Evaluation of Paris Metro & Shadow Pricing as a Congestion Management Scheme in Packets Based Network

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14810097
Evaluation of Paris Metro & Shadow

Pricing as a Congestion Management Scheme in
Packets Based Network
1
Yekini Olawale Saheed; 2Koledoye Titus Olugbenga; 3Muibi Kehinde Abdulahi
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Allover Central Polytechnic, Ota Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yaba College of Technology
3
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yaba College of Technology
Publication Date: 2025/02/05

Abstract: Network congestion is becoming a serious issue due to the constantly increasing demand for mobile services offered
by GSM communications. GSM congestion needs to be reduced or controlled since it is extremely important. Numerous efforts
have been undertaken to prevent and control congestion in cellular networks, such as the GSM network. This research intends
to combine Paris metro pricing and Shadow pricing scheme in management of congestion of packets in GSM. The
experimental result is simulated and evaluated using flutter framework application. The application consists of a single page
with multiple widgets to display information about the simulation. The two dynamic pricing methods' respective performances
are shown. The outcome demonstrates that shadow pricing is a more effective way to control traffic. The combination of Paris
metro price and shadow pricing successfully reduced traffic and increased income.
Keywords: GSM, Congestion, Flutter, Cellular, Radio, Shadow Pricing, Paris Metro Pricing.
How to Cite: Yekini Olawale Saheed; Koledoye Titus Olugbenga; Muibi Kehinde Abdulahi (2024). Evaluation of Paris Metro &
Shadow Pricing as a Congestion Management Scheme in Packets Based Network. International Journal of Innovative Science and
Research Technology, 10(1), 3105-3116. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14810097
I. INTRODUCTION (Alarape et al., 2011). GSM congestion needs to be reduced or

controlled since it is extremely important. Numerous efforts
The issue with wireless networks is that there is a finite have been undertaken to prevent and control congestion in
amount of radio frequency spectrum that is unable to meet the cellular networks, such as the GSM network. According to
growing demand. Upgrading the network switching system (Johansson & Steensland 2012), congestion control refers to
and base station subsystem was the first step taken in the measures made by the network to reduce the severity,
increasing the network's capacity. However, this could not length, and spread of the congestion. Since bandwidth is the
solve the problem. Cities and towns currently have nearly their most expensive resource for mobile communication, spectrum
maximum number of cells, and further increase in the cells efficiency, which is determined by the number of users per
would result in greater technical overheads than loss of cell, is a crucial indicator of cost (Whitehead., 2000).
revenue. Various dynamic pricing approach used was more
complicated and result to high overhead cost, poor service In packet networks like the Internet, a straightforward
quality and congestion. Presently, the Internet merely offers method called PMP (Paris Metro Pricing) is recommended for
best-effort service, handling each packet equally. There is, offering differentiated services. The PMP approach involves
however, widespread dissatisfaction with the perceived dividing networks logically into independent channels. The
performance, and it seems widely agreed upon those future costs associated with using these channels would be the sole
applications particularly real-time applications like packet difference. Pricey channels would draw fewer viewers and
telephony will necessitate modifications to the way the offer superior service as a result. The main instrument for
Internet functions. It's a primitive instrument, pricing. For traffic management would be price. The most straightforward
example, different applications have different needs in terms differentiated services solution is PMP. It is intended to take
of jitter, latency, and bandwidth. Network congestion is user preferences into account, albeit at the expense of a little
becoming a serious issue due to the constantly increasing network use efficiency (Andrew, 1978).
demand for mobile services offered by GSM communications
IJISRT24DEC521 www.ijisrt.com 3105

