrals :
1
1) ∫ dx
√ 3x − 7
2
1 1

√( ) √ ( )
Solution : I = ∫ 7 2
3 x − 3 dx = ∫ √ 3 × x2 − √ 7 dx
2

√3

1 1
I= 1 ∫ dx ∫ dx = log (x + √ x2 − a2 ) + c
∴

x − a2
2

√ ( )
√3 2
x2 − √ 7
√3

I = 1 log x +
√3 [ √ ( )[ x − √7
2

√3
2
+c

I = 1 log x +
√3 [ √ [ x2 − 7 + c
3

1
2) ∫ dx
x + 8x + 12
2

1
Solution : I = ∫ dx
x + 8x + 16 − 4
2

I=∫
1
(x + 4)2 − 22
dx
∴
∫
1
x −a2
2
dx =
1
2a
log
x−a
x+a
+c ( )
I=∫ 1 log (x + 4) − 2 + c
2 (2) (x + 4) + 2 [ ]
∫
1
x2 + 8x + 12
dx =
1
4
log
x+2
x+6 ( )
+c

sin 2x
3) ∫ dx
3 sin x − 4 sin2 x + 1
4

sin 2x
Solution : I = ∫ dx
3 sin x − 4 sin2 x + 1
4

Put sin2x = t ∴ 2 sin x cos x dx = 1dt ∴ sin2x dx = dt

1 1
I=∫ dt = ∫ dt
3t − 4t + 1
2 1 2 4
3
t
3
t+
1
3 ( )
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 41
 1 1 1 1
= ∫ dt = ∫ dt
t2 −
4
3
t+
4
9
3
−
4
9
+(1
3
3
t2 −
4
3
t+ ) ( 4
9
− )
1
9

1 1 1 1
t2 −
2
3
( ) −
1
3
= ∫ dt = ∙ log +c
3
t−
2 2
3
−
1 2
3
3
(2
1
3 ) ()
t2 −
2
3
() ( ) +
1
3

=
1
2 3t − 3 (
log 3t − 3 + c = log
1
2 )
3sin2x − 3
3sin2x − 1
+c ( )
∴ ∫
sin 2x
(3sin4x − 4sin2x + 1)
1
dx = log
2
3sin2x − 3
3sin2x − 1
+c ( )
x
e2
4) ∫ dx
√ e−x − ex
x
e2 √ex √ex
Solution : I = ∫ dx = ∫ =∫ dx

√e −e
√ e−x − ex
√
1 x 1 − (ex)2
x
ex
√ex x x
ex
=∫ dx = ∫ √e √e dx = ∫

√ 1 − (en)2
√en
√1 − (ex)2 √1 − (ex)2

Put ex = t ∴ ex dx = dt
1
I=∫ dt = sin−1(t) + c = sin−1(ex) + c
√1 − t 2

x
e2
∴∫ dx = sin−1(ex) + c
√e − e
−x x

1
5) ∫ dx
5 − 4 cosx
2 1 − t2
Solution : Put tan x = t ∴ dx = dt and cos x =
2 1 − t2 1 − t2

I=∫
1 (− )
1
2
t2
dt = ∫
1 − t2
2

dt
5−4 (− ) 1
2
t2
5 (1 − t2) − 4 (1 − t2)
1 − t2
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 42
 2 2
= ∫ dt = ∫ dt
5 + 5t − 4 + 4t
2 2
9t + 1
2

1 2 1
= 2 ∫ dt = ∫ dt
1 9 1 2
9 (t2 + ) t +( )
2
2 3
2 1 −1
t 2
= 1 tan +c= tan−1 (3t) + c
9 (3) ( 13 ) 3

2 x
= tan−1 (3 tan ) + c
3 2
1 2 x
∴∫ dx = tan−1 (3 tan ) + c
5 − 4 co x 3 2

1
6) ∫ dx
3 + 2sin x + 5 cos2x
2

Solution : Divide Numerator and Denominator by cos2x

1
cos2x sec2x
I=∫ d x = ∫ dx
3 + 2sin2x + 5cos2x 3sec2x + 2tan2 n + 5
cos2x
sec2x sec2x 1 sec2x
=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
3(1 + tan2x) + 2tan2x + 5 5tan2x + 8 5 8
tan x +
2
5
Put tan x = t ∴ sec2x dx = dt

1 1 1 1
I= dt =∫ ∫ 2 dt
t2 +
8
5
5 5
t +
2 √
√5
8
( )
()
1 1 t √ 5 tanx
= tan −1
+ c = 1 tan−1 +c
5 √8 √8 2√10 2 √2
√5 √5

∴∫
1 1 tan−1 √ 5 tanx + c
2 dx =
3 + 2sin x + 5cos x
2
2√10 2 √2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 43
 Exercise 3.3

Evaluate the following integrals :

1 1 1
1) ∫ 2 dx 2) ∫ dx 3) ∫ dx
x +2 4x − 3
2 √ 2x − 5
2

√
1 1 9+x
4) ∫ 2 dx 5) ∫ dx 6) ∫ dx
x − 8x + 1 √(x − 3) (x + 2) 9−x
1 sin x 1
7) ∫ 8) ∫
dx dx 9) ∫ dx
4 + cos x
2 sin 3x 3 + 2sin x + 5cos2x
2

1 3 cos x
10) ∫ 11) ∫
dx dx
3 + 2 sinx 4 sin x + 4 sin x − 1
2

Theorem : If u and v two differentiable functions of x then

du
∫ u v dx = u ∫ v dx − ∫ dx ∫ vdx dx [ ]
Evaluate the following integrals :

1) ∫ xex dx
Solution : ∫ xex dx = x ∫ ex dx − ∫ (x
d
d
(x) ∫ ex dx dx )
= xex − ∫ (1) ex dx

= xex − ∫ ex dx

= xex − ex + c

2) ∫ x sin x dx
Solution : I = ∫ x sin x dx
= x ∫ sin x dx − ∫
d
d
(xx
( ) ∫ sin x dx dx )
= x (− cos x ) − ∫ (1) (− cos x) dx
= − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx
I = − x cos x + sin x + c

3) ∫ e2x sin 3x dx
d 2x
Solution : I = e2x ∫ sin3n dx − ∫ e ∫ sin 3x dxdx
dx
= e2x − cos 3x ( 1
3
) − ∫ e 2 (− cos 3x 13 ) dx
2x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 44
 1 2
= − e2x cos 3x + ∫ e2x cos 3x dx
3 3

= −
1
3
e2x cos 3x +
2 2x
3
(
e ∫ cos 3x dx − ∫
d 2x
dx
e ∫ cos 3x dx dx )
= −
1
3
e2x cos 3x +
2 2x
3
( (
e sin 3x
1
3
) (
− ∫ e2x2 sin 3x
1
3
dx ) )
1 2 2x 4
=− e2x cos 3x + e sin 3x − ∫ e2x sin 3x dx
3 9 9
1 2 2x 4
I=− e2x cos 3x + e sin 3x − I
3 9 9
4 1 2x 2 2x
I+ I=− e cos 3x + e sin 3x + c
9 3 9
2x
∴ 13 I = − e (2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + c
9 3
2x
∴ e (2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + c
13

1) Evaluate : ∫ x sin−1x dx
Solution : I = ∫ x sin−1x dx
d
= ∫ sin−1x ∫ x dx − ∫ sin−1x ∫ x dx
dx
x2 1 x2
= ∫ sin−1x −∫ dx
2 √ 1 − x2 2
1x2 1
= sin−1x ∫ − dx
2 2 √ 1 − x2
x2 1 1 − x2 − 1
= sin−1x + ∫ dx
2 2 √ 1 − x2
x2 1
∫ 1−x −
[ 1
[
2
= sin−1x + dx
2 2 √ 1 − x √ 1 − x2
2

x2 1 1 1
= sin−1x + ∫ √ 1 − x2 dx − ∫ dx
2 2 2 √ 1 − x2

=
x2
2
sin−1x +
1 x
2 2 √ 1 −[ x2 dx +
1
2
1
x − x+c
2 [
=
x2
2
sin−1x + [x
4
1
√ 1 − x2 dx + 4 x + c [
x2 x 1
∴ ∫ x sin−1 x dx = sin−1 x + 2 dx − x+c
2 4 √1 − x 4

Result : ∫ ex [f (x) + f ' (x)] dx = ex f (x) + c

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 45
 2) Evaluate : ∫ ex
[ xx [ x
+2 d
( + 3)2
Solution : I = ∫ ex [x x [ x
+3 − 1
( + 3)2
d

= ∫ ex [ xx +3
[
( + 3)
x 2
+
−1
( + 3)2
dx

=∫ ex [x 1
[+
−1
( + 3) ( + 3)2
x
dx

1 −1
∴ f (x) = ∴ f ' (x) =
(x + 3) (x + 3)2
∴ ∫ ex [f (x) + f ' (x)] dx = ex f (x) + c

1
= ex x + 3 + c =
ex
x+3
+c ( ( ( (
∴ ∫ ex [x +2
(x + 3)2
d x[=
ex
x+3
+c

Prove that :

1) ∫ √ a2 − x2 dx =
x
2 √ a2
− x2 +
a2
2
x
sin−1 a + c ()
x a2
2) ∫ √ a2 + x2 dx = √ x2
+ a 2 + log (x +√ x2 + a2 + c)
2 2
x a2
3) ∫ √ x2 − a2 dx = √ x2
− a 2 + log (x +√ x2 − a2 + c)
2 2
Proof : Let I = ∫ √ a2 − x2 1 dx

= √ a2 − x2 ∫ 1 dx − ∫ [x
d
d √a − x
2 2 ∫ 1 dx dx
]
= √ a2 − x2 x + ∫ 1 (− 2x)(x) dx
2√ a2 − x2

= √ a2 − x2 x + ∫ x2 dx
√ a2 − x2

= √ a2 − x2 x + ∫ a − (a − x ) dx
2 2 2

√ a2 − x2

= √a − x x + ∫
2 2
[
−
(a2 − x2)
a2
√ a2 − x2 √ a2 − x2
[ dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 46
 = x √ a2 − x2 + a2 ∫ 1 dx − ∫ √ a2 − x2 dx
√a − x 2 2

I = x √ a − x + a2 ∫
2 2 1 dx - I
√ a2 − x2
∴ I + I = x √ a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 a + c (x )
∴I=
x √ a2 − x2
2
+ a2 sin−1 a + c (x )
∴ ∫ √ a2 − x2 dx =
x √ a2 − x2
2 2 ()
a2 sin−1 x + c
a

Exercise 3.4
Evaluate the following integrals :
1) ∫ x2 logx dx 2) ∫ x2 sin 3x dx 3) ∫ x tan−1 x dx
4) ∫ e2x sin 5x dx 5) ∫ sec3 x dx 6) ∫ xx (1 + log x) dx
ex (x − 1)
7) ∫ ex [tan x + sec2 x] dx 8) ∫ dx 9) ∫ [sin (log x) + cos (log x)] dx
x2
Partial Fractions :
2x2 − 3
1) Evaluate : ∫ dx
(x2 − 5) (x2 + 4)
2x2 − 3
Solution : Let I = ∫ dx Let x2 = m
(x − 5) (x + 4)
2 2

2x2 − 3 2m − 3
∴ =
(x2 − 5) (x2 + 4) (m − 5) (m + 4)
2m − 3 A B A (m + 4) + B (m − 5)
Now, = + =
(m − 5) (m + 4) (m − 5) (m + 4) (m − 5) (m + 4)
∴ 2m − 3 = A (m + 4) + B (m − 5)

