GEORGETOWN LAW

Working Papers

March 2008

A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law

This paper can be downloaded without charge from: SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1103644 Posted with permission of the author

A COMPARATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY:

REGULATORY COMPETITION ON CORPORATE LAW

INTRODUCTION

Academicians of American corporate law have discussed the effects of regulatory competition for over the last three decades. The span and the range of the debate have brought a great deal of scholarship on this issue. This comparative bibliography selects and indexes the contributions made by lawyers, economists, and judges on the role of the regulatory competition on corporate laws. Substantial state corporate codifications, landmark state corporate law cases, and federal intervention in the domain of state corporate law increase the magnitude of the academic works. Interdisciplinary studies (i.e. law and economics) became a connection device among legal academia and non-legal disciplines.1 Likewise, regulatory competition studies became a socializing device and a mechanism for breaking into the corporate-law academia. Therefore, emergence of new corporate law scholars also affects the multitude of works significantly. The popularity of the study of corporate law regulatory competition has spread overseas from the United States. In effect, the academic discourse in the U.S. alters the European research agenda. A new academic market for regulatory competition has been introduced and expanded throughout Europe. Although it is unlikely that a European Delaware will emerge, European academia is likely to contribute more to the academic discourse. In spite of the depth and breadth of the discussion, some aspects of regulatory competition in corporate law are still neglected. It is interesting that the corporate law

Jonathan R. Macey, Legal Scholarship: A Corporate Scholars Perspective, 41 San Diego L. Rev. 1759, 1762 (2004).

academia has stayed quiet against the promulgation of Chapter 9 of the Model Business Corporation Act, a regulation which is decreasing the costs associated with corporate mobility, corporate conversions in the healthcare sector, outbound tax inversions and the Congressional response against tax inversions. Nevertheless, the academic neglect of this topic is understandable as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has largely occupied academias attention. This bibliography covers these topics, however, as they are directly linked to the heart of the regulatory competition in corporate law. The bibliography has been divided into four chapters. First chapter analyzes the interrelationship between regulatory competition and corporate law. It addresses the goals and limits of the law, inter-jurisdictional competition on business organization laws, federalism, selection of the legal platform of a business organization, legal and economic factors affecting such selection, and transactions effectuated in order to perform a jurisdictional change. Some independent subjects concerning corporate mobility, such as appraisal rights, are not covered. The second chapter focuses on charter competition literature in the United States. Its themes include the historical development of the charter market, the political foundations and dynamics of the U.S. charter market, the clash between the government discipline school and the market discipline school, dimensions of the charter market and empirical studies on shareholder wealth. The third chapter is on the proposed remedies to the charter market failure. This chapter collects literature about the boundaries of congressional authority, federalization of the corporate law proposals, opinions supporting and opposing the federalization, and federal interventions to the corporate law. The final chapter accumulates the comparative side of the discussion. This chapter focuses on primarily the European Union and other major federations. Harmonization, regulatory competition, and corporate mobility within the European Union in addition to literature on the European Company (Societas Europaea), the role of the takeover market in the European Union and the development of European jurisprudence on corporate mobility are covered in the final chapter. This chapter finishes with selected studies on individual countries.

The dynamics that shape the regulatory competition in corporate law determine the outlook of corporate law. Therefore, corporate practitioners will largely benefit if the entire dynamics of the state competition in the charter market were definitively solved. However, we are still far away from this point as the law and economics approach is still in early stage of development and is not yet mature enough to solve the mysteries of the regulatory competition. In addition, differences in view2 complicate reconciliation efforts between schools of thought. Thus, the discussion is not likely to fade and regulatory competition issues still prove to be a fertile setting for academic writing. Kaan Kocaolu, Esq.

In fact, most commentators indicate that the current academic debate results from the differences in the world views rather than impending corporate law issues (See, Seymour J. Rubin, Corporations and Society: The Remedy of Federal and International Incorporation, 23 Am. U. L. Rev. 263, 288 (1969) (indicating that [a] substantial problem is the divisiveness of the case for federal chartering); Roberta Romano, Metapolitics and Corporate Law Reform, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 923, 25 (1984) (stating that many controversies over corporate law reform can be explained as pertaining to fundamental political disagreements)).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. REGULATORY COMPETITION AND CORPORATE LAW ............................................ 9 A. THE ROLE OF CORPORATE LAW .............................................................................................. 9 (1) IN GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 9 (2) LAW MATTERS THEORY ........................................................................................................ 9 (3) BOUNDARIES OF THE LAW ..................................................................................................... 9 (4) LAW VS. MARKETS............................................................................................................... 10 B. REGULATORY COMPETITION ............................................................................................. 11 (1) THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 11 (2) DECENTRALIZED LEGAL SYSTEMS ...................................................................................... 12 (3) INTRAGOVERNMENTAL COMPETITION ................................................................................. 12 (4) REGULATORY COMPETITION IN CORPORATE LAW .............................................................. 13 (5) TAX COMPETITION AND THE ROLE OF TAXATION ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ............. 13 (6) INVESTMENT PROMOTION .................................................................................................... 14 C. SELECTION OF THE LEGAL PLATFORM ............................................................................. 14 (1) REGULATORY ARBITRAGE ................................................................................................... 14 (2) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF COMPANIES .................................................................. 15 (5) TRANSNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION ................................................................... 15 D. FEDERALISM AND CORPORATE LAW .................................................................................... 16 (1) ECONOMIC FEDERALISM .......................................................................................................... 16 (2) IMPACT OF FEDERALISM ON CORPORATE LAW ....................................................................... 17 (3) FEDERAL STATE RELATIONS ................................................................................................. 17 (4) STATE JURISDICTION OVER FOREIGN CORPORATIONS ............................................................ 18 (5) INTERNAL AFFAIRS DOCTRINE................................................................................................ 18 (4) CORPORATE CHOICE OF LAW .................................................................................................. 19 (5) MULTIPLE INCORPORATIONS .................................................................................................. 20 (6) STATE RETALIATORY LAWS .................................................................................................... 21 (7) PSEUDO-FOREIGN (TRAMP) CORPORATIONS........................................................................ 21 (8) STATE FRANCHISE TAXES ........................................................................................................ 21 E. CORPORATE MOBILITY........................................................................................................... 22 (1) STATE LEGISLATION (DOMESTICATION, REINCORPORATION & CONVERSION) ...................... 22 (2) TAX CONSEQUENCES OF A CORPORATE FORUM SHIFT ........................................................... 22 (3) OFF-SHORE TAX INVERSIONS .................................................................................................. 23 (4) CROSS LISTINGS .................................................................................................................... 25 (5) ENTITY TRANSFORMATION TRANSACTIONS ............................................................................ 25 (6) ENTITY CONVERSIONS IN THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR ............................................................. 26 (7) WAR TIME DOMICILE CHANGES .............................................................................................. 26 (8) SHAREHOLDER ACCESS TO FORUM SELECTION AND FEDERAL REINFORCEMENT .................. 26 (9) POSITION FOR AN EXIT ............................................................................................................. 27 F. REGULATORY MOTION ........................................................................................................... 27 (1) REGULATORY PENDULUM........................................................................................................ 27 (2) IMPACT OF CRISES ON REGULATION ........................................................................................ 27 (3) INDETERMINACY AND LEGAL COMPLEXITY ............................................................................ 28 (4) LEGAL TRANSPLANTS .............................................................................................................. 28 G. REGULATORY COMPETITION IN NON-CORPORATE FORUMS .............................................. 29 (1) ANTITRUST COMPETITION ....................................................................................................... 29

(2) BANKRUPTCY COMPETITION ................................................................................................... 29 (3) COMPETITION FOR TRUST FUNDS ............................................................................................ 29 (4) REGULATORY COMPETITION IN TRANSNATIONAL FINANCE ................................................... 29 II. CHARTER MARKET COMPETITION ............................................................................. 30 A. PRODUCTS IN THE CHARTER MARKET .................................................................................. 30 (1) DELAWARE CORPORATE LAW ................................................................................................. 30 (2) MODEL BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT .................................................................................... 31 (3) NON-DELAWARE STATE CORPORATE LAWS .......................................................................... 31 (4) EUROPEAN PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................. 31 B. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORPORATE CHARTER MARKET ............................. 32 (1) HISTORICAL PROGRESS ............................................................................................................ 32 (2) RETROSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................... 35 (3) PATH DEPENDENCY ................................................................................................................. 35 C. DOCTRINAL FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................................... 35 (1) GOVERNMENT DISCIPLINE SCHOOL (RACE TO THE BOTTOM) ................................................. 35 (2) ANTI-BUSINESS SENTIMENT .................................................................................................... 37 (3) BANKRUPTCY REFORM ............................................................................................................ 37 (4) MARKET DISCIPLINE SCHOOL (RACE TO THE TOP) ................................................................. 37 (5) INTERMEDIATE VIEWS ............................................................................................................. 39 D. POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CHARTER MARKET ....................................................... 39 (1) REGULATORY HOSTAGE THEORY ............................................................................................ 39 (2) INTEREST GROUP THEORY ....................................................................................................... 40 (3) THE LAWYERS ROLE IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE .............................................................. 42 (4) CORPORATE LAW DRAFTING PROCESS .................................................................................... 43 (5) POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ...................................................... 43 (6) PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY.......................................................................................................... 43 (7) DEMOCRACY AND CHARTER COMPETITION ............................................................................ 44 E. DIMENSIONS OF CHARTER MARKET ...................................................................................... 44 (1) CHARTER MARKET DYNAMICS ................................................................................................ 44 (2) INNOVATION IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS LAW ................................................................... 45 (3) DENSITY DEPENDENT VIEW (NETWORK EFFECTS THEORY) ................................................... 45 (4) SYMBIOTIC FEDERALISM AND THE DUAL CONTROL OF THE CORPORATIONS ......................... 46 (5) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CONVERGENCE ............................................................................ 47 (6) TAKEOVER MARKET DYNAMICS ............................................................................................. 48 (7) THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY.......................................................................................................... 51 (8) CHARTER MARKET FAILURE.................................................................................................... 53 (A) STRENGTH OF COMPETITION IN THE CHARTER MARKET ........................................................ 54 (B) PRICE DISCRIMINATION ........................................................................................................... 54 (C) INDETERMINACY ...................................................................................................................... 54 (9) MOBILITY IN THE CHARTER MARKET ...................................................................................... 54 (A) HOME STATE BIAS ................................................................................................................... 54 (B) HERD BEHAVIOR ...................................................................................................................... 54 (10) MORAL & CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ....................................................................................... 55 F. EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON SHAREHOLDERS WEALTH ............................................................ 55 (1) MODELS ................................................................................................................................... 55 (2) STATE COMPETITION................................................................................................................ 55 (3) REINCORPORATION EFFECTS ................................................................................................... 56 (4) DELAWARE JUDICIAL DECISIONS ROLE ................................................................................. 56

(5) TAKEOVER MARKETS ROLE ................................................................................................... 57 III. FEDERALIZATION OF THE CORPORATE LAW ....................................................... 58 A. THE EXTENT OF CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORITY ........................................................................ 58 B. FEDERALIZATION MOVEMENTS ................................................................................................ 59 (1) CONGRESSIONAL MOVEMENTS ............................................................................................ 59 (2) HARMONIZATION PROPOSALS .............................................................................................. 59 (3) FEDERALIZATION PROPOSALS .............................................................................................. 59 (4) FEDERAL EXPANSION IN CORPORATE LAW .......................................................................... 60 C. VIEWS ON THE FEDERALIZATION OF THE CORPORATE LAW .................................................... 61 (1) CALLS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT OF THE FEDERALIZATION ................................................ 61 (2) SUPPORT FOR FEDERALIZATION .............................................................................................. 61 (3) SUPPORT FOR A LIMITED FEDERAL INTERFERENCE ................................................................. 62 (4) OPPOSITION TO FEDERALIZATION ............................................................................................ 63 (5) INTERMEDIATE ASSESSMENTS ................................................................................................. 64 IV. COMPARATIVE LAW ....................................................................................................... 64 A. EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................................................................... 64 (1) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: THE EUROPEAN UNION VS. THE UNITED STATES ....................... 64 (2) GOVERNANCE OF THE EUROPEAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.......................................... 65 (A) EUROPEAN UNION FEDERALISM .............................................................................................. 65 (B) SUBSIDIARITY .......................................................................................................................... 65 (C) THE ROLE OF POLITICS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION .................................................................. 65 (3) CORPORATE-LAW PRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION .................................................... 65 (A) REGULATORY COMPETITION ................................................................................................... 65 (B) COMPANY LAW HARMONIZATION ........................................................................................... 69 (C) EUROPEAN TAKEOVER MARKET ............................................................................................. 72 (D) EUROPEAN INSOLVENCY FORUM COMPETITION ..................................................................... 74 (E) DELAWARIZATION FEARS ........................................................................................................ 74 (4) FORUM SELECTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION......................................................................... 75 (A) CHOICE OF LAW WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION .................................................................... 75 (B) CONFLICT OF LAWS RULES WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION ................................................... 75 (C) FOREIGN COMPANY RECOGNITION.......................................................................................... 75 (D) CORPORATE MOBILITY WITHIN THE E.U. ................................................................................ 76 (E) THE EUROPEAN COMPANY (SOCIETAS EUROPAEA) .................................................................. 78 (F) THE EUROPEAN PRIVATE COMPANY ........................................................................................ 80 (5) DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN JURISPRUDENCE ............................................................... 81 (A) IN GENERAL ............................................................................................................................. 81 (B) CENTROS .................................................................................................................................. 81 (C) UBERSEERING .......................................................................................................................... 83 (D) INSPIRE ART............................................................................................................................. 83 (E) HUGHES DE LASTEYRIE DU SAILLANT ..................................................................................... 84 (F) MARKS & SPENCER .................................................................................................................. 84 (G) SEVIC...................................................................................................................................... 85 B. AUSTRALIA ............................................................................................................................... 85 C. CANADA.................................................................................................................................... 86 D. CHINA ....................................................................................................................................... 86

E. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................. 86 F. ITALY ........................................................................................................................................ 86 G. JAPAN ....................................................................................................................................... 87 H. SWITZERLAND ......................................................................................................................... 87 I. EMERGING MARKETS............................................................................................................... 87 INDEXES ..................................................................................................................................... 88 INSTITUTIONS INDEX .............................................................................................................. 88 AUTHOR INDEX ......................................................................................................................... 88

I. REGULATORY COMPETITION AND CORPORATE LAW

A. The Role of Corporate Law

(1) (2) (3)

In General Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman, The Essential Role of the Organizational Law, 110 Yale L. J. 387, 391 (Dec., 2000). Zohar Goshen & Gideon Parchomovsky. The Essential Role of Securities Regulation, 55 Duke L.J. 711-782 (2006).

(2) (4) (5) (6)

Law Matters Theory Ernest L. Folk, III, Does State Corporation Law Have a Future?, J. Ga, S. B. 311 (Feb. 1972). John E. Coffee, Jr., Do Norms Matter--A Cross-Country Evaluation, 149 U. Pa. L. Rev. 2151 (2000-2001). Kon-sik Kim & Joongi Kim, Revamping Fiduciary Duties in Korea: Does Law Matter to Corporate Governance, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 372 (Curtis J. Milhaupt eds., New York: 2003).

(3) (7) (8) (9)

Boundaries of the Law Bernard S. Black, Is Corporate Law Trivial?: A Political and Economical Analysis, 84 Nw. U. L. Rev. 542 (1990). Martin Lipton, Corporate Governance: Does it Make a Difference, 2 Fordham Fin. Sec. Tax L. F. 41 (1997). Mark J. Roe, Rents and Their Corporate Consequences, 53 Stan. L. Rev. 1463 (2001).

(10) Symposium Norms & Corporate Law: Marcel Kahan, The Limited Significance of Norms for Corporate Governance, 149 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1869, 1878 fn. 35 (June, 2001). (11) Mark J. Roe, Corporate Law's Limits, 31 J. Leg. Stud. 233 (2002). (12) Mark J. Roe, What Corporate Law Can Not Do?, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 107 (Curtis J. Milhaupt eds., New York: 2003).

(13) Michael Klausner, The Limits of Corporate Law in Promoting Good Corporate Governance, in RESTORING TRUST IN AMERICAN BUSINESS, 91 (Jay W. Lorsch, Leslie Berlowitz, & Andy Zelleke eds.) (MIT Press; 2005). (14) Luca Enriques, EC Company Law Directives and Regulations: How Trivial are They?, 27 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 1 (Spring, 2006).

(4)

Law vs. Markets

(15) JAMES WILLARD HURST, LAW AND MARKETS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY: DIFFERENT MODES OF BARGAINING AMONG INTERESTS (The Law Book Exchange 2001) (1982). (16) NICHOLAS WOLFSON, THE MODERN CORPORATION: FREE MARKETS V. REGULATION (Free Press 1984). (17) Edward S. Herman, The Limits of the Market as a Discipline in Corporate Governance, 9 Del. J. Corp. L. 530 (Spring, 1985). (18) Frank H. Easterbrook, The Constitution of Business, 11 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 53 (1988). (19) Bernard Black & Reinier Kraakman, A Self-Enforcing Model of Corporate Law, 109 Harv. L. Rev. 1911 (Jun., 1996). (20) Frank H. Easterbrook, International Corporate Differences: Markets or Law?, 9 J. Applied Corp. Finance 23 (Winter 1997). (21) Kerry Shannon Burke, Regulating Corporate Governance through the Market: Comparing the Approaches of the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom 27 J. Corp. L. 341 (2001-2002). (22) Stephen J. Choi, Law, Finance, and Path Dependence: Developing Strong Securities Markets, 80 Tex. L. Rev. 1657 (2002). (23) Vladimir A. Atanasov, Bernard S. Black, Conrad S. Ciccotello, & Stanley Gyoshev, How Does Law Affect Finance? An Empirical Examination of Tunneling in an Emerging Market (William Davidson Institute Working Paper No. 742; 2005) available at < http://ssrn.com/ abstract=423506> (24) Horst Siebert, Corporatist versus Market Approaches to Governance, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 281 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (25) Anthony I. Ogus, Regulatory Paternalism: When is it Justified?, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 303 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (26) Davide Lombardo & Marco Pagano, Law and Equity Markets: A Simple Model, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 343 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002). (27) Enrico Perotti & Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden, Investor Dominance and Strategic Transparency: on the Role of the Corporate Governance for Product and Capital Market

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Competition, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 363 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002).

B.

Regulatory Competition

(1)

Theoretical Framework

(28) Friedrich A. Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society, 35 Am. Econ. Rev. 519 (Sep. 1945). (29) Charles M. Tiebout, A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure, 64 J. Pol. Econ. 416 (1956). (30) James M. Buchanan, An Economic Theory of Clubs, 32 Economica 1 (Feb., 1965). (31) ALBERT O. HIRSCHMAN, EXIT, VOICE AND LOYALTY: RESPONSES TO DECLINE IN FIRMS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND STATES (Harvard 1970). (32) William J. Baumol & Alfred G. Walton, Full Costing, Competition and Regulatory Practice, 82 Yale L. J. 639 (1972-1973). (33) Albert O. Hirschman, "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty": Further Reflections and a Survey of Recent Contributions, 1 Soc. Sci. Inf. 7 (1974). (34) Oliver E. Williamson, The Economics of Internal Organization: Exit and Voice in Relation to Markets and Hierarchies, 66 Am. Econ. Rev. 369 (May, 1976). (35) Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and the State, 31 World Pol. 90 (Oct., 1978). (36) Wallace E. Oates & Robert M. Schwab, Economic Competition Among Jurisdictions: Efficacy Enhancing or Distorting Inducing, 35 J. Pub. Econ. 333 (1988). (37) ALBERT BRETON, COMPETITIVE GOVERNMENTS: AN ECONOMIC THEORY OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC FINANCE (Cambridge University Press: 1996). (38) William W. Bratton & Joseph A. McCahery, The New Economics of Jurisdictional Competition: Devolutionary Federalism in a Second-Best World, 86 Geo. L.J. 201 (1997). (39) Alan O. Sykes, Regulatory Competition or Regulatory Harmonization - A Silly Question, 3 J. Int'l Econ. L. 257 (2000). (40) Stanley L. Winer, On the Reassignment of Fiscal Powers in a Federal State, in COMPETITION & STRUCTURE: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COLLECTIVE DECISIONS: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ALBERT BRETON 239 (Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon & Ronald Wintrobe eds.) (Cambridge University Press: 2000). (41) Catherine Barnard & Simon Deakin, Market Access and Regulatory Competition, in THE LAW OF THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET: UNPACKING THE PREMISES 197 (Catherine Barnard & Joanne Scott eds., Oxford: 2002) (42) Shyam Sunder, Standards for Corporate Financial Reporting: Regulatory Competition Within and Across International Boundaries, 21 J. Acct. & Pub. Pol. 219 (Autumn 2002) (43) Wolfgang Kerber & Klaus Heine, Institutional Evolution, Regulatory Competition and Path Dependence, in THE EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC POLICY, 191 (Pavel Pelikn & Gerhard Wegner eds.) (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003).

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(44) Andrs Kisfaludi, Corporate Governance and the Shareholders Right to Exit (Theoretical Questions and Legislative Answers from Hungary), 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1367 (2005). (45) Dale D. Murphy, Interjurisdictional Competition and Regulatory Advantage, 8 J. Intl Econ. L. 891 (Dec., 2005). (46) Dale D. Murphy, The Business Dynamics of Global Regulatory Competition, in DYNAMICS OF REGULATORY CHANGE: HOW GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS NATIONAL REGULATORY POLICIES (David Vogel & Robert A. Kagan eds.) (Dec., 2004). (47) James W. Williams, Private Legal Orders: Professional Markets and the Commodification of Financial Governance, 15 Soc. & Leg. Stud. 209 (2006).

(2)

Decentralized Legal Systems

(48) Mancur Olson, Jr., The Principle of "Fiscal Equivalence": The Division of Responsibilities among Different Levels of Government, 59 Am. Econ. Rev. 479 (May, 1969) (49) George J. Stigler, The Optimum Enforcement of Laws, 78 J. Pol. Econ, 526 (May - Jun., 1970). (50) George J. Stigler, The Theory of Economic Regulation, 2 Bell J. Econ. & Manag. Sci. 3 (Spring, 1971). (51) Robert D. Cooter, Decentralized Law for a Complex Economy: The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant, 144 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1643 (May, 1996) (52) Robert D. Cooter, The Structural Approach to Decentralizing Law: A Theory of Games and Norms, in EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION 341 (Richard M. Buxbaum, Gerard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus J. Hopt, eds.: 1996) (53) Robert D. Cooter, Market Modernization of Law: Economic Development Through Decentralized Law, in Jagdeep S. Bhandari & Alan O. Sykes (eds.), ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: COMPARATIVE AND EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVES 275 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). (54) Albert Breton, Alberto Cassone, & Angela Fraschini, Decentralisation and Subsidiarity: Toward a Theoretical Reconciliation, 19 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 1 (1998). (55) Richard M. Bird, Fiscal Decentralization and Competitive Governments, in COMPETITION & STRUCTURE: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COLLECTIVE DECISIONS: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ALBERT BRETON 129 (Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon & Ronald Wintrobe eds.) (Cambridge University Press: 2000). (56) Robert D. Cooter, The Optimal Number of Governments for Economic Development, in MARKET-AUGMENTING GOVERNMENT : THE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PROSPERITY, Omer Azfar & Charles A. Cadwell eds. (2003)

(3)

Intragovernmental Competition

12

(57) J.R. DeShazo & Jody Freeman, The Congressional Competition to Control Delegated Power, 81 Tex. L. Rev. 1443, 1456 (2003).

(4)

Regulatory Competition in Corporate Law

(58) Ronald J. Daniels, Should Provinces Compete? The Case for a Competitive Corporate Law Market, 36 McGill L. J. 130 (1991). (59) William J. Carney, Explaining the Shape of Corporate Law: The Role of Competition, 18 Manage. Decis. Econ. 611 (1997). (60) William J. Carney, Federalism and Corporate Law: Conditions for Optimal Development (Sept. 22, 1994) (unpublished manuscript, on file with the Virginia Law Review Association). (61) Brian Cheffins, User Friendly Corporate and Securities Law in Canada: The Role of Competitive Federalism and Mutual Recognition, in THE FUTURE OF CORPORATION LAW: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES, 53 (Toronto: Carswell, 1999). (62) Daniel C. Esty, Regulatory Competition in Focus, 3 J. Int'l Econ. L. 215 (2000). (63) Daniel C. Esty & Damien Geradin, Regulatory Co-Opetition, 3 J. Int'l Econ. L. 235 (2000). (64) Mark D. West, The Puzzling Divergence of Corporate Law: Evidence and Explanations from Japan and the United States, 150 U. Penn. L. Rev. 527 (Dec., 2001). (65) Stephen J. Choi & Andrew T. Guzman, Choice and Federal Intervention in Corporate Law, 87 Va. L. Rev. 961 (Sept., 2001). (66) John E. Coffee, Jr., Law and 80 Tex. L. Rev. 1729 (2001-2002). Regulatory Competition: Can They Co-Exist,

(67) ERIK P. M. VERMEULEN, THE EVOLUTION OF LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED: VENTURE CAPITAL, JOINT VENTURE AND PARTNERSHIP STRUCTURES, 71-99 (Kluwer Law International, 2003). (68) Wolfgang Kerber & Klaus Heine, Institutional Evolution, Regulatory Competition and Path Dependence, in THE EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC POLICY, 191 ( Pavel Pelikn & Gerhard Wegner) (Edward Elgar Publishing; 2005). (69) Eva-Maria Kieninger, The Legal Framework of Regulatory Competition Based on Company Mobility: EU and US Compared - Part I/II, 6 German L. J. (Apr., 2005) available at <http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=590> (70) Edward Rock & Mitchell Kane, Taxes and Charter Competition (U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. 07-16, 2007), available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1004607>

(5)

Tax Competition and the Role of Taxation on Corporate Governance

(71) Edward Rock & Mitchell Kane, Taxes and Charter Competition (U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. 07-16, 2007), available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1004607> (72) John D. Wilson, A Theory of Interregional Tax Competition, 19 J. Urb. Econ. 296 (1986).

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(73) Saul Levmore, The Positive Role of Tax Law in Corporate and Capital Markets, in CORPORATE LAW AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, 255 (Lucian A. Bebchuk ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 1990). (74) Sol Picciotto, The Construction of International Taxation, in PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION AND PROFESSIONAL POWER: LAWYERS, ACCOUNTANTS AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MARKETS 25 (Yves Dezalay & David Sugarman eds.) (New York : Routledge, 1995). (75) John D. Wilson, Theories of Tax Competition, 52 Natl Tax J. 269 (1999). (76) Daniel Shaviro, Some Observations Concerning Multijurisdictional Tax Competition, in REGULATORY COMPETITION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE, 49 (Daniel C. Esty & Damien Geradin eds.) (Oxford University Press; Feb., 2001). (77) William W. Bratton & Joseph McCahery, Tax Coordination and Tax Competition in the European Union: Evaluating the Code of Conduct on Business Taxation, 38 Comm. Mar. L. Rev. 677 (2001). (78) Thomas Bernauer & Vit Styrsky, Adjustment or Voice? Corporate Responses to International Tax Competition, 10 Eur. J. Intl Rel. 61 (2004). (79) Katharina Holzinger, Tax Competition and Tax Co-Operation in the EU: The Case of Savings Taxation, 17 Rat. & Soc. 475 (Nov., 2005). (80) Wolfgang Schn, Playing Different Games? Regulatory Competition in Tax and Company Law Compared, 42 Comm. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 331 (2005).

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Investment Promotion

(81) Ehud Kamar, Beyond Competition for Incorporations, 94 Geo. L.J. 1725 (2005-2006) (a form of regulatory competition exists for investments). (82) STEVEN K. VOGEL, JAPAN REMODELED: HOW GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY ARE REFORMING JAPANESE CAPITALISM (Cornell University Press; Ithaca, 2006). (83) Ehud Kamar, Using Corporate Law to Compete for Investments, in INVESTOR PROTECTION IN EUROPE: CORPORATE LAW MAKING, THE MIFID AND BEYOND, 59 (Guido Ferrarini & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006).

C.

Selection of the Legal Platform

(1)

Regulatory Arbitrage

(84) EDWARD H. WARREN, CORPORATE ADVANTAGES WITHOUT INCORPORATION (1929). (85) Notes, Investor Liability: Financial Innovations in the Regulatory State and the Coming Revolution in Corporate Law, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1941, (Jun., 1994). (86) Amir N. Licht, Regulatory Arbitrage for Real: International Securities Regulation in a World of Interacting Securities Markets, 38 Va. J. Intl L. 563 (Summer 1998).

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(2)

Private International Law of Companies

(87) WILLIAM LAW MURFREE, LAW OF FOREIGN CORPORATIONS: A DISCUSSION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND LOCAL STATUTORY REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO TRANSACTIONS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES (Central Law Journal Co.: 1893). (88) AMIN M. BADR, ALIEN CORPORATIONS IN CONFLICT OF LAWS: A STUDY OF COMPARATIVE LAW (Cairo, Egypt: 1953) (89) Daniel Zimmer, Private International Law of Business Organizations, 1 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 585 (2000) (90) STEPHAN RAMMELOO, CORPORATIONS IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE (Oxford University Press, 2001). (91) Peter B. Oh., A Jurisdictional Approach to Collapsing Corporate Distinctions, 55 Rutgers L. Rev. 389 (2003).