The development of this research involved investigating interference in places where they overlap, neighboring cells in
the use of Erlang-B and critically analyzing call data collected the cellular network operate at distinct frequencies. To prevent
during a busy hour for a week. The data collected were used to the existence of the signal across adjacent cells, which might
explain a model that estimates the maximum capacity of the cause interference and crosstalk, the transmitter power level at
channel based on the number of Er1ang's channels. The the cell base station must be optimized. Increasing the number
information were utilized to calculate the effective load or of cells is also necessary to improve the geographic coverage.
successful setup call (times), blocking rate, TCH congestion Every cell has a fixed capacity due to the established
ratio (%), the accessible channels, successful TCH frequency range. In order to accommodate more devices in the
assignments, and the overall load per call setup attempt. same space, a region's cell size must be decreased in order to
Correlated analysis hypothesis was used for this. From the increase the number of cells there. The following methods are
work's visual result analysis, it was found that many of the frequently employed in cellular networks to enhance a cell's
channels that are available are underutilized, particularly in capacity: sectoring, zone micro cells, splitting a cell into
places which has low blocking ratio and available channels smaller cells, and frequency borrowing from neighboring
exceed the required channels for effective load transmission. cells. Because each cell's base station and mobile devices must
(Emuoyibofarhe et al., 2015). run at lower signal strength and radiated power level, cell
splitting results in an increase in cell count that not only boosts
In order to reduce congestion, some traffic that would system capacity but also lowers power consumption for each
typically have been transported must be delayed or refused to individual cell. Cell splitting, on the other hand, decreases the
be carried. Congestion control is prioritized at the source end coverage area of each cell, as seen in Figure 1.
as well as during connection setup. Dijkstra's Routing
Algorithm model was proposed for the connection admission
control. Application of the suggested model significantly
improved the monitoring effect (Olabiysi & Afolabi, 2012).
The authors of this research suggested an auction-based

pricing strategy for allocating resources in GPRS networks,
which are mobile data networks. Additionally examined were
the trade-offs between revenue optimization and performance
enhancement, as well as the auction method on the average
system latency of the networks. The numerical results show
that a higher auction reserve price greatly lowers the amount
of network congestion as demonstrated by a decrease in the
network's mean system latency (Saravut & Harmantzis, 2006).
II. OVERVIEW OF GSM NETWORK
To ensure consistent coverage throughout the area, a

number of base stations are positioned about equal distances
from one another. But occasionally, unique cell size which
could significantly vary from the typical cell size is used,
aerial in these cells are positioned accordingly. Base
transceiver stations (BTS) are connected to base station
controller (BSC), and BSCs are connected to a mobile service Fig 1: Cell Splitting (Easley et al.,2018)
switching center (MSC). A public switched telephone network
(PSTN) serving as backhaul connects the MSCs to one Instead of using omnidirectional antennas to cover a cell,
another. A wired network or microwave link is also used for sectoring uses directional antennas. The number of sectors in a
the connections between BTS and BSC as well as between cell can be computed based on the directional antenna's angle
BSC and MSC. Based on requirements and location, the base of coverage. As shown in Figure 2, cell could be divided into
tower height at which the antenna is mounted, antenna’s sectors of 60° or 120°. Although sectoring keeps the cell's size
transmitting and receiving power is determined. While constant, it does not contribute to a decrease in handovers
antennas are usually erected on a hilltop, water tank, rooftop, because each sector is made of channel. Implementing
or street light pole, they can also be placed atop a metallic or sectoring is challenging because multiple antennas need to be
concrete tower above the ground. In addition to managing a handled at the base station, and performance deteriorates due
number of BTSs, each BSC is in charge of allocating channels to reflections from different urban structures, which causes
to the BTSs, determining the mobile device signal strength, interference in the sectors. A cell has one or two unidirectional
and facilitating BTS handovers. In order to prevent antennas for specific applications, instead of having three or

six sectors in the cell to cover the complete 360°. "Selective are produced that operate on the same frequency as the parent
cells" are the name given to such cells. Dead or non-signal cell. A single micro cell can contain several, and each micro
zones within a cell can be avoided with the aid of zone micro cell needs to have its own antenna. Typically, a wired network
cells. Dead zones can be found in basements, tunnels, the connects the antennas of the cell's micro cells to a base station.
shadowed portion of hills, spaces with reflectors, and thickly When a zone microcell's antenna count increases, the base
walled buildings. These micro cells within the cell are station's control operation becomes more complicated. The
equipped with antennas to provide transmission signals to base station also manages the handover between micro cells.
these dead zones. Thus, by adding more antennas, micro cells
Fig 2: Cell Sectoring (Easley et al.,2018)
 GSM Network Architecture