At m = 5, 2(5) −3 = A (9) + B (0)

7
7 = 9A ∴A=
9
At m = − 4 2(−4) −3 = A (0) + B (−9)
11
−11 = −9B ∴ B =
9 7 11
2m − 3 9 9
Thus, = +
(m − 5) (m + 4) (m − 5) (m + 4)

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 47
 7 11
2x2 − 3 9
∴ 2 = 2 + 9
(x − 5) (x2 + 4) x − 5 x2 + 4

∴I=∫
7
9
x2 − 5 [
11
+ 29
x +4 ] dx

7 1 1
= ∫ 2 dx + 11 ∫ dx
9 x − (√ 5 ) 2 9 x2 + (2)2

=
7 1
9 2√ 5
log
x − √5
x + √5 ] ]x
+ 11 1 tan−1 a + c
9 2
()
∴I=
7
18√ 5
log
x − √5
x + √5 ] ]
x
+ 11 tan−1 a + c
18
()
∴∫
2x2 − 3
(x − 5) (x + 4)
2 2
dx =
7
18√ 5
log
x − √5
x + √5 18] x
]
+ 11 tan−1 2 + c ()
1
2) Evaluate : ∫ dθ
(sinθ) (3 + 2 cosθ)
1
Solution : I = ∫ dθ
(sinθ) (3 + 2 cosθ)
sinθ
=∫ dθ
(1 − cos θ) (3 + 2 cosθ)
2

sinθ
=∫ dθ
(1 − cosθ) (1 + cosθ) (3 + 2cosθ)

Put cosθ = t ∴ − sinθ dθ = 1dt

∴ sinθ dθ = −1dt

−1 A B C
Consider, = + +
(1 − t) (1 + t) (3 + 2t) (1 − t) (1 + t) (3 + 2t)

−1
= A (1 + t) (3 + 2t) + B (1 − t) (3 + 2t) C (1 − t) (1 + t)
(1 − t) (1 + t) (3 + 2t) (1 − t) (1 + t) (3 + 2t)

∴ − 1 = A(1 + t)(3 + 2t) + B(1 − t)(3 + 2t) + C(1 − t)(1 + t)

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 48
 At t = 1, −1 = A(2)(5) + B(0) + C(0)
1
−1 = 10A ∴A = −
10
At t = 1, −1 = A (0) + B(2)(1) + C(0)
1
−1 = −2B ∴ B = −
2
−1
At t = −
3
2
, −1 = A(0) + B(0) + C
5
2 2
( )( )
−5
−1 = ( )
4
C ∴C =
4
5
( )
−1 −1
−1
( )
4
( ) ( )
Thus, = 10 + 2 + 5
(1 − t) (1 + t) (3 + 2t) (1 − t) (1 + t) (3 + 2t)

∴I=∫
[ ( −1
10
)
(1 − t)
+
( −12)
(1 + t)
+
( 45 )
(3 + 2t)
] dt

1 1 1 4 1
=− log (1 − t) − log (1 + t) + log (3 + 2t) +C
10 (−1) 2 5 2

1 1 1 4 1
=− log (1 − cosθ) − log (1 + cosθ) + log (3 + 2cosθ) +C
10 (−1) 2 5 2

=
1
10 (
log
(1− cosθ)(3 + 2cosθ)4
(1 + cosθ)5 ) +C

Exercise 3.5
Evaluate the following integrals :
x2 + 2 x2
3) ∫ x + x − 1 dx
2
1) ∫ 2) ∫
(x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x − 1) (3x − 1) (3x − 2) x2 + x − 6



Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 49
 4. Definite Integration
Fundamental theorem of integral calculus :
Let f be the continuous function defined on [a,b] and if ∫ f (x)dx = g(x) + c then
b b
a∫ f (x)dx = [g(x) + c]
a
= [(g(b) + c) − ( g(a)+c)]
= g(b) + c – g(a) – c
= g(b) – g(a)
b
In ∫a
f (x)dx, a is called lower limit and b is called as an upper limit.
There is no need of taking the constant of integration c, because it gets eliminated.

Ex.1) : ∫
5
2
(x2 – x) dx =
x3 – x2 5
3 2 [ ] 2

=
53 52
–
3 2 [(–
23 22
–
3 2
) ( )]
125 25 8 4
= – – +
3 2 3 2
117 21
= –
3 2
234 – 8
= 6
5 2 151
∴
2 ∫
(x – x) dx =
3
π
Ex.2) : Evaluate ∫ 3
π
cosx dx
6
π
Solution : Let I = ∫ 3 cosx
π
π
dx
6
3 π π
= [sinx] π = sin 3 – sin 6
6

= √3 –
1
=
√3 – 1
2 2 2
π
Ex.3) : Evaluate ∫ 2
0
√ 1 – cos4x dx
π π
Solution : Let I = ∫ √ 1 – cos4x dx
2
0
= ∫ √ 2sin 2x dx
2
0
2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 50
 = ∫ 20 √ 2sin 2x dx
π 2
(∴ 1 – cosA = 2 sin 2 A
2
)
π
= √2 ∫ 2
0
sin2x dx
π/2

= √2 [ cos2x
2 ] 0

=- √ 2
2
[ cos2 π  cos 0
2 ]
=- √ 2 [cos π  cos 0]
2

=- √ 2
[−1 −1]
2

= √2
∫ √ 1 – cos4x dx = √
π/2 2
∴ 0

1
Ex.4) : ∫ 5x – 3 .dx
–1
1
Solution : Let I = ∫ 5x – 3.dx
–1
3
∴ 5x – 3 =  (5x – 3) for (5x – 3) < 0 i.e. x < 5
3
= (5x – 3) for (5x – 3) > 0 i.e. x > 5
1
I = 3/5 5x – 3.dx +
–1 3/5
5x – 3.dx ∫ ∫
1
= 3/5 – (5x – 3).dx +
–1 3/5
∫
(5x – 3).dx ∫
1
[ ( )] [( )]
3/5
– 5 x2
 3 x 5 x 2
 3 x
= –1 +
2 2 3/5

[    ]
= 3x  5 x2
3/5
[
+ 5 x2  3x
1
]
2 1 2 3/5

= [( (
3
3 5 ) 52 ( 35 ) )  (3(1) 52 (1) )]  [((52)  (1)   3(1))  ( 52 (35)   3( 35))]
2 2 2 2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 51
 = [( 9
5
 9
10 ) − (  3  52 )] + [(52   3) − (109  95 ]
9 9 5 5 9 9
= − 10 +  3 + + 2 −  3 − 10   + 5
5 2

=2 ( 95 − 109 + 35 )
= 2( )
18−9+25 34
=
5 5
1 34
∴ ∫ –1 5x – 3 .dx = 5
Properties of Definite Integration :
a
Property II : ∫a f (x)dx = 0

b a
Property II : ∫a f (x)dx = – ∫b f (x)dx

b b
Property III : ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (t)dt

b c b
Property IV : ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (x)dx + ∫c f (x)dx where a < c < b i.e. c ∈ [a, b]

b b
Property V : Prove that ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (a + b − x)dx
b
Proof : R.H.S. = ∫a f (a + b − x)dx
Put a + b − x = t i.e. x = a + b − t
∴ − dx = dt ⇒ dx = − dt
As x → a ⇒ t → b and x → b ⇒ t → a
a
∴ R.H.S. = b f (t) (− dt) ∫
a
= −
b
f (t) dt ∫
=−
a
b ∫
f (t) dt ................. l
b
a
f (x) dx = − ∫ )∫b
a
f (x) dx

f (t) dt ................. (l ∫ a f (x) dx = − ∫ a f (x) dx)

a b b
= ∫0
= L.H.S.
b b
Thus, ∫a f (x) dx = ∫a f (a + b - x) dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 52
 a a
Property VI : Prove that ∫0 f (x) dx = ∫ 0 f (a − x) dx
a
Proof : R.H.S. = ∫0 f (a − x) dx
put a − x − t i.e. x = a − t
∴ − dx = dt ⇒ dx = − dt
As x varies from 0 to a, t varies from a to 0
0
∴ R.H.S. =
a ∫
f (t) (−dt)
0
∫
= - a f (t) dt

=
a
∫a ( ∫ ba f (x) dx = − ∫ ab f (x) dx)
f (t) dt ....................... l

f (x) dx ....................... (l ∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (t) dt)

a b b
= ∫
0 a a
a a
=L.H.S. = ∫ 0
f (x) dx = ∫ 0
f (a − x) dx

2a a a
Property VII : Prove that ∫0 f (x) dx = ∫ 0 f (x) dx + ∫ 0 f (2a − x)dx
a a
Proof : R.H.S. = ∫ 0
f (x) dx + ∫ 0
f (2a − x)dx

R.H.S. = I1 + I2 ....................................................... (i)

a
Consider I2 = ∫0 f (2a − x)dx

Put 2a − x = t i.e. x = 2a − t

∴ − dx = dt ⇒ dx = − dt
As x varies from 0 to a varies from 2a to a
a
∴ I2 = ∫ 2a f (t) (− dt)
a
∴ I2 = − ∫ 2a f (t) dt

=
2a
∫a ( ∫ ba f (x) dx = − ∫ ab f (x) dx)
f (t) dt ....................... ∴

f (x) dx ....................... (∴ ∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (t) dt)

2a b b
= ∫
a a a

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 53
 From equation (i)
a a
= R.H.S. =
0 ∫
f (x) dx +
0
f (2a − x)dx ∫
a
= f (x) dx + 2a f (x)dx
∫ ∫
0 a
2a
=
0 ∫
f (x)dx
a a
= L.H.S. = Thus, 2a f (x) dx = ∫
(x) dx + ∫ ∫ ∫ (2a − x) dx
0 0 0
a a
Property VII : Prove that ∫ f (x) = 2 ∫ 0
f (x) dx, if f (x) is even function.
−a
= 0, if f (x) is odd function.
a 0 a
Proof : ∫ −a f (x) dx = ∫
−a
f (x) dx + ∫0 f (x) dx ......................... (i)
0
Consider, I
−a
f (x) dx ∫
Put x = − t ∴ dx = − t
As x varies from − a to 0, t varies from a to 0.
0 0
I = ∫a f (−t) (−dt) = − ∫a f (−t) dt

= ∫
0
a ( ∫ ba f (x) dx = − ∫ ab f (x) dx)
f (−t) dt ................

