MCR3U Unit 1 Mr.

James
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Lesson 1.1 & 1.4 – Relations, Functions, Domain and Range

Relation Function

Relation is an identified pattern between two A function is a relation in which each value of the
variables that may be represented as ordered pairs, a independent variable (the first coordinate)
table of values, a graph or an equation. corresponds to exactly one value of the dependent
variable (the second coordinate).

Note: All functions are relations but not all relations are functions. For a relation to be a function, there must
be only one “y” value that corresponds with a given “x” value.

Domain Range
For any relation, the set of values of the independent The set of corresponding values of the dependent
variable (often the x-values) is called the variable (often the y-values) is called the
____________________ of the relation. _______________ of the relation.

General Notation: General Notation:

Discrete Function: Domain: {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 | 𝑥 = #, #, #} Range Discrete: Range: {𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 | 𝑦 = #, #, #}
Continuous Function: Domain: {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 | # ≤ 𝑥 ≤ #} Range Continuous: Range: {𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 | # ≤ 𝑥 ≤ #}

Note: For a function, for each given element in the domain, there must be exactly one element in the range.

Real Numbers: The type of numbers we normally use, such as 7, 15.82, −0.15, 3/4, etc. They can be posi ve or
negative, large or small, integers, fractions or decimal numbers, and radicals.

They are called "Real Numbers" because they are not Imaginary Numbers.

They are represented by the symbol 𝑹

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Example 1: Determine the domain and range of each relation, then state whether the relations are functions or not.

a) b)

c) d)
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Mapping Diagrams

Mapping Diagrams:
A mapping diagram is a representation that can be used when a relation is
given as a set of ordered pairs. In a mapping diagram, the domain values
in one oval are joined to the range values in the other oval using arrows.

A relation is a function if there is exactly one arrow leading from each

value in the domain. This indicates that each element in the domain
corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

Investigation: Function or Relation?

1. a) Complete the following table of values for reach relation.

𝑦=𝑥 𝑥=𝑦

𝑥 𝑦=𝑥 coordinates 𝑥=𝑦 𝑦 coordinates

-3 -3

-2 -2

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

2 2

3 3

b) Graph each relation.

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c) Draw the vertical lines 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2 on the graphs.

d) Compare how the lines draw in step c) intersect each of the relations. Which relation is a function? Explain why.

Vertical Line Test

Vertical Line Test is a Example: this graph passes the Example: this graph fails the vertical
method of determining vertical line test, because line test, because a vertical line
whether a relation is a vertical lines drawn through this intersects the graph at more than one
function or not. graph will only ever intersect point.
the graph once.
If every vertical line
intersects the relation at
most one point, then the
relation is a function.

Example 2: Determine whether each relation is a function or not. State the domain and range of each relation.
a) b) c)
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d) e) f) { (−3, 4), (5, −6), (−2, 7), (5, 3), (6, −8) }

Example 3: Determine the domain and range of each relation by first sketching the relation. Then state
whether it is a function or not.

Equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) + 3 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 36 1
𝑦=
𝑥−2
Sketch

Domain

Range

Function?
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Recall:

Vertical and Horizontal lines:

A vertical line is a line that is parallel to y-axis and goes straight, up and down, in a coordinate plane. Whereas the
horizontal line is parallel to x-axis and goes straight, left and right.

Asymptotes
Asymptote is a line that a curve approaches more and more closely but never touches.
In this graph, there exists In this graph, there
a vertical asymptote at exists a horizontal
𝑥 = 3, asymptote at 𝑦 = −2.
(and a horizontal
asymptote at 𝑦 = 0).

Vertical asymptotes affect the domain. Horizontal asymptotes affect the range.

Division by zero is undefined, therefore, the expression For all functions, where the denominator is a higher
in the denominator of the function cannot be zero. degree than the numerator, there will be a horizontal
asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

Example: 𝑦 =
Example: 𝑦 =
If we plug in 𝑥 = −3, we get 𝑦 =
If we plug in 𝑦 = 0, and then cross multiply, we get
Therefore, 𝑥 ≠ −3, and therefore, the vertical line 0= . Then this becomes 0 = 1.
𝑥 = −3 is an asymptote for this function.
But we know that 0 cannot equal 1, and therefore, the
horizontal line 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote for this
function.
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Homework Worksheet - Identify Functions Practice

1. Determine if each relation is a function. If it is not a function, explain why.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) { (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 4), (8, 10) }

2. Given the following equations, identify which relations are not functions. If it is not a function, explain why.

(a) y = 2x – 1 (b) y = 3(x – 4)2 + 5

(c) x = y2 + 6 (d) x2 + y2 = 16

3. Identify which mapping diagrams represent a function.

Answers:

1. (a) It is a function. (b) It is not a function. (c) It is a function.

(d) It is not a function. (e) It is a function.

2. (a) It is a function. (b) It is a function. (c) Not a function. (d) Not a function.

3. (a) It is a function. (b) Not a function.

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Homework Worksheet - Domain and Range Practice

1. Given the graph or ordered pairs of each relation, state the domain and range.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) {(3, 2), (2, 2), (1, 2), (5,2)} (h) {(0, -1), (4, 4), (2, 4), (8,-7)}

2. Determine the domain and range of each relation.

(a) y = 3x + 7 (b) y = - 4x2 + 3

(c) 𝑦= (d) y  3(x  1)2  4

(e) 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 1 (f) x2 + y2 = 36

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Answers:

1. (a) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, x ≥ -8} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≥ -2}

(b) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≥ -7}

(c) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, -5  x  5} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, -3  y  2}

(d) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, -3  x  0} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, -2  y  3}

(e) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≥ -16}

(f) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, x ≠ 1 } Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≠ 0}

(g) Domain: {x = 1, 2, 3, 5} Range: {y = 2}

(h) Domain: {x = 0, 2, 4, 8} Range: { y = -7, -1, 4}

2. (a) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹}

(b) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≤ 3}

(c) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, x ≠ −6 } Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≠ 0}

(d) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≥ 4}

𝟏
(e) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, 𝑥 ≥ − } Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, y ≥ 0}
𝟐

(f) Domain: {x ∈ 𝑹, -6  x  6} Range: {y ∈ 𝑹, -6  y  6}