(5)

Transnational Regulatory Competition

(92) Joel P. Trachtman, International Regulatory Competition, Externalization, and Jurisdiction, 34 Harv. Int'l. L. J. 47 (1992). (93) Sol Picciotto, The Regulatory Criss-Cross: Interaction between Jurisdictions and The Construction of Global Regulatory Networks, in INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION AND COORDINATION: PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 89 (McCahery, Bratton, Picciotto, Scott eds., New York: 1997). (94) Joel P. Trachtman, Externalities and Extraterritoriality: The Law and Economics of Prescriptive Jurisdiction, in ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Jagdeep Bhandari & Alan O. Sykes eds.) (1997). (95) Joel P. Trachtman, Regulatory Competition and Regulatory Jurisdiction 2000 J. Intl Econ. L. 331 (Jun., 2000). (96) Howell E. Jackson, & Eric J. Pan, Regulatory Competition in International Securities Markets: Evidence from Europe in 1999 - Part I, 56 Bus. Law. 653 (2000-2001). (97) Andrew T. Guzman, International Regulatory Harmonization, Introduction to Symposium, 3 Chi. J. Int'l L. 271 (Fall, 2002). (98) Eddy Wymeersch, Company Law in Turmoil and the Way to Global Company Practice, 3 J. Corp. L. Stud. 283 (2003). (99) DOHA M. ABDELHAMID, INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY RIVALRY IN OPEN ECONOMIES: THE IMPACT OF DEREGULATION ON THE US AND UK FINANCIAL MARKETS (Ashgate Publishing, 2003).

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(100) Dale D. Murphy, The Business Dynamics of Global Regulatory Competition, in DYNAMICS OF REGULATORY CHANGE: HOW GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS NATIONAL REGULATORY CHANGE, 42 (University of California Press, 2004).

D. Federalism and Corporate Law

(1) Economic Federalism (101) Frank R. Strong, Cooperative Federalism, 23 Iowa L. Rev. 459 (1938). (102) Henry M. Hart, The Relations Between State and Federal Law, 54 COLUM. L. REV. 489 (1954). (103) RICHARD MUSGRAVE, THEORY OF PUBLIC FINANCE: A STUDY IN PUBLIC ECONOMY (New York: McGraw, 1959) (104) Kingman Brewster, Jr., The Corporation and Economic Federalism, in THE CORPORATION IN MODERN SOCIETY, 72 (Edward S. Mason ed.) (Harvard University Press: 1960) (1959). (105) WALLACE E. OATES, FISCAL FEDERALISM (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972). (106) Susan Rose-Ackerman, "Does Federalism Matter?: Political Choice in a Federal Republic, 89 J. Pol. Econ. 152 (February 1981). (107) Richard A. Posner, Toward an Economic Theory of Federal Jurisdiction, 6 Harv. J. Law & Pub. Pol. 41 (1982). (108) Eli Noam, Government Regulation of Business in a Federal State: Allocation of Power under Deregulation, 20 Osgoode Hall L. J. 762 (1982). (109) Eli M. Noam, Government Regulation of Business in a Federal State: Allocation of Power under Deregulation, 20 Osgoode Hall L. J. 762 (1982). (110) Susan Rose-Ackerman, Cooperative Federalism and Co-optation, 92 Yale L. J. 1344 (1983). (111) DAVID N. KING, FISCAL TIERS: THE ECONOMICS OF MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNMENT (George Allen & Urwin, London: 1984) (112) Susan Rose-Ackerman & Jerry L. Mashaw, Federalism and Regulation, in THE REAGAN REGULATORY STRATEGY: AN ASSESSMENT, 111 (G. Eads and M. Fix, eds.) (Urban Institute Press, 1984) (113) Donald B. Rosenthal & James M. Hoefler, Competing Approaches to the Study of American Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations, 19 Publius J. Fed. 1 (Winter 1989) (114) Richard A. Epstein, Exit Rights under Federalism, 55 L. Contemp. Probs. 147 (Winter, 1992). (115) Daniel B. Rodriguez, Turning Federalism Inside Out: Intrastate Aspects of Interstate Regulatory Competition, 14 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 149 (1996). (116) Oliver Williamson, The Institutions and Governance of Economic Development and Reform, in THE MECHANISM OF GOVERNANCE (Oliver Williamson eds.) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

16

(117) Susan Rose-Ackerman & Jonathan Rodden, Does Federalism Preserve Markets?, 83 VA L. REV. 1521 (Oct., 1997). (118) Yingyi Qian & Barry R. Weingast, Federalism as a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives, 11 J. Econ. Persp. 83 (Autumn, 1997). (119) Richard Revesz, Federalism and Regulation: Some Generalizations, in REGULATORY COMPETITION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE, 3 (Daniel C. Esty & Damien Geradin eds.) (Oxford University Press; Feb., 2001).

(2) Impact of Federalism on Corporate Law (120) David L. Ratner, Federal and State Roles in the Regulation of Insider Trading, 31 Bus. L. 947 (1975-76). See, for the discussion of this article 31 Bus. L. 965 73. (121) Richard M. Buxbaum, Federalism and Company Law, 82 Mich. L.Rev. 1163 (1984) (122) Richard M. Buxbaum, Federal Aspects of Corporate Law and Economic Theory, in CONTRACT AND ORGANISATION: LEGAL ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THEORY 274 (T. Daintith & G. Teubner, eds., Berlin: 1986) (123) Ian M. Ramsay, Company Law and the Economics of Federalism, 19 Fed. L. Rev. 169 (1990). (124) William J. Carney, Federalism and Corporate Law: Conditions for Optimal Development (Sept. 22, 1994) (mimeo - unpublished manuscript, Emory University). (125) Donald C. Langevoort, Federalism in Corporate/Securities Law: Reflections on Delaware, California, and State Regulation of Insider Trading, 40 U.S.F. L. Rev. 879 (2005-2006).

(3) Federal State Relations (126) Gregg A. Jarrell & Michael Bradley, The Economic Effects of Federal and State Regulations of Cash Tender Offers, 23 J. L. & Econ. 371 (1980). (127) Richard A. Booth, The Emerging Conflict between Federal Securities Law and State Corporate Law, 12 J. Corp. L 73 (1986-1987). (128) Jonathan R. Macey, Federal Deference to Local Regulators and the Economic Theory of Regulation, 75 VA. L. Rev. 265 (1991). (129) Richard C. Breeden, Giving It Away: Observations on the Role of the SEC in Corporate Governance and Corporate Charity, 41 N. Y. L. Sch. L. Rev. 1179 (1996-1997). (130) Stephen Bottomley, The Birds, The Beasts, and the Bat: Developing a Constitutionalist Theory of Corporate Regulation, 27 Fed. L. Rev. 243 (1999). (131) Robert J. Brown, Jr., The Irrelevance of State Corporate Law in the Governance of Public Companies, 38 U. Rich. L. Rev. 317, 320-1 (2003-2004).

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(4) State Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations (132) Note, Law of Foreign Corporations, 28 Am. Jurist & L. Mag. 271 (1842-1843). (133) Edward Quinton Keasbey, Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations, 12 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1898-1899). (134) Maxwell E. Fead, Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations, 60 Am. L. Rev. 481 (1926) reprinted in 24 Mich. L. Rev. 633 (1925-1926). (135) Elcanon Isaacs, The Law of Foreign Corporations, 12 A.B.A. J. 707 (1926). (136) John P. Bullington, Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations, 6 N.C. L. Rev. 147 (1927-1928) Edward S. Stimson, Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations, 18 St. Louis L. Rev. 195 (19321933). (137) G. Hanse Voelkel, Comparative Study of the Laws of Latin America Governing Foreign Business Corporations, 14 Tul. L. Rev. 42 (1939-1940). (138) Robert A. Case, Conflict of Laws - Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations, 25 N.D. B. Br. 111 (1949). (139) Comment, Foreign Corporations. State Boundaries for National Business, 59 YALE L. J. 737 (Mar., 1950).

(5) Internal Affairs Doctrine (140) Joseph H. Beale, Jr., Corporations in Two States, 4 Colum. L. Rev. 391 (1904). (141) Harold M. Bowman, The States Power over Foreign Corporations, 9 Mich. L. Rev. 549 (1911). (142) GERARD C. HENDERSON, THE POSITION OF FOREIGN CORPORATIONS IN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (Harvard University Press: 1918). (143) Comment, Choice of Law in the Federal Courts: Use of State or Federal Law to Determine Foreign Corporation's Amenability to Suit, 1964 Duke L. J. 351 (Spring, 1964). (144) P. John Kozyris, Corporate Wars and Choice of Law, 1985 Duke L. J. 1 (Feb. 1985). (145) Deborah A. DeMott, Perspectives on Choice of Law for Corporate Internal Affairs, 48 Law & Contemp. Probs. 161 (Summer 1985). (146) Richard M. Buxbaum, The Threatened Constitutionalization of the Internal Affairs Doctrine in Corporation Law, 75 Cal. L. Rev. 29 (1987). (147) Richard M. Buxbaum, The Origins of the American 'Internal Affairs' Rule in the Corporate Conflict of Laws, in FESTSCHRIFT FR GERHARD KEGEL ZUM 75. GEBURTSTAG 29 (H.-J. Musielak & K. Schurig, eds., Stuttgart: 1987) (148) Richard M. Buxbaum, The Threatened Constitutionalization of the Internal Affairs Doctrine in Corporation Law, 75 Cal. L. Rev. 29 (Jan., 1987). (149) Paul N. Cox, The Constitutional "Dynamics" of the Internal Affairs Rule -- A Comment on CTS Corporation, 13 J. Corp. L. 317 (1988).

18

(150) Jack L. Goldsmith III, Interest Analysis Applied to Corporations: The Unprincipled Use of a Choice of Law Method, 98 Yale L.J. 597, 599 (1988). (151) Richard M. Buxbaum, Delaware Supreme Court Finds the State-of-Incorporation Version of the Internal Affairs Doctrine Embedded in the United States Constitution, 15 CEB Cal. Bus. L. Rep. 173 (1994) (152) Note, The Internal Affairs Doctrine: Theoretical Justifications and Tentative Explanations for Its Continued Primacy, 115 Harv. L. Rev. 1480 (Mar., 2002). (153) Kent Greenfield, Democracy and the Dominance of Delaware in Corporate Law, 67 Law & Contemp. Probs. 135 (2004). (154) Frederick Tung, Before Competition: Origins of the Internal Affairs Doctrine, 32 Iowa J. Corp. L. 33 (Fall, 2006). (155) Matt Stevens, Internal Affairs Doctrine: California versus Delaware in a Fight for the Right to Regulate Foreign Corporations (October 2006) available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=978543> (156) Frederic Tung, Explaining the Internal Affairs <http://faculty.lls.edu/workshops/documents/tung.pdf> Doctrine, available at

(157) Peer Zumbansen, Sustaining Paradox Boundaries: Perspectives on Internal Affairs in Domestic and International Law, 15 Eur. J. Intl. L. 197 (2004) (reviewing A. Claire Cutler, PRIVATE POWER AND PUBLIC AUTHORITY: TRANSNATIONAL MERCHANT LAW IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY (Cambridge University Press: 2003)).

(4) Corporate Choice of Law (158) David A. Drexler, Delaware Courts and the New Jurisdiction Statute, 3 Del. J. Corp. L. 205 (1977-1978) (159) Arthur R. Pinto, The Internationalization of the Hostile Takeover Market: Its Implications for Choice of Law in Corporate and Securities Law, 16 BROOK. J. INT'L L. 55 (1990) (160) Larry E. Ribstein, Delaware, Lawyers, and Contractual Choice of Law, 19 Del. J. Corp. L. 999 (Summer, 1994). (161) Bruce H. Kobayashi & Larry E. Ribstein, Contract and Jurisdictional Freedom, in THE FALL AND RISE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT, 325 (Francis H. Buckley ed.) (Duke University Press; 1999). (162) Michael Klausner, A Comment on Contract and Jurisdiction Competition, in THE FALL AND RISE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT, 349 (Francis H. Buckley ed.) (Duke University Press; 1999). (163) Geoffrey P. Miller, Choice of Law as a Recommitment Device, in THE FALL AND RISE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT, 357 (Francis H. Buckley ed.) (Duke University Press; 1999). (164) Erin A. O'Hara & Larry E. Ribstein, From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law, 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1151 (Fall, 2000). (165) METTE NEVILLE & KARSTEN ENGSIG SRENSEN, THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF COMPANIES AND COMPANY LAWS (Copenhagen, 2001).

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(166) Horatia Muir Watt, Choice of Law in Integrated and Interconnected Markets: A Matter of Political Economy, 7 Elect. J. Comp. L. (Sept., 2003) available at <http://www.ejcl.org/ejcl/73/art73-4.html>. (167) Edward M. Iacobucci, Toward a Signaling Explanation of the Private Choice of Corporate Law, 6 Am. Law Econ. Rev. 319 (Fall 2004). (168) Jens C. Dammann, A New Approach to Corporate Choice of Law, 38 Vand. J. Transnatl L 51 (2005). (169) Horst Eidenmller, Free Choice in International Corporate Law: European and German Corporate Law in European Competition between Corporate Law System, in AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, 187 (Jrgen Basedow & Toshiyuki Kono eds.) (Mohr Siebeck: 2006). (170) Tomoyo Matsui, What Cases Should be Governed by Lex Incorporationis? A Policy and Application-Costs Perspective, in AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, 207 (Jrgen Basedow & Toshiyuki Kono eds.) (Mohr Siebeck: 2006). (171) Yoshihisa Hayakawa, Japanese Regulations against Foreign Corporations and Global Competition in Corporate Law, in AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, 245 (Jrgen Basedow & Toshiyuki Kono eds.) (Mohr Siebeck: 2006).

(5) Multiple Incorporations (172) Henry E. Foley, Incorporation, Multiple Incorporation, and the Conflict of Laws, 42 Harv. L. Rev. 516 (Feb., 1929). (173) H. L. H., Corporations: Incorporation in Several States as Affecting Jurisdiction of Federal Courts, 28 Mich. L. Rev. 436 (Feb., 1930). (174) D. B. K., Domestication of Foreign Corporations and Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts Based on Diversity of Citizenship, 78 U. Penn. L. Rev. & Am. L. Reg. 538 (Feb., 1930). (175) Recent Cases, Federal Courts. Jurisdiction: Diversity of Citizenship. Domestication of Foreign Corporation, 43 Harv. L. Rev. 658 (Feb., 1930). (176) Comments, Multiple Incorporation as a Form of Railroad Organization, 46 Yale L. J. 1370 (Jun., 1937). (177) Note, Compulsory Incorporation and the Power to Tax, 44 Harv. L. Rev. 1111 (May, 1931). (178) E. George Rudolph, Corporations: Foreign Corporations: Effect of Complying with Domestication Statute, 41 Mich. L. Rev. 977 (Apr., 1943). (179) Kenneth Liles, Foreign Corporations: What Constitutes "Doing Business" for Service of Process as Contrasted with Domestication Requirement, 45 Mich. L. Rev. 977 (Dec., 1946). (180) J. David Voss, Corporations: Effect of Domestication Statute on Foreign Corporations, 52 Mich. L. Rev. 448 (Jan., 1954). (181) A. J. E., The Legal Consequences of Failure to Comply with Domestication Statutes, 110 U. Penn. L. Rev. 241 (Dec., 1961).

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(6) State Retaliatory Laws (182) Wm. L. Murfree, Jr., Statutes Regulating Foreign Corporations - Retaliatory Laws, 36 Cent. L.J. 5 (1893). (183) W. D. Leeper, State Legislation Against Foreign Corporations, 41 Cent. L.J. 145 (1895). (184) Note, State Exclusion of Foreign Corporations from Local Business, 40 Yale L.J. 1103 (1930-1931).

(7) Pseudo-Foreign (Tramp) Corporations (185) Chapman W. Maupin, Partnership Liability of the Stockholders of Tramp Corporations, 47 Cent. L.J. 50 (1898). (186) C. B. Ames, Tramp Corporations, 48 Cent. L. J. 391 (1899). (187) Elvin R. Latty, Pseudo-Foreign Corporations, 65 Yale L. J. 137 (1955). (188) Samuel B. Stewart, New California Ruling Re Cumulative Voting in Foreign Corporations, 15 Bus. Law 70 (1959-1960). (189) Note, Pseudo-Foreign Corporations and the Internal Affairs Rule, 1960 Duke L. J. 477 (1960). (190) Michael J. Halloran & Douglas L. Hammer, Section 2115 of the New California General Corporation Law - The Application of California Corporation Law to Foreign Corporations, 23 UCLA L. Rev. 1282 (1975-1976). (191) Douglas E. Noll, California's New General Corporation Law: Quasi-Foreign Corporations, 7 Pac. L. J. 673 (1976). (192) J. Thomas Oldham, California Regulates Pseudo-Foreign Corporations - Trampling upon the Tramp, 17 Santa Clara L. Rev. 85 (1977). (193) Mark E. Kruse, California's Statutory Attempt to Regulate Foreign Corporations: Will It Survive the Commerce Clause, 16 San Diego L. Rev. 943 (1978-1979). (194) Richard M. Buxbaum, The Application of California Corporation Law to Pseudo-Foreign Corporations, 4 CEB Calif. Bus. Law Rep. 109 (1983).

(8) State Franchise Taxes (195) Robert J. Harding, Franchise Taxes of Corporations Having Stock without Par Value, 15 St. Louis L. Rev. 391 (1929-1930). (196) Comment, Suspension of Corporate Charter for Nonpayment of Franchise Tax, 48 Yale L. J. 650 (Feb., 1939). (197) Frank M. Keesling, California Franchise and Corporation Income Taxes, 8 Tax Executive 39 (1955-1956).

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(198) Richard W. Genetelli & David B. Zigman, Planning Strategies to Reduce State and Local Income/Franchise Taxes and Improve Profitability, 13 J. St. Tax'n 70 (1994-1995).

E. Corporate Mobility

(1) State Legislation (Domestication, Reincorporation & Conversion) (199) Alvin E. Evans, Service on Foreign Corporations after Withdrawal from the State, 42 Mich. L. Rev. 631 (1943-1944). (200) Scott FitzGibbon & Donald W. Glazer, Legal Opinions on Incorporation, Good Standing, and Qualification to Do Business, 41 Bus. Law. 461 (1986). (201) Michael Iovenko & Peter S. Smedresman, Transfer of Domicile and Domestication in Delaware, 3 Int'l Fin. L. Rev. 26 (1984). (202) Charles Thelen Plambeck, Domestication of Foreign Corporations: Tax Planning in the Net of Internal Revenue Code Section 7701(b), 11 N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 131 (1986). (203) Richard E. Andersen, Bringing It Onshore: Redomiciling Foreign Corporations through State Domestication Statutes, 14 Int'l Tax J. 91 (1988). (204) The Committee on Corporate Laws, Changes in the Model Business Corporation Act Relating to Domestication and Conversion - Final Adoption, 58 Bus. Law. 219 (2002-2003). (205) Kaan Kocaolu, State Legislation and Corporate Mobility, (May 22, 2007) (Unpublished section of JSD Dissertation, Georgetown University) (On file with the Library of Congress).

(2) Tax Consequences of a Corporate Forum Shift (206) Charles C. MacLean, Jr., Problems of Reincorporation and Related Proposals of the Subchapter C Advisory Group, 13 Tax L. Rev. 407 (1957-1958). (207) George G. Grubb, Corporate Manipulations under Subchapter C: Reincorporation Liquidation, 28 U. Cin. L. Rev. 304 (1959). (208) Note, Corporate Distributions: The Liquidation - Reincorporation Situation, 37 St. John's L. Rev. 329 (1962-1963). (209) Richard D. Kuhn, Liquidation and Reincorporation under the 1954 Code, 51 Geo. L. J. 96 (1962-1963). (210) Thomas C. Mayer, Ramifications of the Treasury's Liquidation - Reincorporation Doctrine, 25 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 637 (1963-1964). (211) Norman Herbert Lane, The Reincorporation Game: Have the Ground Rules Really Changed, 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1218 (1963-1964). (212) Frederic A. Nicholson, Recent Developments in the Reincorporation Area, 19 Tax L. Rev. 123 (1963-1964).

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(213) Note, Federal Taxation: Imposition of Double Standard for Section 368 Reorganization in Liquidation-Reincorporation Setting, 1966 Duke L. R. 1168 (1966). (214) R. P. Hertzog, The Reincorporation Problem in Subchapter C: A Question of Semantics, 9 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 928 (1967-1968). (215) Elliot M. Surkin, Reincorporation Quandary Under Sections 368(a)(l)(D) and 354 (b)(l) Comments on Moffatt v. Commissioner, 53 Cornell L. Rev. 575 (1967-1968). (216) Bruce D. Lombardo & Thomas C. Riley, The Liquidation-Reincorporation Device - Analysis and Proposed Solutions, 14 Vill. L. Rev. 423 (1969). (217) Richard D. Hobbet, Liquidation-Reincorporation: A Recent Development, 1971 Duke L. J. 367 (1971). (218) Andrew J. Levander, New Answers to the Liquidation-Reincorporation Problem, 76 Colum. L. Rev. 268 (1976). (219) Thomas A. Robinson, Tax Interpretation: Lessons from the Reincorporation Cases, 34 U. Fla. L. Rev. 1 (1981-1982). (220) I. Paul Mandelkern, Continuity of Business Enterprise and the Liquidation-Reincorporation Battle: Is Treasury Regulation 1.368-1(d) a Trojan Horse, 34 U. Fla. L. Rev. 822 (19811982). (221) John R. Dorocak, Selling a Business and Starting Anew: Liquidation-Reincorporation in the Simple Situation, 2 Akron Tax J. 103 (1984). (222) Walter H. Nunnallee, The Liquidation-Reincorporation Doctrine Revisited after the Tax Reform Act of 1984: Do Sections 302 and 304 Provide the Solution, 40 Tax Law. 1 (19861987). (223) Matthew B. Krasner, Liquidation/Reincorporation after the Tax Reform Act of 1986, 24 Willamette L. Rev. 885 (1988). (224) Gero Burwitz, Tax Consequences of the Migration of Companies: A Practitioner's Perspective, 6 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. 589 (2006).

(3) Off-Shore Tax Inversions (225) Richard E. Andersen, Bringing It Onshore: Redomiciling Foreign Corporations through State Domestication Statutes, 14 Int'l Tax J. 91 (1988). (226) Eric T. Laity, The United States' Response to Tax Havens: The Foreign Base Company Services Income of Controlled Foreign Corporations, 18 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 1 (19971998). (227) Robert T. Kudrle & Lorraine Eden, The Campaign Against Tax Havens: Will It Last? Will It Work?, 9 Stan. J.L. Bus. & Fin. 37 (Fall, 2003). (228) Jeffrey K. Mackie-Mason & Roger H. Gordon, How Much Do Taxes Discourage Incorporation?, 52 J. Fin. 477 (1997). (229) U.S. TREAS. OFF. TAX POL., CORPORATE INVERSION TRANSACTIONS: TAX POLICY IMPLICATIONS (May 17, 2002), available at <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/docs/inversion.pdf> (Last visited, Feb. 2, 2008).

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(230) Hale E. Sheppard, Fight or Flight of U.S.-Based Multinational Businesses: Analyzing the Causes for, Effects of, and Solutions to the Corporate Inversion Trend, 23 NW. J. INT'L L. & BUS. 551 (Spring, 2003). (231) Beckett G. Cantley, Corporate Inversions: Will the Repo Act Keep Corporations From Moving to Bermuda?, 3 Hous. Bus. & Tax L.J. 1 (2003). (232) Elizabeth Chorvat, You Can't Take It With You: Behavioral Finance and Corporate Expatriations, 37 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 453 (December, 2003). (233) Eric Tak Han, Is Capitalism Un-American? An Analysis of Corporate Inversions and Expatriation Proposals in Response, 27 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 511 (Spring, 2004). (234) Derek E. Anderson, Turning the Corporate Inversion Transaction Right Side Up: Proposed Legislation in The 108th Congress Aims to Stamp Out Any Economic Vitality of the Corporate Inversion Transaction, 16 Fla. J. Int'l L. 267 (June, 2004). (235) John Kelly, Haven or Hell: Securities Exchange Listing Standards and Other Proposed Reforms as a Disincentive for Corporate Inversion Transactions, 14 Minn. J. Global Trade 199 (Winter, 2004). (236) Heather Campbell, When Good Tax Law Goes Bad: Stanley Works' Recent Dilemma and How the Internal Revenue Code Disadvantages U.S. Multinational Corporations Forcing Their Flight to Foreign Jurisdictions, 31 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 95 (Winter 2004). (237) Orsolya Kun, Corporate Inversions: The Interplay of Tax, Corporate, and Economic Implications, 29 Del. J. Corp. L. 313 (2004). (238) Dale D. Murphy, Off-Shore Finance, in THE STRUCTURE OF REGULATORY COMPETITION: CORPORATIONS AND PUBLIC POLICIES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 72 (Dale D. Murphy ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2004). (239) James J. Nash, The Bermuda Tax Triangle: A Proposal Allowing American Companies' Expatriation to Foreign Tax Havens, 27 Suffolk Transnat'l L. Rev. 271 (Summer, 2004). (240) John Kelly, Haven or Hell: Securities Exchange Listing Standards and Other Proposed Reforms as a Disincentive for Corporate Inversion Transactions, 14 Minn. J. Global Trade 199 (Winter, 2004). (241) James Mann, Corporate Inversions: A Symptom of a Larger Problem, the Corporate Income Tax, 78 S. Cal. L. Rev. 521 (2004-2005). (242) Steven V. Melnik, Corporate Expatriations - The Tip of the Iceberg: Restoring the Competitiveness of the United States in the Global Marketplace, 8 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol'y 81 (2004 / 2005). (243) Michael S. Kirsch, The Congressional Response to Corporate Expatriations: The Tension Between Symbols and Substance in the Taxation of Multinational Corporations, 24 Va. Tax Rev. 475 (Winter, 2005). (244) WILLIAM BRITTAIN-CATLIN, OFFSHORE: THE DARK SIDE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005). (245) Note, Drawing Lines Around Corporate Inversion, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2270 (May, 2005). (246) Eloine Kim, Corporate Inversion: Will the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 Reduce the Incentive to Re-Incorporate?, 4 J. Int'l Bus. & L. 152 (Spring, 2005).

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(247) Richard A. Johnson, Why Harmful Tax Practices Will Continue After Developing Nations Pay: A Critique of the OECD's Initiatives Against Harmful Tax Competition, 26 B.C. Third World L.J. 351 (Spring 2006).

(4) Cross Listings (248) Darius Miller, The Market Reaction to International Cross-Listings: Evidence from Depository Receipts, 51 J. Fin. Econ. 103 (1999). (249) John C. Coffee, Jr., Racing towards the Top: The Impact of Cross-Listing and Stock Market Competition on International Corporate Governance, 102 Colum. L. Rev. 1757 (2002). (250) John C. Coffee, Jr., The Impact of Cross-Listings and Stock Market Competition on International Corporate Governance, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 437 (Curtis J. Milhaupt eds., New York: 2003). (251) Alice de Jonge, Corporate Governance in a Cross-Border Environment: Overseas Listings of Chinese Firms, in Trends and Developments in Corporate Goverrnance, [Special Issue] Comp. L. Y. B. Intl Bus. 81 (2003). (252) Larry E. Ribstein, Cross-Listing and Regulatory Competition, 1 Rev. L. & Econ. 97 (2005) (253) Cally Jordan, The Chameleon Effect: Beyond the Bonding Hypothesis for Cross-Listed Securities, 3 N.Y.U. J. L. & Bus. 37 (Fall, 2006). (254) Tobias H. Trger, Corporate Governance in a Viable Market for Secondary Listings, 10 J. Bus. & Emp. L. (2007).

(5) Entity Transformation Transactions (255) Henry B. Hansmann, The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise, 89 Yale L.J. 835 (1980). (256) John D. Colombo, A Proposal for an Exit Tax on Nonprofit Conversion Transactions, 23 Iowa J. Corp. L. 779 (Summer, 1998). (257) Robert C. Art, Conversion and Merger of Disparate Business Entities, 76 Wash. L. Rev. 349, (2001).

(258) Tamar Frankel, The Delaware Business Trust Act Failure as the New Corporate Law, 23 Cardozo L. Rev. 325 (2001).
(259) Gregory M. Marks, Understanding and Selecting the Best Conversion or Merger Approach for Pass-through Entities, J. Pass. Ent. 29 (Oct., 2002) (260) Henry Hansmann, Reiner Kraakman & Richard Squire, The New Business Entities in Evolutionary Perspective, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 59 (Mar., 2007) (261) Michael P. Huff, The Alabama Business Entities Conversion and Merger Act: Issues Surrounding the Effect of Conversion, 56 Ala. L. Rev. 577 (Winter, 2004) (262) Henry Hansmann, Reiner Kraakman & Richard Squire, The New Business Entities in Evolutionary Perspective, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 59 (Mar., 2007).