= ∫ a0 f (−x) dx ................ ( ∫ ba f (x) dx = ∫ ba f (t) dt)

equation (i) becomes
a a a
∫ f (x) dx = ∫0 f (−x) dx + ∫0 f (x) dx
−a
a a
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ 0 [ f (−x) + f (x)] dx
−a
if f (x) is odd function then f (−x) = −f (x)
a
∴ ∫ −a f (x) =0
If f (x)
is even function then f (−x) = f (x),
a a
∴
−a ∫
f (x) = 2
0
f (x) dx ∫
a
Hence, f  (x) dx = 2 a f  (x) dx, if f (x) is even function.
∫ ∫
−a b
= 0, if  f (x) is odd function.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 54
 π

Ex.5) : Evaluate ∫ 4

4
π x3.sin4x dx

Solution : Let I f (x) = x3∙sin4x

∴ f (−x) = (−x)3∙[sin(−x)]4

∴ f (−x) = (−x)3∙[−sinx]4

∴ f (−x) = (−x)3∙ sin4x

∴ f (−x) = − f (x)
∴ f (x) is odd function.
π

∴ ∫ 4

4
π x3.sin4x dx
π

Ex.6) : Evaluate ∫ 3

6
π sin2x dx
π

Solution : Let I = ∫ sin2x dx .................... (i)

3
π
6

∫
π
= sin2 ( 6 + 3 − x) dx
π
3
π
6
π

∫
π
= 3
π
sin2 ( 2 − x) dx
6

∫
π
I = 3
π
cos2x dx .................... (ii)
6

adding (i) and (ii) we get

π π
2I = ∫ 3

6
π
sin2 x dx + ∫ 3

6
π
cos2 x dx
π
2I = ∫ 3

6
π
(sin x + cos2 x)dx
2

π
2I = ∫ 3

6
π
1dx
π
2I = [x]  3π
6

2I = 3   −  6 =
π π π
6

∴I = 12
π

π
∴ ∫ sin2 x dx =
π
3
π 12
6

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 55
 π
1
Ex.7) : Evaluate ∫ 2
0 1+   √3 tan x
dx
1
1
[ ] dx
π π
Solution : Let I = ∫ 2
0 1+   √3 tan x
dx = ∫ 2
0 √ sinx
3

1+ 3
√ cosx  
√ cosx
3

I = ∫ 1+   3
π
2
+ 3 [
√ cosx √ sinx
0
] dx .........…. (i)
a a
By property ∫ 0 f (x) dx = ∫ 0 f (a − x) dx
3
√ cos (
π
π 2
−x)
I = ∫ √3 cos (
2
0 π
2
3
−x) + √ sin ( π2   − x)
dx

3
√ sinx
π
I = ∫ 3 2 3 dx .........…. (ii)
√ sinx + √ cosx
0

Adding (i) and (ii)

3 3
√ co π √ sinx π
I+I=∫ 3 3 2 dx ∫ 3
+ 3 2 dx
√ cosx + √ sinx
0
√ sinx + √ cosx 0

3 3
√ cosx + √ sinx
π
2I = ∫ 2 dx
3 3 0
√ cos x + √ sinx
π
2I = ∫ 2
0
1.dx
1 π 1 π
I = ∫ 2 [ x ]2 = ∫ 2 [2 − 0] =
π
4
0

π 1
∫
π
∴ 2 dx =
+1   √ tan x
3 4
0

π
Ex.8) : Evaluate ∫ 0 x sin2xdx
π
Solution : Consider, I = 0 x sin2xdx …… (i)
π
I= ∫ 0 (π − x) [sin (π − x)]2 dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 56
 π π π
∫ I= 0 (π − x) sin2 xdx = ∫ 0 π sin2xdx − ∫ 0 x sin2xdx
π 1
I= ∫ π 0 2 (1 − cos 2x).dx − 1 ….by (i)
π π
I+I= ∫ 2 0 (1 − cos 2x) dx
π 1 π
2I = 2 [x − sin 2x 2 ] 0

π 1 1
I = 4 [(π − 2 sin 2π) − (0 − 2 sin 0)]
π π2
= 4 [π] = 4

x sin2 xdx = π4
π 2
∴ ∫   0

Exercise 4.1
1
1) ∫ –1 x   dx
π
2) ∫ 2
0
cos3x dx
π
3) ∫ 4
0
sin 4x sin3x dx
π
4) ∫ 4
0
√ +1 sin 2x dx
π 1
5) ∫
6
3
1  − sin
π
dx
k 1 π
6) If
0
∫  
1 + 8 x2
dx = 16
then find k.
2 1
∫
7) −4 2
x +  4x +1
dx

1 1
8) ∫
0 √     3 + 2x − x2
1
9) ∫0 x.tan−1 x dx
3 cos (log x)
10) ∫2 x
dx

2
1 1
11) ∫1 x2 e x dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 57
 1
2 sin−1 x
12) ∫0 (1 − x2) 2
3 dx
π
4 cos x
13) ∫0 4x − sin2x
dx
π
2 1
14) ∫0 5 + 4 cosx
dx
π
sec2x
∫
4
15) dx
0 3tan + 4 tan + 1
2

π
1
16) ∫  0 3 + 2 sinx + cosx dx
1
2 1
17) ∫−1 −4 a e + b2e−x
2 x

π
2 cosx
18) ∫0 (1 + sinx) + (2 + sin)
dx

19) ∫2
e
[ 1
−
1
togx logx2 dx ]
3
x3
20) ∫−3 (9 − x2 dx

1
x2
21) ∫−1 1 + x2
dx
π
2
22) ∫0 log (tanx) dx

π
23) ∫  0 cos2x dx
π

∫0
4
24) log (1 + tanx) dx

9 √x
25) ∫0    x + 9 − x dx
√ √
8 (11 − x)2
26) ∫  3 x2 + (11 − x)2 dx


Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 58
 5. Applications of Definite Integration
Area under a curve :
 The area A, bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given
b
by A = ∫ f (x) . dx
a

S
R y = f (x)

x=a A x=b

o P Q

Y'

Note : If the area A lies below the X-axis, then A is negative and in this case we take
|A|.

 The area A of the region bounded by the curve x = g (y), the Y-axis, and the line y = c
b
and y = d is given by A = ∫ g (y) . dy
a

y=d
Q
x = g (y)

P
y=c
x
O

Y'

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 59
Area between two curves :

y = f (x)
A

X' X
x=a

Y'

The area bounded by the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) is A = | A1- A2 |

Where A1 = Area bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis and x = a, x = b.
A2 = Area bounded by the curve y = g (x), X-axis and x = a, x = b.
The point of intersection of the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) can be obtained by solving
their equations simultaneously.
b b
∴ The required area A= | ∫   f (x) dx - ∫ f (x) dx |
a a
2
Ex.1) Find the area bounded by the curve x = y, the Y axis the X axis and x = 3.
Solution :
The required area Y
3 y = x2
A = ∫ y dx.
x=0

= ∫ 3 x 2 dx.
0
x=3
3
3
x X'
O
X
= 0 1 2 3 4
3
Y'
A = 9 - 0
∴ A = 9 sq. unit

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 60
Ex.2) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, the X axis and the lines
x = 1, x = 4, y ≥ 0
Solution :
4
∴ The required area = A = ∫ 1 y dx Y y2 = 4x
4 x=1
= x=4
∫ 1 2 √ x dx
4 O 1 2 3 4
3
2
= 2 x 2
3
1
Y'
4 3 3
4 - 1 2
= 2
3

28
∴A= sq.unit
3
Ex.3) Find the area of the region bounded by the curves x2 = 16 y, y = 1, y = 4 and the
Y-axis, lying in the first quadrant.
Solution :
4 4
Required area = ∫ x dy = ∫ √ 16 y dy Y
1 1
4 y=4
= ∫ 4√ y dy
1
4
3
2 8 56 y=1
= 4 y 2 = [8 - 1] =
3 3 3 X' X
1 O
56 Y'
∴A= sq.unit
3

Ex.4) Find the area of the region bounded by curve y = 2x,

X - axis and the lines x = 0, x = 5.
Solution :
5 5
Required area = A = ∫ y dx = ∫ 2x dx
0 0
5
x2 25
= 2 =2 - 0 = 25 sq.unit
2 2
0

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 61
Ex.5) Find the area the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16
Solution :
From the equation of circle, x2 + y2  = 16 we get
y2 = (16 - x2)
y = √ 16 - x2 Y x=4

∴ By the symmetry of the circle, A

∴ Required area A = 4A (regionO ABO)

= 4 ∫ 4 y dx = 4 ∫ 4 √ 16 - x2 dx O X
0 0 B
4
x 16 x
= 4 √ 16 - x2 + sin-1
2 2 4 0
π
= 4 = 8 - 0 = 16π
2
∴ Area of the circle is 16π sq. unit.

x2 y2
Ex.6) Find the area of the ellipse + =1
9 4
Solution :
x2 y2
From the equation of ellipse, + = 1 we get
4 9 4
y 2 = (9 - x 2)
9
2 Y
∴ y= √ 9 - x2
3
∴ By the symmetry of the ellipse, Q (0,2)

∴ Required area A = 4A (regionO PQO) O

2
= 4 ∫ 3 y dx = 4 ∫ 3 2 dx
0 3 √ 9-x
P (3,0)
0
3
4 (2) x 9 x
= √ 9 - x2 + sin-1
3 2 2 3 0
8 9 π
= - 0 = 6π
3 2 2

∴ Area of the ellipse is 6π sq. unit.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 62
Ex.7) Find the area bounded by the line y = x, X- axis and the lines x = - 4 and x = 4.
Solution :
Consider the area A, bounded by straight line y = x , X- axis and x = 4, x = 4.
From figure, A is divided into A1 and A2
Y
y=x

A2
X
C A1 O B

x = -4 x=4
0
x2 16

The required area A1= ∫ 0 y dx = =0 - = -8
4 2 2
-4
But area is always positive.
∴ A1 = |-8| sq. unit = 8 sq. unit.
4
0 0 x2 42
∴ A2 = ∫ ydx = ∫ xdx = = = 8 square unit.
2 2
4 4 0
∴ Required area A = A1 + A2 = 8 + 8 = 16 square unit.

Ex.8) Find the area enclosed between the X-axis and the curve y = sin x for values of x
between 0 to 2π

Solution :
Area A1 = area lying above the X-axis
π π
= ∫ sin x.dx = [- cos x]0 A1
0
= - [cosπ - cos0] = - (-1-1) X'
π
A1 = 2 A2

Area A2= area lying below the X-axis

2π
= ∫   sin xdx = [- cosx]
π

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 63
 = [-cos2π - cosπ]
= -[-1-(-1)]
= -2
∴Total area = A1 + |A2| = 2 + |(-2) = 4 sq. unit

Ex.9) Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y 2 = 9x and x 2 = 9y.

Solution :
The equations of the curves are Y
x2 = 9y
y2 = 9x ...................... (I)
x2 = 9y ...................... (II)
Squaring equation (II)
P (a,a)
x4  = 81y2

x4 = 81(9x) .............. by (I) X' X
O B
x4 = 729x
∴x = 0 ; x=9 Y'
y2 = 9x
From equation (II), y = 0 or y = 9
∴ The points of intersection of the curves are (0, 0), (9, 9).
9 9 x2 9 9
2 3 1 x3
∴ required area = ∫ √ 9 xdx - ∫ dx = 3. . x 2 - .
0 0 9 3 9
0 3 0
3 1
=
2 9 2 -0 - [93 - 0]
27
3
= 2.9 2 - 27 = 54 - 27 ∴ A = 27 sq. unit

Ex.10) Find the area of sector bounded by the circle x2  + y2 = 16 and the line y = x in the
first quadrant.
Y
Solution :
y =  x
Required area A = A (∆ OCB) + A (region ABC)
To find, the point of intersection of x2  + y2  = 16 ..... (I) B (2√ 2 , 2√ 2 )
X' O
and the line y = x ................... (II) C A (4,0)

Substitute (II) in (I)

x2 + y2  = 16
x2 + x2 = 16
2x2 = 16 Y'

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 64
 x2 = 8,
x = ± 2√ 2 , y = ± 2√ 2
The point of intersection is B ( 2√ 2 , 2√ 2 )
2√ 2 0
A = ∫ x dx + ∫ 2 √ 2 √ 16 - x2 dx
0

1 2√ 2 x 16 x
= [x2] + √ 16 - x2 + sin-1 2√ 2
2 0 2 2 4

1
= . ( 2√ 2 ) +
2 { 2 √4 2
8 sin-1 1- √ 8 + 8 sin-1
1
2
}
2

π π
=4 + 8. - 4 - 8.
2 4

∴ A = 2π sq. unit.