Multiple functional entities make up a GSM network. A generic GSM layout is depicted in Figure 3. There are three main
sections of the GSM network. The base station subsystem interacts with the mobile station through a radio link and mobile Station.
Network Subsystem perform authentication, switching between mobile users and network. Its primary component is the Mobile
Services Switching Center.

Fig 3: GSM Network Architecture (Williams C.Y. Lee 2012)
 Mobile Station data from the HLR . This data is required for call management
The mobile station (MS) is made up of display, smart and the provision of subscription services. While each
card, digital signal processors and radio transceiver. The functional entity can be implemented independently, most
smart card also called the subscriber identity module (SIM) switching equipment manufacturers combine one MSC and
allows for mobility. The International Mobile Equipment one VLR so that the MSC's controlled geographical area.
Identity (IMEI) provides a unique identification for the mobile Security and authentication are the uses for the other two
equipment. A secret key for authentication, additional user registers.
data, and the subscriber's International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI) are all contained on the SIM card. III. METHODOLOGY
 Base Station Subsystem The application is built using the Flutter framework. The
The Base Station Subsystem is made up Base application consists of a single page with multiple widgets to
Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC). display information about the simulation. The first widget,
They communicate via designated abis interface. The base which is the graph chart, shows the bandwidth being used by
transceiver station manages the radio link with the mobile the simulation. The default maximum bandwidth is
station. The BTS perform various functions such as radio 2500MBps; this can be adjusted by the operator using the
channel setup, frequency hopping and handover. The BTS and control data section of the application. The bandwidth using
BSC are linked to the mobile switching centre through the the text field in the control data section can be increase or
base station subsystem. decrease. This is used to manage congestion of packets within
a specified period. The control data section of the application
 Network Subsystem display current price indicator, which shows the current price
The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the core per megabyte of the system. The default price when there is no
component of the Network Subsystem. It performs congestion is $4 per MB, but it changes per MB if the cells in
registration, authentication, location updates, handovers and the BTS are almost occupied. The Price per MB ($) for the
call routing to subscriber. It functions as a typical PSTN or standard price and Congested Price per MB ($) for when the
ISDN switching node. The ITUT Signaling System Number 7 system is experiencing congestion is fixed. There are two
(SS7), which is utilized in ISDN, is widely used in toggle switches; the one on display information about the
contemporary public networks for signaling between simulation is used to change the pricing algorithm and the
functional entities. The MSC provides the link to the public second on the simulation data page is used to pause or
fixed network (PSTN or ISDN).The GSM's call routing and continue the simulation. By default, the system uses shadow
features are offered by the MSC, the Visitor Location Register price, but you can toggle the switch to change it to Paris metro
(VLR) and Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR pricing.
includes mobile device's current location as well as all of the
administrative data for every subscriber registered in the
relevant GSM network. The Visitor Location Register receives