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(263) Garry W. Jenkins, Incorporation Choice, Uniformity, and the Reform of Nonprofit State Law, 41 Ga. L. Rev. 1113 (Summer, 2007).

(6) Entity Conversions in the Healthcare Sector (264) Lawrence E. Singer, The Conversion Conundrum: The State and Federal Response to Hospitals' Changes in Charitable Status, 23 Am. J. L. and Med. 221 (1997) (265) William C. Kellough, Affiliations, Sales, and Conversions Involving Non-Profit and ForProfit Healthcare Organizations in Oklahoma, 33 Tulsa L.J. 521 (Winter, 1997). (266) David A. Hyman, Hospital Conversions: Fact, Fantasy, and Regulatory Follies, 23 Iowa J. Corp. L. 741 (Summer, 1998). (267) Patrick K. Moore, Gary S. Mendoza , John P. Krave , James R. Schwartz, Legal Issues in Selling and Converting Non-Profit Health Care Organizations, 20 Whittier L. Rev. 351 (Winter, 1998). (268) James J. Fishman, Checkpoints on the Conversion Highway: Some Trouble Spots in the Conversion of Nonprofit Health Care Organizations to For-Profit Status, 23 Iowa J. Corp. L. 701, 719 (Summer, 1998). (269) John D. Colombo, A Proposal for an Exit Tax on Nonprofit Conversion Transactions, 23 Iowa J. Corp. L. 779, 779-81 (Summer, 1998) (270) Kevin F. Donohue, Crossroads in Hospital Conversions A Survey of Nonprofit Hospital Conversion Legislation, 8 Ann. Health L. 39 (1999). (271) Phill Kline & Reid F. Holbrook, Protecting Charitable Assets in Hospital Conversions: An Important Role for the Attorney General, 13 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 351 (Spring, 2004).

(7) War Time Domicile Changes (272) Note, Corporations in Exile, 43 Colum. L. Rev. 364 (Apr., 1943).

(8) Shareholder Access to Forum Selection and Federal Reinforcement (273) John C. Coffee, Jr., The Future of Corporate Federalism: State Competition and the New Trend Toward De Facto Federal Minimum Standards, 8 Cardozo L. Rev. 759 (1987). (274) William W. Bratton & Joseph A. McCahery, Regulatory Competition, Regulatory Capture, and Corporate Self- Regulation, 73 N.C. L. Rev. 1861 (1995). (275) David E. Wildasin & John D. Wilson, Imperfect Mobility and Local Government Behavior in an Overlapping Generations Model, 60 J. Pub. Econ. 177 (1996). (276) Stephen J. Choi & Andrew T. Guzman, Choice and Federal Intervention in Corporate Law, 87 Va. L. Rev. 961 (Sept., 2001)

26

(277) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Allen Ferrell, A New Approach to Takeover Law and Regulatory Competition, 87 Va. L. Rev. 111 (2001). (278) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Assaf Hamdani, Vigorous Race or Leisurely Walk: Reconsidering the Competition over Corporate Charters, 112 Yale L.J. 553 (2002). (279) Jens Dammann, A New Approach to Corporate Choice of Law, 38 Vand. J. Transnatl L. 51 (2005). (280) Jennifer G. Hill, The Shifting Balance of Power between Shareholders and the Board: News Corp's Exodus to Delaware and Other Antipodean Tales, (January 2008) (Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 08/20) available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1086477>.

(9) Position for an Exit (281) Kaan Kocaolu, State Legislation and Corporate Mobility, (May 22, 2007) (Unpublished section of JSD Dissertation, Georgetown University) (On file with the Library of Congress).

F. Regulatory Motion

(1) Regulatory Pendulum (282) KARL POLANYI, THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION: THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ORIGINS OF OUR TIME (Beacon Press; 2001) (1941). (283) George Stigler, The Theory of Economic Regulation, 2 Bell J. Econ. 3 (1971). (284) Sam Peltzman, Toward a More General Theory of Regulation, 19 J. L. & Econ. 211 (1976). (285) William F. Shughart, II & Robert D. Tollison, The Cyclical Character of Regulatory Activity, 45 Pub. Cho. 393 (Mar., 1985). (286) Peter J. Henning, Corporate Law after the Eighties: Reflections on the Relationship between Management, Shareholders, and Stakeholders, 36 St. Louis U. L.J. 519 (1991-1992). (287) Ragnar E. Lfstedt, The Swing of the Regulatory Pendulum in Europe: From Precautionary Principle to (Regulatory) Impact Analysis, 28 J. Risk & Uncertainty 237 (May 2004).

(2) Impact of Crises on Regulation (288) Joseph A. Grundfest, Lobbying into Limbo: The Political Ecology of the Savings and Loan Crisis (Savings & Loan Crisis: Lessons and a Look Ahead), 2 Stan. L. & Pol. Rev. 25 (Spr 1990). (289) John C. Coffee, Jr., The Rise of Dispersed Ownership: The Roles of Law and the State in the Separation of Ownership and Control, 111 Yale L.J. 1, 66 (Oct., 2001).

27

(290) Robert W. Hamilton, The Crisis in Corporate Governance: 2002 Style, 40 Hous. L. Rev. 1 (2003-2004). (291) Stefan Grundmann, The Structure of European Company Law: From Crisis to Boom, 5 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 601 (Dec., 2004). (292) Gerald Spindler, Scandals, Regulation, and Supervisory Agencies: The European Perspective, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 105 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005).

(3) Indeterminacy and Legal Complexity (293) Douglas M. Branson, Indeterminacy: The Final Ingredient in an Interest Group Analysis of Corporate Law, 43 Vand. L. Rev. 85 (Jan., 1990). (294) Michelle J. White, Legal Complexity and Lawyers Benefit from Litigation, 12 Int. Rev. L. & Econ. 381 (1992). (295) William T. Allen, Ambiguity in Corporation Law, 22 Del. J. Corp. L. 894 (1997). (296) Ehud Kamar, A Regulatory Competition Theory of Indeterminacy in Corporate Law, 98 Colum. L. Rev. 1908 (1998). (297) Ehud Kamar, Shareholder Litigation Under Indeterminate Corporate Law, 66 U. Chi. L. Rev. 887 (1999). (298) Mark J. Roe, The Inevitable Instability of American Corporate Governance, in RESTORING TRUST IN AMERICAN BUSINESS (Jay W. Lorsch, Leslie Berlowitz, and Andy Zelleke eds.) (Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences : MIT Press, 2005). (299) Sean J. Griffith & Myron T. Steele, On Corporate Law Federalism: Threatening the Thaumatrope, 61 Bus. Law. 1 (Nov., 2005). (300) Helmut Wagner, Economic Analysis of Cross-Border Legal Uncertainty; The Example of the European Union, in THE NEED FOR A EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW: EMPIRICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES, 27 (J. M. Smits ed.) (Europa Publishing; 2005).

(4) Legal Transplants (301) Katharina Pistor, The Standardization of Law and Its Effects on Developing Economies, 50 Am. J. Comp. L. 97 (2002). (302) Lynn A. Stout, On the Export of U.S.-Style Corporate Fiduciary Duties to Other Cultures: Can A Transplant Take?, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 46 (Curtis Milhaupt, ed.) (Columbia University Press, 2003). (303) Troy A. Paredes, A Systems Approach to Corporate Governance Reform: Why Importing U.S. Corporate Law isn't the Answer, 45 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1055 (2004).

28

(304) Brian Cheffins, Corporate Governance Reform: Britain as an Exporter, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, VOL. I (Thomas Clarke ed.) (London: Routledge, 2004). (305) Curtis J. Milhaupt, Historical Pathways of Reform: Foreign Law Transplants and Japanese Corporate Governance, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 53 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (306) Peer Zumbansen & Patrick Rundans, The Political Economy of Legal Transplants in Corporate Governance, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM: LEGAL REFORM IN THE CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL ECONOMY (Peer Zumbansen & John Cioffi eds., forthcoming 2006).

G. Regulatory Competition in Non-Corporate Forums

(1) Antitrust Competition (307) Frank H. Easterbrook, Antitrust and the Economics of Federalism, 26 J. L. & Econ. 23 (1983).

(2) Bankruptcy Competition (308) Barry E. Adler & Henry N. Butler, On the "Delawarization of Bankruptcy" Debate, 52 Emory L.J. 1309 (Summer, 2003).

(3) Competition for Trust Funds (309) Robert H. Sitkoff & Max Schanzenbach. Jurisdictional Competition for Trust Funds: An Empirical Analysis of Perpetuities and Taxes, 115 Yale Law Journal 356 (2005).

(4) Regulatory Competition in Transnational Finance (310) James D. Cox, Rethinking U.S. Securities Laws in the Shadow of International Regulatory Competition, 55 Law & Contemp. Prob. 157 (1992). (311) Grard Hertig, Imperfect Mutual Recognition for EU Financial Services, 14 Int'l Rev. L. & Econ. 177 (1994). (312) J. William Hicks, Protection of Individual Investors under U.S. Securities Laws: The Impact of International Regulatory Competition, 1 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 431 (1993-1994).

29

(313) James D. Cox, Choice of Law Rules for International Securities Transactions?, 66 U. Cincinnati L.Rev. 1179 (1998). (314) Stephen J. Choi & Andrew T. Guzman, The Dangerous Extraterritoriality of American Securities Law, 17 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 207 (1996). (315) Stephen J. Choi & Andrew T. Guzman, National Laws, International Money: Regulation in a Global Capital Market, 65 Ford. L. Rev. 1855 (1997). (316) Sol Picciotto & Jason Haines, Regulating Global Financial Markets, 26 J. L. & Soc. 351 (1999). (317) Stephen J. Choi, The Unfounded Fear of Regulation S: Empirical Evidence on Offshore Securities Offerings, 50 Duke L. J. 663 (2000). (318) Stephen J. Choi, Regulating Investors Not Issuers: A Market-Based Proposal, 88 Cal. L. Rev. 280 (March, 2000). (319) Stephen J. Choi, Promoting Issuer Choice in Securities Regulation, 41 Va. J. Intl L. 815 (2001). (320) Stephen J. Choi,Assessing Regulatory Responses to Globalizing Securities Markets, 2 Theo. Inq. L. 613 (2001). (321) John C. Coffee Jr., Competition Among Securities Markets: A Path Dependent Perspective (Columbia Law Sch. Ctr. for Law & Econ. Studies, Working Paper No. 192, 2001), at <http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=283822> (322) John C. Coffee, Jr., Racing Towards the Top? The Impact of Cross-Listings and Stock Market Competition on International Corporate Governance, 102 Colum. L. Rev. 1757 (2002). (323) Stephen J. Choi, Channeling Global Securities Market Competition, 16 Transnat'l Law. 111 (2003). (324) John C. Coffee, Jr., The Impact of Cross-Listings and Stock Market Competition on International Corporate Governance, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 437 (Curtis J. Milhaupt eds., New York: 2003).

II. CHARTER MARKET COMPETITION

A. Products in the Charter Market

(1) Delaware Corporate Law (325) [DELAWARE] CORPORATION TRUST CO., BUSINESS CORPORATIONS UNDER THE LAWS OF DELAWARE (1907) [in brackets added by the author]. (326) S. Samuel Arsht & Walter K. Stapleton, Delawares New General Corporation Law: Substantive Changes, 23 Bus. L. 75 (1967).

30

(327) S. Samuel Arsht, How and Why of Incorporation in Delaware, 3 Del. J. Corp. L. 163 (19771978). (328) DELAWARE, LEWIS S. BLACK, JR., WHY CORPORATIONS CHOOSE DELAWARE (Corporation Service Company, January 1999) (1993).

(2) Model Business Corporation Act (329) George D. Gibson, Virginia's Experience with the Model Business Corporation Act, 13 Bus. Law. 706 (1957-1958). (330) Melvin Aron Eisenberg, The Model Business Corporation Act and the Model Business Corporation Act Annotated, 29 Bus. L. 1407 (1974). (331) Michael P. Dooley & Michael D. Goldman, Some Comparisons between the Model Business Corporation Act and the Delaware General Corporation Law, 56 Bus. Law. 737 (20002001).

(3) Non-Delaware State Corporate Laws (332) John H. Shields, Why do Wisconsin Concerns Incorporate in Other States?, 11 WIS. L. REV. 457 (1936). (333) Tom Downs, Michigan to have a New Corporation Code?, 18 Wayne L. Rev. 913 (1972). (334) Cyril Moscow, Michigan or Delaware Incorporation, 42 Wayne L. Rev. 1897 (1995-1996). (335) David Mace Roberts & David Mace Pivnick,, Table of the Corporate Tape: Delaware, Nevada and Texas, 52 Baylor L. Rev. 45 (2000). (336) James I. Lotstein & Christopher Calio, Why Choose Connecticut? Advantages of the Connecticut Business Corporation Act Over the Delaware General Corporation Law, 10 Conn. Law. (Apr. 2000). (337) Byron F. Egan & Curtis W. Huff, Choice of State of Incorporation - Texas versus Delaware: Is It Now Time to Rethink Traditional Notions, 54 S.M.U. L. Rev. 249 (2001).

(4) European Products (338) John Lowry, Eliminating Obstacles to Freedom of Establishment: The Competitive Edge of UK Company Law, 63 Cambridge L. J. 331 (2004).

31

B. Historical Development of the Corporate Charter Market

(1) Historical Progress (339) Samuel Williston, A History of the Law of Business Organizations before 1800, 2 Harv. L. Rev. 105 (1888). (340) Joseph S. Davis, Corporations in the American Colonies, in ESSAYS IN THE EARLIER HISTORY OF AMERICAN CORPORATIONS, VOL. I, at 3 (Joseph S. Davis ed.) (Harv. Uni. Press: 1917).1 (341) Joseph S. Davis, Eighteenth Century Business Corporations in the United States, in ESSAYS IN THE EARLIER HISTORY OF AMERICAN CORPORATIONS, VOL. II, at 3 (Joseph S. Davis ed.) (Lawbook Exchange: 2006) (1917). (342) Harold W. Stoke, Economic Influences Upon the Corporation Laws of New Jersey, 30 J. Pol. Econ. 551 (1930). (343) Note, Compulsory Incorporation and the Power to Tax, 44 Harv. L. Rev. 1111 (May, 1931). (344) G. Harrington, The Legislative History of the Delaware General Incorporation Act of 1899 to 1933 (1933) (unpublished masters thesis, Harvard Law School) (on file with the Law School Library, Harvard University). (345) JOSEPH G. BLANDI, MARYLAND BUSINESS CORPORATIONS 1783-1852 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1934). (346) Vincent W. Westrup, A Comparative Study of the Corporation Laws of the States of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and New York, 11 N.Y.U.L.Q. Rev. 349 (1934). (347) E. Merrick Dodd, Jr., Statutory Developments in Business Corporation Law, 1886-1936 50 Harv. L. Rev. 27 (1936) (348) James L. Wolcott, The Development of the Delaware Corporation Law (1937) (Harvard GSB Graduate Thesis) (on file with the Law School Library, Harvard University) (349) George D. Hornstein, Rights of Stockholders in the New York Courts, 56 Yale L. J. 942 (Jun., 1947). (350) GEORGE HEBERTON EVANS, JR. BUSINESS INCORPORATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 18001943 (Natl Bureau of Econ. Research, Inc., New York: 1948). (351) JOHN W. CADMAN, JR., THE CORPORATION IN NEW JERSEY: BUSINESS AND POLITICS, 17811875 (Harvard University Press, 1949). (352) Kenneth K. Luce, Trends in Modern Corporation Legislation, 50 Mich. L. Rev. 1291 (19511952). (353) Ray Garrett, History, Purpose and Summary of the Model Business Corporation Act, 6 Bus. Law. [vii] (1950-1951) (354) EDWIN MERRICK DODD, AMERICAN BUSINESS CORPORATIONS UNTIL 1860 (Harvard University Press, 1954).
1

cf. Simeon E. Baldwin, Review, 23 Am. Hist. Rev. 185, 186 (Oct. 1977) (reviewing JOSEPH STANCLIFFE DAVIS, ESSAYS IN THE EARLIER HISTORY OF AMERICAN CORPORATIONS (1917).

32

(355) Wilber G. Katz, The Philosophy of Midcentury Corporation Statutes, 23 L. & Contemp. Probs. 177 (Spring, 1958) (356) Paul P. Harbrecht & Joseph A. McCallin, The Corporation and the State in Anglo-American Law and Politics, 10 J. Pub. L. 1 (1961) (357) Richard F.Corroon, The Proposed New Delaware Corporation Statute, 20 J. Legal Educ. 522 (1967-1968). (358) Hugh L. Sowards & James S. Mofsky, Factors Affecting the Development of Corporation Law, 23 U. Miami L. Rev. 476 (1969). (359) JAMES WILLARD HURST, THE LEGITIMACY OF THE BUSINESS CORPORATION IN THE LAW OF THE UNITED STATES, 1780-1970 (University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville: 1970). (360) S. Samuel Arsht, A History of Delaware Corporation Law, 1 Del. J. Corp. L. 1 (1976). (361) Joel Seligman, A Brief History of Delaware's General Corporation Law of 1899, 1 Del. J. Corp. L. 249 (1976). (362) Walter Werner, Corporation Law in Search of its Future, 81 Colum. L. Rev. 1611 (Dec., 1981). (363) Edmund Kitch, Regulation and the American Common Market, in REGULATION FEDERALISM, AND INTERSTATE COMMERCE 9 (A. Dan Tarlock ed., Cambridge, Mass.; Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1981). (364) Melvin I. Urofsky, Proposed Federal Incorporation in the Progressive Era, 26 Am. J. L. Hist. 160 (Apr., 1982). (365) Henry N. Butler, Nineteenth-Century Jurisdictional Competition in the Granting of Corporate Privileges, 14 J. Legal Stud. 129 (Jan., 1985). (366) Robert D. Tollison & William F. Shughart, II, Corporate Chartering: An Exploration in the Economics of Legal Change, 23 Econ. Inq. 585 (Oct. 1985). (367) Henry N. Butler, General Incorporation in Nineteenth Century England: Interaction of Common Law and Legislative Processes, 6 Int'l Rev. L. & Econ. 169 (1986). (368) David S. Schaffer, Jr., Delaware's Limit on Director Liability: How the Market for Incorporation Shapes Corporate Law, 10 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 665 (1987). (369) Christopher Grandy, New Jersey Corporate Chartermongering, 1875-1929, 49 J. Econ. Hist. 677 (1989). (370) Christopher Grandy, Turn of the Century Chartermongering: Evidence from New Jersey, Delaware, New York, and Rhode Island (Working Paper 1988). (371) Curtis Alva, Delaware and the Market for Corporate Charters: History and Agency, 15 Del. J. Corp. L. 885 (1990). (372) CHRISTOPHER GRANDY, NEW JERSEY AND THE FISCAL ORIGINS OF MODERN AMERICAN CORPORATION LAW, (Garland Publishing, New York: 1993). (373) Gary D. Libecap, Book Review, 53 J. Econ. Hist. 962 (Dec., 1993) (reviewing CHRISTOPHER GRANDY, NEW JERSEY AND THE FISCAL ORIGINS OF MODERN AMERICAN CORPORATION LAW, (Garland Publishing, New York: 1993)). (374) Stephen J. Choi, Investor Liability: Financial Innovations in the Regulatory State and the Coming Revolution in Corporate Law, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1941 (1994).

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(375) Gregory A. Mark, The Court and the Corporation: Jurisprudence, Localism, and Federalism, 1997 Sup. Ct. Rev. 403 (1997). (376) Robert W. Hamilton, Corporate Governance in America 1950-2000: Major Changes but Uncertain Benefits, 25 J. Corp. L. 349 (1999-2000). (377) Richard A. Booth, A Chronology of the Evolution of the MBCA, 56 Bus. Law. 63 (2000). (378) Christopher J. Cyphers, Testing the Limits of Federalism, in THE NATIONAL CIVIC FEDERATION AND THE MAKING OF A NEW LIBERALISM, 1900-1915, at 153 (Christopher J. Cyphers ed.) (2002). (379) Yuwa Wei, The History of the Corporation in China, 6 Uni. West. Syd. L. Rev. (UWSLR) 95 (2002). (380) Yuwa Wei, The Historical Development of the Corporation and Corporate Law in China, 14 Aust. J. Corp. L. 240 (2002). (381) Gregory A. Mark, The Legal History of Corporate Scandal: Some Observations on the Ancestry and Significance of the Enron Era, 35 Conn. L. Rev. 1073 (2002-2003). (382) John Joseph Wallis, Market Augmenting Government? The State and the Corporation in 19th Century America, in MARKET-AUGMENTING GOVERNMENT: THE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PROSPERITY, (Omer Azfar & Charles A. Cadwell eds.) (2003). (383) Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Partnerships, Corporations, and the Limits on Contractual Freedom in U.S. History: An Essay in Economics, Law, and Culture, in CONSTRUCTING CORPORATE AMERICA: HISTORY, POLITICS, AND CULTURE 29 (Kenneth Lipartito & David B. Sicilia eds.) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). (384) Harald Baum, Change of Governance in Historic Perspective: The German Experience, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 3 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (385) Timur Kuran, The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence, 53 Am. J. Comp. L. 785 (2005). (386) John J. Wallis, Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852, 65 J. Econ. Hist. 211 (2005). (387) J. J. Chausovsky, The Corporation Question in the States, 1865-1900: Debates in the Constitutional Conventions (Apr. 2005) (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois) (on file with the allacademic.com). (388) John Joseph Wallis, Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852, 65 J. Econ. Hist. 211 (2005). (389) Harald Baum, Change of Governance in Historic Perspective: The German Experience, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 3 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (390) Rob McQueen, Company Law as Imperialism, 5 Aust. J. Comp. L. 8 (May 1995). (391) E. Norman Veasey & Christine T. Di Guglielmo, What Happened in Delaware Corporate Law and Governance From 1992-2004? A Retrospective on Some Key Developments, 153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1399 (May, 2005).

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(392) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Assaf Hamdani, Federal Corporate Law: Lessons from History, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1793 (2006). (393) Jonathan Chausovsky, State Regulation of Corporations in the Late Nineteenth Century: A Critique of the New Jersey Thesis, 21 Stud. Am. Pol. Dev. 30 (Spring 2007). (394) Charles M. Yablon, The Historical Race Competition for Corporate Charters and the Rise and Decline of New Jersey: 1880-1910, 32 Iowa J. Corp. L. 323 (Winter, 2007).

(2) Retrospective Perspectives (395) B. J. Ramage, Growth and Moral Attitude of Corporations, 49 Am. L. Reg. 221 (1901). (396) Charles F. Bostwick & Charles W. Coleman, Where to Incorporate, 3 (The) Brief 162 (1901). (397) Roberta Romano, After the Revolution in Corporate Law, 55 J. Leg. Ed. 342 (2005).

(3) Path Dependency (398) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Mark J. Roe, A Theory of Path Dependence in Corporate Ownership and Governance, 52 Stan. L. Rev. 127 (November, 1999).

C. Doctrinal Foundations

(1) Government Discipline School (Race to the Bottom) (399) Note, Little Delaware Makes a Bid for the Organization of Trusts, 33 Am. L. Rev. 418 (1899). (400) Special, Secretaries of States as Corporation Hunters.; James B. Dill Tells Pennsylvania Lawyers of Rivalry for Corporate Supremacy -- New York's Unfavorable Position, N.Y. TIMES, June 30, 1903, at 6. (401) William E. Church, The Tramp Corporation, 64 Alb. L. J. 275 (1903). (402) Lincoln Steffens, New Jersey: A Traitor State, Pt. II, 25 McClures Mag. 41 (1905). (403) Raymond T. Zillmer, State Laws: Survival of the Unfit, 62 U. Pa. L. Rev. 509 (1913-1914). (404) Adolph A. Berle, Jr., Investors and the Revised Delaware Corporation Act, 29 Colum. L. Rev. 563 (1929). (405) Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee, , 288 U.S. 517 (1933). (406) Henry W. Ballantine, Major Changes in California Corporate Law, 6 Cal. St. B.J. 159 (1931).

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(407) E. Merrick Dodd, Jr., Statutory Developments in Business Corporation Law, 1886-1936, 50 Harv. L. Rev. 27 (1936). (408) Wiley B. Rutledge, Jr., Significant Trends in Modern Incorporation Statutes, 22 Wash. U. L. Q. 305 (1937). (409) Benjamin Harris, Jr., The Model Business Corporation Act Invitation to Irresponsibility?, 50 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (1955)). (410) Elvin R. Latty, Why are Business Corporation Laws Largely Enabling?, 50 Cornell L. Q. 599 (1965). (411) Harry M. First, Law for Sale: A Study of the Delaware Corporation Law of 1967, 117 U. Pa. L. Rev. 861 (Apr., 1969). (412) William L. Cary, Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections upon Delaware, 83 Yale L.J. 663 (1973-1974). (413) William L. Cary, Summary of Article on Federalism and Corporate Law, 31 Bus. Law. 1105 (1975-1976). (414) Ernest L. Folk, III, State Statutes: Their Role in Prescribing Norms of Responsible Management Conduct, 31 Bus. Law. 1031 (1975-1976). See, for the discussion of this article 31 Bus. L. 1081 91. (415) Charles W. Murdock, Delaware: The Race to the Bottom - Is an End in Sight?, 9 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 643 (1978). (416) Melvin Aron Eisenberg, The Modernization of Corporate Law: An Essay for Bill Cary, 37 U. Miami L. Rev. 187 (1983). (417) John C. Coffee, Jr., The Future of Corporate Federalism: State Competition and the New Trend Toward De Facto Federal Minimum Standards, 8 Cardozo L. Rev. 759 (1987). (418) John C. Coffee Jr., No Exit: Opting Out, the Contractual Theory of the Corporation and the Special Case of Remedies, 53 Brook. L. Rev. 919 (1987-1988). (419) Diane L. Saltoun, Fortifying the Directorial Stronghold: Delaware Limits Director Liability, 29 B. C. L. Rev. 481 (1987-1988). (420) Melvin Aron Eisenberg, The Structure of Corporation Law, 89 Colum. L. Rev. 1461 (Nov., 1989). (421) Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Bad Arguments in Corporate Law, 78 Geo. L. J. 1551 (1989-1990). (422) John C. Coffee, Jr., Comment in The Most-Cited Articles from the Yale Law Journal, (Fred R. Shapiro eds.) 100 Yale L.J. 1449 (1991). (423) Lucian Arye Bebchuk, Federalism and the Corporation: The Desirable Limits on State Competition in Corporate Law, 105 Harv. L. Rev. 1435 (1992). (424) Jason M. Quintana, Going Private Transactions: Delaware's Race to the Bottom, 2004 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 547 (2004). (425) LYNN M. LOPUCKI, COURTING FAILURE: HOW COMPETITION FOR BIG CASES IS CORRUPTING THE BANKRUPTCY COURTS (The University of Michigan Press, 2005). (426) Gary M. Brown, Changing Models in Corporate Governance Implications of the US Sarbanes Oxley Act, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 143 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005).

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(427) Martin F. Hellwig, Market Discipline, Information Processing, and Corporate Governance, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 379 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (428) Stephen P. Ferris, Robert M. Lawless, & Gregory Noronha, The Influence of State Legal Environments on Firm Incorporation Decisions and Values, 2 J. L. Econ. & Pol. 1 (2006).

(2) Anti-Business Sentiment (429) Speed Mosby, The Corporation System An Argument for Its Abolition, 34 Am. L. Rev. 544 (1900). (430) RALPH NADER, MARK GREEN & JOEL SELIGMAN., TAMING THE GIANT CORPORATION: TAMING THE GIANT CORPORATION: HOW THE LARGEST CORPORATIONS CONTROL OUR LIVES (W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.; 1976). (431) Richard L. Grossman and Frank T. Adams, Taking Care of Business: Citizenship and the Charter of Incorporation, Earth Island J. 34 (Spring 1993).

(3) Bankruptcy Reform (432) Lynn M. LoPucki & Sara D. Kalin, The Failure of Public Company Bankruptcies in Delaware and New York: Empirical Evidence of a "Race to the Bottom," 54 Vand. L. Rev. 231 (2001). (433) LYNN M. LOPUCKI, COURTING FAILURE: HOW COMPETITION FOR BIG CASES IS CORRUPTING THE BANKRUPTCY COURTS (The University of Michigan Press, 2005).

(4) Market Discipline School (Race to the Top) (434) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Economic Regulation vs. Competition: Ralph Nader and Creeping Capitalism, 82 Yale L. J. 890 (1972-1973). (435) S. Samuel Arsht, Reply to Professor Cary, 31 Bus. L. 1113 (1976). (436) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., State Law, Shareholder Protection, and the Theory of the Corporation, 6 J. Legal Stud. 251 (1977). (437) Daniel R. Fischel, The "Race to the Bottom" Revisited: Reflections on Recent Developments in Delaware's Corporation Law, 76 Nw. U. L. Rev. 913 (1982) (438) RALPH K. WINTER, GOVERNMENT AND THE CORPORATION (Washington, D.C., AEI Press, 1978) (439) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Private Goals and Competition among State Legal Systems, 6 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 127 (1982-1983).