Exercise 5.1
1) Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves, X-axis and the given
lines.
i) x = 2y, x = 0, x = 4 ii) x = 0, x = 5, y = 0, y = 4
π
iii) y = sin x, x = 0, x = iv) y2  = 16x and x = 0, x = 4
2
v) y = - x , x = 1 and x = 4
2
vi) 2y + x = 8, x = 2 and x = 4
2) Find the area bounded by the line y = 2x, X-axis and the lines x = - 2 and x = 4.
3) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 4.
x2 y2
4) Find the area of the ellipse = + =1
25 16
5) Find the area the circle x2 + y2 = 25
6) Find the area of the region included between y2 = 2x and the line y = 2x.



Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 65
 6. Differential Equations
1) An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to independent
variable (variables) is known as a differential equation.
2) The order of highest derivative occurring in the differential equation is called order of the
differential equation.
3) The power of the highest ordered derivative when all the derivatives are made free from
negative and / or fractional indices if any is called degree of the differential equation
Note :
 To find the degree of the differential equation, we need to have a positive integer as

the index of each derivative.
 The Order and degree (if defined) of a differential equation are always positive integers.
 The order of a differential equation representing a family of curves is same as the number

of arbitrary constants present in the equation corresponding to the family of curves.
 We shall prefer to use the following notations for derivatives :
dy d2y d 3y
= y′ , = y′′, = y′′′ and so on.
dx dx2 dx2
4) A function which satisfies the given differential equation is called its solution. The solution
which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation is called
a general solution and the solution free from arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
5) To form a differential equation from a given function we differentiate the function
successively as many times as the number of arbitrary constants in the given function
and then eliminate the arbitrary constants.
6) Variable separable method is used to solve such an equation in which variables can be
separated completely i.e. terms containing y should remain with dy and terms containing
x should remain with dx.
dy
7) If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form = F(x, y) where, F(x, y) is
dx
y
homogenous function of degree zero, then we make substitution
x = v i.e. y = vx and
we proceed further to find the general solution by writing
dy
dx
y
= F(x, y) = g x . ( )
dx
8) If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form = F(x, y) where, F(x, y) is
dy
x
homogenous function of degree zero, then we make substitution y = v i.e. x = vy and we

proceed further to find the general solution by writing

dx
dy
x
= F(x, y) = g y . ( )
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 66
9) The most general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is :
dy
+ Py = Q, where P and Q are constants or functions of x only, is known as a first
dx
order linear differential equation.
Steps involved to solve first order linear differential equation :
dy
i) Write the given differential equation in the form : + Py = Q where P, Q are
dx
constants or functions of x only.
ii) Find the Integrating Factor (I.F) = e∫pdx.
iii) Write the solution of the given differential equation as y(I.F) = ∫ [Q × (I.F.)] dx + C
10) The most general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is :
dx
+ Px = Q, where P and Q are constants or functions of y only, is known as a first
dy
order linear differential equation.
Steps involved to solve first order linear differential equation :
dx
i) Write the given differential equation in the form : + Px = Q
dy
where P, Q are constants or functions of y only.
ii) Find the Integrating Factor (I.F) = e∫ pdy
iii) Write the solution of the given differential equation as x(I.F) = ∫ [Q × (I.F.)] dy + C
11) Application of differential Equations :
Differential equations can be used to describe mathematical models such as population
expansion or radioactive decay etc. Some applications of differential equation are:
a) Population Growth b) Growth of Bacteria
c) Radio Active Decay d) Half Life Period
e) Newton's Law of Cooling f) Surface Area

Ex. 1) Find the order and degree, if defined, of the following differential equations :

√
d2y dy d3y
+ +x = 1+
dx2 dx dx3

( )
2
dy d2y d3y
Solution : This equation expressed as + x = 1 + +
dx2 dx dx3
The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is
d 3y d3y d2y
, so its order is three. It is a polynomial equation in , and
dx3 dx3 dx2
dy d3y
and the highest power raised to is one, so its degree is one.
dx dx3
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 67
Ex. 2) Obtain the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants form the
following :
y = c1e3x + c2e2x
Solution : y = c1e3x + c2e2x …(I)
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy
= 3c1e3x + 2c2e2x …(II)
dx
Again differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
d2y
2
= 9c1e3x + 4c2e2x …(III)
dx
As equations (I), (II) and (III) in c1e3x and c2e2x are consistent
y 1 1
dy
3 2
∴ d2x =0
dy
9 4
dx2

∴ y(12 - 18) - 1 4 ( dy
dx
d2y
-2 2
dx ) (+1 9
dy
dx
d2y
-3 2
dx ) =0

dy d2y dy d2y
∴ -6y - 4 +2 2 +9 -3 2 =0
dx dx dx dx
2
dy dy
∴ - +5 - 6y = 0
dx 2 dx
d2y dy
∴ -5 + 6y = 0 is the required differential equation.
dx2 dx

Ex. 3) From the differential equation of family of circles above the X-axis and touching
the X-axis at the origin.
Solution : Let C (a, b) be the center of the circle touching X-axis at the origin (b <
0). The radius of the circle is b. The equation of the circle is
Y
(x - 0)2 + (y - b)2 = b2
∴ x2 + y2 - 2by + b2 = b2
∴ x2 + y2 - 2by = 0 …………..(I)
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get X
X'

( ) ( )
O
dy dy
2x + 2y – 2b =0
dx dx
Y'

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 68
 dy
∴ x + (y - b) =0
dx
∴ x + (y - b) = 0
dy
dx

∴ b = y + x …(II)
dy
dx
From eEx. (I) and eEx. (II)

∴ x2 + y2 - 2 y +
[ ] x
dy
dx
y=0

2xy
∴ x2 + y2 - 2y2 - =0
dy
dx
2xy
∴ x2 - y2 =
dy
dx
dy
∴(x2 - y2) = 2xy is the required differential equation.
dx
d2y dy
Ex. 4) Verify that : y = log x + c is a solution of the differential equation x + = 0.
dx2 dx
Solution : Here y = log x + c
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy 1
=
dx x
dy
∴ x = 16
dx
Differentiate w .r .t .x ,
d2y dy
we get x + =0
dx2 dx
Hence y = log x + c is a solution of the differential equation
d2y dy
x + =0
dx 2 dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 69
 dx xlogx
Ex. 5) Find the general solution of the differential equation : = .
dt t
dx xlogx
Solution : =
dt t
dx dt
∴ =
xlogx t
Integrating both sides, we get

∫ ∫
dx dt
∴ =
xlogx t
∴log(log x) = log (t) + log c
∴log(log x) = log (tc)
∴log x = ct
∴ect = x
y - 1 x - 1 dy
Ex. 6) Find the particular solution of the differential equation + . = 0,
y + 1 x + 1 dx
when x = y = 2
y-1 x - 1 dy
Solution : + . =0
y+1 x + 1 dx
x+1 y+1
∴ dx + dy = 0
x−1 y−1
(x - 1) + 2 (y - 1) + 2
∴ dx + dy = 0
x−1 y−1
∴ 1 + ( 2
x-1
dx + 1 + ) (
2
x-1
dy = 0 )
Integrating, we get
dx dy
∴ dx + 2
∫ x-1 ∫
+ dy + 2
y-1∫ =0
∫
∴ x + 2 log (x – 1) + y + 2 log (y – 1) = c
∴ x + y + 2 log [(x – 1)(y – 1)] = c ………. (I)
When x = 2, y = 2. So eqn. (I) becomes
∴ 2 + 2 + 2 log [(2 – 1)(2 – 1)] = c
∴ 4 + 2 log(1 × 1) = c
∴ 4 + 2 log(1) = c
∴ 4 + 2(0) = c
∴c=4
Put in eEx. (I), we get
∴ x + y + 2log [(x - 1)(y - 1)] = 4 is the required particular solution.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 70
Ex. 7) Reduce each of the following differential equations to the separated variable form
dy
and hence find the general solution = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
dy
Solution : = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
Put 4x + y + 1 = u
dy du
∴ 4 + =
dx dx
dy du
∴ = -4
dx dx
Given differential equation becomes
du
- 4 = u2
dx
du
∴ = u2 + 4
dx
du
∴ 2 = dx
u +4
Integrating both sides we get
du

u2 + 4 ∫
= dx
∫
∴
1
2
tan-1
u
2
= x + c1 ()
∴tan-1
u
2
= 2x + 2c1 ()
∴tan-1 (x y )
4 +
2
+1
= 2x + c ..... (Put 2c1 = c)

dy y + √ x2 + y2
Ex. 8) Solve the differential equations =
dx x
dy y + √ x2 + y2
Solution : = .....(I)
dx x
It is homogeneous differential equation
Put y = vx .....(II)

Differentiate w. r. t. x. we get
dy dv
=v+x ....(III)
dx dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 71
 Put (II) and (III) in equation (I) we get,
dv vx + √ x2 + v2 x2
v + x =
dx x
dv
∴ v + x = v + √ 1 + v2
dx
dv
∴ x = √ 1 + v2
dx
dv dx
∴ =
√1+ v 2 x
Integrating both sides we get
dv
∫ √1+ v ∫
dx
=
2 x
(
∴ log v + √ 1 + v2 ) = log x + log c
∴ log ( v + √ 1 + v2 ) = log cx

∴ v + √ 1 + v2 = cx

√
y y2
∴ + 1+ = cx
x x2
∴ y + √ x2 + y2 = cx2 is the solution.

dy
Ex. 9) Solve the differential equation : x sin x + (x cosx + sin x)y = sin x
dx
dy
+ (x cosx + sinx)y = sin x
Solution : x sinx
dx
divide by x sin x we get

dy
dx
+ cotx + (
1
x )y =
1
x
......(I)

It is the linear differential equation of the type

dy
+ Py = Q
dx
1 1
where, P = cot x + ,Q=
x x
Its solution is

y(I.F.) = ∫Q . (I.F.)dx + c .....(II)

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 72
 (I.F.) = e∫ = e∫ ( cotx + ) . dx
P.dx 1
where, x

(I.F.) = e∫ cotx. dx + ∫
1 . dx
x

+ logx
(I.F.) = elog sinx

(I.F.) = x sin x
equation (II) becomes,

∫
1
y . x sin x = . x sinx . dx + c
x
y . x sin x = - cosx + c
∴ y . x sinx + cosx = c is the general solution.

Ex. 10) The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is equal to y + 2x. Find the
equation of the curve passing through the origin.
Solution : Let, P(x, y) be any point on the curve y = f (x)
dy
The slope of the tangent at point P(x, y) is
dx
dy
∴ = y + 2x
dx
dy
∴ - y = 2x
dx
dy
This is linear differential equation of the type + Py = Q
dx
where, P = -1, Q = 2x
It's solution is, y (I.F) = ∫[Q × (I.F.)] dx + C ......(I)
(I.F.) = e∫
P.dy
where,
   = e∫
-1.dx

(I.F.) = e-x

equation (I) becomes,
y . e-x = ∫2xe-x . dx + c
y . e-x = ∫2xe-x . dx + c ......(II)
Consider, ∫xe-xdx

=x∫ e-x . dx - ∫[ 1×
e-x
-1 ] dx

x . e-x
= + ∫ e-xdx
-1
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 73
 =-x . e-x + ∫ e-xdx
=-x . e-x - e-x
equation (II) becomes,
y . e-x = 2(-x . e-x- e-x) + c
∴ y . e-x = -2xe-x - 2e-x) + c ......(III)
The curve passes through the origin (0, 0)
i.e. put x = 0 and y = 0 in equation (III)
∴ 0 . e-0 = -2(0)e-0 - 2e-0 + c
∴0 = -2 + c
∴ 2 = c Put in (III)
y . e-x = -2xe-x -2e-x + 2
∴ y = -2x - 2 + 2e-x
∴2x + y + 2 = 2e-x is the equation of the curve.