 How the Pricing Algorithm Works the wait time is 2 seconds. If there is available bandwidth
For Paris metro pricing, the 36 channels are divided before the wait time expires, the packet is moved to the packet
logically into three with different prices. There is a standard manager queue, where it will be processed. The current price
price, Paris metro 2nd price and Paris metro 3rd price. The becomes the congested price, and all new packets received are
different prices take effect base on the pre-set percentage of put through a Boolean generator to simulate getting a response
occupied channels. The current price changes when preset from the user if is ready to pay the new price. If the user
maximum percentage channels are reached. All new packets agrees to pay the new price the packets are processed and if
received are put through a random Boolean generator to not the packets are dropped. The system creates packet every
simulate getting a yes or no response from the user. If the 50 milliseconds. If the response gotten from the Boolean
randomly generated Boolean value is true, the user packet is generator is true, the packet is added to the waiting queue and
added to a waiting queue and given a wait time in seconds, given a wait time in seconds, depending on the packet type. If
depending on the type of packet. The wait time determines the packet wait time expires before it is processed, it is
how long the packet should remain in the queue before being removed from the list. If bandwidth is available, it is added to
terminated. For audio packets, the wait time is 3 seconds; for the packet manager queue for processing.
text packets, the wait time is 5 seconds; and for video packets,
Fig 1: Simulation Window Interface
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION parameters are to be set for each generation and simulation of
packets.
Three types of packets are considered;
 Audio  Minimum audio size
 Text  Maximum audio size
 Video  Minimum video size
 Maximum video size
The flutter application use a random Boolean generator  Minimum text size
to generate packets within limits specified for processing. The  Maximum text size
packets are express in megabyte (MB) which can be varied to  Shadow price per MB
manage congestion on the network. The maximum bandwidth  Standard price per MB
is set at 2000MB. This will allow proper capturing of relevant  Paris metro 2nd price per MB
information needed for this research work. The following  Paris metro 3rd price per MB

 Paris metro active price percentage (%) different prices should take effect is set. This research uses
 Paris metro 2nd active price percentage (%) 30% /70% pricing approach. The 30%/70% means the 2nd
 Shadow active price percentage (%) price takes effect when 30% of the cells are occupied and 3 rd
 Bandwidth (MB) price takes effect when 70% of the cells are occupied.
Subscribers are alerted when price changes and are given
The following simulation data will be display during the option of either accepting or reject. Once price is accepted
processing of packets packets are processed. If not packets are dropped. The amount
 Maximum bandwidth of video, audio and text sent at every 10minutes is recorded.
 Bandwidth used The total packets sent and revenue generated is also noted
 Data sent same time. The total packets sent at every instant of 3hours are
simulated.
 Channel used
 Video data sent
 Shadow Pricing Approach
 Audio data sent The concept of shadow pricing notifies a user ahead as
 Text data sent soon as there is congestion to decide when to submit packets.
 Revenue A packet receives marks when sent during congestion. A fixed
 Waiting queue price is assigned to every mark. There are two prices involve;
 Current Price standard price and shadow price. For the purpose of this
 Standard price research, the shadow price is set at 30% which means the
shadow price of $8.00 takes effect when 30% of the cells are
 Paris Metro Pricing Approach occupied.
The Paris metro pricing scheme is configured using three
pricing scheme; the 1st is the standard price ($4.00), 2nd price
($8.00) and 3rd price ($8.00). The percentage at which the
Table 1: Paris Metro Pricing 1

Min Max Min Max Min Max Standard PMP PMP Band Width
Audio Audio Text Text Video Video price 2ndPrice 3rdPrice
10MB 20MB 1MB 5MB 50MB 100MB $4.0 $8.0 $10.0 2000MB
Time Video Sent Audio sent Text Sent Data Sent Revenue Congestion
10mins 7.147Gb 1.50Gb 0.90Gb 9641MB $0.07 No
20mins 15.392GB 3.18Gb 1.80Gb 21160MB $0.15M No
30mins 23.982Gb 5.11Gb 2.68Gb 32144MB $0.23M No

Fig 2: Paris Metro Pricing 1 Simulation Result
Table 2: Paris Metro Pricing 2

Min Max Min Max Min Max Standard PMP PMP Band Width
Audio Audio Text Text Video Video price 2ndPrice 3rdPrice
20MB 30MB 5MB 10MB 100MB 150MB $4.0 $8.0 $10.0 2000MB
10mins 16.287Gb 3.18Gb 2.12Gb 23129MB $0.16 No