37

(440) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Private Goals and Competition among State Legal Systems, 6 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 127 (1982-1983). (441) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., The Development of the Law of Corporate Governance, 9 Del. J. Corp. L. 524 (1984). (442) Roberta Romano, Law as a Product: Some Pieces of the Incorporation Puzzle, 1 J.L. Econ. & Org. 225 (Autumn, 1985). (443) Roberta Romano, The State Competition Debate in Corporate Law, 8 Cardozo L. Rev. 709 (1987). (444) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., On Protecting the Ordinary Investor, 63 Wash. L. Rev. 881 (1998). (445) Roberta Romano, Answering the Wrong Question: The Tenuous Case for Mandatory Corporate Laws, 89 Colum. L. Rev. 1599 (Nov., 1989). (446) ROBERTA ROMANO, THE GENIUS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE LAW (AEI Press, 1993). (447) David A. Drexler, The Growth of Corporate Law, in THE DELAWARE BAR IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 583 (Helen L. Winslow, Anne E. Bookout & Patricia C. Hannigan eds., 1994). (448) FRANK H. EASTERBROOK & DANIEL R. FISCHEL, THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF CORPORATE LAW (2nd ed. 1996). (449) Alvin K. Klevorick, Reflections on the Race to the Bottom, in FAIR TRADE AND HARMONIZATION, VOL. 1: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (J. N. Bhagwati & R. E. Hudec eds.) (1996) (450) Roberta Romano, Corporate Law and Corporate Governance, 5 Ind. & Corp. Chg. 277 (1996). (451) Roberta Romano, Explaining American Exceptionalism in Corporate Law, in INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION AND COORDINATION: PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 127 (J. McCahery, W. Bratton, S. Picciotto and C. Scott, eds.) (Clarendon Press, 1996) (452) Roberta Romano, State Competition for Corporate Charters, in THE NEW FEDERALISM: CAN THE STATES BE TRUSTED? 129 (J. Ferejohn and B. Weingast, eds.) (Hoover Institution, 1997). (453) E. Norman Veasey, The Defining Tension in Corporate Governance in America, 52 Bus. Law. 393 (1996-1997). (454) Roberta Romano, Corporate Law as the Paradigm for Contractual Choice of Law, in THE FALL AND RISE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT, 370 (Francis H. Buckley ed.) (Duke University Press; 1999). (455) William T. Allen, The Pride and the Hope of Delaware Corporate Law, 25 Del. J. Corp. L. 70 (2000). (456) Leo E. Strine, Jr., Delaware's Corporate-Law System: Is Corporate America Buying An Exquisite Jewel Or A Diamond In The Rough? A Response to Kahan & Kamar's Price Discrimination in the Market for Corporate Law, 86 Cornell L. Rev. 1257 (September, 2001). (457) Robert H. Sitkoff, Corporate Political Speech, Political Extortion, and the Competition for Corporate Charters, 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1103 (2002).

38

(458) ROBERTA ROMANO, THE ADVANTAGE OF COMPETITIVE FEDERALISM FOR SECURITIES REGULATION (AEI Press, 2002).

(5) Intermediate Views (459) Ralph C. Ferrara & Marc I. Steinberg, Reappraisal of Santa Fe: Rule 10b-5 and the New Federalism, 129 U. Pa. L. Rev. 263 (1980-1981). (460) Robert L. Knauss, Corporate Governance--A Moving Target, 79 Mich. L. Rev. 478 (19801981). (461) John C. Jr. Coffee, No Exit: Opting Out, the Contractual Theory of the Corporation and the Special Case of Remedies, 53 Brook. L. Rev. 919 (1987-1988). (462) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., The Race for the Top Revisited: A Comment on Eisenberg, 89 Colum. L. Rev. 1526 (1989). (463) William W. Bratton, Corporate Law's Race to Nowhere in Particular, 44 U. Toronto L. J. 401 (1994). (reviewing The Genius of American Corporate Law by Roberta Romano (Washington: The AEI Press 1993) pp. xvii, 161). (464) Edmund Kitch, Business Organization Law: State or Federal? An Inquiry into the Allocation of Political Competence in Relation to Issues of Business Organization Law in a Federal System, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION, 35 (Richard Buxbaum, Grard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus Hopt eds.) (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1991). (465) Martha B. Trofimenko & Catherine S. Mulholland, Delaware, U.S.A.: Home, Sweet Corporate Home, 1 Can. Intl Law. 218 (1995). (466) Alvin K. Klevorick, The Race to the Bottom in a Federal System: Lessons from the World of Trade Policy, 14 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 177 (1996). (467) Timothy J. Brennan, Regulation and Competition as Complements, in Obtaining the best from Regulation and Competition (Topics in Regulatory Economics and Policy), 1 (Michael A. Crew & Menahem Spiegel eds.) (Springer Publishing, 2004). (468) Daniel Grennwood, The Mysterious Race to the Top/Bottom, 23 Yale Law and Policy Review 381 (2005).

D. Political Foundations of the Charter Market

(1) Regulatory Hostage Theory (469) Oliver E. Williamson, Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange, 73 Am. Econ. Rev. 519 (1983). (470) ROBERTA ROMANO, THE GENIUS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE LAW (AEI Press, 1993).

39

(471) William W. Bratton & Joseph McCahery, Regulatory Competition as Regulatory Capture: The Case of Corporate Law in the USA, in INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION AND COORDINATION: PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 207 (Joseph McCahery, William W. Bratton, Sol Picciotto & Colin Scott eds., New York: 1997).

(472) Eric Kades, Freezing the Company Charter, 79 N. Car. L. Rev. 111 (2000).
(2) Interest Group Theory (473) William R. Vance, Federal Control of Insurance Corporations, 17 Green Bag 83 (1905). (474) Gordon Tullock, Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft, 5 West. Econ. J. 224 (June, 1967). (475) William L. Cary, Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections upon Delaware, 83 Yale L.J. 663, 690-92 (1973-1974). (476) Anne O. Krueger, The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society, 64 Am. Econ. Rev. 291 (June 1974). (477) Henry N. Butler, Legal Change in an Interest Group Perspective: The Demise of Special Corporate Chartering (1982) (Ph.D. dissertation, V.P.I. & State Univ.) (478) Eric Stein, Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution, 75 Am. J. Intl L. 1 (Jan., 1981). (479) David C. Bayne, Lawyer and Corporate Governance: Conflict of Interest, 26 St. Louis U.L.J. 400 (1982). (480) William F. Shughart, II & Robert D. Tollison, Corporate Chartering: An Exploration in the Economics of Legal Change, 23 Econ. Inq. 585 (Oct., 1985) reprinted in THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RENT SEEKING, 391 (Charles Kershaw Rowley & Robert D. Tollison eds.) (Springer Publishing; 1988). (481) Fred S. McChesney, Rent Extraction and Rent Creation in the Economic Theory of Regulation, 16 J. L. Stud. 1 (Jan., 1987). (482) Jonathan R. Macey & Geoffrey P. Miller, Toward an Interest-Group Theory of Delaware Corporate Law, 65 Tex. L. Rev. 469 (1987). (483) Jonathan R. Macey, State Anti-Takeover Statutes: Good Politics, Bad Economics, 1988 Wis. L. Rev. 467 (1988). (484) Michael A. Crew & Charles K. Rowley, Dispelling the Disinterest In Deregulation, in THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RENT SEEKING, STUDIES IN PUBLIC CHOICE VOL. II 163 (Gordon Tullock ed.) (1988). (485) Susan P. Koniak, The Law Between the Bar and the State, 70 N.C. L. Rev. 1389 (1992). (486) Alfred F. Conard, Corporate Constituencies in Western Europe, 21 Stetson L. Rev. 73 (1991). (487) Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Paying Lawyers, Empowering Prosecutors, and Protecting Managers: Raising the Cost of Capital in America, 42 Duke L. J. 945 (1992-1993)

40

(488) John E. Coffee, Jr., Unstable Coalitions: Corporate Governance as a Multi-Player Game, 78 Geo. L. J. 1495 (1989-1990). (489) Paul H. Rubin & Martin J. Bailey, The Role of Lawyers in Changing the Law, 23 J. Legal Studies 807 (1994). (490) Michael Hartmann, Bank Lawyers: A Professional Group Holding the Reins of Power, in PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION AND PROFESSIONAL POWER: LAWYERS, ACCOUNTANTS AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MARKETS 77 (Yves Dezalay & David Sugarman eds.) (New York : Routledge, 1995). (491) William J. Carney, The Political Economy of Competition for Corporate Charters, 26 J. Legal Stud. 303 (Jan., 1997). (492) Yves Dezalay, Between the State, Law and the Market: The Social and Professional Stakes in the Construction and Definition of a Regulatory Arena, in INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION AND COORDINATION: PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 59 (Joseph McCahery, William W. Bratton, Sol Picciotto, & Scott eds., New York: 1997). (493) William J. Carney, The Production of Corporate Law, 71 S. Cal. L. Rev. 715 (May, 1998). (494) William W. Bratton, Delaware Law as Applied Public Choice Theory: Bill Cary and the Basic Course after Twenty-Five Years, 34 Ga. L. Rev. 447 (1999-2000). (495) John W. Cioffi, Governing Globalization? The State, Law, and Structural Change in Corporate Governance, 27 J. L. & Soc. 572 (Dec., 2000). (496) John C. Coates IV, Explaining Variation in Takeover Defenses: Blame the Lawyers, 89 Cal. L. Rev. 1301 (2001). (497) GENE M. GROSSMAN & ELHANAN HELPMAN, SPECIAL INTEREST POLITICS (MIT Press, 2001). (498) MARK J. ROE, POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: POLITICAL CONTEXT, CORPORATE IMPACT (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003) (2002). (499) Omri Yadlin, Commentary on Sitkoff, 69 U Chi L Rev 1167 (2002). (500) Peter A. Gourevitch, The Politics of Corporate Governance Regulation, 112 Yale L. J. 1829 (May, 2003) (reviewing MARK J. ROE, POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: POLITICAL CONTEXT, CORPORATE IMPACT (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003) (2002)) (501) SYMPOSIUM: SMITH v. VAN GORKOM:, Jonathan R. Macey, Insights About C.E.O.s, Corporate Law Rules, and The Jurisdictional Competition for Corporate Charters, 96 Nw. U.L. Rev. 607 (Winter, 2002). (502) William W. Bratton, Gaming Delaware, 40 Willamette L. Rev. 853 (Fall, 2004). (503) Jonathan R. Macey, Wall Street in Turmoil: Federal State Relations Post Eliot Spitzer, 70 Brook. L. Rev. 117 (2004) . (504) John W. Cioffi, The State of the Corporation: State Power, Politics, Policymaking and Corporate Governance in the United States, Germany and France, in TRANS-ATLANTIC POLICYMAKING IN AN AGE OF AUSTERITY, 253 (Martin Shapiro & Martin Levin eds.) (Georgetown University Press, 2004).

41

(505) Jonathan Macey, Politics on Wall Street: The Implications of Eliot Spitzer on State-Federal Relations in the Regulation of Public Corporations and Capital Markets in the United States, 70 Brook. L. Rev. 117 (2004 2005). (506) Jonathan R. Macey, Delaware: Home of The World's Most Expensive Raincoat, 33 Hofstra L. Rev. 1131 (Summer, 2005) (507) Pietro Tommasino, The Political Economy of Investor Protection, (Bank of Italy, Econ. Research Dept. Econ. Working Papers No. 604) (Dec., 2006). (508) John W. Cioffi, Building Finance Capitalism: The Regulatory Politics of Corporate Governance Reform in the United States and Germany, in THE STATE AFTER STATISM: NEW STATE ACTIVITIES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND LIBERALIZATION (Jonah Levy ed.) (Harvard University Press, 2006). (509) Lucian A. Bebchuk & Zvika Neeman, Investor Protection and Interest Group Politics (Natl Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper no. 13702, 2007). (510) Enrico Perotti & Paolo Volpin, Politics, Investor Protection and Competition (Eur. Corp. Gov. Ins. (ECGI), Working Paper No. 162/2007) (May 2007). (511) John W. Cioffi, Revenge of the Law? Securities Litigation Reform and Sarbanes-Oxleys Structural Regulation of Corporate Governance, in CREATING COMPETITIVE MARKETS: THE POLITICS OF REGULATORY REFORM, 60 (Marc K. Landy, Martin A. Levin & Martin Shapiro eds.) (Brookings Institution Press, 2007). (512) Steen Thomsen, The Hidden Meaning of Codes: Corporate Governance and Investor Rent Seeking, 7 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 845 (Dec., 2007).

(3) The Lawyers Role in Corporate Governance (513) Peter S. Grosscup, Corporation Problem and the Lawyers Part in Its Solution, 39 Am. L. Rev. 835 (1905). (514) George D. Hornstein, The Counsel Fee in Stockholder's Derivative Suits, 39 Colum. L. Rev. 784 (1939). (515) George D. Hornstein, Legal Therapeutics: The Salvage Factor in Counsel Fee Awards, 69 Harv. L. Rev. 658 (1955-1956). (516) BERYL HAROLD LEVY, CORPORATION LAWYER: SAINT OR SINNER? (Chilton Co.; 1961). (517) Sherwin Rosen, The Market for Lawyers, 35 J. L. & Econ. 215 (1992). (518) Sol Picciotto & Joseph McCahery, Creative Lawyering and the Dynamics of Business Regulation, in PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION AND PROFESSIONAL POWER: LAWYERS, ACCOUNTANTS AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MARKETS 238 (Yves Dezalay & David Sugarman eds.) (New York : Routledge, 1995). (519) E. Norman Veasey, State-Federal Tension in Corporate Governance and the Professional Responsibilities of Advisors, 28 J. Corp. L. 441 (2003). (520) David B. Wilkins & John C. Coates. How Corporations Purchase Legal Services (2003). (521) John C. Coffee, Jr., Gatekeeper Failure and Reform: The Challenge of Fashioning Relevant Reforms, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND

42

MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 599 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005). (522) JOHN C. COFFEE, JR., GATEKEEPERS: THE PROFESSIONS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (Oxford University Press; 2006).

(4) Corporate Law Drafting Process (523) Ernest L. Folk, III, Some Reflections of a Corporation Law Draftsman, 42 Conn. Bar J. 409 (1968). (524) Mae Kuykendall, Reflections on a Corporate Law Draftsman: Ernest L. Folk's Lessons for Writing and Judging Corporate Law, 35 Rutgers L.J. 391 (2003-2004).

(5) Political Foundations of Corporate Governance (525) John Pound, The Rise of the Political Model of Corporate Governance and Corporate Control, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1003 (1993) (526) Larry E. Ribstein, Politics, Adaptation and Change in Corporate Law, 8 Aust. J. Corp. L. (AJCL) 246 (Feb., 1998).

(6) Public Choice Theory (527) Robert G. Noll, Economic Perspectives on the Politics of Regulation, in Handbook of Industrial Organization, Vol. II, 1254 (Richard Schmalensee & Robert D. Willig eds.) (1989). (528) Jonathan R. Macey, Federal Deference to Local Regulators and the Economic Theory of Regulation: Toward a Public-Choice Explanation of Federalism, 76 Va L Rev 265 (1990). (529) Mary E. Kostel, A Public Choice Perspective on the Debate over Federal Versus State Corporate Law, 79 Va. L. Rev. 2129 (Nov., 1993). (530) Erin A. O'Hara, Opting Out of Regulation: A Public Choice Analysis of Contractual Choice of Law, 53 Vand. L. Rev. 1551 (2000). (531) Jonathan R. Macey, The Demand for International Regulatory Cooperation: A Public Choice Perspective, in TRANSATLANTIC REGULATORY CO-OPERATION: LEGAL PROBLEMS AND POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES, 147 George A. Bermann, Matthias Herdegen, & Peter L. Lindseth (eds.) (Oxford University Press 2000). (532) Andrew T. Guzman, Public Choice and International Regulatory Competition, 90 Geo. L.J. 971 (Apr., 2002).

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(7) Democracy and Charter Competition (533) Daniel J.H. Greenwood, Democracy and Delaware: The Puzzle of Corporate Law (GWU Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 55; 2002) available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=363480> (Last visited Feb. 2, 2008). (534) Kent Greenfield, Democracy and the Dominance of Delaware in Corporate Law, 67 Law & Contemp. Probs. 135(2004).

E. Dimensions of Charter Market

(1) Charter Market Dynamics (535) Richard W. Jennings, The Role of the States in Corporate Regulation and Investor Protection, 23 Law & Contemp. Probs. 193 (1958). (536) Barry D. Baysinger, A Theory of the Efficiency of Jurisdictional Choice: The Case of Corporate Federalism (Sept. 1978) (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.). (537) Barry D. Baysinger & Henry N. Butler, The Role of Corporate Law in the Theory of the Firm, 28 J.L. & Econ. Rev. 179 (1985).

(538) William J. Carney, Federalism and Corporate Law: A Non-Delaware View of the Results of Competition, in INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION AND COORDINATION: PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 153 (Joseph McCahery, William W. Bratton, Sol Picciotto & Colin Scott eds., New York: 1997). (539) Ian Ayres, Supply-Side Inefficiencies in Corporate Charter Competition: Lessons from Patents, Yachting and Bluebooks, 43 U. Kan. L. Rev. 541 (1995). (540) William W. Bratton & Joseph A. McCahery, The New Economics of Jurisdictional Competition: Devolutionary Federalism in a Second-Best World, 86 Geo. L.J. 201 (19971998). (541) J. William Callison, Federalism, Regulatory Competition, and the Limited Liability Movement: The Coyote Howled and the Herd Stampeded, 26 J. Corp. L. 951 (2000-2001). (542) Michal Barzuza, Price Considerations in the Market for Corporate Law, 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 127 (November, 2004). (543) Oren Bar-Gill, Michal Barzuza & Lucian A. Bebchuk, The Market for Corporate Law, 162 J. Ins. & Theo. Econ. 134 (2006). (544) William Wilson Bratton & Joseph A. McCahery, The Equilibrium Content of Corporate Federalism, 41 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 619 (2006). (545) Henry N. Butler, Smith v. Van Gorkom, Jurisdictional Competition, and the Role of Random Mutations in the Evolution of Corporate Law, 45 Washburn L.J. 267 (Winter, 2006). (546) Lawrence A. Hamermesh, The Policy Foundations of Delaware Corporate Law, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1749 (November, 2006)..

44

(547) Henry N. Butler, Smith v. Van Gorkom, Jurisdictional Competition, and the Role of Random Mutations in the Evolution of Corporate Law, 45 Washburn L.J. 267 (Winter, 2006).

(2) Innovation in Business Organizations Law (548) Susan Rose-Ackerman, Risk Taking and Reelection: Does Federalism Promote Innovation?, 9 J. Legal Stud. 593 (Jun., 1980). (549) Michael J. Powell, Professional Innovation: Corporate Lawyers and Private Lawmaking, 18 L. & Soc. Inq. 423 (Summer 1993). (550) Marcel Kahan & Michael Klausner, Standardization and Innovation in Corporate Contracting (or "The Economics of Boilerplate"), 83 Va. L. Rev. 713 (1997). (551) Curtis J. Milhaupt, The Market For Innovation In The United States And Japan: Venture Capital And The Comparative Corporate Governance Debate, 91 Nw. U.L. Rev. 865 (Spring, 1997). (552) Joseph A. McCahery & Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Innovative Business Forms for High Tech Start-ups in Europe, 13 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. 243 (2002). (553) Katharina Pistor et al., Innovation in Corporate Law, 31 J. Comp. Econ. 676 (2003). (554) Roberta Romano, The States as a Laboratory: Legal Innovation and State Competition for Corporate Charters, 23 Yale J. Reg. 209 (2006). (555) Joseph A. McCahery, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Masato Hisatake, Jun Saito, Traditional and Innovative Approaches to Legal Reform: The `New Company Law`, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 7 (2007).

(3) Density Dependent View (Network Effects Theory) (556) William Brian Arthur, Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events, 99 Econ. J. 116 (1989). (557) WILLIAM BRIAN ARTHUR, INCREASING RETURNS AND PATH DEPENDENCE IN THE ECONOMY (ECONOMICS, COGNITION, AND SOCIETY) (University of Michigan Press; 1994). (558) Richard M. Buxbaum, Is `Network' a Legal Concept?, 149 J. Ins. & Theo. Econ. 698 (1994). (559) Stan J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis, Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy, 8 J. Econ. Pers. 133 (Spring 1994). (560) Michael Klausner, Corporations, Corporate Law, and Networks of Contracts, 81 Va. L. Rev. 757 (1995). (561) Marcel Kahan & Michael Klausner, Path Dependence in Corporate Contracting: Increasing Retuns, Herd Behavior and Cognitive Biases, 74 Wash. U. L. Q. 347 (1996). (562) Marcel Kahan & Michael Klausner, Standardization and Innovation in Corporate Contracting (or "The Economics of Boilerplate"), 83 Va. L. Rev. 713 (1997).

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(563) Brett H. McDonnell, Getting Stuck Between Bottom and Top: State Competition for Corporate Charters in the Presence of Network Effects, 31 Hofstra L. Rev. 681 (Spring, 2003) (564) Bruce Easmunt, Delawares Dominance in the Field of Corporate Law: Actual Superiority, or Merely the Assumption Thereof?, (George Mason University Working Paper) available at <http://www.vsb.org/sections/cc/docs/bruceeasmunt.doc> (Last visited Feb. 18, 2008).

(4) Symbiotic Federalism and the Dual Control of the Corporations (565) Thomas L. Hazen, Corporate Chartering and the Securities Markets: Shareholder Suffrage, Corporate Responsibility and Managerial Accountability, 1978 Wis. L. Rev. 391, 437 (1978). (566) Eric A. Lustig, The Emerging Role of the Federal Tax Law in Regulating Hostile Corporate Takeover Defenses: The New Section 5881 Excise Tax on Greenmail, 40 U. Fla. L. Rev. 789 (1988). (567) Joel Seligman, The New Corporate Law, 59 Brook. L. Rev. 1 (1993). (568) William W. Bratton, Corporate Law's Race to Nowhere in Particular, 44 U. Toronto L.J. 401 (1994) (569) Pierre Salmon, Vertical Competition in a Unitary State, in COMPETITION & STRUCTURE: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COLLECTIVE DECISIONS: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ALBERT BRETON 239 (Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon & Ronald Wintrobe eds.) (Cambridge University Press: 2000). (570) Mark J. Roe, Delawares Competition, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 588 (2003). (571) Robert B. Thompson, Collaborative Corporate Governance: Listing Standards, State Law, and Federal Regulation, 38 Wake Forest L. Rev. 961 (2003). (572) Renee Jones, Rethinking Corporate Federalism in the Era of Corporate Reform, 29 J. Corp. L. 625 (2004). (573) Steven A. Bank, Tax, Corporate Governance, and Norms, 61 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1159 (2004). (574) Marcel Kahan & Edward Rock, Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law, 58 Vand. L. Rev. 1573 (October, 2005). (575) Mark J. Roe, Regulatory Competition in Making Corporate Law in the United States--and its Limits, 21 Ox. Rev. Econ. Pol. 232 (Summer 2005). (576) Robert B. Thompson, Delaware, the Feds, and the Stock Exchange: Challenges to the First State as First in Corporate Law, 29 Del. J. Corp. L. 779 (2004). (577) Mark J. Roe, Delawares Politics, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2491 (2005). (578) Mark J. Roe, Regulatory Competition in Making Corporate Law in the United States and its Limits, 21 Ox. Rev. Econ. Pol. 232 (2005). (579) Robert B. Ahdieh, From "Federalization" to "Mixed Governance" in Corporate Law: A Defense of Sarbanes-Oxley, 53 Buffalo L. Rev. 721 (Summer, 2005).

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(580) Pierre-Luc Arsenault, The Case for Federal Threats in Corporate Governance, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2726 (June, 2005). (581) William W. Bratton & Joseph McCahery, The Equilibrium Content of Corporate Federalism, 41 Wake Forest L. Rev. 619 (2006). (582) Renee M. Jones, Modern Federalism Issues and American Business: Article & Essay: Does Federalism Matter? Its Perplexing Role in the Corporate Governance Debate, 41 Wake Forest L. Rev. 879 (Fall, 2006). (583) Robert B. Thompson, Corporate Federalism in the Administrative State: The SEC's Discretion to Move the Line Between the State and Federal Realms of Corporate Governance, 82 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1143 (March, 2007). (584) Timothy P. Glynn, Delawares Vantage Point: The Empire Strikes Back in the Post-PostEnron Era, 103 Nw. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2009), available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=966449>.

(5) Corporate Governance Convergence (585) Roberta Romano, Law as a Product: Some Pieces of the Incorporation Puzzle, 1 J.L. Econ. & Org. 225 (Autumn, 1985). (586) John E. Coffee, Jr., The Future as History: The Prospect for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and Its Implications, 93 Nw. U. L. Rev. 641 (1999). (587) Douglas M. Branson, The Very Uncertain Prospect of Global Convergence in Corporate Governance, 34 Cornell Int'l L.J. 321 (2001). (588) Ronald J. Gilson, Globalization of Corporate Governance: Convergence of Form or Function, 49 Am. J. Comp. L. 329 (2001). (589) Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman, The End of History for Corporate Law, 89 Geo. L. J. 439 (January, 2001). (590) Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman, Toward a Single Model of Corporate Law?, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 56 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002). (591) Eddy Wymeersch, Convergence or Divergence in Corporate Governance: Patterns in Western Europe?, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 230 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002). (592) Steen Thomsen, The Convergence of Corporate Governance Systems to European and Anglo-American Standards, 4 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 31 (July 2003). (593) Jeffrey N. Gordon, Convergence on Shareholder Capitalism: An Internationalist Perspective, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 437 (Curtis J. Milhaupt eds., New York: 2003). (594) Grard Hertig, Convergence of Substantive Law and Convergence of Enforcement: A Comparison, CONVERGENCE AND PERSISTENCE IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, 328 (Jeffrey N. Gordon & Mark J. Roe, eds.) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2004).

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(595) Richard M. Buxbaum, Diffusion of Law, in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (electronic version, Science Direct 2004 Update) (<www.sciencedirect.com/ReferenceWorks>) (2004). (596) Marc Goergen, Marina Martynova, & Luc Renneboog, Corporate Governance Convergence: Evidence From Takeover Regulation Reforms in Europe, 21 Oxf. Rev. Econ. Pol. 243 (Summer 2005). (597) Curtis J. Milhaupt, In the Shadow of Delaware? The Rise of Hostile Takeovers in Japan, 105 Colum. L. Rev. 2171 (Nov., 2005). (598) MATHIAS M. SIEMS, CONVERGENCE IN SHAREHOLDER LAW (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

(6) Takeover Market Dynamics (599) Henry G. Manne, Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control, 73 J. Pol. Econ. 110 (Apr., 1965). (600) William Cary, Corporate Devices Used to Insulate Management from Attack, 39 Antitrust L.J. 318 (1969-1970). (601) Donald C. Langevoort, State Tender-Offer Legislation: Interests, Effects, and Political Competency, 62 Cornell L. Rev. 213 (1977). (602) Arthur Liman, Has the Tender Movement Gone Too Far?, 23 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. (1978). (603) Theodore R. Boehm, State Interests and Interstates Commerce: A Look at the Theoretical Underpinntings of Takeover Legislation, 36 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 733 (1979). (604) Frank H. Easterbrook & Daniel R. Fischel, The Proper Role of a Target's Management in Responding to a Tender Offer, 94 Harv. L. Rev. 1161 (1981). (605) Michael C. Jensen & Richard S. Ruback, The Market for Corporate Control: The Scientific Evidence, 11 J. Fin. Econ. 5 (1983). (606) Paul M. Hirsch, From Ambushes to Golden Parachutes: Corporate Takeovers as an Instance of Cultural Framing and Institutional Integration, Am. J. Soc. 800 (Jan., 1986). (607) Allen D. Boyer, Federalism and Corporation Law: Drawing the Line in State Takeover Regulation, 47 Ohio St. L.J. 1037 (1986). (608) Robert B. Thompson, Defining the Federal and State Realms of Tender Offer Regulation, 64 Wash. U.L.Q. 1057 (1986). (609) Deborah A. DeMott, Comparative Dimensions of Takeover Regulation, 65 Wash. U. L. Q. 69 (1987). (610) Steven Gitelman, Beyond CTS: A Limited Defense of State Tender Offer Disclosure Requirements, 54 U. Chi. L. Rev. 657 (1987). (611) Donald C. Langevoort, The Supreme Court and the Politics of Corporate Takeovers: A Comment on CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of America, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 96 (1987). (612) Theodore W. Grippo, In Defense of State Takeover Laws, 8 N. Ill. U.L. Rev. 273 (1988).