Ex. 11) The population of a town increasing at a rate proportional to the population at
that time. If the population increases from 40 thousands to 60 thousands in 40

years, what will be the population in another 20 years? Given

3
2 (
= 1.2247 . )
Solution : Let P be the population at time t. Since rate of increase of P is a proportional
to P itself, we have,
dp
=k∙P …(1)
dt
Where k is constant of proportionality.
Solving this differential equation, we get
P = a ∙ ekt , where a = ec…(2)
Initially P = 40,000 when t = 0
∴ From equation (2), we have
40,000 = a ∙ 1 ∴a = 40,000
∴ Equation (2) becomes
P = 40,000 ∙ ekt…(3)
Again given that P = 60,000 when t = 40

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 74
 ∴ From equation (3), 60,000 = 40,000∙e40k
3
∴ e40k = …(4)
2
Now we have to find P when t = 40 + 20 = 60 years.
∴ From equation (3), we have
3
40k 2
P = 40,000 ∙ e 60k
= 40,000 (e )
3

= 40,000 ( ) 3
2
2
= 73,482

∴ Required population will be 73,482.

Ex. 12) Bismath has half life of 5 days. A sample originally has a mass of 800mg. Find
the mass remaining after 30 days.
Solution : Let x be the mass of Bismath present at time t.
dx
Then = -kx where k > 0
dt
Solving the differential equation, we get
x = c ∙ e-k ……(1)
where c is the constant of proportionality.
Given that x = 800 when t = 0
Using these values in equation (1), we get
800 = c ∙ 1 = c
∴ x = 800 e-kt…(2)
Since half life is 5 days, we have x = 400 when = 5 ,
∴ From equation (2), we have
400 = 800 ∙ e-5k
400 1
∴ e-5k = = ….(3)
800 2
Now we have to determine x when = 30 ,
∴ From equation (2), we have
x = 800 e-30k = 12.5
∴ The mass after 30 days will be 12.5 mg.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 75
Ex. 13) Water at 100°c cools in 10 minutes to 88°c in a room temperature of 25°c. Find
the temperature of water after 20 minutes.
Solution : Let θ be the temperature of water at time t. Room temperature is given to
dθ
be 25°c. Then according to Newton’s law of cooling, we have ∝ (θ -25)
dt
dθ
∴ = - k(θ - 25), where k > 0
dt
After integrating and using initial condition, we get
θ = 25 + 75 ∙ e-kt ……(1)
But given that θ = 88°c when t =10
∴ From equation (1) we get
88 = 25 + 75 ∙ e-10k
∴ 63 = 75 ∙ e-10k
63 21
∴ e-10k = = ……..(2)
75 25
Now we have to find θ when t = 20
∴ From equation (1) we have
θ = 25 + 75 ∙ e-20k
= 25 + 75 ∙ (e-10k)2

( )
2
21
= 25 + 75 ∙ …..by (2)
25
21 21
= 25 + 75 × ×
25 25
1323
= 25 +
25
= 77.92
∴ Temperature of water after 20 minutes will be 77.92°c .

Exercise 6.1

1) Find the degree and order of differential equation.

( ) ( )
3

[ ( )]
2
dy
2 2 d2y d2y dy
a) 1+ =8 . b) + cos =0
dx dx2
dx2 dx

2) Obtain the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants form the following:
a) y = Acos(log x) + Bsin(log x) b) y = c1e2x + c2e2x
3) Form the differential equation of family of lines parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0.
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 76
 dy y2
4) Verify that : xy = log y + c is a solution of the differential equation = .
dx 1 − xy
b d2y dy
5) Verify that : y = a + is a solution of the differential equation x +2 =0.
x dx 2 dx
6) For the following differential equation, find the particular solution satisfying the given
dy π
condition. (ey +1) cosx + ey sinx = 0, when x = , y = 0.
dx 6
7) Solve the following differential equations.
dy
i) = -k, where k is constant.
dx
ii) For the following differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given
condition. (x - y2x) dx - (y + x2y)dy = 0 when x = 2, y = 0.
dy
iii) cos2(x - 2y) = 1 - 2
dx
dy
iv) xy = x2 + 2y2, y(1) = 0
dx

(1 + 2e ) + 2e ( x
) dy
x
x
v) y
y
1− =0
y dx
dy
vi) cos2 x . + y = tanx
dx
dy
vii) (x + y) =1
dx
viii)Find the equation of the curve which passes through the point ( √2
3
, √2 ) having

4x
slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) on it is -
9y
8) The rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number present. If initially, there were
1000 bacteria and the number double in 1 hour, find the number of bacteria after
1
2 hour. [Take √ 2 = 1.414]
2
9) A body cools according to Newton's law from 100°c to 60°c in 20 minutes. The temperature
of the surrounding being 20°c. How long will it take to cool down to 30°c?
10) The rate of decay of certain substance is directly proportional to the amount present at
that instant. Initially, there are 25 gm of certain substance and two hours later it is found
that 9 gm are left. Find the amount left after one more hour.


Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 77
 7. Probability Distributions
 Discrete random variables :

Definition : A random variable is said to be discrete random variable if the number of
its possible values is finite or countably infinite.
Note : The values of a discrete random variable are obtained by counting.
 Continuous random variable

Definition : Continuous random variable has uncountably infinite possible values and
these values from an interval of real numbers.

Note : The value of a continuous random variable is obtained by measurement.
 Probability Mass Function (p.m.f.) :
The function P(X) is said to be probability mass function if it satisfies,
i) pi ≥ 0, for all i and
ii) Σ pi = 1.
 Cumulative Distribution Function (c.d.f.) :
Definition : The cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of the discrete random variable
X is denoted by F and is defined as follows. F (x) = P [X ≤ x]
 Expected value : E (X) = µ = ∑ ni =1   xi pi = x1 p1 + x2 p2 + x3 p3 + ... xnpn
2 2 2 n
 Variance : σx2 = Var (x) = E (X )­  - [E (X )] = ∑ ni =1 (xi) pi - ( ∑ i =1 xi pi )2
 Standard Deviation : S.D (x) = x = σ n = √ Var (x)
Probability Distribution of a Continuous Random Variable :
Probability Density Function (p.d.f.) :
A non-negative integrable function f (x) is called the probability density function (p.d.f.) of
X if it satisfies the following conditions.
i) f  (x) ≥ 0, for all x ∈ S. ii) ∫ s f (x) dx = 1.
b
Also : P [a < X < b] = P [a < X ≤ b] = P [a ≤ X < b] = P [a ≤ X < b] = ∫ a f (x) dx
 Definition : The Cumulative Distribution Function (c.d.f.) of a continuous random variable
x
X is defined as F(x) = ∫ a f (t) dt for a < x < b.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 78
Ex.1) Find the probability distribution of the number of sixes in two tosses of fair die.
Solution :
The sample space of the experiment is
S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3), ..., (1,6)(2,1),(2,2),(2,3), ..., (2,6) ... ... (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),...,(6,6)}

∴ n (s) = 36
Let X denote the number of sixes.
∴ X = 0,1,2
The probability distribution of X is as follows :

X 0 1 2
25 10 1
P (X = x)
36 36 36

Ex.2) The probability distribution of X is as follows.

X 0 1 2 3 4

P (X = x) 0.1 k 2k 2k k

Find i) k ii) P [ X < 2] iii) P [ X ≥ 3] iv) P [1 ≤ X < 4 ]

   

Solution :
The table gives a probability distribution and therefore
P [ X = 0] + P [X = 1] + P [X = 2] + P [X = 3] + P [X = 4] = 1.
∴ 0.1 + k +2k + 2k + k =1
6k = 0.9
∴ k = 0.15
i) k = 0.15
ii) P [ X < 2] = P [ X = 0] + P [X = 1] = 0.1 + k = 0.1 + 0.15 = 0.25
iii) P [X ≥ 3] = P [ X = 3] + P [X = 4] = 2k + k = 3(0.15) = 0.45
iv) P [1 ≤  X < 4] = P [ X = 1] + P [X = 2] + P [ X = 3]
= k + 2k + 2k = 5k = 5(0.15) = 0.75

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 79
Ex.3) The probability distribution of X is as follows.

X 0 1 2 3 4

P (X = x) 0.2 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1

Find the c.d.f. of X, F (2) and F (3).

Solution :
F (2) = P [ X ≤ 2] = P [X =0] + P [ X =1] + P [ X = 2 ]
= 0.2  +  0.3 +  0.25 = 0.75
F (3) = P [ X ≤ 3] = P [ X=0] + P [ X=1] + P [ X = 2] + P [ X = 3]
= 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.25 +  0.15 = 0.90

Ex.4) Three coins are tossed simultaneously, X is the number of heads. Find expected
value and variance of X.
Solution :
S = { HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT } and
X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
X = xi P = pi xipi xi 2 pi
0 1 0 0
8
1 3 3 3
8 8 8
2 3 6 12
8 8 8
3 1 3 9
8 8 8
3 12 3 24
∑i xipi = ∑ xi2pi =
=0 8 i=1 8
3 12
Then E (X ) = ∑ i =0 xipi = = 1.5
8
3 2
n
Var (X ) = ( ∑ i =1 xi2pi ) - ( ∑ i =0 xi2pi2)
24 2
= - (1.5) = 3 - 2.25 = 0.75
8

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 80
Ex. 5) Find the mean and variance of the number randomly selected from 1 to 15.
Solution :
Let X denote the number selected.
Then X = 1,2,3..............15.
Each number selected is equi-probable therefore
1
P (1) = P (2) = P (3) = ....... = P (15) =
15
1 1 1 1
μ = E (X ) = ∑ ni =1 xi2pi = 1× + 2 ×   + 3× ..... ..... + 15 ) ×
15 15 15 15
1 15 × 16 1
= (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... ..... ..... + 15) × = × =8
15 2 15
var (X ) = ( ∑ i =1 x2ipi ) - ( ∑ i =1 xipi )
n n 2

= 1 ×
1
15
( 2
+2 ×
1
15
2 2
+ 3 ×  
15
1 2
..... ..... + 15 ×  
1
15
) - (8) 2

2 2 2 2 1 2
= (1 + 2 + 3 + .... .... + 15 ) ×   - (8)
15
15 × 16 × 31 1 2
= × - (8) = 82.67 - 64 = 18.67
6 15

Ex.6) X has the following probability density function.

3
x
f (x) = for 0 < x < 4. What is the cumulative distribution function X ?
4
Solution :
x
F (x) = ∫ f (x) dx
0
3
x x
= ∫0 dx
4
4 x x
4
=
1
4 [ ]0 x
4
=
1
16
4
[x - 0] =
16

Ex.7) Find the c.d.f. F(x) associated with p.d.f. of r.v. X, where.