Fig 3: Paris Metro Pricing 2 simulation result
Table 3: Paris metro pricing 3 (30%/70%)

Min Max Min Max Min Video Max Standard PMP PMP Band
Audio Audio Text Text Video price 2ndPrice 3rdPrice Width
30MB 40MB 10MB 15MB 150MB 200MB $4.0 $8.0 $10.0 2000MB
Time Video Sent Audio Sent Text Sent Data Sent Revenue Congestion
2mins 0.00Gb 0.00Gb 0.00Gb 1995MB $0.00M YES
Fig 4: Paris Metro Pricing 3 (30%/70%)

Table 4: Shadow Pricing 1
Min Max Min Max Min Video Max Video Standard Shadow price Band
Audio Audio Text Text price Width
10MB 20MB 1MB 5MB 50MB 100MB $4.0 $8.0 2000MB
10mins 9.043Gb 1.49Gb 0.89Gb 112049MB $0.08 No
Fig 5: Shadow Pricing 1


Min Max Min Max Min Video Max Video Standard Shadow price Band
Audio Audio Text Text price Width
20MB 30MB 5MB 10MB 100MB 150MB $4.0 $8.0 2000MB


Min Audio Max Min Max Min Max Standard Shadow price Band
Audio Text Text Video Video price Width
30MB 40MB 10MB 15MB 150MB 200MB $4.0 $8.0 2000MB
V. DISCUSSION & CONCULSION only. The combine effect of Paris metro pricing and shadow
pricing will manage congestion in base station subsystem.
The combine effect of Paris metro and shadow price
scheme in packet based network has been proved to manage The experimental results also show that the two pricing
congestion. It allows users to decide, based on their scheme incorporate open and close congestion control policy
requirements and budgets. It provides congestion control and in managing congestion. The dynamic pricing scheme can be
minor changes in the network infrastructure is being required applied to the base station subsystem of a GSM network to
to management congestion. It is evident from the result that as manage congestion of packet based network. It is seen from
the size of packets increases the network will experience more the result that the combine effect of PMP and shadow pricing
congestion and collapse using Paris metro pricing approach scheme managed congestion and greater revenue for service

provider. Application of this two dynamic pricing scheme and [16]. Konstain et al (2003) “Radio Resource Management
increase in bandwidth of the base station subsystem (BSS) will Schemes for Combines GSM /GPRS Mobile by stems”,
ultimately manage congestion of packets network in GSM. Wireless Communication Mobile Computing Journal;
357-384
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Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14810097

Evaluation of Paris Metro & Shadow

Publication Date: 2025/02/05

I. INTRODUCTION (Alarape et al., 2011). GSM congestion needs to be reduced or

IJISRT24DEC521 www.ijisrt.com 3105

The authors of this research suggested an auction-based

II. OVERVIEW OF GSM NETWORK

To ensure consistent coverage throughout the area, a

IJISRT24DEC521 www.ijisrt.com 3106

Fig 2: Cell Sectoring (Easley et al.,2018)

 GSM Network Architecture

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Fig 3: GSM Network Architecture (Williams C.Y. Lee 2012)

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Fig 1: Simulation Window Interface

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Table 1: Paris Metro Pricing 1

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Fig 2: Paris Metro Pricing 1 Simulation Result

Table 2: Paris Metro Pricing 2

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Fig 3: Paris Metro Pricing 2 simulation result

Table 3: Paris metro pricing 3 (30%/70%)

Fig 4: Paris Metro Pricing 3 (30%/70%)

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Table 4: Shadow Pricing 1

Fig 5: Shadow Pricing 1

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Table 4: Shadow Pricing 2

Fig 6: Shadow Pricing 2

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Table 5: Shadow Pricing 3

Fig 7: Shadow Pricing 3

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