48

(613) Jed Rubenfeld, State Takeover Legislation and the Commerce Clause: The "Foreign" Corporations Problem, 36 Clev. St. L. Rev. 355 (1988). (614) Arthur R. Pinto, The Constitution and the Market for Corporate Control: State Takeover Statutes after CTS Corp., 29 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 699 (1988). (615) John C. Coffee, Jr., The Uncertain Case for Takeover Reform: An Essay on Stockholders, Stakeholders and Bust-Ups, 1988 Wis. L. Rev. 435 (1988). (616) Thomas J. Bamonte, The Dynamics of State Protectionism: A Short Critique of the CTS Decision, 8 N. Ill. U. L. Rev. 259 (1987-1988). (617) Michael C. Jensen, Takeovers: Their Causes and Consequences, 2 J. Econ. Persp. 21 (Winter 1988). (618) Laurance Schumann, State Regulation of Takeovers and Shareholder Wealth: The Case of New Yorks 1985 Takeover Statutes, 19 Rand J. Econ. 557 (Winter, 1988). (619) Bayless Manning, State Competition: Panel Response, 8 Cardozo L. Rev. 779 (1987). (620) SHARON PAMEPINTO, CAN STATES STOP CORPORATE TAKEOVERS (Investor Responsibility Research Center; 1987). (621) Roberta Romano, The Political Economy of Takeover Statutes, 73 Va. L. Rev. 111 (Feb., 1987). (622) M. Andrew G. T. Moore II, State Competition: Panel Response, 8 Cardozo L. Rev. 779 (1987). (623) Dale A. Oesterle, Delawares Takeover Statute: Of Chills, Pills, Standstills, and Who Gets Iced, 13 Del. J. Corp. L. 879 (Summer, 1988). (624) Jonathan R. Macey, State Anti-Takeover Legislation and the National Economy, 1988 Wis. L. Rev. 467 (1988). (625) Henry N. Butler, Corporation-Specific Anti-Takeover Statutes and the Market for Corporate Charters, 1988 Wis. L. Rev. 365 (May/Jun., 1988). (626) Jeffry Netter & Annette Poulsen, State Corporation Laws and Shareholders: The Recent Experience, 18 Fin. Mgmt. 29 (Autumn, 1989). (627) SHARON PAMEPINTO, PATRICK S. MCGURN & ADAM B. SPECTOR, STATE TAKEOVER LAWS (Investor Responsibility Research Center; 1989). (628) Alan E. Garfield, State Competence to Regulate Corporate Takeovers: Lessons From State Takeover Statutes, 17 Hofstra L. Rev. 535 (Spring 1989). (629) Henry N. Butler, State Takeover Legislation, The Market for Corporate Charters, and the Scope of Federal Intervention: A Comment on Hitzeman, Indianas Control Share Acquisition Statute, 27 Am. Bus. L. J. 291 (1989). (630) Alan E. Garfield, Evaluating State Anti-Takeover Legislation: A Broadminded New Approach to Corporation Law or A Race to the Bottom?, 1990 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 119 (1990). (631) Caroline Bradley, Corporate Control: Markets and Rules, 53 Modern L. Rev. 170 (Mar., 1990). (632) Elliott J. Weiss, Whose Rules Should Govern Takeovers: Delaware's, the ALI's, or Martin Lipton's, 33 Ariz. L. Rev. 761 (1991).

49

(633) John S. Jahera, Jr. & William Pugh, State Takeover Legislation: The Case of Delaware, 7 J. L. Econ. & Org. 410 (Autumn, 1991). (634) Gerald F. Davis, Agents without Principles? The Spread of the Poison Pill through the Intercorporate Network, 36 Admin. Sci. Q. 583 (Dec., 1991). (635) Roberta Romano, Competition for Corporate Charters and the Lesson of Takeover Statutes, 61 Ford. L. Rev. 843 (1993). (636) Mark J. Roe, Takeover Politics, in THE DEAL DECADE: WHAT TAKEOVERS AND LEVERAGED BUYOUTS MEAN FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, 321 (Margaret M. Blair ed.) (Brookings Institution Press, 1993). (637) Roberta Romano, Rethinking Takeover Regulation, 5 J. App. Corp. Fin. 47 (Fall 1992). (638) Roberta Romano, A Guide to Takeovers: Theory, Evidence and Regulation, 9 Yale J. Reg. 119 (1992). (639) Robert Comment & G. William Schwert, Poison Pill or Placebo? Evidence on the Deterrent and Wealth Effects of Modern Antitakeover Measures, 39 J. Fin. Econ. 3 (Sept. 1995). (640) Sunil Wahal, Kenneth Wiles, Marc Zenner, Who Opts Out of State Antitakeover Protection? The Case of Pennsylvania's SB 1310, 24 Fin. Mgmt. 22 (Autumn 1995). (641) Jonathan R. Macey, The Legality of the Shareholder Rights By-Law in Delaware: Preserving the Market for Corporate Control, 10 J. Appl. Corp. Fin. 63 (1998). (642) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Allen Ferrell, Federalism and Corporate Law: The Race to Protect Managers from Takeovers, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1168 (1999). (643) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Allen Ferrell, A New Approach to Takeover Law and Regulatory Competition, 87 Va. L. Rev. 111 (2001). (644) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Allen Ferrell, On Takeover Law and Regulatory Competition, 57 Bus. L. 1047 (2002). (645) Reinier H. Kraakman, & Bernard Black, Delaware's Takeover Law: The Uncertain Search for Hidden Value, 96 Nw. L. Rev. 521 (2002). (646) Robert B. Thompson, Takeover Regulation after the 'Convergence' of Corporate Law, 24 Sydney L. Rev. 323 (Sept., 2002). (647) Ronald J. Gilson, Lipton and Rowe's Apologia for Delaware: A Short Reply, 27 Del. J. Corp. L. 37 (2002). (648) William T. Allen, Jack B. Jacobs & Leo E. Strine, Jr., The Great Takeover Debate: A Meditation On Bridging the Conceptual Divide, 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1067 (2002). (649) Theo Raaijmakers, Takeover Regulation in Europe and America: The Need for Functional Convergence in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 205 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002). (650) Lucian Bebchuk & Alma Cohen, Firms' Decisions Where to Incorporate, 46 J.L. & Econ. 383 (2003). (651) Stefan Grundman, The Market for Corporate Control: The Legal Framework, Alternatives, and Policy Considerations, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN CONTEXT: CORPORATIONS, STATES, AND MARKETS IN EUROPE, JAPAN, AND THE US, 421 (Klaus J. Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch, Hideka Kanda & Harald Baum eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2005).

50

(652) John K. Wald & Michael S. Long, The Effect of State Laws on Capital Structure, 83 J. Fin. Econ. 297 (Feb. 2007). (653) John Armour & David A. Skeel, Jr., Who Writes the Rules for Hostile Takeovers, and Why?-The Peculiar Divergence of U.S. and U.K. Takeover Regulation, 95 Geo. L.J. 1727 (August, 2007). (654) Sharon Hannes, The Market for Takeover Defenses, 101 Nw. L. Rev. 125 (Winter 2007).

(7) The Role of Judiciary (655) Roscoe Pound, Visitatorial Jurisdiction over Corporations in Equity, 49 Harv. L. Rev. 369 (1935-1936). (656) Peter Hay, Federal Jurisdiction of the Common Market Court, 12 Am. J. Comp. L. 21 (1963). (657) Richard M. Buxbaum, Article 177 of the Rome Treaty as a Federalizing Device, 21 Stan. L. Rev. 1041 (1969). (658) Eric Stein, Courts and Free Markets Perspectives from the United States and Europe, in COURTS AND FREE MARKETS PERSPECTIVES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE, VOL. I, 3 (Terrance Sandalow & Eric Stein eds.) (Clarendon Press; 1982). (659) John C. Coffee Jr., Litigation and Corporate Governance: An Essay on Steering Between Scylla and Charybdis, 52 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 789 (1983-1984). (660) Lyman Johnson, Delaware Judiciary and the Meaning of Corporate Life and Corporate Law, 68 Tex. L. Rev. 865 (1989-1990). (661) Jonathan R. Macey, Courts and Corporations: A Comment on Coffee, 89 Colum. L. Rev. 1692 (1990). (662) Jeffrey N. Gordon, Corporations, Markets, and Courts, 91 Colum. L. Rev. 1931 (Dec., 1991). (663) Maurice A. Hartnett, III, The History of the Delaware Court of Chancery, 48 Bus. Law. 367 (1992). (664) E. Norman Veasey, The National Court of Excellence, 48 Bus. Law. 357 (1992-1993). (665) William H. Rehnquist, The Prominence of the Delaware Court of Chancery in the StateFederal Joint Venture of Providing Justice, 48 Bus. Law. 351 (1992-1993). (666) William T. Quillen & Michael Hanrahan, A Short History of the Delaware Court of Chancery - 1792-1992, 18 Del. J. Corp. L. 819 (1993). (667) William T. Quillen et al., Trustees of Equity: The Judges of the Delaware Court of Chancery, in THE DELAWARE BAR IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 393 (Helen L. Winslow, Anne E. Bookout & Patricia C. Hannigan eds.) (Delaware State Bar Association: 1994). (668) Daniel A. Fulco, Delaware's Response to Inefficient, Costly Court Systems and a Comparison to Federal Reform, 20 Del. J. Corp. L. 937 (1995). (669) Edward B. Rock, Saints and Sinners: How Does Delaware Corporate Law Work?, 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1009 (1997).

51

(670) E. Norman Veasey, The Defining Tension in Corporate Governance in America, 52 Bus. Law. 393 (Feb. 1997). (671) ABA Ad Hoc Committee on Business Courts, Business Courts: Towards a More Efficient Judiciary, 52 Bus. Law. 947 (1997). (672) David A. Skeel, Jr., The Unanimity Norm in Delaware Corporate Law, 83 Va. L. Rev. 127 (Feb., 1997). (673) Kurt M. Heyman, Expedited Proceedings in the Delaware Court of Chancery: Things of the Past, 23 Del. J. Corp. L. 145 (1998). (674) MIGUEL POIARES MADURO, WE THE COURT: THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION: A CRITICAL READING OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE EC TREATY (Oxford: Hart Publishing; 1998). (675) E. Norman Veasey, An Economic Rationale for Judicial Decisionmaking in Corporate Law, 1 Del. L. Rev. 169 (1998). (676) Jill E. Fisch, The Peculiar Role of the Delaware Courts in the Competition for Corporate Charters, 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1061 (2000). (677) Michael J. Whincop, The Immanent Conservatism of Corporate Adjudication: Thoughts on Kingsford Smith's 'Interpreting the Corporations Law, 22 Sydney L. Rev. 273 (June, 2000). (678) E. Norman Veasey, The Roles of the Delaware Courts in Merger and Acquisition Litigation, 26 Del. J. Corp. L. 849 (2001). (679) Richard M. Buxbaum, Federalism and Corporate Litigation, 2 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. 493 (2001). (680) E. Norman Veasey, The Many Facets of Judicial Independence Diamond, 20 Quinnipiac L. Rev. 779 (Spring, 2001). (681) David A. Skeel, Jr., Shaming in Corporate Law, 149 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1811 (June, 2001). (682) Richard Buxbaum, Federalism and Corporate Litigation, 2 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 493 (2001). (683) Harvey Gelb, Corporate Governance Guidelines - A Delaware Response, 1 Wyo. L. Rev. 523 (2001). (684) Sren Friis Hansen, From C 212 to L 212 Centros Revisited, 2 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 141 (2001). (685) Ronald J. Gilson, Lipton & Rowes Apologia for Delaware: A Short Reply, 27 Del. J. Corp. L. 37 (2002). (686) Luca Enriques, Do Corporate Law Judges Matter? Some Evidence from Milan, 3 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. 765 (2002). (687) Leo E. Strine, Jr., The Inescapably Empirical Foundation of the Common Law of Corporations, 27 Del. J. Corp. L. 499 (2002). (688) E. Norman Veasey, Law and Fact in Judicial Review of Corporate Transactions, 10 U. Miami Bus. L. Rev. 1 (2002). (689) Randy J. Holland & David A. Skeel Jr., Deciding Cases Without Controversy, 5 Del. L. Rev. 115 (2002).

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(690) Luca Enriques, Off the Books, But on the Record: Evidence from Italy on the Relevance of Judges to the Quality of Corporate Law, in GLOBAL MARKETS, DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS: CORPORATE LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN A NEW ERA OF CROSS-BORDER DEALS 257 (Curtis J. Milhaupt eds., New York: 2003). (691) E. Norman Veasey, The Judiciary's Contribution to the Reform of Corporate Governance, 4 J. Corp. L. Stud. 225 (2004). (692) E. Norman Veasey, The Judiciary's Contribution to the Reform of Corporate Governance, 4 J. Corp. L. Stud. 225 (2004). (693) Marius Josephus Jitta, Procedural Aspects of the Right of Inquiry, in THE COMPANIES AND BUSINESS COURT FROM A COMPARATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE, 1 (Marius Josephus Jitta ed.) (Kluwer; 2004). (694) Huub Willems, The Companies and Business Court: Some Introductory Remarks, , in THE COMPANIES AND BUSINESS COURT FROM A COMPARATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE, 181 (Marius Josephus Jitta ed.) (Kluwer; 2004). (695) Anthony Driessen, Regulation of Disputes in Companies in the Netherlands, in THE COMPANIES AND BUSINESS COURT FROM A COMPARATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE, 125 (Marius Josephus Jitta ed.) (Kluwer; 2004). (696) Martin Gelter & Mathias M. Siems, Judicial Federalism in the ECJ's Berlusconi Case: Toward More Credible Corporate Governance and Financial Reporting, 46 Harv. Int'l L.J. 487 (2005). (697) Sean J. Griffith, Good Faith Business Judgment: A Theory of Rhetoric in Corporate Law Jurisprudence, 55 Duke L.J. 1 (October, 2005). (698) Marcel Kahan, The Demand for Corporate Law: Statutory Flexibility, Judicial Quality, or Takeover Protection?, 22 J. Law Econ. Org. 340 (Oct., 2006). (699) Roman Seer, The ECJ on the Verge of a Member State Friendly Judicature? Annotation to the Marks & Spencer Judgement, ECJ 13. 12. 2005, C-446/03, 2006, 3 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFR) 237 (Jun., 2006). (700) Vino Timmerman, Welfare, Fairness and the Role of Courts in a Simple and Flexible Private Company Law, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 325 (Sept., 2007). (701) Maarten J. Kroeze, The Companies and Business Court as a Specialized Court, 2007 Ondernemingsrecht 86 (2007). (702) Jens C. Dammann & Henry Hansmann, A Global Market for Judicial Services, (Uni. of Texas Law, Law and Econ Research Paper No. 98) ((March 15, 2007)) available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=976115. See also, Jens C. Dammann & Henry Hansmann, Extraterritorial Courts for Corporate Law (Mar. 2006) available at <http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/clbe/assets/Dammann.pdf>. (703) Levinus Timmerman, Company Law and the Dutch Supreme Court, Some Remarks on Contextualism and Traditionalism in Company Law, 2007 Ondernemingsrecht 91 (2007).

(8) Charter Market Failure

53

(a) Strength of Competition in the Charter Market (704) Mark J. Loewenstein, Delaware as Demon: Twenty-Five Years After Professor Cary's Polemic, 71 U. Colo. L. Rev. 497 (2000). (705) Marcel Kahan & Ehud Kamar, The Myth of State Competition in Corporate Law, 55 Stan. L. Rev. 679 (2002). (706) Daniel R. Fischel, Market Evidence in Corporate Law, 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 941 (2002). (707) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Assaf Hamdani, Vigorous Race or Leisurely Walk: Reconsidering the Competition over Corporate Charters, 112 Yale L.J. 553 (2002).

(b) Price Discrimination (708) Marcel Kahan & Ehud Kamar, Price Discrimination in the Market for Corporate Law, 86 Cornell L. Rev. 1205 (2001).

(c) Indeterminacy See supra section (I)(F)(3).

(9) Mobility in the Charter Market

(a) Home State Bias (709) Demetrios G. Kaouris, Is Delaware Still a Haven for Incorporation?, 20 Del. J. Corp. L. 965 (1995). (710) Robert Daines, The Incorporation Choices of IPO Firms, 77 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1559 (Dec., 2002). (711) Lucian Bebchuk & Alma Cohen, Firms' Decisions Where to Incorporate, 46 J.L. & Econ. 383 (2003).

(b) Herd Behavior (712) Simon Deakin, Evolution for Our Time: A Theory of Legal Memetics, in 55 CURRENT LEGAL PROBLEMS 1 (M.D.A. Freeman eds., Oxford: 2003).

54

(10) Moral & Cultural Dimensions (713) Paul P. Harbrecht, Company Law Revision: A Synthesis of Opinion: The Equity of Equities, 40 U. Det. L.J. 439 (1962-1963). (714) Richard H. McAdams, An Attitudinal Theory of Expressive Law, 79 Or. L. Rev. 339 (2000) (715) Amir N. Licht, The Mother of All Path Dependencies: Toward a Cross-Cultural Theory of Corporate Governance Systems, 26 Del. J. Corp. L. 147 (2001). (716) Robert C. Ellickson, The Market for Social Norms, 3 Am. L. & Econ. Rev. 1 (2001) (717) Jeswald W. Salacuse, Corporate Governance, Culture and Convergence: Corporations American Style or with a European Touch?, 14 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 471 (2003). (718) David Kershaw, Lost in Translation: Corporate Opportunities in Comparative Perspective, 25 Oxf. J. L. Stud. 603 (Winter 2005). (719) Demetra Arsalidou & Margaret Wang, Difficulties with Enforcing Western Standards of Corporate Governance in Asia, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 329 (2005).

F. Empirical Studies on Shareholders Wealth

(1) Models (720) Alfred F. Conard, The Corporate Census: A Preliminary Exploration, 63 Calif. L. Rev. 440 (1975) reprinted in CORPORATIONS IN PERSPECTIVE, 94 (Alfred Conard ed.) (1976). (721) Merritt B. Fox, The Role of the Market Model in Corporate Law Analysis: A Comment on Weiss and White, 76 Calif. L. Rev. 1015 (Oct., 1998) (722) Sanjai Bhagat & Roberta Romano, Event Studies and the Law - Part I: Technique and Corporate Litigation, 4 Am. L. & Econ. Rev. 141 (Jan., 2002). (723) Sanjai Bhagat & Roberta Romano, Event Studies and the Law: Part II - Empirical Studies of Corporate Law, 4 Am. L. & Econ. Rev. 380 (2002). (724) Lynn A. Stout, Share Price as a Poor Criterion for Good Corporate Law, 3 Berkeley Bus. L.J. 43 (2005-2006) (725) Caspar Rose, The Challenges of Quantifying Investor Protection in a Comparative Context, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 369 (Sept., 2007).

(2) State Competition (726) Robert Daines, Does Delaware Law Improve Firm Value? 62 J. Fin. Econ. 525 (2001). (727) Robert Daines & Michael Klausner, Do IPO Charters Maximize Firm Value? Antitakeover Provisions in IPOs, 2001 J. Law Econ. & Org. 17 (2001).

55

(728) Robert Daines, The Incorporation Choices of IPO Firms, 77 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1559 (Dec., 2002). (729) Guhan Subramanian, The Disappearing Delaware Effect, 20 J. L. Econ. & Org. 32 (2004).
(730)

Stephen P. Ferris, Robert M. Lawless, & Gregory Noronha, The Influence of State Legal Environments on Firm Incorporation Decisions and Values, 2 J. L. Econ. & Pol. 1 (2006).

(3) Reincorporation Effects (731) Allen Hyman, The Delaware Controversy - The Legal Debate, 4 Del. J. Corp. L. 368 (19781979). (732) Peter Dodd & Richard Leftwich, The Market for Corporate Charters: "Unhealthy Competition" Versus Federal Regulation, 53 J. Bus. 259 (1980). (733) Roberta Romano, Law as a Product: Some Pieces of the Incorporation Puzzle, 1 J.L. Econ. & Org. 225 (Autumn, 1985). (734) SHARON PAMEPINTO, REINCORPORATION: Responsibility Research Center Report, 1988). 1988 BACKGROUND REPORT (Investor

(735) Pamela Peterson, Reincorporation: Motives and Shareholder Wealth, 23 Fin. Rev. 151 (May 1988). (736) Randall A. Heron & Wilbur G. Lewellen, An Empirical Analysis of the Reincorporation Decision, 33 J. Fin. & Q. Anal. 549 (Dec., 1998).

(737) Edward M. Iacobucci, Toward a Signaling Explanation of the Private Choice of Corporate Law, 6 Am. L. & Econ. Rev. 319 (2004).
(738) Zsuzsanna Fluck & Colin Mayer, Does Corporate Mobility Enhance Corporate Governance?, in European Economic Integration and South-East Europe: Challenges and Prospects (Klaus Liebscher, Josef Christl, Peter Mooslechner & Doris Ritzberger-Grnwald eds.) (Edward Elgar Publishing 2005). (739) Zsuzsanna Fluck & Colin Mayer, Race to the Top or Bottom? Corporate Governance, Freedom of Reincorporation and Competition in Law, 1 Ann. Fin. 349 (2005). (740) Marco Becht, Colin Mayer, & Hannes Wagner, Where Do Firms Incorporate? Deregulation and the Cost of Entry (ECGI - Law Working Paper No. 70/2006, 2006) available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=906066>.

(4) Delaware Judicial Decisions Role (741) Elliott J. Weiss & Lawrence J. White, Of Econometrics and Indeterminacy: A Study of Investors' Reactions to "Changes" in Corporate Law, 75 Cal. L. Rev. 551 (1987) (742) Sreenivas Kama, Joseph Weintrop & Peggy Wier, Investors Perceptions of the Delaware Supreme Court Court Decision in Unocal vs. Mesa, 20 J. Fin. Econ. 419-30 (Jan./Mar. 1988).

56

(743) Merritt B. Fox, The Role of the Market Model in Corporate Law Analysis: A Comment on Weiss and White, 76 Calif. L. Rev. 1015 (Oct., 1988). (744) Elliott J. Weiss & Lawrence J. White, A Response to Professor Fox, 76 Calif. L. Rev. 1047 (Oct., 1988).

(5) Takeover Markets Role (745) Gregg A. Jarrell & Michael Bradley, The Economic Effects of Federal and State Regulations of Cash Tender Offers, 23 J.L. & Econ. 371 (1980). (746) Gregg A. Jarrell & Annette B. Poulsen, Shark Repellents and Stock Prices: The Effects of Antitakeover Amendments since 1980, 19 J. Fin. Econ. 127 (1987). (747) Gregg A. Jarrell, James A. Brickley & Jeffry M. Netter, The Market for Corporate Control: The Empirical Evidence Since 1980, 2 J. Econ. Pers. 49 (Winter, 1988). (748) Sreenivas Kamma, Joseph Weintrop & Peggy Wier, Investors Perceptions of the Delaware Supreme Court Decision in Unocal v. Mesa, 20 J. Fin. Econ. 419 (1988). (749) Michael Ryngaert & Jeffry M. Netter, Shareholder Wealth Effects of the Ohio Antitakeover Law, 4 J.L. Econ. & Org. 373 (1988) (750) Paul H. Malatesta & Ralph A. Walkling,. Poison Pill Securities, 20 J. Fin. Econ. 347 (1988) (751) Laurence Schumann, State Regulation of Takeovers and Shareholder Wealth: The Case of New York's 1985 Takeover Statutes, 19 Rand J. Econ. 557 (1988) (752) Jo Watson Hackl & Rosa Anna Testani, Second Generation State Takeover Statutes and Shareholder Wealth: An Empirical Study, 97 Yale. L. J. 1193 (May, 1988) (753) Dosoung Choi, Sreenivas Kamma & Joseph Weintrop, The Delaware Courts, Poison Pill, and Shareholder Wealth, 5 J. L. Econ. & Org. 375 (Autumn, 1989). (754) Donald G. Margotta, Thomas P. McWilliams & Victoria B. McWilliams, An Analysis of the Stock Price Effect of the 1986 Ohio Takeover Legislation, 6 J.L. Econ. & Org. 235 (Spring, 1990) (755) Michael Ryngaert & Jeffry M. Netter, Shareholder Wealth Effects of the 1986 Ohio Antitakeover Law Revisited: Its Real Effects, 6 J.L. Econ. & Org. 253 (Spring, 1990) (756) John S. Jahera, Jr. & William Pugh, State Takeover Legislation: The Case of Delaware, 7 J.L. Econ. & Org. 410 (Autumn, 1991) (757) Samuel H. Szewczyk & George P. Tsetsekos, State Intervention in the Market for Corporate Control: The Case of Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1310, 31 J. Fin. Econ. 3 (1992) (758) Guhan Subramanian, The Influence of Antitakeover Statutes on Incorporation Choice: Evidence on the "Race" Debate and Antitakeover Overreaching, 150 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1795 (2002). (759) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Alma Cohen, Firms' Decisions Where to Incorporate, 46 J.L. & Econ. 383 (2003).

57

III. Federalization of the Corporate Law

A. The Extent of Congressional Authority (760) Ernest W. Huffcut, Constitutional Aspects of the Federal Control of Corporations, 34 Am. L. Rev. 186 (1900). (761) John B. Sanborn, Federal Control of Corporations, 37 Am. L. Rev. 703 (1903). (762) Carman F. Randolph, Considerations on the State Corporation in Federal and Interstate Relations: The Northern Securities Cases: Part I-III, 3 Colum. L. Rev. 168, 221, 305 (1903). (763) H. W. Chaplin, National Incorporation, 5 Colum. L. Rev. 415 (1905). (764) Ezra Parmalee Prentice, Congress and the Regulation of Corporations, 19 Harv. L. Rev. 168 (1906). (765) Frederic R. Coudert, Constitutional Limitations on the Regulation of Corporations, 6 Colum. L. Rev. 485 (1906). (766) Chauncey J. Hamlin, Power of Congress to Regulate Corporations, 5 (The) Brief 346 (1905); 6 (The) Brief 14 (1906). (767) EZRA PARMALEE PRENTICE, THE FEDERAL POWER OVER CARRIERS AND CORPORATIONS (The Macmillan Company, New York; Jan., 1907). (768) Sydney D. Moore Hudson, Federal Incorporation: The Power of Congress to Charter Interstate Commerce Corporations, 26 Pol. Sci. Q. 63 (Mar., 1911) (769) Sidney D. Moore Hudson, The Power of Congress to Charter Interstate Commerce Corporations, in SOCIAL REFORM AND THE CONSTITUTION (Frank Johnson Goodnow eds., Washington, D.C.: 1911). (770) Victor Morawetz, Power of Congress to Enact Incorporation Laws and to Regulate Corporations, 26 Harv. L. Rev. 667 (1912-1913). (771) Myron W. Watkins, Federal Incorporation I - III, 17 Mich. L. Rev. 64, 145, 238 (19181919). (772) Richard S. Harvey, Nature and Extent of Power to Create Federal Corporations, 8 Geo. L. J. 23 (1920). (773) James J. Robbins, Federal Licensing of Business Corporations, 13 Tul. L. Rev. 214 (1939). (774) Pierce O'Donnell, Federal Chartering of Corporations: Constitutional Challenges, 61 GEO. L. J. 123 (1972). (775) Legislative Foreword: Michael A. Perino, Fraud and Federalism: Preempting Private State Securities Fraud Causes of Action, 50 Stan. L. Rev. 273 (Jan., 1998). (776) Manning Gilbert Warren, III, Federalism and Investor Protection: Constitutional Restraints on Preemption of State Remedies for Securities Fraud, 60 L. & Contemp. Probs. 169 (Summer, 1997). (777) Robert B. Thompson, Preemption and Federalism in Corporate Governance: Protecting Shareholder Rights to Vote, Sell, and Sue, 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 215 (Summer 1999).

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B. Federalization Movements

(1) Congressional Movements (778) Federal Trade Commission, Compilation of Proposals and Views For and Against Incorporation and Licensing of Corporations, S. Doc. No. 92, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 69-A (1934). (779) S.10, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. (1937). (780) S. 3072, 75th Cong., 3d Sess. (1938). (781) S. 330, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. (1939). (782) Hearings before the Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, 94th Cong., 2d. Sess. (1976) (783) Protection of Shareholders Rights Act of 1980: Hearings on S. 2567 Before the Subcomm. on Securities of the Senate Comm. on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. (1980); Corporate Rights and Responsibilities: Hearings Before Senate Comm. on Commerce, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (1976).

(2) Harmonization Proposals (784) John C. Richberg, Harmonious Incorporation Legislation, 39 Nat. Corp. Rep. 807 (1910). (785) Robert S. Stevens, Uniform Corporation Laws through Interstate Compacts and Federal Legislation, 34 Mich. L. Rev. 1063 (Jun., 1936)

(3) Federalization Proposals (786) Walter S. Logan, National Incorporation and Control of Corporations, 11 Am. Law. 61 (Feb., 1903). (787) Horace L. Wilgus, A Proposed National Incorporation Law, 2 Mich. L. Rev. 501 (1904). (788) Linda C. Quinn, Federal Chartering of Corporations: A Proposal, 61 Geo. L.J. 89 (1972) (789) William L. Cary, Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections upon Delaware, 83 Yale L.J. 663 (1973-1974). (790) Donald E. Schwartz, A Case for Federal Chartering of Corporations, 31 Bus. Law. 1125 (1976). (791) RALPH NADER, MARK GREEN, E. JOEL SELIGMAN, CONSTITUTIONALIZING THE CORPORATION: THE CASE FOR THE FEDERAL CHARTERING OF GIANT CORPORATIONS (1976). (792) Christopher J. Brogan, Fairness in Going Private Transaction: Federal Authorization of Substantive Regulation, 58 B.U. L. Rev. 792 (1978).