{ }
2
3 ( 1-2n ) ; 0 < n < 1
f(n) =
0 ; otherwise
Solution :
Since f (x) is p.d.f. of r.v., c.d.f is 3
x

3 2
F(x) = ∫ 3 (1 - 2x ) dx = 3 x -
0
2x
3 0
[ (
= 3x - 2x
3
)]
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 81
Ex.8) Find k if the following function is the p.d.f. of r.v. X.
2
f (x) = kx (1 – x), for 0 < x < 1
= 0, otherwise.
Solution :
Since f (x) is the p.d.f. of r.v. X
1
∫0 f (x) dx = 0
1 2
∴ ∫ kx (1- x) dx =1
0
1 2 3
∴ k ∫ x -x dx = 1
0
4 4 1
∴k [ n
3 -
x
4 ]0 =1
1 1 1
∴k - =1 ∴k =1 ∴ k = 12
3 4 12

Ex.9) For each of the following p.d.f. of r.v. X find (a) P (X< 1) (b) P ( |X| < 1)
2
n

{
i) f(n) = 18 ; for - 3 < n < 3
0 ; otherwise }
ii) f(n) = { x+ 2
18
; for - 2< x < 4
0 ; otherwise
}
Solution : 2 1
x 1 x3 1 1 28 14
i) a) P (X<1) = ∫-3 18 dx = = [ 1 + 27 ] = =
18 3 -3 54 54 27

x
2 1
1 x31 1 2 1
b) P (| X |<1) = P(-1< X<1)= ∫-1 18 dx = = [1+1] = =
18 3 -1 54 54 27

x +2 1
1 1 x2 + 2 x 1 5 1
ii) a) P (X<1) = ∫-2 18 dx = = +2 =
18 2 -2 18 2 4

1 x+2
b) P (| X |<1) = P(-1< X<1)= ∫-1 18

1
1 x2 + 2 x 1 5 3 2
dx = = = + =
18 2 -1 18 2 2 9

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 82
 Exercise 7.1

1) Find the probability distribution of number of heads in two tosses of coin.
2) Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find expectation
of X
3) Find the expected value and variance of r.v. X whose p.m.f. are given below.
X 1 2 3
P (X = x) 1 2 2
5 5 5
4) Find k if the following function represents the p.d.f. of ar.v.X.

f (n)  = {
kn (1-n) ; for 0 < x < 1
0 ; otherwise }
Also find, P X <
1
2
. ( )
5) Find k if the following function represents the p.d.f. of ar.v. X.

{
kn ; for 0 < n < 2
f (n)  = 0 ; otherwise }
Also find P (1< X< 2)
6) A random variable X has the following probability distribution :
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 2
P (X ) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2k 7k + k

Determine : i) k ii) P (X > 6) iii) P (0 < X < 3)

7) The probability distribution of discrete r.v. X is as follows.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2
P (X = x) k 2k 2k 3k k 2k

8) Find expected value and variance of X, where X is number obtained on uppermost

face when a fair die is thrown.
9) In a meeting,70 % of the members favor and 30 % oppose a certain proposal. A member
is selected at random and we take X = 0 if he opposed, and X = 1 if he is in favor.

{ }
Find E (X ) and Var (X ) x
; for 0 <  x < 4
10) The following is the p.d.f of a r.v. X : f (x) = 8
0 ; otherwise
Find (i) P (1< x < 2) ii) P (x > 2).
11) Following is the p.d.f. of a continuous r.v. X.

f (x) =
x
4{ ; for 0 <  x < 4
0 ; otherwise
}
i) Find the expression for the c.d.f of X. ii) Find F (x) at x = 0.5, 1.7 and 5.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 83
 8. Binomial Distribution
Bernoulli Trial :
Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy the following conditions :
i) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure.
ii) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.

Binomial distribution :
A random variable X is defined to have a Binomial distribution if p.m.f. is given by P(X = x)
= P(n) = nC pxqn − x where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, ….n. Where n is number of trials, p is probability
x
of success. Here 0 < p < 1. q is probability of failure and p + q = 1. It is denoted by X ∼ B
(n, p).
Also Mean = µ = E(X) = np, Variance = V(X) = npq, S.D. = σ = √V(X)

Ex. 1) A die is thrown 6 times. If 'getting an odd number' is a success, find the probability
of (i) 5 successes (ii) at least 5 successes (iii) at most 5 successes.
Solution : Here n = 6
Let X = number of successes = getting an odd numbers.
p = the probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of die
3 1
= = ,
6 2
1 1
q=1−p=1− =
2 2
1
Here X ∼ B (6, ). We know that P(X = x) = p(x) = nC pxqn − x
2 x

i) P(5) = 6C
5 2
1 5
()()
1
2
1
=6
1
=
64 32
3

ii) P(X ≥ 5) = P(5) + P(6) = 6C

5 2
()()
1 5
1 1
2
+ 6C ()
1 6 3
6 2
= +
1
32 64
6+1 7
= =
64 64

iii) P(X ≤ 5) = 1 − P(X > 5) = 1 − 6C

6
(12) = 1 − 641 =
6
63
64

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 84
Ex. 2) A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find
the probability of two successes.
Solution : Here n = 4.
Let X = number of doublets.
p = the probability of getting a doublet when a pair of dice is thrown
6 1
= =
36 6
1 5
q=1−p=1− =
6 6
1
Here X ∼ B (4, ). We know that P(X = x) = p(x) = nC pxqn − x
6 x

P(X = 2) = 4C
2
( )( )
1 2 5 (4 −2)
2 6
=
4! . 1 . 25
2!.2! 36 36
=
25
216

Ex. 3) There are 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability that
a sample of 10 items will include not more than one defective item?
Solution : n = 10. Let X = number of defective items.
5 1
p = the probability of getting defective items = = ,
100 20
1 19
q=1−p=1− = ,
20 20
1
Here X ∼ B (10, ). We know that P(X = x) = p(x) = nC pxqn − x
20 x

( )( )
P(X ≤ 1) = P(0) + P(1) = 10C
1
o 20
0 19
20
10 −
( )( )
0
+10C
1
1 20
1 19 10 − 1
20

= 1.1.( ) + 10. ( )( ) =( ) ( 20 + 20 ( =
20 (20 )
19 101 19 19 19 10 9
29 19 9 9
.
20 20 20 20

Ex. 4) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150 days of use
is 0.05. Find the probability that out of 5 such bulbs (i) none (ii) not more than
one (iii) more than one (iv) at least one will fuse after 150 days of use.
Solution : Here n = 5. Let X = number of fuse bulbs.
p = the probability of getting defective item = 0.05
q = 1 − p = 1 − 0.05 = 0.95.
Here X ∼ B(5, 0.05). We know that P(X = x) = P(x) = nC pxqn − x
x
i) P(X = 0) = P(u) = 5C (0.05) (0.95) 0 5−0
= 1.1.(0.95) = (0.95)5
5
0

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 85
 ii) P(X ≤ 1) = P(0) + P(1) = 5C (0.05)0 (0.95)5−0 + 5C (0.05)1 (0.95)5−1
0 1
= 1.1.(0.95)5 + 5 (0.05)1 (0.95)4 = (0.95)4 (0.95 + 0.25) = 1.2 (0.95)4
iii) P(X > 1) = 1 − P(X ≤ 1) = 1 − 1.2(0.95)4
iv) P(X ≥ 1) = 1 − P(0) = 1 − (0.95)5

Ex. 5) Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.
Solution : Here n = 6. Let X = number of sixes.
1
p = the probability that a die shows 6 on a single throw =
6
1 5
q=1−p=1− =
6 6
1
Here X ∼ B(6, ). We know that P(X = x) = p(x) = nC pxqn − x
6 x

P(X ≤ 2) = p(0) + p(1) + p(2)

= 6C ( ) ( ) +6 ( ) ( ) +6 ( ) ( )
0
1
6
0 5
6
6

C1
1
6
1 1
6
6−1

C2
1
6
2 5
6
6−2

= 1. 1. ( ) + 6.( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) =( ) +( ) +
5 1 5 6 1 1 5 55 5 2 4 6 5
6! 6.5

6 6 6 2!.4! 6 6 6 6 2.1

( 16 ) ( 56 )
2 4

= ( ) [( ) + 1 + 3 ] = ( ) [ ] =( ) ( )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1 1 5+6+3 14 7 5
=
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6

Ex. 6) Given that X ∼ B (n, p) :

i) If n = 10 and p = 0.4, find E (X) and Var (X)
ii) If p = 0.6 and E(X) = 6, find n and Var (X)
iii) If n = 25, E(X) = 10 find p and SD(X).

Solution : E(X) = np, V(X) = npq, SD(X) = √V(X)

i) q = 1 − p = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
E(X) = np = 10 × 0.4 = 4.
V(X) = npq =10 × 0.4 × 0.6 = 2.4.
ii) E(X) = 6
∴ np = 6
∴ n × 0.6 = 6

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 86
 ∴ n = 10.q = 1 – p = 1-0.6 = 0.4

V(X) = npq = 10 × 0.6 × 0.4 = 2.4.

iii) E(X) = 10

∴ np = 10 = 25p

∴ 25p = 10
10 2 2 5−2 3
∴p= = and q = 1 − p = 1 − = =
25 5 5 5 5
3
V(X) = npq = 10 × =6
5
SD (X) = √V(X) = √ 6

Exercise 8.1

1) If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of getting

i) exactly six heads ii) at least six heads iii) at most six heads
2) Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective
eggs. Find the probability that there is at least one defective egg.

( )( ) 4−x
5 x 4
3) Let the p.m.f. of r.v. X be P(X = x) = Cx 4
, for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 then find
9 9
E(X) and V(X).
4) If E(X) = 6 and Var (X) = 4.2, find n and p.
5) Let X ∼ B (10, 0.2), Find (i) P(X = 1) (ii) P(X ≥ 1) (iii) P(X ≤ 8)
6) Let X ∼ B (n, p) (i) If n = 10, E(X) = 5, find p and Var (X).
(ii) If E (X) = 5 and Var (X) = 2.5, find n and p.
7) If fair coin is tossed 10 times find the probability that it shows heads
(i) 5 times (ii) in the first four tosses and tail in last six tosses.


Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 87
 Answer Key (Part - II)
Exercise 1.1

x cos (log x) 5x4

1) 2) 3)
√x + 5
2 -x x5 + 4
2 3
5) 3x .cos x
4) −3x.53cosx.log 5 6) −5x4 tan (x)5
√2 sin3
( x)
2 2 3 3
7) 3 +

- 8) cosec
3x - 4 3(2x + 5) 2 2

Exercise 1.2
2x
1) 3x2 2) 3) 4x3 4) 3
2+ x 4
√1 − x 6

1 3 1
5) 6) 7) 8) 1
2 2 2
2 3 2ex 6
9) 10) 11) 12)
1 + x2 1 - x2 1 + 2ex 1 + 9x2
7 3 4 3
13) - 14) -
1 + (7x)2 1 + (3x)2 1 + (4x)2 1 + (3x)2

x
Exercise 1.3
ex2 (tan x) 2
1) x
2
[x
2 + x cosec2x +
1
2
log (tan x) -
3x
1 + x2
+ 3 tan x ]
(1 + x ) 2
cos3 x
2) axa-1 + axlog a + xx [1 + log x]

(2xlog x log x)
3) (sin x)tan x [1 + sec2 x log (sin x)] -
x

Exercise 1.4
5x4 + 2xy + 3 2x + y sin (xy) - cos (x + y)
1) i) ii)
x2 + 3xy2 + 4y2 3y2 - x sin (xy) + cos (x + y)

iii) 2x (x + y) + ye (x + y) - 1
xy

2y (x + y) - xexy (x + y) + 1

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 88
 Exercise 1.5
1 2√ t + 1 t tan t 1
1) i) ii) iii) iv) − t
t2 2√ t − 1 sin log t
3√ 3 16
2) i)
2
ii) 3 iii) √3
Exercise 1.6

1) i) 6x + 14 ii) (x2 + 4x + 2)ex iii) 3 + 2 log x

2t (t2 − 3) 4√ 2b
2) i) − ii)
(1 + t2)2 3a2
Exercise 2.1

1) 0.8π cm2/sec 2) i) valid ii) valid    iii) not valid iv) valid

3) increasing 4) y = 0, y = 4 5) a = 2, b = −7

6) 6 cm3/sec 7) 3 km/hr 8) 0.9 m/s

9) i) 3.03704 ii) 0.8747 iii) 0.7859   iv) 9.098874    v) 4.6152

5 1
10) c = 2 ∈ (1, 4) 11) c = 2 ∈ (0, 1) 12) x < −3, x > 8

13) 15, 15 14) maximum height is 12.8 15) x = 75, P = 4000

Exercise 3.1
e−3x
1) ex − + c 2) log x − x + c 3) tan x − cot x − 4x + c
3

4)
( )3 x
5 −
4 x
5 ( ) + c 5) sec x − tanx + x + c
log( ) 3
5
log
4
5 ( )
3 3
6) 12 sin 3x + 4 sin x + c 7) sin x − cos x + c

π x2
8) 4 x − +c
4

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 89
 Exercise 3.2
sec7x
1) log (sec (log x)) + c 2) 2 √ log x + c 3)
7
+c
1
4) 4 log (x4 + 1) + c 5) log (sec (xex) + tan (xex)) + c

6) cos (a − b) log sec (x + b) + x sin (a − b) + c

7) log (log x) + c 8) 2 log (√ x − 1) + c

Exercise 3.3
1 x 1 2x − √ 3
−1
1) 5 tan 5 + c 2) log +c
4√ 3 2x +√ 3

3)
1
√2
log
( x+
√ x2 −
5
2 ) + c
1 x−6
(
4) 4 log x − 2 + c )
5) log (x − ) 1
2 + √ x2 − x − 6 +c
x
6) 9 sin−1 9 + √ 81 − x2 +c

7)
1
2√ 7
tan−1
2 tan x
√7
+ c 8)
1
2√ 3
log|
√ 3 + tan x
√ 3 − tan x
+c |
( )
x
−1
1 3 tan +2
tan−1 √
1 5 tan x 2
9) + c 10) tan−1 +c
2√ 10 2√ 2 √5
√5
11)
3
4√ 2
log
( 2√ 2 sin x +
2√ 2 sin x +
√2
√2
−2
+2 ) +c

Exercise 3.4
x3 x2 2 2
1) (3 log x − 1) + c 2) − cos (3x) + 9 x sin (3x) + 27 cos (3x) + c
9 3
x 2 1 e2x
3) tan−1 x − 2 (x − tan−1 x) 4) (2 sin (5x) − 5 cos (3x)) + c
3 29
1 1
5) 2 log (sec x + tan x) + 2 sec x tan x + c
ex
6) x + c
x
7) e tan x + c
x
8) 9) x sin (log x) + c
x

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 90
 Exercise 3.5
1 11
1) 4 log (x − 1) − 2 log (x + 2) + 4 log (x + 3) + c
1 1 4
2) 18 log (3x − 1) + 2 log (x − 1) − 9 log (3x − 2) + c

3) x − log (x + 3) + log (x − 2) + c

Exercise 4.1
2 4
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4) 1
7√ 2
1 1 4 2
5) 2 6) 2 7) 3 [tan−1 3 + tan−1 3

π π 1
8) 6 9) 4 − 2 10) sin (log 3) 11) e − √e
π 1
12) 4 − 2 log 2

2 1
1
13) 4 log

1
( 2√2 + 1
2√ 2 − 2
π
)
14) 3 tan−1 3 15) 2 log 2 16) 4

1
17) ab
[ tan−1

π
( )
ae + tan−1
b ( )a
be ] 18) log ( )
4
3
19) e − 2

π
2
log 2

20) 0 21) 2 − 2 22) 0 23) 4

π 9 5
24) 8 log 2 25) 2 26) 3

Exercise 5.1
1) i) 16 sq. unit ii) 20 sq. unit iii) 1 sq. unit
128
iv) sq. unit v) 21 sq. unit vi) 5 sq. unit
3
32
2) 20 sq. unit 3) 3 sq. unit 4) 20π sq. unit
1
5) 25π sq. unit 6) 12 sq. unit

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 91
 Exercise 6.1

1) a) Order = 2, Degree = 2 b) Order = 2, Degree = Not defined

2
dy dy d2y dy
2) a) x2 + x + y = 0 b) −7 + 10y = 0
dx 2 dx dx2 dx
dy
3) 3 + 2 = 0 6) (ey + 1) sin x = 1
dx
7) i) y = − kx + c ii) (1 + x2) (1 − y2) = 5 iii) x = tan (x − 2y) +
x

iv) x + y = x
2 2 4
v) x + 2ye y = c vi) y.etanx = etanx (tan x − 1) + C
vii) x + y + 1 = cey viii) 4x2 + 9y2 = 36
27
8) 5656 9) 1 hours 10) gm
5

Exercise 7.1
1 11 14
X
1) 0 1 2 2) 3 3) E (x) = , Var (x) =
1 2 1 5 25
P (X = x) 4 4 4

(1
4) k = 6, P X < 2 ) 1
= 2
1 3
5) k − 2 , P(1 < X < 2) = 4

1 17 3 1 10 1
6) i) 10 ii) 100 iii) 10 7) i) 21 ii) 21 iii) 7

7 35 7 21
8) E (x) = 2 , Var (x) = 12 9) E (x) = 10 = 0.7, Var (x) = 100 = 0.21

3 3 x2 1
10) i) 16 ii) 4 11) i) F (x) = ii) F (0.5) = 64 , F (1.7) = 0.18, F (5) = 1
16

Exercise 8.1
53
1) (i)
105
100
(ii)
193
512
(iii) 64 2) 1 − ( ) 9
10
10

20 80
3) 09 , 81 4) 20 5) i) 2 (0.8) 9 ii) 1 − (0.8) 10 iii) 1 − (8.2) (0.2)9

1 1 53 105
6) i) 2 , 2.5 (ii) 10, 2 7) i)   (ii)
256 512

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 92
 Practice Question Paper - 1
Class: XII (Arts and Science)
Subject : Mathematics and Statistics (40)

Marks: 80 Time : 3 Hours

General Instructions : The Question Paper is divided into four sections.

1) Section A :
Q. No. 1 Contains Eight multiple choice questions carrying Two marks each.
Q. No. 2 Contains Four very short answer type questions carrying One mark each.
2) Section B :

Q. No. 3 to Q. No. 14 : contains Twelve short type questions carrying Two marks each.
(Attempt any Eight)
3) Section C :
Q. No. 15 to Q. No. 26: contains Twelve short type questions carrying Three marks each.
(Attempt any Eight)
4) Section D :
Q. No. 27 to Q. No. 34: contains Eight long type question carrying Four marks each.
(Attempt any Five)
5) Use of log table is allowed. Use of calculator is not allowed.
6) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
7) In case of MCQ only first attempt will be considered for evaluation.
8) In LPP only rough sketch of graph is expected. Graph paper is not necessary.
9) Start answer to each section on a new page.

Section : A

Q. 1) Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternative for each
sub-question. (2 marks each) (16 Marks)
i) ~p ∧ (p ∨ q) ≡ …..
A) p ∧ q B) p ↔ q C) ~p ∧ q D) ∼(p → q)

ii) Principal value of cos-1 - ( ) 1

2
=
π 2π π 2π
A) B) C) - D) -
3 3 3 3

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 93
 iii) If a = 2 i + 3 j + 4k and b = 3 i + m j -3k, and a is perpendicular to b then
m= ….
A) 2 B) -2 C) 3 D) -3

iv) The equation of a line passing through (2, 4, -1) and parallel to the line
x y-1 z+1
= = is ….
3 2 4
x+2 y+4 z−1 x−2 y−4 z+1
A) = = B) = =
3 2 4 3 2 4
x−2 y−4 z−1 x+2 y+4 z−1
C) = = D) = =
-3 -2 -4 -3 -2 -4
x
v) The slope of the tangent to the curve y = at origin is …..
x +2
2

A) 2 B) 0 C) 1 D) -1
x2 y2
vi) The area of the ellipse + = 1 is ….
25 16
A) 25π B) 20π C) 16π D) 1π

vii) y = (c1 + c2x)ex is the solution of ……

d 2y dy d2y dy
A) - 2 + 2y = 0 B) -2 -y=0
dx2 dx dx2 dx
d2y dy d2y dy
C) -2 +y=0 D) - + 2y = 0
dx2 dx dx2 dx
4
( )( )
5 4
x 4-x
viii) If p.m.f. of r.v.X is P(X = x ) = , x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 then Var(X)
x 9 9
=…
A) 0.1876 B) 0.7876 C) 0.0876 D)0.9876

Q. 2) Answer the following questions: ( 1 mark each ) (4 Marks)

i) Write the negations of the statement : 'Some triangles are equilateral triangle'.
ii) Find the unit vector in the direction of 2 i -2 j + k
f ' (x)'
iii) Write the integral of w.r.t.x
√(f (x)

√ ( ) ( )
2 3
dy d2y
iv) Find the degree of the differential equation 1+ = 2
dx dx2

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 94
 Section : B

Attempt any EIGHT of the following questions: (2 marks each) (16 Marks)
Q. 3) Construct the circuit for the statement (p ∧ q) ∨ (∼p ∧ q) ∨ (∼q ∧ r)

Q. 4) Find the inverse of the matrix

1 2
3 4 ( )
by using elementary row transformation

Q. 5) In ∆ABC if a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, then find sin (A)2

Q. 6) Find k, if the sum of slopes of the lines given by x2 + kxy - 3y2 = 0 is twice their
product.
Q. 7) If the vectors 3 i + 5k, 4 i + 2 j - 3k and 3 i + j + 4k are three co-terminus edges
of the parallelepiped, then find the volume of the parallelepiped.
Q. 8) Find the angle between lines r = ( i + 2 j + 3k )+ λ(2 i -2 j + k) and r = ( i + 2 j +
3k) + λ( i + 2 j + 2k).
dy
Q. 9) If √x + √y = √ a ,then find
dx

∫
1
Q. 10) Evaluate dx
x2 + 8x + 12
k

∫ 1 π
Q. 11) If d x = 16 , then find the value of k.
0 2 + 8x2
Q. 12) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 16x and its latus rectum
Q. 13) Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants of the equation
y = Ae3x + Be-3x.
Q. 14) Find E(X), where X is a discrete random variable with p. m. f. given by

X=x 0 1 2 3
P (X = x) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3

Section : C

Attempt any EIGHT of the following questions: (3 marks each) (24 Marks)
Q. 15) Construct the truth tables for the statement pattern (∼p ∨ q) → [p ∧ (q ∨ ∼ q)].
Interpret your results.
Q. 16) Find principal solutions of cos 5θ = sin 3θ

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 95
Q. 17) If A, B, C are the measures of angles of a ∆ABC and a, b, c are lengths of sides BC,
AC, AB respectively then prove that b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac cos B
Q. 18) Find the direction cosines of the lines which is perpendicular to the lines with direction
ratios -1, 2, 2 and 0, 2, 1.
Q. 19) Show that lines r = (2 j - 3k) + λ( i + 2 j + 3k) and r = (2 i + 6 j + 3k ) + μ(2 i +
3 j + 4k) are coplanar.
Q. 20) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through points A(1, 1, 2), B(0, 2, 3) and
C(4, 5, 6).
dy
Q. 21) If ex + ey = e(x + y) then show that = -e(y − x)
dx
Q. 22) Find the approximate value of √ 8.95

∫
2x
Q. 23) Evaluate dx
4 − 3x − x2
Q. 24) Find the general solution of the D.E. 3ex tan y dx + (1 + ex) sec2 y dy = 0

Q. 25) The p.m.f. of a r.v. X is given below.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X = x) 0.1 k 2k 2k k

Find i) k, ii) P(X < 2), iii) P(X ≥ 3)

Q. 26) Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective
eggs. Find the probability that there is at least one defective egg.

Section - D

Attempt any FIVE of the following questions: (4 marks each) (20 Marks)
Q. 27) The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add it to the
second number we get 11. By adding first and the third numbers we get a number
which is double the second number. Use this information and find a system of linear
equations. Find the three numbers using matrices.
Q. 28) Prove that homogeneous equation of degree two in x and y, ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
represents a pair of lines passing through the origin if h2 - ab ≥ 0.
Q. 29) If the points A(3, 0, p), B(-1, q, 3), C(-3, 3, 0) are collinear , then find the ratio in
which the point C divides the line segment AB. Also find the values of p and q.

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 96
Q. 30) Solve the following LPP by using graphical method,
Maximize z = 11x + 8y
Subject to, x ≤ 4, y ≤ 6, x + y ≤ 6, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Q. 31) If y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x such that the inverse function x = f −1(y) is
dy dy
defined, then show that = 1 where ≠0
dx dy dx
dx
Hence find the derivative of the inverse of the function y = 2x3 - 6x.

∫ x ∫ x)
( y d
Q. 32) If u and v are functions of x, then ∫ uv dx = u∫ v dx - vd dx
d
Also, evaluate ∫ x sin x dx

Q. 33) Verify Rolle ’s theorem for the function f (x) = x2 - 4x +10 on [0, 4]

1
x tan−1 x
Q. 34) Evaluate
0
∫ (1 + x2) 2
3
dx



Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 97
 Practice Question Paper - 2
Class: XII (Arts and Science)
Subject : Mathematics and Statistics (40)

Marks: 80 Time : 3 Hours

General Instructions : The Question Paper is divided into four sections.

1) Section A :
Q. No. 1 Contains Eight multiple choice questions carrying Two marks each.
Q. No. 2 Contains Four very short answer type questions carrying One mark each.
2) Section B :

Q. No. 3 to Q. No. 14 : contains Twelve short type questions carrying Two marks each.
(Attempt any Eight)
3) Section C :
Q. No. 15 to Q. No. 26 : contains Twelve short type questions carrying Three marks
each. (Attempt any Eight)
4) Section D :
Q. No. 27 to Q. No. 34: contains Eight long type question carrying Four marks each.
(Attempt any Five)
5) Use of log table is allowed. Use of calculator is not allowed.
6) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
7) In case of MCQ only first attempt will be considered for evaluation.
8) In LPP only rough sketch of graph is expected. Graph paper is not necessary.
9) Start answer to each section on a new page.

Section : A

Q. 1) Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question : (2 marks each) (16 Marks)
i) The negation of : ‘For every natural number x, x + 5 > 4’ is ….
A) ∀ x ∈ N, x + 5 < 4
B) ∀ x ∈ N, x - 5 < 4
C) For every integer x, x + 5 < 4
D) there exist a natural x, for which x + 5 ≤ 4

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 98
 2
ii) The principal solutions of sec x = are ….
√3
π 11 π π 11 π
A) , B) ,
3 6 6 6
π 11 π π 11 π
C) , (π )/( 4),(11π )/4 D) ,
4 4 6 4
iii) Which of the following represents direction cosines of a line ?
1 1 √3 1
A) 0, , B) 0, - ,
√2 2 2 √2
√ 3 1 1 1 1
C) 0, , D) , ,
2 2 2 2 2
x+1 y+1 z+1
iv) If the point A(λ, 5, -2) lies on the line = = , then the value
7 −6 1
of λ is ….
A) -1 B) 1 C) 8 D) -8

v) The function f (x) = x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 100 is ….

A) increasing B) decreasing
C) strictly decreasing D) neither increasing nor decreasing

vi) The area of the region bounded by y = x, x = 1, x = 2 and the X-axis is …..
3 1
A) B) 2 C) D) 4
2 2
2
vii)The order and degree of the differential equation 1 +
….
dy
dx
( ( )) 3
3
respectively are

A) 3 , 1 B) 1 , 3 C) 3 , 3 D) 1 , 1
viii) For X ~ B (n, p), if V(x) = 2.4 and p = 0.4 then n = ….
A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40

Q. 2) Answer the following questions: (1 mark each) (4 Marks)

i) Write the dual of the statement: (p ∨ q) ∧ t.
ii) Find k if C(k, 4, -2) is the mid point of the segment joining A(-2, 1, 0) and B(2,
7, -4).
iii) If f ' (x) = x−1, then find f (x).
dy
iv) Find the integrating factor of linear differential equation + y sec x = tan x.
dx

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 99
 Section : B

Attempt any EIGHT of the following questions: (2 marks each) (16 Marks)
Q. 3) Write the converse and contrapositive of the statement : "If a function is differentiable
then it is continuous."

Q. 4) Find the cofactors of the elements of the matrix

-1 2
-3 4 [ ]
Q. 5) Find the general solution of cos x = sin x
Q. 6) Find the value of k, if the 2x + y = 0 is one of the lines represented by 3x2 + kxy +
2y2 = 0
Q. 7) Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are :
2 i + 3 j - 4k, 5 i + 7 j + 5k, 4 i + 5 j - 2k

Q. 8) Find the vector equation of the line passing through A(3, 4, -7) and B (6, -1, 1)

Q. 9) If y = log (sec x + tan x) then find dy

dx

∫
1
Q. 10) Evaluate: log x dx
x
k

∫ 1 π
Q. 11) If d x = 6 , then find the value of k.
0 2 + 8x2
Q. 12) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 16x and the line x = 3
Q. 13) Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants of the equation
y = Ae5x + Be-5x.
Q. 14) Find the variance of r.v. X for the following probability distribution:

X=x 0 1 2 3 4
P (X = x) 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1

Section : C

Attempt any EIGHT of the following questions: (3 marks each) (24 Marks)
Q. 15) Using truth table prove that p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ r)
Q. 16) In ∆ABC, with usual notations prove that : c = a cos B + b cos A

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 100
Q. 17) Prove that 2 tan−1 (1)3
+ tan−1 (1)
7
=
π
4
Q. 18) Using vectors prove that the line segments joining mid-points of adjacent sides of a
quadrilateral form a parallelogram.

Q. 19) Find the angle between the planes r ∙ ( i + j + 2k) = 13 and r ∙(2 i - j + k) =31
x−1 y−2 z−3 x−2
Q. 20) Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and =
2 3 4 3
y−4 z−5
=
4 5
Q. 21) Solve the differential equation: (x2 + y2) dx - 2xy dy = 0

Q. 22) Prove that ∫ √a 2

−x 2 dx =
x
2
√a − x +
2 2
a2
2 (x)
sin−1
2
+c

Q. 23) Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function f(x) = x2 - 5x + 9, x ∈ [1, 4]

dy y2
Q. 24) If log (x + y) = log (xy) + p, where p is constant then prove that =- 2
dx x

{
x3
, -1 < x < 2
Q. 25) Given the p.d.f. of continuous random variable X as: f (x) = 3
0, otherwise

Determine the c.d.f. of X and hence find (i) P(X < 1) (ii) P(X ≤ -2)
Q. 26) A fair coin is tossed 10 times. Find the probability of getting:
(i) exactly six heads (ii) at least six heads.

Section - D

Attempt any FIVE of the following questions: (4 marks each) (20 Marks)
Q. 27) Solve the following system of equations by using reduction method
2x - y + z = 1, x + 2y + 3z = 8, 3x + y - 4z = 1
Q. 28) Prove that the homogeneous equation of degree two in x and y i.e. ax2 + 2hxy + by2
= 0 represents a pair of lines passing through the origin, if h2 - ab ≥ 0.
Q. 29) Using vectors prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Q. 30) Maximize z = 6x + 4y subject to x ≤ 2, x + y ≤ 3, - 2x + y ≤ 1 , x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 101
Q. 31) If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable function of x, then prove
that the composite function y is a differentiable function of x and dy = dy × du
dy dx du dx
Hence find if y = √(x3+7)
dx
Q. 32) The perimeter of a triangle is 10 cm. If one of the sides is 4 cm. then what are the
other sides of the triangle for its maximum area?

3x2-2
Q. 33) ∫ 2 dx
(x -1) (x2-2)

{
a a
Q. 34) Prove that, ∫-a ƒ(x) dx = (2 ∫0 ƒ(x)dx if ƒ(x) is an even function.
0
if ƒ(x) is an odd function.


Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 102
 Std. XII - Subject : Mathematics and Statistics
Part - II

List of Contributors

S. No. Name of Teacher Designation School/Office Address

1) Swati Ashok Kale, J.C.T. SNBP School and Junior College,
Rahatani Pune - 17
2) Mangal Pandurang J.C.T. D. K. More Janta Jr.College,Vadgaon
Kandekar Pan. Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar
3) Shivaji Parwe J.C.T. DSM College, Parbhani - 43140
4) Dhananjay Panhalkar J.C.T. N. S. Pantwalawalkar Jr. College,
Devgad, Dist- Sindhudurg
5) Girjappa Bhairu Barve J.C.T. Shivbhumi Junior College Yamunanagar
Nigdi, Pune - 44

6) Asif Mujawar J.C.T. Y. C. Institute of Science, Satara

7) Avinash G. Dawange J.C.T. MVP'S K. T. H. M. College, Gangapur
Road, Nashik - 2
8) Prakash S. Gaurkar J.C.T. Vidyaniketan Jr. College, Chandrapur
9) Aparna Godbole J.C.T. Mahilashram High School and Junior
College, Karve Nagar, Pune - 52
10) Prafullachandra Pawar J.C.T. Ahmednagar college, Ahmednagar
11) Dr. Santosh Singh J.C.T. Kishinchand Chellaram College ,
Churchagate, Mumbai - 400020
12) Ms. Vanita Baban J.C.T. Ness Wadia College of Commerce,
Manjare Pune.
13) Peeyush Kumar J.C.T. Prahladrai Dalmia Lions college of
Kapildev Tiwari Commerce and Economics, Malad (w.),
Mumbai - 400064
14) Yogesh Zanzane J.C.T. Shardabai Pawar Mahila College,
Shardanagar, Baramati
15) Devanand B. Bagul J.C.T. MES Boys' High school and Junior
College, Sadashiv Peth, Pune - 30

Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 103
Standard - XII : Subject - Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science) Part - II : 104