59

(793) Note, Indemnification of Directors in a Federal Chartering System, 1979 Wash. U. L. Q. 523 (1979). (794) Howard M. Metzenbaum, Legislative Approaches to Corporate Governance, 56 Notre Dame L. 926 (1980-1981). (795) Marvin A. Chirelstein, Towards a Federal Fiduciary Standards Act, 30 Clev. St. L. Rev. 203 (1981). (796) Elliott J. Weiss, A Proposal for a Federal Takeover Law, 9 Cardozo L. Rev. 1699 (19871988). (797) Joel Seligman, The New Corporate Law, 59 Brook. L. Rev. 1 (1993). (798) Michael Ryngaert, An Appropriate Federal Role in the Market for Corporate Control, 5 J. App. Corp. Fin. 44 (Jan., 1993) (799) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Allen Ferrell, On Takeover Law and Regulatory Competition, 57 Bus. L. 1047 (2002). (800) Steven A. Ramirez, The End of Corporate Governance Law: Optimizing Regulatory Structures for a Race to the Top, 24 Yale J. on Reg. 313 (Summer, 2007).

(4) Federal Expansion in Corporate Law (801) George D. Hornstein, New Forum for Stockholders, 45 Colum. L. Rev. 35 (1945). (802) Henry J. Friendly, In Praise of Erie and of the New Federal Common Law, 39 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 383 (1964). (803) David S. Ruder, Pitfalls in the Development of a Federal Law of Corporations by Implication Through Rule 10b-5, 59 Nw. U. L. Rev. 185 (1964). (804) Arthur Fleischer, Jr., "Federal Corporation Law": An Assessment, 78 Harv. L. Rev. 1146 (1965). (805) Manuel F. Cohen, Federal Corporation Law, 20 J. Legal Ed. 529 (1968). (806) Comment, Schoenbaum v. Firstbrook: The "New Fraud" Expands Federal Corporation Law, 55 Va. L. Rev. 1103 (Oct., 1969). (807) Lewis D. Lowenfels, Recent Supreme Court Decisions Under the Federal Securities Laws: The Pendulum Swings, 65 Geo. L.J. 891 (1977). (808) Alphonse A. Sommer, Jr, The Impact of the SEC on Corporate Governance, 41 Law & Contemp. Probs. 115 (Summer, 1977). (809) Joel Seligman, The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Democracy, 3 U. Dayton L. Rev. 1 (1978) (810) ROBERTA S. KARMEL, REGULATION BY PROSECUTION - THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION VERSUS CORPORATE AMERICA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982). (811) Joel Seligman, The New Corporate Law, 59 Brook. L. Rev. 1 (1993). (812) Patrick Moyer, The Regulation of Corporate Law by Securities Regulators: A Comparison of Ontario and the United States, 55 U.T. Fac. L. Rev. 43 (Winter, 1997).

60

(813) Robert B. Thompson & Hillary A. Sale, Securities Fraud as Corporate Governance, Reflections Upon Federalism, 56 Vand. L. Rev. 859 (2003). (814) Roberta S. Karmel, The Securities and Exchange Commission Goes Abroad to Regulate Corporate Governance, 33 Stetson L. Rev. 849 (2003-2004). (815) Jill E. Fisch, The New Federal Regulation of Corporate Governance, 28 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 39 (Fall, 2004). (816) Joel Seligman, Self-Funding for the Securities and Exchange Commission, 28 Nova L. Rev. 233 (2004). (817) Joel Seligman, A Modest Revolution in Corporate Governance, 80 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1159 (2004-2005) (818) Roberta S. Karmel, Realizing the Dream of William O.Douglas - The Securities and Exchange Commission Takes Charge of Corporate Governance, 30 Del. J. Corp. L. 79 (2005). (819) Joan MacLeod Heminway, Rock, Paper, Scissors: Choosing the Right Vehicle for Federal Corporate Governance Initiatives, 10 Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L. 225 (2005). (820) Donald C. Langevoort, The SEC as a Lawmaker: Choices about Investor Protection in the Face of Uncertainty, 84 Wash. U. L. Rev. 1591 (2006). (821) Shane de Brca, Principled Regulation: How the U.K.s Financial Services Authority Successfully Differentiated itself from U.S. Regulators, The Deal Newsweekly (May 21, 2007) available at <http://tinyurl.com/2wnze2>.

C. Views on the Federalization of the Corporate Law

(1) Calls for Further Assessment of the Federalization (822) Ernest W. Huffcut, Constitutional Aspects of the Federal Control of Corporations, 34 AM. L. REV. 186 (1902). (823) Herbert Knox Smith, Incorporation by the States, 14 Yale L. J. 385 (1905). (824) Eugene E. Prussing, Corporate Reforms, 40 Chic. Leg. N. 86 (1907).

(2) Support for Federalization (825) James B. Dill, National Incorporation Laws for Trusts, 6 Yale L. J. 273 (Apr., 1902). (826) Henry W. Palmer, Federal Incorporation for Companies Engaged in Interstate Commerce, 27 Nat. Corp. Rep. 376 (1903) reprinted in 11 Am. Law. 61 (1903). (827) Horace La Fayette Wilgus, Need of National Incorporation Law, 2 Mich. L. Rev. 358 (1904). (828) Horace L. Wilgus, Need of a National Incorporations Law, 2 Mich. L. Rev. 358 (1904)

61

(829) Horace La Fayette Wilgus, Should There Be a Federal Incorporation Law for Commercial Corporations, 27 Rep. A. B. A. 694 (1904). (830) Horace La Fayette Wilgus, Federal License or National Incorporation, 3 Mich. L. Rev. 264 (1905). (831) H. W. Chaplin, National Incorporation, 5 Colum. L. Rev. 415 (June, 1905). (832) William J. Curtis, Federal Control of Corporations A Public Necessity, 17 Green Bag 138 (1905). (833) Thomas Thacher, Corporations and the States, 17 Yale L. J. 98 (1907). (834) Harris Berlack, Federal Incorporation and Securities Regulation, 49 Harv. L. Rev. 396 (1935-1936). (835) John W. Brabner-Smith, Federal Incorporation of Business, 24 Va. L. Rev. 159 (1937). (836) Harold G. Reuschlein, Federalization Design for Corporate Reform in a National Economy, 91 U. Pa. L. Rev. 91 (1942). (837) HAROLD GILL REUSCHLEIN, THE SCHOOLS OF CORPORATE REFORM (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1950). (838) Stanley A. Kaplan, Foreign Corporations and Local Corporate Policy, 21 Vand. L. Rev. 433 (1968). (839) Joel F. Henning, Federal Corporate Chartering for Big Business: An Idea Whose Time Has Come, 21 DePaul L. Rev. 915 (1971-1972). (840) William L. Cary, A Proposed Federal Corporate Minimum Standards Act, 29 Bus. Law. 1101 (1973-1974) (841) Stanley A. Kaplan, Fiduciary Responsibility in the Management of the Corporation, 31 Bus. Law. 883 (1976). (842) Richard W. Jennings, Federalization of Corporation Law: Part Way or All the Way, 31 Bus. Law. 991 (1976) (843) RALPH C. FERRARA & MARC B. GOLDFUS, EVERYTHING YOU EVER WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT THE FUTURE OF FEDERAL INFLUENCE IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (Financial, Government & Public Affairs; July, 1979). (844) David Charny, Competition among Jurisdictions in Formulating Corporate Law Rules: An American Perspective on the "Race to the Bottom" in the European Communities, 32 Harv. Int'l. L.J. 423 (1991). (845) Roberta S. Karmel, Is It Time for a Federal Corporation Law, 57 Brook. L. Rev. 55 (19911992). (846) Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Allen Ferrell, Federal Intervention to Enhance Shareholder Choice, 87 Va. L. Rev. 993 (2001).

(3) Support for a Limited Federal Interference (847) Donald E. Schwartz, Federal Chartering of Corporations: An Introduction, 61 Geo. L. J. 71 (1972-1973).

62

(848) Donald E. Schwartz, Federalism and Corporate Governance, 45 Ohio St. L.J. 545 (1984). (849) Donald E. Schwartz, Federal Chartering Revisited, 22 U. Mich. J.L. Ref. 7 (1988-1989). (850) Joel Seligman, The Case for Minimum Corporate Law Standards, 49 MD. L. Rev. 947 (1990). (851) Gordon G. Young, Federal Corporate Law, Federalism, and the Federal Courts, 41 Law & Contemp. Probs. 146 (Summer, 1977).

(4) Opposition to Federalization (852) Thomas Thacher, Federal Control of Corporations, 14 Yale L. J. 301 (1905). (853) John E. Parsons, Federal Regulation of Corporations A Dangerous Departure, 17 Green Bag 135 (1905). (854) EZRA PARMALEE PRENTICE, THE FEDERAL POWER OVER CARRIERS AND CORPORATIONS (The Macmillan Company, New York; Jan., 1907). (855) Edward G. Jennings, Federal Incorporation or Licensing of Interstate Corporate Business, 23 Minn. L. Rev. 710 (1938-1939). (856) Seymour J. Rubin, Corporations and Society: The Remedy of Federal and International Incorporation, 23 Am. U. L. Rev. 263 (1969). (857) Peter Aranson, Federal Chartering of Corporations: An Idea Worth Forgetting, 8 Bus. & Soc. Rev. 59 (1974). (858) David A. Drexler, Federalism and Corporate Law: A Misguided Missile, 3 Sec. Reg. J. 374 (1976). (859) Joel F. Henning, Federalism and Corporate Law: The Chaos Inherent in the Cary Proposal, 3 Sec. Reg. L. J. 362 (1976). (860) Bayless Manning, Thinking Straight about Corporate Law Reform, 41 Law & Contemp. Probs. 3 (Summer, 1977). (861) Stephen J. Choi & Andrew Guzman, Choice and Federal Intervention in Corporate Law, 87 Va. L. Rev. 961 (2001). (862) Larry E. Ribstein, Market vs. Regulatory Responses to Corporate Fraud: A Critique of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 28 J. CORP. L. 1, 2 (2002) (863) Jonathan R. Macey, Displacing Delaware: Can The Feds Do A Better Job Than The States In Regulating Takeovers?, 57 Bus. Law. 1025 (May, 2002). (864) Stephen M. Bainbridge, The Creeping Federalization of Corporate Law, 26 REG. 26 (Spring 2003). (865) E. Norman Veasey, Musings on the Dynamics of Corporate Governance Issues, Director Liability Concerns, Corporate Control Transactions, Ethics, and Federalism, 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1007 (2003). (866) E. Norman Veasey, Musings from the Center of the Corporate Universe, 7 Del. L. Rev. 163 (2004).

63

(867) William B. Chandler III & Leo E. Strine, Jr., The New Federalism of the American Corporate Governance System: Preliminary Reflections of Two Residents of One Small State, 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 953 (2003). (868) Roberta Romano, Is Regulatory Competition a Problem or Irrelevant for Corporate Governance?, 21 Ox. Rev. Econ. Pol. 212 (2005). (869) Roberta Romano, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Making of Quack Corporate Governance, 114 Yale L.J. 1521 (2005). (870) Leo E. Strine, Jr., The Delaware Way: How We Do Corporate Law and Some of the New Challenges We (and Europe) Face, 30 Del. J. Corp. L. 673 (2005). (871) HENRY N. BUTLER & LARRY E. RIBSTEIN, THE SARBANES-OXLEY DEBACLE: WHAT WE'VE LEARNED; HOW TO FIX IT (AEI Press, 2006). (872) Jeffrey Y. Wu, Revisiting Business Roundtable and Section 19(c) in the Wake of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 23 Yale J. on Reg. 249 (Summer, 2006).

(5) Intermediate Assessments (873) Proceedings, The Airlie House Symposium, An In-Depth Analysis of the Federal and State Roles in Regulating Corporate Management, 31 Bus. L. 863 (1976). (874) Symposium, Federalism Issues in Corporate Governance, 45 Ohio St. L.J. 591 (1984).

IV. COMPARATIVE LAW

A. European Union

(1) Corporate Governance: The European Union vs. the United States (875) Paul Leleux, Corporation Law in the United States and in the E.E.C., 5 Comm. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 133 (1967-68). (876) RICHARD M. BUXBAUM & KLAUS J. HOPT, LEGAL HARMONIZATION AND THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE, HARMONIZATION POLICY IN EUROPE AND THE U.S.A. (De Gruyter, Berlin/New York: 1988). (877) Christian Meier-Schatz, American Legal Harmonization from a European Perspective, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION, 61 (Richard Buxbaum, Grard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus Hopt eds.) (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1991). (878) Gerard Hertig, Corporate Governance in the United States as Seen from Europe, 1998 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 27 (1998).

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(879) Harm-Jan de Kluiver, Disparities and Similarities in European and American Company Law: What about Living Apart Together?, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 287 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995).

(2) Governance of the European Corporate Governance

(a) European Union Federalism (880) Hartmut Schmidt, Economic Analysis of the Allocation of Regulatory Competence in the European Communities, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION, 51 (Richard Buxbaum, Grard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus Hopt eds.) (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1991). (881) GEOFFREY DENTON, FEDERALISM AND EUROPEAN UNION AFTER MAASTRICHT, Wilton Park Papers, No. 67 (HMSO; Jan., 1993).

(b) Subsidiarity (882) Nicholas Emiliou, Subsidiarity: An Effective Barrier Against The Enterprises of Ambition?, Eur. L. Rev. 383 (1992). (883) R. Van den Bergh, The Subsidiarity Principle in European Community Law: Some Insights from Law and Economics, 1 Maastricht J. Euro. & Comp. L. 337 (1994).

(c) The Role of Politics in the European Union (884) Geoffrey Fitchew, Political Choices, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION, 1 (Richard Buxbaum, Grard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus Hopt eds.) (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1991). (885) John W. Cioffi, Restructuring "Germany Inc.": The Politics of Company and Takeover Law Reform in Germany and the European Union, 24 L. & Pol. 355 (Oct., 2002).

(3) Corporate-Law Production in the European Union

(a) Regulatory Competition

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(886) Clark D. Stith, Federalism and Company Law: A "Race to the Bottom" in the European Community, 79 Geo. L.J. 1581 (1990-1991). (887) Ruben Lee, Legal Foundation for Competition in EC Capital Markets: The Gap between Rhetoric and Reality, 14 Int. Rev. L. & Econ. 163 (June, 1994). (888) Jeanne-Mey Sun & Jacques Pelkmans, Regulatory Competition in the Single Market, 33 J. Comm. Mkt. Studs. (JCMS) 67 (1995). (889) Frank Easterbrook, Federal and European Business Law, 14 Int'l Rev. L. & Econ. 125 (1994) (longer version is reprinted, in EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION 1 (Richard M. Buxbaum, Gerard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus J. Hopt, eds.: 1996). (890) Stephen Woolcock, Competition among Rules in the Single European Market, in INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY COMPETITION AND COORDINATION: PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 289 (Joseph McCahery, William W. Bratton, Sol Picciotto & Colin Scott eds., New York: 1997). (891) Jan Wouters, European Company Law: Quo Vadis?, 37 Com. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 257 (2000). (892) Catherine Barnard, Regulating Competitive Federalism, in the European Union? The Case of EU Social Policy, in J Shaw (ed), SOCIAL LAW AND POLICY IN AN EVOLVING EUROPEAN UNION (Oxford, 2000). (893) Roger Van Den Bergh, Towards an Institutional Legal Framework for Regulatory Competition in Europe, 53 Kyklos 435 (Nov., 2000). (894) Daniel C. Esty, European Communities, Regulatory Competition in Focus, 3 J. Int'l Econ. L. 215 (Jun. 2000). (895) Grard Hertig, Regulatory Competition for EU Financial Services, 3 J. Int'l Econ. L. 349 (2000). (896) William W. Bratton & Joseph McCahery, Fiscal Federalism, Jurisdictional Competition and Tax Coordination: Translating Theory to Policy in the European Union, 38 Comm. Mrkt. L. Rev. 677 (2001). (897) Harald Halbhuber, National Doctrinal Structures and European Company Law, 38 Comm. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 1391 (2001). (898) Jan Wouters, Private International Law and Companies Freedom of Establishment, 2 Eur. Bus. Org. Rev. (EBOR) 101 (2001). (899) Simon Deakin, Regulatory Competition versus Harmonization in European Company Law, in REGULATORY COMPETITION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE, 190 (Daniel C. Esty & Damien Geradin eds.) (Oxford University Press; Feb., 2001). (900) Simon Deakin, Regulatory Competition versus Harmonization in European Company Law, in REGULATORY COMPETITION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES (INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW) 196 (Daniel C. Esty & Damien Geradin eds., Oxford/New York 2001). (901) Klaus Heine & Wolfgang Kerber, European Corporate Laws, Regulatory Competition and Path Dependence, 13 Eur. J. L. & Econ. 47 (Jan. 2002). (902) STEFANO LOMBARDO, REGULATORY COMPETITION IN COMPANY LAW IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. PREREQUISITES AND LIMITS (Peter Lang Verlag, 2002).

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(903) Martin Lodge, Varieties of Europeanisation and the National Regulatory State, 17 Pub. Pol. & Adm. 43 (Apr., 2002). (904) Dan Prentice, The Incorporation Theory The United Kingdom, 14 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 631 (2003). (905) Discussion Section, Inter-state Competition in Corporate Structures, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 133 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (906) Matthias Baudisch, From Status to Contract? An American Perspective on Recent Developments in European Company Law, in THE EUROPEAN UNION AND GOVERNANCE 23, 54 (Francis Snyder ed., 2003). (907) Joseph McCahery & Grard A. Hertig, Company and Takeover Law Reforms in Europe: Misguided Harmonization Efforts or Regulatory Competition?, 4 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 179 (2003). (908) Mette Neville, Nordic Company Law Reforms in an International Regulatory Perspective, in THE REGULATION OF COMPANIES: A TRIBUTE TO PAUL KRGER ANDERSEN, 111 (Mette Neville & Karsten Engsig Srensen eds.) (Forlaget Thomson A/S; 2003). (909) Luca Enriques, EC Company Law and the Fears of a European Delaware, 15 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1259 (2004). (910) Adriaan F.M. Dorresteijn, Xenophobia or Competition?, 1 Eur. Co. L. 152 (2004). (911) Grard A. Hertig, Efficient Fostering of EU Regulatory Competition, 76 Schweizerische Zeitschrift fr Wirtschaftsrecht (SZW) 369 (2004). (912) Joseph McCahery & Grard A. Hertig, An Agenda for Reform: Company and Takeover Law in Europe, in REFORMING COMPANY AND TAKEOVER LAW IN EUROPE 21 (Ferrarini/Hopt/Winter/Wymeersch (eds.)) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). (913) CHRISTOPH KNILL & SUSANNE MINGERS, RINGING THE CHANGES IN EUROPE: REGULATORY COMPETITION AND REDEFINITION OF THE STATE: BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY (De Gruyter; 2004). (914) Robert Drury, A European Look at the American Experience of the Delaware Syndrome, 5 Int'l Corp. L. Ann. 1 (Apr. 2005). (915) Martin Gelter, The Structure of Regulatory Competition in European Corporate Law, 5 J. Corp. L. Stud. 247 (2005). (916) Gerhard Wagner, The Virtues of Diversity in European Private Law, in THE NEED FOR A EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW: EMPIRICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES, 3 (J. M. Smits ed.) (Europa Publishing; 2005). (917) Carsten Frost, Transfer of Company's Seat An Unfolding Story in Europe, 36 Vict. Uni. Well. L. Rev. (VUWLR) 359 (2005). (918) Martina Sever, Company Mobility within the EC: Cross-Border Transfer of the Real Seat of a Company (2005) (LL.M. Thesis, Leiden University) available at <http://www.llmebl.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/Thesis/final_thesis_martina.pdf> (919) Joseph A. McCahery & Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Does the European Company Prevent the 'Delaware Effect'?, 11 Eur. L. J. 785 (2005).

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(920) Robert R. Drury, A European Look at the American Experience of the Delaware Syndrome, 5 J. Corp. L. Stud. 1 (2005). (921) Martin Gelter, The Structure of Regulatory Competition in European Corporate Law, 5 J. Corp. L. Stud. 247 (Oct. 2005). (922) Friedrich Kbler, A Shifting Paradigm of European Company Law, 56 Col. J. Eur. L. 219 (2005). (923) Luca Enriques & Martin Gelter, Regulatory Competition in European Company Law and Creditor Protection, 7 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 417 (Mar., 2006). (924) Seth Chertok, Jurisdictional Competition in the European Community, 27 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 465 (Summer, 2006). (925) Marco Ventoruzzo, "Cost-Based" And "Rules-Based" Regulatory Competition: Markets for Corporate Charters in the U.S. and in the E.U., 3 N.Y.U. J. L. & Bus. 91 (Fall, 2006). (926) Pierre Salmon, Political Yardstick Competition and Corporate Governance in the European Union, in INVESTOR PROTECTION IN EUROPE: CORPORATE LAW MAKING, THE MIFID AND BEYOND, (Guido Ferrarini & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Nov., 2006). (927) Peer Zumbansen, Spaces and Places: A Systems Theory Approach to Regulatory Competition in European Company Law, 12 Eur. L. J. 535 (2006). (928) John Armour, Who Should Make Corporate Law? EC Legislation versus Regulatory Competition, in AFTER ENRON: IMPROVING CORPORATE LAW AND MODERNISING SECURITIES REGULATION IN EUROPE AND THE U.S., 14 (John Armour & Joseph McCahery eds.) (Hart Publishing, 2006). (929) Dennis C. Mueller, The Economics and Politics of Corporate Governance in the European Union, in INVESTOR PROTECTION IN EUROPE: CORPORATE LAW MAKING, THE MIFID AND BEYOND, 3 (Guido Ferrarini & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006). (930) Simon Deakin, Legal Diversity and Regulatory Competition: Which Model for Europe?, 12 Eur. L. J. 440 (2006). (931) Simon Deakin, Is Regulatory Competition the Future for European Integration?, 13 Swedish Econ. Pol. Rev. 71 (2006). (932) Luca Enriques & Martin Gelter, How the Old World Encountered the New One: Regulatory Competition and Cooperation in European Corporate and Bankruptcy Law, 81 Tul. L. Rev. 577 (February, 2007). (933) Vahagn Movsesyan, Regulatory Competition Puzzle: The European Design, (LEM Papers Series No. 2006/30, 2007), available at <http://esnie.u-paris10.fr> (934) Theodor Baums, European Company Law Beyond the 2003 Action Plan, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 143 (March 2007). (935) Daniela Weber-Rey, Effects of the Better Regulation Approach on European Company Law and Corporate Governance, 4 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 370 (2007). (936) Sebastian Mock, Cost-based and Rule-based Markets for Rules in Corporate Law, 4 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 76 (2007).

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(b) Company Law Harmonization (937) Eric Stein, Assimilation of National Laws as a Function of European Integration, 58 Am. J. Int'l L. 1 (1964). (938) ERIC STEIN, HARMONIZATION OF EUROPEAN COMPANY LAWS: NATIONAL REFORM AND TRANSNATIONAL COORDINATION, VOL. I, II (New York, BobbsMerrill Company, 1970). (939) Clive Schmitthoff, The Future of the European Company Law Scene, in Clive Schmitthoff (ed.) THE HARMONISATION OF EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW (London: UKNCCL, 1973). (940) Detlev Vagts, Company Law Harmonization in the European Community, in EMERGING STANDARDS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT: MULTINATIONAL CODES AND CORPORATE CONDUCT 17 (Seymour J. Rubin & Gary Clyde Hufbauer eds. 1982). (941) RICHARD M. BUXBAUM & KLAUS J. HOPT, LEGAL HARMONIZATION AND THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE. CORPORATE AND CAPITAL MARKET LAW HARMONIZATION POLICY IN EUROPE AND THE U.S.A. (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1988). (942) Janet Dine, The Harmonization of Company Law in the European Community, 9 YEL 97 (1989). (943) Manning G. Warren, III, Regulatory Harmony in the European Communities: The Common Market Prospectus, 16 Brook. J. Intl L. 9 (1990). (944) Richard M. Buxbaum & Klaus J. Hopt, Legal Harmonization and the Business Enterprise Revisited, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW 391 (Richard M. Buxbaum et al. eds., Berlin/New York: 1991) (945) Alfred F. Conard, The European Alternative to Uniformity in Corporation Laws, 89 Mich. L. Rev. 2150 (1991). (946) Christiaan W. A. Timmermans, Methods and Tools for Integration, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION, 129 (Richard Buxbaum, Grard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus Hopt eds.) (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1991). (947) Erik Werlauff, The Development of Community Company Law, 17 Eur. L. Rev. (ELR) 207 (1992). (948) Robert Drury, A Review of the European Communitys Company Law Harmonisation Programme, 24 Bracton L. J. 45 (1992) reprinted in J. Eur. Stud. C. Uni. 1 (1997). (949) ERIK WERLAUFF, EC COMPANY LAW: THE COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS IN 12 STATES (Copenhagen, Jurist og Okonomforbundets,1993). (950) M.J.G.C. Raaijmakers, Which Way with Company Law Harmonization, in FURTHER PERSPECTIVES IN FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE: REPORTS PRESENTED AT THE BRUSSELS MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL FACULTY FOR CORPORATE MARKET 231 (Eddy Wymeersch ed., Berlin: 1994). (951) Gregor C. Heinrich, Funds, Transfers, Payments, and Payments Systems--International Initiatives Towards Legal Harmonization, 28 INT'L. LAW. 787 (Fall, 1994). (952) Cl. Lempereur, Myth and Reality in the European Harmonization Process, in FURTHER PERSPECTIVES IN FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE: REPORTS PRESENTED AT THE BRUSSELS MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL FACULTY FOR CORPORATE MARKET 241 (Eddy Wymeersch eds., Berlin: 1994).

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(953) J. J. Du Plessis & Janet Dine, The Fate of the Draft Fifth Directive on Company Law: Accommodation Instead of Harmonisation, 1997 J. Bus. L. 23 (1997). (954) Daniela Caruso, The Missing View of the Cathedral: The Private Law Paradigm of European Legal Integration, 3 Eur. L. J. 32 (1997). (955) CHARLOTTE VILLIERS, EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW TOWARDS DEMOCRACY? (Dartmouth & Ashgate Publishing, 1998). (956) FILIP TUYTSCHAEVER, DIFFERENTIATION IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW (Hart Publishing, 1999). (957) Michael Dougan, Minimum Harmonization and the Internal Market, 37 Comm. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 853 (2000). (958) Catherine Barnard, Social Dumping Revisited: Lessons from Delaware, 25 Eur. L. Rev. 57 (2000). (959) Gunther Teubner, Legal Irritants: How Unifying Law Ends up in New Divergences, in VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM: THE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE 417 (Peter Andrew Hall & David W. Soskice eds.) (2001). (960) Stephen Weatherhill, Pre-emption, Harmonisation and the Distribution of Competence to Regulate the Internal Market, in THE LAW OF THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET: UNPACKING THE PREMISES, 41 (Catherine Barnard & Joanne Scott eds.) (Hart Publishing, 2002). (961) Sebastian Mock, Harmonization, Regulation and Legislative Competition in European Corporate Law, 3 German L. J. (Dec. 2002). (962) Christiaan W. A. Timmermans, Company Law as IUS Commune, (Walter van Gerven Lectures - 1) (Intersentia, 2002). (963) C. Hampton, European Company Law Reforms Make Uneven Progress, 14 EuroWatch 10 (2002). (964) Robert J. Franzese, Jr. & James M.. Mosher, Comparative Institutional and Policy Advantage: The Scope for Divergence within European Economic Integration, 3 Eur. Un. Pol. 177 (2002). (965) Klaus J. Hopt, Common Principles of Corporate Governance in Europe, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 175 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002). (966) Discussion Section, The Value of Harmonization, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 138 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (967) Tim F. Atkins, Can National Corporate Governance Codes Sufficiently Converge to Protect Diverse Interests within the European Union? (Dec. 2003) (unpublished Masters Thesis, on file with SSRN) , available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=573901>. (968) Laurent Faugrolas, Impact of Take-overs and their Regulation on French Company Law and Practice, in CAPITAL MARKETS AND COMPANY LAW 327 (Klaus J. Hopt & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2003). (969) Karel Van Hulle, Does the EU have a Role to Play in Company Law?, in THE REGULATION OF COMPANIES: A TRIBUTE TO PAUL KRGER ANDERSEN, 29 (Mette Neville & Karsten Engsig Srensen eds.) (Forlaget Thomson A/S; 2003).

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(970) Uriel Procaccia & Uzi Segal, Thou Shalt Not Sow Thy Vineyard with Divers Seeds? The Case Against the Harmonization of Private Law, in CAPITAL MARKETS AND COMPANY LAW 639 (Klaus J. Hopt & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2003). (971) Frits Bolkestein, The New European Company: Opportunity in Diversity, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 41 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (972) Marie-Agnes Arlt, Ccile Bervoets, Kristoffel Grechenig & Suanne Kalss, The Status of the Law on Stock Companies in Central and Eastern-Europe: Facing the Challenge to Enter the European Union and Implement European Company Law, 4 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 245 (Oct., 2003). (973) Alan S. Reid, The Increasing Europeanisation of Company Law, 24 Bus. L. Rev. 165 (2003) (974) Jan Andersson, The High Level Group and the Issue of European Company Law Harmonisation Europe Stumbles Along?, in THE REGULATION OF COMPANIES: A TRIBUTE TO PAUL KRGER ANDERSEN, 183 (Mette Neville & Karsten Engsig Srensen eds.) (Forlaget Thomson A/S; 2003). (975) Discussion Section, Themes from the Conference: The Value of Harmonization, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 133 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (976) Andrs Kisfaludi, The Harmonisation of Hungarian Company Law A Pendular Process, 5 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 705 (Dec., 2004). (977) Marco Becht & Colin Mayer, Corporate Governance in Europe: Competition versus Harmonization, in MARKET DISCIPLINE ACROSS COUNTRIES AND INDUSTRIES, 255 (Claudio Borro, William C. Hunter, George Kaufman & Kostas Tsatsaronis eds.) (MIT Press, 2004). (978) Hanno Merkt, European Company Law Reform: Struggling for a More Liberal Approach, 1 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. 3 (Apr. 2004). (979) Katharina Pistor, Enhancing Corporate Governance in the New Member States: Does EU Law Help?, in LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN AN ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION, 339 (George A. Bermann & Katharina Pistor eds.) (Hart Publishing, 2004). (980) BARBARA PASA & ANTONIO BENACCHIO, THE HARMONIZATION OF CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL LAW IN EUROPE, 265 409 (Central European University Press, New York; 2005). (981) Mathias Siems, The Case against Harmonisation of Shareholder Rights, 6 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 539 (2005). (982) Joseph McCahery & Grard A. Hertig, A Legal Options Approach to EC Company Law, in INVESTOR PROTECTION IN EUROPE: CORPORATE LAW MAKING, THE MIFID AND BEYOND, (Guido Ferrarini & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Nov., 2006). (983) Luca Enriques & Matteo Gatti, The Uneasy Case for Top-Down Corporate Law Harmonization in the European Union, 27 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 939 (Winter, 2006). (984) John Birds, Reforming the United Kingdom Company Law in a European Context: a Long and Winding Road, in EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW IN ACCELERATED PROGRESS, 9 (Steef M. Bartman ed.) (Kluwer Publications: 2006). (985) Luca Enriques, Company Law Harmonization Reconsidered: What Role for the EC?, in EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW IN ACCELERATED PROGRESS, 59 (Steef M. Bartman ed.) (Kluwer Publications: 2006).

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(986) Hanne Sndergaard Birkmose, Regulatory Competition and the European Harmonisation Process, 17 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1075 (2006). (987) Bastiaan van Apeldoorn & Laura Horn, The Transformation of Corporate Governance Regulation in the European Union: From Harmonization to Marketization, in THE TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGULATION (Henk Overbeek, Bastiaan van Apeldoorn & Andreas Nlke eds.) (Routledge: 2007).

(c) European Takeover Market (988) Koen Byttebier, Protective and Defensive Measures against Hostile Take-overs, in FURTHER PERSPECTIVES IN FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE, 181 (Eddy Wymeersch ed.) (BerlinNew York, 1994). (989) Gerard von Solinge, Corporate Law Aspects of Cross-Border Mergers, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 143 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (990) Jonathan R. Macey, Clas Bergstrm, Peter Hgfeldt & Per Samuelsson, The Regulation of Corporate Acquisitions: A Law and Economics Analysis of European Proposals for Reform, 1995 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 495 (1995). (991) Yves Dezalay, Technological Warfare: The Battle to Control the Mergers and Acquisition Market in Europe, in PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION AND PROFESSIONAL POWER: LAWYERS, ACCOUNTANTS AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MARKETS 205 (Yves Dezalay & David Sugarman eds.) (New York : Routledge, 1995). (992) Ton Danils, The Relevance of the EC Merger Directive of 23 July 1990 in European Mergers and Reorganizations, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 91 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (993) Eddy Wymeersch, The Regulation of Takeover Bids in a Comparative Perspective, in EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION 291 (Richard M. Buxbaum, Gerard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus J. Hopt, eds.: 1996). (994) K. H. Baumann, Takeovers in Germany and EU Regulation: Experience and Practice, in COMPARATIVE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, 659 (Klaus Hopt ed.) (Oxford University Press; Feb., 1999). (995) Patrick C. Leyens, European Take-overs, 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 42 (2001). (996) Anne Funch Jensen, Cross-Border Mergers Before and After the Societas Europaea (SE), (2001) (Masters of Law Thesis, College of Europe). (997) Klaus J. Hopt, Takeover Regulation in Europe -- The Battle for the 13th Directive on Takeovers, 15 Aust. J. Corp. L. 2 (Nov. 2002). (998) Rolf Skog, The Takeover Directive An Endless Saga?, 13 Eur. Bus. L. 301 (2002). (999) Julian R. Franks, Colin Mayer & Luc Renneboog, Managerial Disciplining and the Market for (Partial) Corporate Control in the UK, in CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIMES: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY, 441 (Joseph McCahery ed.) (Oxford University Press; 2002).

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(1000) Gian Luca Zampa, The Role of Efficiency under the EU Merger Regulation, 4 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 573 (Dec., 2003). (1001) JOSEPH MCCAHERY & LUC RENNEBOOG, THE ECONOMICS OF THE PROPOSED TAKEOVER DIRECTIVE (Centre for European Policy Studies; 2003). (1002) Richard Burnley, The EC Merger Regulation and the Meaning of Community Dimension, 14 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 815 (2003). (1003) Erik Berglf & Mike Burkart, European Takeover Regulation, 18 Econ. Pol. 171 (Apr., 2003). (1004) Laurent Faugrolas, Impact of Take-overs and their Regulation on French Company Law and Practice, in CAPITAL MARKETS AND COMPANY LAW 327 (Klaus J. Hopt & Eddy Wymeersch eds.) (Oxford University Press, 2003). (1005) Jan Schans Christensen, The New Draft Takeover Directive A Breakthrough for Levelling the Playing Field in Europe?, in THE REGULATION OF COMPANIES: A TRIBUTE TO PAUL KRGER ANDERSEN, 201 (Mette Neville & Karsten Engsig Srensen eds.) (Forlaget Thomson A/S; 2003). (1006) Mathias M. Siems, The Rules on Conflict of Laws in the European Takeover Directive, 1 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 458 (2004). (1007) Steef Bartman, Analysis and consequences of the EC Directive on Takeover Bids, 1 Eur. Co. L. 5 (2004). (1008) Andre Nilsen, Anglo-American v. Continental-Nordic Models of Corporate Governance: The Political Economy of Takeovers in the European Union, 15 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1353 (2004). (1009) Matteo Gatti, Optionality Arrangements and Reciprocity in the European Takeover Directive, 6 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 553 (Dec., 2005). (1010) Jette Steen Knudsen, Is the Single European Market an Illusion? Obstacles to Reform of EU Takeover Regulation , 11 Eur. L. J. 507 (2005). (1011) Marco Ventoruzzo, Europe's Thirteenth Directive and U.S. Takeover Regulation: Regulatory Means and Political and Economic Ends, 41 Tex. Int'l L.J. 171 (Spring, 2006). (1012) Michel Menjucq, The European Regime on Takeovers, 3 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 222 (2006). (1013) Anna-Louise Hinds, The New EC Merger Regulation The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same?, 17 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1693 (2006). (1014) Steef M. Bartman, The EC Directive on Takeover Bids: Opting in as a Token of Good Corporate Practice, in EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW IN ACCELERATED PROGRESS, 1 (Steef M. Bartman ed.) (Kluwer Publications: 2006). (1015) Marc Meyers, Luxembourg Transposes Takeover Directive Against the Backdrop of Mittal Steels Bid for Arcelor, 3 Eur. Co. L. 261 (2006). (1016) Cedric Ryngaert, Cross-Border Takeover Regulation: a Transatlantic Perspective, 4 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBOR) 434 (2007). (1017) Harald Gesell & Pieter Riemer, Outbound Cross-border Mergers Protected by Freedom of Establishment Annotation to the Decision of the Amsterdam District Court (Kantongerecht) 29 January 2007, EA 06-3338 166, 4 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 308 (2007).

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(1018) Marco Ventoruzzo, Cross-border Mergers, Change of Applicable Corporate Laws and Protection of Dissenting Shareholders: Withdrawal Rights under Italian Law, 4 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 47 (2007). (1019) Lone L. Hansen, Merger, Moving and Division Across National Borders When Case Law Breaks through Barriers and Overtakes Directives, 18 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 181 (2007). (1020) Marco Ventoruzzo, Takeover Regulation as Wolf in Sheeps Clothing: Taking Armour & Skeels Thesis to Continental Europe (Bocconi Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 2008-02, 2008).

(d) European Insolvency Forum Competition (1021) Marc Lauterfeld, Centros and the EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings: The End of the Real Seat Approach towards Pseudo-foreign Companies in German International Company and Insolvency Law? The Danger of Diverging Developments of the Connecting Factors in Company and Insolvency Law 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 79 (March/April 2001). (1022) Ann-Christine Haln, Centre of Main Interests a New Concept in European Insolvency Law (2002) (Masters of Law Thesis, Lund University Faculty of Law) available at <http://www.jur.lu.se/Internet/english/essay/Masterth.nsf/0/D4503A1E6E0203E3C1256BC8 00736673/$File/xsmall.pdf?OpenElement> (1023) Federico Maria Mucciarelli, The Transfer of the Registered Office and Forum-Shopping in International Insolvency Cases: an Important Decision from Italy Case Note on the Decision B & C of the Italian Corte di Cassazione , 2 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 109 (2005). (1024) Thomas Bachner, The Battle over Jurisdiction in European Insolvency Law ECJ 2.5.2006, C-341/04 (Eurofood) , 3 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 1310 (2006). (1025) Bob Wessels, The Place of the Registered Office of a Company: a Cornerstone in the Application of the EC Insolvency Regulation, 3 Eur. Co. L. 183 (2006). (1026) Luca Enriques & Martin Gelter, How the Old World Encountered the New One: Regulatory Competition and Cooperation in European Corporate and Bankruptcy Law, 81 Tulane L. Rev. 577 (2007).

(e) Delawarization Fears (1027) Catherine Holst, European Company Law after Centros: Is the EU on the Road to Delaware, 8 Colum. J. Eur. L. 323 (2002). (1028) Luca Enriques, EC Company Law and the Fears of a European Delaware, 15 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. 1259 (2004). (1029) Robert R. Drury, The Delaware Syndrome: European Fears and Reactions, 2005 J. Bus. L. 709 (2005).

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(1030) Karolina Carlsson, A Possible European Delaware Can the European Private Company Prevent It?- (May 2006) (Masters Thesis, Jnkping International Business School) available at <http://www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_hj_diva-3811__fulltext.pdf> (1031) Patrick S. Ryan, Will There Ever Be a Delaware of Europe?, 11 Colum. J. Eur. L. 187 (Winter 2004/2005).

(4) Forum Selection in the European Union

(a) Choice of Law within the European Union (1032) Tobias H. Trger, Choice of Jurisdiction in European Corporate Law Perspectives of European Corporate Governance, 6 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 3 (Mar., 2005). (1033) Massimo V. Benedettelli, Conflicts of Jurisdiction and Conflicts of Law in Company Law Matters within the EU 'Market for Corporate Models', in INTERNATIONAL THEMES IN BUSINESS LAW (Stephen T Hardy & Mark Butler eds.) (Sage Publications: 2007). (1034) Werner F. Ebke, The European Conflict-of-Corporate-Laws Revolution, in INTERNATIONAL THEMES IN BUSINESS LAW (Stephen T Hardy & Mark Butler eds.) (Sage Publications: 2007).

(b) Conflict of Laws Rules within the European Union (1035) Eric Stein, Conflict-of-Laws Rules by Treaty: Recognition of Companies in a Regional Market, 68 Mich. L. Rev. 1327 (Jun., 1970). (1036) Gaute Simen Gravir, Conflict of Laws Rules for Norwegian Companies, 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 146 (2001). (1037) Erik Werlauff, The Main Seat Criterion in a New Disguise, 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 2 (2001). (1038) STEPHAN RAMMELOO, CORPORATIONS IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE (Oxford University Press, 2001). (1039) Werner F. Ebke, The Real Seat Doctrine in the Conflict of Corporate Laws, 36 Intl Law. 1015 (2002).

(c) Foreign Company Recognition (1040) Berthold Goldman, The Convention between the Member States of the European Economic Community on The Mutual Recognition of Companies and Legal Persons, 6 Com. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 104 (Nov., 1968).

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(1041) Philippe Colle, The Influence of the European Convention on Mutual Recognition of Companies and Legal Persons, and of the Directives on Company Law upon the Legal Status of the One-man Company in Belgium, 19 Com. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 79 (1982). (1042) Robert R. Drury, The Regulation and Recognition of Foreign Corporations: Responses to the Delaware Syndrome, 57 Corp. L.J. 165 (1998) reprinted at 57 Cambridge L.J. 165 (1998). (1043) Erik Werlauff, Using a Foreign Company for Domestic Activities, 10 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 306 (July 1999). (1044) Eva Micheler, Recognition of Companies Incorporated in Other EU Member States, 52 Intl Comp. L. Q. (ICLQ) 521 (Apr., 2003). (1045) Wulf-Henning Roth, Recognition of Foreign Companies in Sige Rel Countries: A German Perspective, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 29 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (1046) Stephan Rammeloo, Recognition of Foreign Companies in Incorporation Countries: A Dutch Perspective, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 47 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995).

(d) Corporate Mobility within the E.U. (1047) Inne G. F. Cath, Freedom of Establishment of Companies: A New Step Towards Completion of the Internal Market, 6 Y.B. Eur. L. 246 (1986). (1048) Jaap W. Bellingwout, Company Migration in Motion: The KPMG Report 1993, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 75 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (1049) Harry Rajak, Proposal for a Fourteenth European and Council Directive on the Transfer of the Registered Office or de facto Head Office of a Company from One Member State to Another with a Change in Applicable Law, 11 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 43 (2000). (1050) Norbert Kuehrer, Cross-border Company Establishment, 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. 110 (2001). (1051) Alexandros Roussos, Realising the Free Movement of Companies, 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 7 (2001). (1052) Christian Kersting, Corporate Choice of Law - A Comparison between the United States and European Systems and a Proposal for a European Directive, 28 Brook. J. Intl L. 1 (2002). (1053) Eddy Wymeersch, The Transfer of the Companys Seat in European Company Law, 40 Com. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 661 (2003). (1054) Discussion Section, Themes from the Conference: Transfers of Seat, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 149 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1055) Peter Dyrberg, Full Free Movement of Companies in the European Community at Last?, 28 Eur. L. Rev. 528 (2003). (1056) Eddy Wymeersch, The Transfer of the Company's Seat in European Company Law, 40 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 661 (2003).

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(1057) Eddy Wymeersch, Cross-Border Transfer of the Seat of a Company Recent EU Case Law and the SE, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 83 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1058) Discussion Section, Transfers of Seat, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 149 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1059) Gilbert Parleani, Relocation and Taxation: the European Court of Justice Disallows the French Rule of Direct Taxation of Unrealised Gains Commentary on the ECJs Decision in Hughes de Lasteyrie du Saillant , 1 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 379 (2004). (1060) Manuel Garcia-Riestra, The Transfer of Seat of the European Company v. Free Establishment Case-Law, 15 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1295 (2004). (1061) Jens C. Dammann, Freedom of Choice in European Corporate Law, 29 Yale J. Int'l L. 477 (2004). (1062) Wolf-Georg Ringe, No Freedom of Emigration for Companies?, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 621 (2005). (1063) Mads Andenas, Tilmann Gtt & Matthias Pannier, Free Movement of Capital and National Company Law, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 757 (2005). (1064) Enrico Vaccaro, Transfer of Seat and Freedom of Establishment in European Company Law, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1348 (2005). (1065) Gert-Jan Vossestein, Capital and Companies: On the Move!, 3 Eur. Co. L. 124 (2006). (1066) Gert-Jan Vossestein, Exit Restrictions on Freedom of Establishment after Marks & Spencer, 7 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 863 (Dec., 2006). (1067) Wolfgang Schn, The Mobility of Companies in Europe and the Organizational Freedom of Company Founders, 3 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 122 (2006). (1068) Andrew Johnston, EC Freedom of Establishment, Employee Participation in Corporate Governance and the Limits of Regulatory Competition, 6 J. Corp. L. Stud. 71 (Apr. 2006). (1069) Gero Burwitz, Tax Consequences of the Migration of Companies: A Practitioner's Perspective, 7 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 589 (Jun., 2007). (1070) Eddy Wymeersch, Is a Directive on Corporate Mobility Needed?, 8 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 161 (March 2007). (1071) Robert R. Drury, Migrating Companies, in INTERNATIONAL THEMES IN BUSINESS LAW (Stephen T Hardy & Mark Butler eds.) (Sage Publications: 2007). (1072) Arianna Ugliano, The New Cross-Border Merger Directive: Harmonisation of European Company Law and Free Movement, 18 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 585 (2007). (1073) Dilek zkk-ubuku & Korkut zkorkut, Extraterritorial Corporate Mobility from the Perspective of Company and Tax Law and the European Company, 23 Ban. & Com. L. Ins. J. (BATIDER) 111 (2007) [in Turkish: irketler Hukuku ve Vergi Hukuku Ynnden Snrtesi irket Hareketlilii ve Avrupa irketi] (1074) William W. Bratton, Joseph A. McCahery & Eric P. M. Vermeulen, How Does Corporate Mobility Affect Lawmaking? A Comparative Analysis (ECGI - Law Working Paper No. 91/2008, January 2008) available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1086667>.

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(e) The European Company (Societas Europaea) (1075) Pieter Sanders, The European Company on Its Way, 8 Common Market L. Rev. (CMLR) 29 (1971). (1076) Andreas Wehlau, The Societas Europea: A Critique of the Commissions 1991 Amended Proposal, 29 Com. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 473 (1992). (1077) S. Israel, The European Company Statute - SE, in FURTHER PERSPECTIVES IN FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE, 219 (Eddy Wymeersch ed.) (Berlin-New York, 1994). (1078) Christian R. Huiskes, The European Company as an Instrument for Corporate Reorganisations within the European Internal Market, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 157 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (1079) Krister Moberg, The European Company in Nordic Countries, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 169 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (1080) J. Gray, Law Society Company Law Committee Responds to DTI Consultation Paper on the European Company Statute, 18 Comp. L. 331 (1997). (1081) Marie-Agnes Arlt, Ccile Bervoets, Kristoffel Grechenig & Suanne Kalss, The Societas Europaea in Relation to the Public Corporation of Five Member States (France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Austria), 3 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 733 (2002). (1082) Brent Springael, Taxation Issues and the Single European Company: A Preliminary Look at Societas Europaea, 14 EuroWatch 1 (2002). (1083) Anna Avagainou, The European Company Statute, (Eur. L. Stud. Assoc. (ELSA) Selected Papers, Paper No. 2002(2), 2002) available at <http://www.elsa.org/pdf/SPEL02_2_Avagianou_Revised.pdf>. (1084) Jonathan Rickford, Inaugural Lecture - The European Company, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 13 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1085) Pieter Sanders, The SE: From Conception to Reality, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 37 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1086) Jos Garrido, Company Law and Capital Markets, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 95 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1087) Christoph Teichmann, The European Company A Challenge to Academics, Legislatures and Practitioners, 4 German L. J. (Apr. 1, 2003) reprinted in THE REGULATION OF COMPANIES: A TRIBUTE TO PAUL KRGER ANDERSEN, 251 (Mette Neville & Karsten Engsig Srensen eds.) (Forlaget Thomson A/S; 2003). (1088) Jaap Winter, Thalassa! Thalassa! The SE as a Glimpse of the Future?, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 113 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003).

78

(1089) Discussion Section, Effects of the SE on Regulatory Competition, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 139 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1090) Erik Werlauff, The SE Company A New Common European Company from 8 October 2000, 14 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 85 (2003). (1091) Discussion Section, Themes from the Conference: Effects of SE on Regulatory Competition, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 139 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1092) Sabine Ebert, The European Company on the Level Playing Field of the Community, 14 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 183 (2003). (1093) Otmar Thmmes, EC Law Aspects of the Transfer of Seat of an SE, 44 Eur. Taxat. 22 (Jan., 2004). (1094) Soler Roch & Mara Teresa, Tax Residence of the SE, 44 Eur. Taxat. 11 (Jan., 2004). (1095) Paolo Conci, The Tax Treatment of the Creation of a SE, 44 Eur. Taxat. 15 (Jan., 2004). (1096) Erik Werlauff, Societas Europaea Sum, 1 Eur. Co. L. 110 (2004). (1097) Theo Raaijmakers, The Statute for a European Company: Its Impact on Board Structures, and Corporate Governance in the European Union, 5 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 159 (2004). (1098) Michel Menjucq, Implementation in France of the Regulation on the European Company: A Strategic Interpretation, 1 Eur. Co. L. 117 (Oct., 2004). (1099) Malcolm Gammie, EU Taxation and the Societas Europaea -- Harmless Creature or Trojan Horse?, 44 Eur. Taxat. 35 (Jan., 2004). (1100) KRZYSZTOF OPLUSTIL & CHRISTOPH TEICHMANN THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: ALL OVER EUROPE : A STATE-BY-STATE ACCOUNT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN COMPANY (Walter de Gruyter Publishing; 2004). (1101) Vanessa Edwards, The European Company Essential Tool or Eviscerated Dream?, 40 Com. Mar. L. Rev. (CMLR) 443 (2003). (1102) Erik Werlauff, Cross-border Transfers of SE Companies, 1 Eur. Co. L. 121 (2004). (1103) Stefano Lombardo & Piero Pasotti, The Societas Europaea: a Network Economics Approach, 1 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 169 (2004). (1104) Roopa Aitken & Chris Morgan, Societas Europaea: Is Tax an Incentive or a Barrier?, 15 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1343 (2004). (1105) Hanno Merkt, European Company Law Reform: Struggling for a More Liberal Approach, 1 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 3 (2004). (1106) Luca Enriques, Silence Is Golden: The European Company Statute as a Catalyst for Company Law Arbitrage, 4 J. Corp. L. Stud. 77 (2004). (1107) Stefano Lombardo & Piero Pasotti, The Societas Europaea: a Network Economics Approach, 1 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. 169 (2004). (1108) Nicolas Tollet, The Societas Europea: Europeanization via Americanization of Corporate Law. Corporate Governance: Only One Model?, 5 Global Jurist Topics (2005) available at <http://www.bepress.com/gj/topics/vol5/iss2/art3>.

79

(1109) Christian R. Huiskes & Gerard Meussen, The Place of the European Company in Company and Tax Law, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CROSSBORDER REORGANIZATIONS FROM A LEGAL AND TAX PERSPECTIVE, 1 (Sven H.M.A. Dumoulin, Christian R. Huiskes, Eric C.C.M. Kemmeren & Ger J.H. van der Sangen eds.) (Boom Juridische uitgevers; 2005). (1110) Christian R. Huiskes, The European Company According to Netherlands Law: Which Choices Should the Netherlands Legislator Have Made?, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CROSS-BORDER REORGANIZATIONS FROM A LEGAL AND TAX PERSPECTIVE, 35 (Sven H.M.A. Dumoulin, Christian R. Huiskes, Eric C.C.M. Kemmeren & Ger J.H. van der Sangen eds.) (Boom Juridische uitgevers; 2005). (1111) Ger van der Sangen & Wendela Mulder, The European Company and Cross-Border Reorganizations: The Impact of the SE Statute on the Development of EU Company and Tax Law, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CROSS-BORDER REORGANIZATIONS FROM A LEGAL AND TAX PERSPECTIVE, 95 (Sven H.M.A. Dumoulin, Christian R. Huiskes, Eric C.C.M. Kemmeren & Ger J.H. van der Sangen eds.) (Boom Juridische uitgevers; 2005). (1112) Michael Gold & Sandra Schwimbersky, The European Company Statute: Implications for Industrial Relations in the European Union, 14 Eur. Indus. Rel. 45 (2006). (1113) Christoph Teichmann, Law as a Product Regulatory Competition in the Common Market and the European Private Company, in EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW IN ACCELERATED PROGRESS, 145 (Steef M. Bartman ed.) (Kluwer Publications: 2006). (1114) NOLLE LENOIR, THE SOCIETAS EUROPAEA OR SE - THE NEW EUROPEAN COMPANY: REPORT COMMISSIONED BY THE FRENCH MINISTER OF JUSTICE (HEC EUROPE INSTITUTE, PARIS; JUL., 2007) available at <http://tinyurl.com/38pwz5> (Last visited Feb. 17, 2008). (1115) Marios Bouloukos, The European Company (SE) as a Vehicle for Corporate Mobility within the EU: A Breakthrough in European Corporate Law?, 18 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 535 (2007). (1116) Christine Hodt Dickens, Establishment of the SE Company: An Overview over the Provisions Governing the Formation of the European Company, 18 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1423 (2007). (1117) Nolle Lenoir, The SE or Societas Europaea a European Citizenship for Corporations, 4 Eur. Co. L. 116 (2007). (1118) Lorenzo Sasso, Societas Europaea: between Harmonization and Regulatory Competition, 4 Eur. Co. L. 159 (2007).

(f) The European Private Company (1119) Andrew Hicks & Robert Drury, The Proposal for a European Private Company, 1999 J. Bus. L. 429 (1999). (1120) Arkadiusz Radwan, European Private Company and the Regulatory Landscape in the EU An Introductory Note, 18 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 769 (2007).

80

(5) Development of the European Jurisprudence

(a) In General (1121) Jan Wouters, The European Court of Justice and Fiscal Barriers to Companies CrossBorder Establishment, in CURRENT ISSUES OF CROSS BORDER ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, 101 (Jan Wouters & Hildegard Schneider eds.) (Antwerp, Maklu, 1995). (1122) Luca Cerioni, The Barriers to the International Mobility of Companies within the European Community: A Re-reading of the Case-Law, 1 J. Bus. L. 59 (1999). (1123) Wulf-Henning Roth, Case Law, 37 Common Mkt. L. Rev. (CMLR) 147 (2000). (1124) Eddy Wymeersch, Cross-Border Transfer of the Seat of a Company Recent EU Case Law and the SE, in THE EUROPEAN COMPANY: DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY LAW OF CORPORATIONS, 83 (Jonathan Rickford eds.) (Intersentia Publishing, 2003). (1125) Ulrich Klinke, European Company Law and the ECJ: The Courts Judgments in the Years 2001 to 2004, 2 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 270 (June 2005). (1126) Patrick S. Ryan, Will There Ever Be a Delaware of Europe?, 11 Colum. J. Eur. L. 187 (Winter 2004/2005). (1127) Peter Sester & Jos Luis Crdenas, The Extra-Communitarian Effects of Centros, berseering and Inspire Art with Regard to Fourth Generation Association Agreements, 2 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFR) 398 (Sept., 2005). (1128) Daniel Drrschmidt, Judicial Review of Takeover Panel Decisions, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1133 (2005).

(b) Centros2 (1129) D. Martin, Comments on Terhoeve (Case C-18/95 of 26 January 1999), Centros (Case C212/97 of 9 March 1999) and Meeusen (Case C-337/97 of 8 June 1999), 1 Eur. J. Migration & L. 385 (1999). (1130) Karsten Engsig Srensen, Prospects for European Company Law After the Judgment of the European Court of Justice in Centros Ltd., 2 Cambridge Y.B. Eur. L. Stud. 203 (1999). (1131) Simon Deakin, Two Types of Regulatory Competition: Competitive Federalism versus Reflexive Harmonisation. A Law and Economics Perspective on Centros, 2 Cambridge Y.B. Eur. L. Stud. 231 (1999). (1132) Richard M. Buxbaum, Back to the Future? From Centros to the berlagerungstheorie, in FESTSCHRIFT FR OTTO SANDROCK ZUM 70. GEBURTSTAG 149 (K. Berger et al. eds., Heidelberg 2000).

Case C-212/97, Centros Ltd. v. Erhvervs-og Selskabsstyrelsen, [1999] E.C.R. I-1459 (Mar. 9, 1999).

81

(1133) Paul J. Omar, Centros Revisited; Assessing the Impact on Corporate Organisation in Europe, Intl Co.. & Com. L. Rev. 407 (2000). (1134) Luca Cerioni, A Possible Turning-point in the Development of EC Company Law: The Centros Case, 2 Int'l & Comp. Corp. L. J. 165 (2000). (1135) Vanessa Edwards, Case-Law of the European Court of Justice on Freedom of Establishment after Centros, 1 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 147 (2000). (1136) Werner F. Ebke, CentrosSome Realities and Some Mysteries, 48 Am. J. Comp. L. 623 (2000). (1137) Helen Xanthaki, Centros: Is This Really the End for the Theory of Sige Reel?, 22 Co. Law. 2 (2000). (1138) Daniel Zimmer, Private International Law of Business Organizations, 1 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 585 (2000). (1139) Eva Micheler, The Impact of the Centros Case on Europes Company Laws, 21 Comp. L. 179 (2000). (1140) Anne Looijestijn-Clearie, Centros Ltd. - A Complete U-Turn in the Right of Establishment for Companies, 49 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 621 (2000). (1141) Eddy Wymeersch, Centros: A Landmark decision in European Company Law, in CORPORATIONS, CAPITAL MARKETS AND BUSINESS IN THE LAW: LIBER AMICORUM 629 (Richard M. Buxbaum et al. eds., London: 2000). (1142) Peter Behrens, International Company Law in View of the Centros Decision of the ECJ, 1 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 125 (2000). (1143) Marc Lauterfeld, Centros and the EC Regulation, 12 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 79 (2001). (1144) Peter Behrens, Reactions of Member State Courts to the Centros Ruling by the ECJ, 2 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 159 (2001). (1145) Paul Rose, EU Company Law Convergence Possibilities after Centros, 11 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 121 (2001). (1146) Catherine Holst, European Company Law after Centros: Is the EU on the Road to Delaware, 8 Colum. J. Eur. L. 323 (2002). (1147) Jesper Lau Hansen, A New Look at Centros From a Danish Point of View, 13 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 85 (2002). (1148) Peter Behrens, Centros and the Proper Law of Companies, in CAPITAL MARKETS IN THE AGE OF THE EURO: CROSS-BORDER TRANSACTIONS, LISTED COMPANIES AND REGULATION 503 (Guido. Ferrarini et al. eds., The Hague: 2002). (1149) Mathias M. Siems, Convergence, Competition, Centros and Conflicts of Law: European company Law in the 21st Century, 27 Eur. L. Rev. 47 (2002). (1150) Jens C. Dammann, The Future of Codetermination after Centros: Will German Corporate Law move closer to the U.S. Model?, 8 Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L. 607 (2003). (1151) Martin Ebers, Company Law in Member States against the Background of Legal Harmonisation and Competition between Legal Systems, 11 Eur. Rev. Priv. L. 509 (2003). (1152) Massimo V. Benedettelli, Conflicts of Jurisdiction and Conflicts of Law in Company Law Matters Within the EU Market for Corporate Models: Brussels I and Rome I after Centros, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 55 (2005).

82

(1153) P. Muchlinski, Corporations in International Litigation, in INTERNATIONAL THEMES IN BUSINESS LAW (Stephen T Hardy & Mark Butler eds.) (Sage Publications: 2007). (1154) Eva Micheler, The Impact of the Centros Case on Europe's Company Laws, in INTERNATIONAL THEMES IN BUSINESS LAW (Stephen T Hardy & Mark Butler eds.) (Sage Publications: 2007).

(c) Uberseering3 (1155) Kilian Baelz & Teresa Baldwin, The End of the Real Seat Theory (Sitztheorie): the European Court of Justice Decision in berseering of 5 November 2002 and its Impact on German and European Company Law, 3 German L. J. (Dec. 1, 2002). (1156) Luca Cerioni, The berseering Ruling: The Eve of a Revolution for the Possibilities of Companies Migration throughout the European Community?, 10 Colum. J. Eur. L. 117 (Winter 2003). (1157) Frank Wooldridge, berseering: Freedom of Establishment of Companies Affirmed, 14 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 227 (2003). (1158) Stefano Lombardo, Conflict of Law Rules in Company Law after berseering: An Economic and Comparative Analysis of the Allocation of Policy Competence in the European Union, 4 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 301 (2003). (1159) Wulf-Henning Roth, From Centros to berseering: Free Movement of Companies, Private International Law, and Community Law, 52 Intl & Comp. L. Q (ICLQ) 177 (2003). (1160) Andrea J. Gildea,, berseering: A European Company Passport, 30 Brook. J. Intl L. 257 (2004). (1161) Werner F. Ebke, The European Conflict-of-Corporate-Laws Revolution: beerseering, Inspire Art and Beyond, 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 9 (2005). (1162) Hanne Sndergaard Birkmose, A Market for Company Incorporations in the European Union?Is berseering the Beginning of the End?, 13 Tul. J. Intl & Comp. L. 55 (2005).

(d) Inspire Art4 (1163) Christian Kersting & Clemens P. Schindler, The ECJ's Inspire Art Decision of 30 September 2003 and its Effects on Practice, 4 German L. J. 1277 (2003) available at <http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=344> (1164) Harm-Jan de Kluiver, Inspiring a New European Company Law? Observations on the ECJs Decision in Inspire Art from a Dutch Perspective and the Imminent Competition for Corporate Charters between EC Member States, 1 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. 121 (2004).
3

Case C-208/00, berseering BV v. Nordic Constr. Co. Baumanagement GmbH (NCC), [2002] E.C.R. I9919 (Nov. 5, 2002). 4 Case C-167/01, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v. Inspire Art Ltd., [2003] E.C.R. I-. 10155 (Sept. 30, 2003).

83

(1165) Daniel Zimmer, Case C-167/01, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v. Inspire Art Ltd., 41 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 1127 (2004). (1166) Hans C. Hirt, International Company Law and the Comparison of European Company Law Systems after the ECJs Decision in Inspire Art Ltd., 15 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1189 (2004). (1167) Anne Looijestijn-Clearie, Have the Dikes Collapsed? Inspire Art: A Further Break-Through in the Freedom of Establishment of Companies?, 5 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 389 (2004). (1168) Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, & Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law After Inspire Art: Unbundling Delawares Product for Europe, 2 Eur. Comp. & Fin. Rev. (2005). (1169) Alexander Schall, The UK Limited Company Abroad How Foreign Creditors are Protected after Inspire Art (Including a Comparison of UK and German Creditor Protection Rules), 16 Eur. Bus. L. Rev. (EBLR) 1534 (2005). (1170) Peter Sester & Jos Luis Crdenas, The Extra-Communitarian Effects of Centros, berseering and Inspire Art with Regard to Fourth Generation Association Agreements, 2 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFR) 398 (Sept., 2005). (1171) Dmitry Tuchinsky, The Takeover Directive and Inspire Art: Reevaluating the European Union's Market for Corporate Control in the New Millennium, 51 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 688 (2006 / 2007). (1172) Kai F. Sturmfels, Pseudo-foreign companies in Germany - The Centros, berseering and Inspire Art decisions of the European Court of Justice, in KEY ASPECTS OF GERMAN BUSINESS LAW: A PRACTICAL MANUAL 63 (Michael Wendler, Bernd Tremml & Bernard Buecker eds., Berlin/Heidelberg: 2006).

(e) Hughes de Lasteyrie du Saillant5 (1173) Gilbert Parleani, Relocation and Taxation: the European Court of Justice Disallows the French Rule of Direct Taxation of Unrealised Gains Commentary on the ECJs Decision in Hughes de Lasteyrie du Saillant , 1 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFR) 379 (2004).

(f) Marks & Spencer6 (1174) David Evans, Robert Hodges & Ben Kiekebeld, What the Marks & (and) Spencer Case Will Mean, 14 Int'l Tax Rev. 34 (2003). (1175) Jonathan Hare, Marks & (and) Spencer: EU Claims for Cross-Border Loss Relief, 57 Tax Executive 340 (2005).
5

Case C-9/02, Hughes de Lasteyrie du Saillant v. Ministre de lconomie, des Finances et de lIndustrie [2004] ECR I-2409 (Mar. 11, 2004). 6 Case C-446/03, Marks & Spencer PLC v. David Halsey (Her Majestys Inspector of Taxes), [2005] ECR, I-10837 (Dec. 13, 2005).

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(g) SEVIC7 (1176) Clemens Philipp Schind, Cross-Border Mergers in Europe Company Law is catching up! Commentary on the ECJ's Decision in SEVIC Systems AG, 3 Eur. Comp. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFLR) 109 (2006). (1177) Thomas Rnfeldt & Erik Werlauff, Merger as a Method of Establishment: on Cross-border Mergers, Transfer of Domicile and Divisions, Directly Applicable under the EC Treatys Freedom of Establishment, 3 Eur. Co. L. 125 (2006). (1178) Gert-Jan Vossestein, Companies Freedom of Establishment after Sevic, 3 Eur. Co. L. 177 (2006). (1179) Clemens P. Schindler, Cross-Border Mergers in Europe Company Law is catching up! Commentary on the ECJ's Decision in SEVIC Systems AG, 2006, 3 Eur. Co. & Fin. L. Rev. (ECFR) 109 (2006). (1180) Benjamin Angelette, The Revolution that Never Came and the Revolution ComingDe Lasteyrie du Salliant, Marks & Spencer, Sevic Systems and the Changing Corporate Law in Europe, 92 Va. L. Rev. 1189 (2006).

B. Australia (1181) Rob McQueen, Why High Court Judges Make Poor Historians: The Corporations Act Case and Early Attempts to Establish a National System of Company Regulation in Australia, 19 Fed. L. Rev. 245 (1990). (1182) Robert Austin, Federal-State Conflicts as Seen in the Light of the Australian Experience Regarding Securities Regulation, in EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ON INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION, 167 (Richard Buxbaum, Grard Hertig, Alain Hirsch & Klaus Hopt eds.) (Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 1991). (1183) Joanna Bird & Jennifer Hill, Regulatory Rooms In Australian Corporate Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 555 (1999). (1184) Stephen Bottomley, Where did the law go? The Delegation of Australian Corporate Regulation, 15 Aust. J. Corp. L. 105 (2003). (1185) Angus Corbett & Stephen Bottomley, Regulating Corporate Governance, in PRINCIPLES OF CONTEMPORARY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, 107 (Jean Jacques du Plessis, James McConvill & Mirko Bagaric eds.) (Cambridge University Press, 2005). (1186) Andrew Clarke, Australia's Corporate Governance: Balancing Historic, Regional and Free Trade Paradigms, 18 Aust. J. Corp. L. (AJCL) 103 (2005).

Case C-411/03, SEVIC Sys. AG v. Amtsgericht Neuwied, [2005] ECR I-10805 (Dec. 13, 2005).

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C. Canada (1187) H. G. Garrett, Phases of Company Law in Canada, 37 Can. L. Times 706 (1917). (1188) Ronald J. Daniels & Jeffrey MacIntosh, Capital Markets and the Law: The Particular Case of Canada, 3 Can. Inv. Rev. 77 (1990). (1189) Ronald J. Daniels, Should Provinces Compete? The Case for a Competitive Corporate Law Market, 36 McGill L. J. 130 (1991). (1190) Kenneth G. Ottenbreit & John E. Walker, Learning From the Delaware Experience: A Comparison of the Canada Business Corporations Act and the Delaware General Corporation Law, 29 Can. Bus. L.J. 364 (1998). (1191) Douglas J. Cumming & Jeffrey G. MacIntosh, The Role of Interjurisdictional Competition in Shaping Canadian Corporate Law, 20 Int'l Rev. L. & Econ. 141, 147 (2000). (1192) Jeffrey MacIntosh, The Role of Interjurisdictional Competition in Shaping Canadian Corporate Law: A Second Look, 20 Int'l Rev. of Law & Econ. 141 (2000).

D. China (1193) Thomas Eger & Margot Schller, A Comparison of Chinese and European-style Federalism from a Law and Economics Perspective, in ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW IN CHINA, 3 (Thomas Eger, Michael Faure, & Zhang Naigen eds.) (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007). (1194) Jianwei Zhang & Yijia Jing, Legal Pluralism in the Governance of Transitional China, Thomas Eger & Margot Schller, A Comparison of Chinese and European-style Federalism from a Law and Economics Perspective, in ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW IN CHINA, 55 (Thomas Eger, Michael Faure, & Zhang Naigen eds.) (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).

E. Germany (1195) Lutz-Christian Wolff, Law as a Marketing Gimmick - The Case of the German Corporate Governance Code, 3 Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 115 (2004).

F. Italy (1196) Marco Ventoruzzo, Experiments in Comparative Corporate Law: The Recent Italian Reform and the Dubious Virtues of a Market for Rules in the Absence of Effective Regulatory Competition, 40 Tex. Int'l L.J. 113 (2004-2005).

86

G. Japan (1197) Miwa, Yoshiro & J. Mark Ramseyer. Toward a Theory of Jurisdictional Competition: The Case of the Japanese FTC, 1 J. Comp. L. & Econ. 247 (2005).

H. Switzerland (1198) Lars P. Feld, Regulatory Competition and Federalism in Switzerland: Diffusion by Horizontal and Vertical Interaction, CREMA Research Paper, Paper No.22, (2006) available at <http://www.crema-research.ch/papers/2006-22.pdf>

I. Emerging Markets (1199) Andrew T. Guzman, Capital Market Regulation in Developing Countries: A Proposal, 39 Va. J. Intl L. 607 (1999). (1200) Katharina Pistor, Patterns of Legal Change: Shareholder and Creditor Rights in Transition Economies, 1 Eur. Bus. Org. L. Rev. (EBOR) 59 (2000).

87

INDEXES
INSTITUTIONS INDEX
[ABA] Ad Hoc Committee on Business Courts: 670 [ABA] The Committee on Corporate Laws: 203 [Delaware] Corporation Trust Co. : 324 U.S. Treas. Off. Tax Pol. : 228 U.S. Federal Trade Commission : 777

AUTHOR INDEX
A Abdelhamid, Doha M. : 98 Adams, Frank T. : 430 Adler, Barry E. : 307 Ahdieh, Robert B. : 578 Aitken, Roopa : 1103 Allen, William T. : 294, 454, 647 Alva, Curtis : 370 Ames, C. B. : 185 Andenas, Mads : 1062 Andersen, Richard E. : 202, 224 Anderson, Derek E. : 233 Andersson, Jan : 973 Angelette, Benjamin : 1179 Aranson, Peter : 856 Arlt, Marie-Agnes : 1080 Armour, John : 652, 927 Arsalidou, Demetra : 718 Arsenault, Pierre-Luc : 579 Arsht, S. Samuel : 325, 326, 359, 434 Art, Robert C. : 256 Arthur, William Brian : 554, 556 Atanasov, Vladimir A.: 22 Atkins, Tim F. : 966 Austin, Robert : 1181 Avagainou, Anna : 1082 Ayres, Ian : 538 B Bachner, Thomas Badr, Amin M. Baelz, Kilian : 1023 : 87 : 1154

Bailey, Martin J. : 488 Bainbridge, Stephen M. : 863 Baldwin, Teresa : 1154 Ballantine, Henry W. : 405 Bamonte, Thomas J. : 615 Bank, Steven A. : 572 Bar-Gill, Oren : 542 Barnard, Catherine : 40, 891, 957 Bartman, Steef : 1006, 1013 Barzuza, Michal : 541, 542 Baudisch, Matthias : 905 Baum, Harald : 383, 388 Baumann, K. H. : 993 Baumol, William J. : 31 Baums, Theodor : 933 Bayne, David C. : 478 Baysinger, Barry D. : 535, 536 Beale, Joseph H., Jr. : 139 Bebchuk, Lucian Arye: 276, 277, 391, 397, 422, 508, 542, 641, 642, 643, 649, 706, 710, 758, 798, 845 Becht, Marco : 739, 976 Behrens, Peter : 1141, 1143, 1147 Bellingwout, Jaap W. : 1047 Benacchio, Antonio : 979 Benedettelli, Massimo V. : 1032, 1151 Bergh, R. Van den : 882 Bergh, Roger Van Den : 892 Berglf, Erik : 1002 Bergstrm, Clas : 989 Berlack, Harris : 833 Berle, Adolph A. Jr. : 403 Bernauer, Thomas : 77 Bervoets, Ccile : 971, 1080, Bhagat, Sanjai : 721 Bird, Joanna : 1182 Bird, Richard M. : 54 Birds, John : 983 Birkmose, Hanne Sndergaard : 985, 1161 Black, Bernard S. : 6, 18, 22, 644 Black, Lewis S., Jr. : 327 Blandi, Joseph G. : 344 Boehm, Theodore R. : 602 Bolkestein, Frits : 970 Booth, Richard A. : 126, 376 Bostwick, Charles F. : 395 Bottomley, Stephen : 129, 1183, 1184 Bouloukos, Marios : 1114 Bowman, Harold M. : 140 Boyer, Allen D. : 606

88

Brabner-Smith, John W.: 834 Bradley, Caroline : 630 Bradley, Michael : 125, 744 Brandeis, Louis D. : 404 Branson, Douglas M. : 292, 586 Bratton, William W. : 37, 76, 273, 462, 470, 493, 501, 539, 543, 567, 580, 895, 1073 Breeden, Richard C. : 128 Brennan, Timothy J. : 466 Breton, Albert : 36, 53 Brewster, Kingman, Jr. : 103 Brickley, James A. : 746 Brittain-Catlin, William : 243 Brogan, Christopher J. : 791 Brown, Gary M. : 425 Brown, Robert J., Jr. : 130, Buchanan, James M. : 29 Bullington, John P. : 135 Brca, Shane de : 820 Burkart, Mike : 1002 Burke, Kerry Shannon: 20 Burnley, Richard : 1002 Burwitz, Gero : 223, 1068 Butler, Henry N. : 307, 364, 366, 476, 536, 544, 546, 624, 628, 870 Buxbaum, Richard M. : 120, 145, 147, 150, 193, 557, 594, 656, 678, 681, 875, 940, 943, 1031 Byttebier, Koen : 987 C Cadman, John W., Jr. : 350 Calio, Christopher : 335 Callison, J. William : 540 Campbell, Heather : 235 Cantley, Beckett G. : 230 Crdenas, Jos Luis : 1169 Carlsson, Karolina : 1029 Carney, William J. : 58, 59, 123, 490, 492, 537 Caruso, Daniela : 953 Cary, William L. : 411, 412, 474, 599, 788, 839 Case, Robert A. : 137 Cassone, Alberto : 53 Cath, Inne G. F. : 1046 Cerioni, Luca : 1021, 1133, 1155 Chandler, William B., III : 866 Chaplin, H. W. : 762, 830 Charny, David : 843

Chausovsky, J. J. : 386 Chausovsky, Jonathan 392 Cheffins, Brian : 60, 303 Chertok, Seth : 923 Chirelstein, Marvin A. : 794 Choi, Dosoung : 752 Choi, Stephen J. : (21) Choi, Stephen J. : 64, 275, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 322, 373, 860 Chorvat, Elizabeth : 231 Christensen, Jan Schans : 1004 Church, William E. : 400 Ciccotello, Conrad S. : 22 Cioffi, John W. : 337, 494, 503, 507, 510, 884 Clarke, Andrew : 1185 Coates, John C. : 495, 519 Coffee, John C., Jr. : 65, 248, 249, 272, 288, 320, 321, 323, 416, 417, 421, 460, 487, 520, 521, 585, 614, 658 Cohen, Alma : 649, 710, 758 Cohen, Manuel F. : 804 Coleman, Charles W. : 395 Colle, Philippe :1040 Colombo, John D. : 255, 268 Comment, Robert : 638 Conard, Alfred F : 485, 719, 944 Conci, Paolo : 1094 Cooter, Robert D. : 50, 51, 52, 55 Corbett, Angus : 1184 Corroon, Richard F. : 356 Coudert, Frederic R. : 764 Cox, James D. : 309, 312 Cox, Paul N. : 148 Crew, Michael A. : 483 Cumming, Douglas J. : 1190 Curtis, William J. : 831 Cyphers, Christopher J.: 377 D Daines, Robert Dammann, Jens C. 1060, 1149 Daniels, Ronald J. Danils, Ton Davis, Gerald F. Davis, Joseph S. de Jonge, Alice : de Kluiver, Harm-Jan : 709, 725, 726, 727 : 167, 278, 701, : 57, 1187, 1188 : 991 : 633 : 339, 340 : 250 : 878, 1163

89

Deakin, Simon : 40, 711, 898, 899, 929, 930, 1030 DeMott, Deborah A. : 144, 608 Denton, Geoffrey : 880 DeShazo, J.R. : 56 Dezalay, Yves : 491, 990 Di Guglielmo, Christine T. : 390 Dickens, Christine Hodt: 1115 Dill, James B. : 824 Dine, Janet : 941, 952 Dodd, Edwin Merrick : 353 Dodd, Peter : 731 Donohue, Kevin F. : 269 Dooley, Michael P. : 330 Dorocak, John R. : 220 Dorresteijn, Adriaan F. M. : 909 Dougan, Michael : 956 Downs, Tom : 332 Drexler, David A. : 157, 446, 857 Driessen, Anthony : 694 Drury, Robert : 1118 Drury, Robert : 913, 947 Drury, Robert R. : 919, 1028, 1041, 1070 Du Plessis, J. J. : 952 Drrschmidt, Daniel : 1027 Dyrberg, Peter : 1054 E E., A. J. : 180 Easmunt, Bruce : 563 Easterbrook, Frank : 306, 447, 603, 888 Easterbrook, Frank H. : 17, 19 Ebers, Martin : 1150 Ebert, Sabine : 1091 Ebke, Werner F. : 1033, 1035, 1038, 1160 Eden, Lorraine : 226 Edwards, Vanessa : 1034, 1100 Egan, Byron F. : 336 Eger, Thomas : 1192 Eidenmller, Horst : 168 Eisenberg, Melvin Aron: 329, 415, 419, 420 Ellickson, Robert C. : 715 Emiliou, Nicholas : 881 Enriques, Luca : 685, 689, 908, 922, 931, 982, 984, 1025, 1027, 1105 Epstein, Richard A. : 113 Esty, Daniel C. : 61, 62, 893 Evans, Alvin E. : 198

Evans, David : 1172 Evans, George Heberton, Jr.: 349 F Faugrolas, Laurent : 967, 1003 Fead, Maxwell E. : 133 Feld, Lars P. : 1197 Ferrara, Ralph C. : 458, 842 Ferrell, Allen : 276, 641, 642, 643, 798, 845 Ferris, Stephen P. : 427 First, Harry M. : 410 Fisch, Jill E. : 675, 814 Fischel, Daniel R. : 436, 447, 603, 705 Fishman, James J. : 267 Fitchew, Geoffrey : 883 FitzGibbon, Scott : 199 Fleischer, Arthur, Jr. : 803 Fluck, Zsuzsanna : 737, 738 Foley, Henry E. : 171 Folk, Ernest L., III : 3, 413, 522 Fox, Merritt B. : 720, 742 Frankel, Tamar : 257 Franks, Julian R. : 998 Franzese, Robert J., Jr.: 963 Fraschini, Angela : 53 Freeman, Jody : 56 Friendly, Henry J. : 801 Frost, Carsten : 916 Fulco, Daniel A. : 667 G Gammie, Malcolm : 1098 Garcia-Riestra, Manuel: 1059 Garfield, Alan E. : 627, 629 Garrett, H. G. : 1186 Garrett, Ray : 352 Garrido, Jos : 1085 Gatti, Matteo : 982, 1008 Gelb, Harvey : 682 Gelter, Martin : 695, 914, 920, 922, 931, 1025 Genetelli, Richard W. : 197 Geradin, Damien : 62 Gert-Jan Vossestein : 1065, 1177 Gesell, Harald : 1016 Gibson, George D. : 328 Gildea, Andrea J. : 1159 Gilson, Ronald J. : 587, 684, 646

90

Gitelman , Steven : 609 Glazer, Donald W. : 199 Glynn, Timothy P. : 583 Goergen, Marc : 595 Gold, Michael : 1111 Goldfus, Marc B. : 842 Goldman, Berthold : 1039 Goldman, Michael D. : 330 Goldsmith, Jack L., III : 149 Gordon, Jeffrey N. : 661, 592 Gordon, Roger H. : 227 Goshen, Zohar :2 Gourevitch, Peter A. : 499 Grandy, Christopher : 368, 369, 371 Gravir, Gaute Simen : 1035 Gray, J. : 1079 Grechenig, Kristoffel : 1080 Green, Mark : 429, 790 Greenfield, Kent : 152, 533 Greenwood, Daniel J.H.: 532 Grennwood, Daniel : 467 Griffith, Sean J. : 298, 696 Grippo, Theodore W. : 611 Grosscup, Peter S. : 512 Grossman, Gene M. : 496 Grossman, Richard L. : 430 Grubb, George G. : 206 Grundfest, Joseph A. : 287 Grundman, Stefan : 290, 650 Gtt, Tilmann : 1062 Guzman, Andrew T. : 64, 96, 275, 313, 314, 531, 860, 1198 Gyoshev, Stanley : 22 H H. L. H. : 172 Hackl, Jo Watson : 751 Haines, Jason : 315 Halbhuber, Harald : 896 Haln, Ann-Christine : 1021 Halloran, Michael J. : 189 Hamdani, Assaf : 277, 391, 706 Hamermesh, Lawrence A.: 545 Hamilton, Robert W. : 289 Hamlin, Chauncey J. : 765 Hammer, Douglas L. : 189 Hampton, C. : 962 Han, Eric Tak : 232 Hannes, Sharon : 653 Hanrahan, Michael : 665

Hansen, Jesper Lau : 1146 Hansen, Lone L. : 1018 Hansen, Sren Friis : 683 Hansmann, Henry B. : 1, 254, 259, 261, 588, 589, 589, 701 Harbrecht, Paul P. : 355 Harding, Robert J. : 194 Hare, Jonathan : 1174 Harrington, G. : 343 Harris, Benjamin, Jr. : 408 Hart, Henry M. : 101 Hartmann, Michael : 489 Hartnett, Maurice A., III: 662 Harvey, Richard S. : 771 Hay, Peter : 655 Hayakawa, Yoshihisa : 170 Hayek, Friedrich A. : 27 Hazen, Thomas L. : 564 Heine, Klaus : 42, 67, 900 Heinrich, Gregor C. : 950 Hellwig , Martin F. : 426 Helpman, Elhanan : 496 Heminway, Joan MacLeod: 818 Henderson, Gerard C. : 141 Henning, Joel F. : 838, 858 Henning, Peter J. : 285 Herman, Edward S. : 16 Heron, Randall A. : 735 Hertig, Grard A. : 310, 593, 877, 894, 906, 910, 911, 981 Heyman, Kurt M. : 672 Hicks, Andrew : 1118 Hicks, J. William : 311 Hill, Jennifer G. : 279, 1182 Hinds, Anna-Louise : 1012 Hirsch, Paul M. : 605 Hirschman, Albert O. : 30, 32, 34 Hirt, Hans C. : 1165 Hisatake, Masato : 554 Hobbet, Richard D. : 216 Hodges, Robert : 1172 Hoefler, James M. : 112 Hgfeldt, Peter : 989 Holbrook, Reid F. : 270 Holland, Randy J. : 688 Holst, Catherine : 1026, 1145 Holzinger, Katharina : 78 Hopt, Klaus J. : 875, 940, 943, 964, 996 Horn, Laura : 986 Hornstein, George D. : 348, 513, 514, 800

91

Hudson, Sidney D. Moore : 767, 768 Huff, Curtis W. : 336 Huff, Michael P. : 260 Huffcut, Ernest W. : 759, 821 Huiskes, Christian R. : 1077, 1108, 1109 Hulle, Karel Van : 968 Hurst, James Willard : 14, 358 Hyman, Allen : 730 Hyman, David A. : 265 I Iacobucci, Edward M. Iovenko, Michael Isaacs, Elcanon Israel, S. J Jackson, Howell E. : 95 Jacobs, Jack B. : 647 Jahera, John S., Jr. : 632, 755 Jan Wouters : 890, 897 Jarrell, Gregg A. : 125, 744, 745, 746 Jenkins, Garry W. : 262 Jennings, Edward G. : 854 Jennings, Richard W. : 534 Jensen, Anne Funch : 995 Jensen, Michael C. : 604, 616 Jing, Yijia : 1193 Jitta, Marius Josephus : 692 Johnson, Lyman : 659 Johnson, Richard A. : 246 Johnston, Andrew : 1067 Jonathan, Macey R. : 127, 481, 482, 500, 502, 504, 505, 527, 530, 623, 640, 660, 862, 989 Jones, Renee : 571, 581 Jordan, Cally : 252 Jos Luis Crdenas : 1026 K K., D. B. Kaal, Wulf A. Kades, Eric Kahan, Marcel 573, 697, 704, 707 Kahan, Marcel Kalss, Suanne Kama, Sreenivas : 173 : 1167 : 471 : 549, 560, 561, :9 : 971, 1080 : 741, 747, 752 : 166, 736 : 200 : 134 : 1076

Kamar, Ehud : 80, 82, 295, 296, 704, 707 Kane, Mitchell : 69, 70 Kaouris, Demetrios G. : 708 Kaplan, Stanley A. : 837, 840 Karmel, Roberta S. : 809, 813, 817, 844 Katz, Wilber G. : 354 Keasbey, Edward Quinton: 132 Keesling, Frank M. : 196 Kellough, William C. : 264 Kelly, John : 234, 239 Kerber, Wolfgang : 42, 67, 900 Kershaw, David : 717 Kersting, Christian : 1051, 1162 Kiekebeld, Ben : 1173 Kieninger, Eva-Maria : 68 Kim, Eloine : 245 Kim, Joongi :5 Kim, Kon-sik :5 King, David N. : 110 Kirchner, Christian : 1167 Kirsch, Michael S. : 242, 651 Kisfaludi, Andrs : 43 Kisfaludi, Andrs : 975 Kitch, Edmund : 362, 463 Klausner, Michael : 12 Klausner, Michael : 161, 549, 559, 560, 561, 726 Klevorick, Alvin K. : 448, 465 Kline, Phill : 270 Klinke, Ulrich : 1024 Knauss, Robert L. : 459 Knill, Christoph : 912 Knudsen, Jette Steen : 1009 Kobayashi, Bruce H. : 160 Kocaolu, Kaan : 204, 280 Koniak, Susan P. : 484 Kostel, Mary E. : 528 Kozyris, P. John : 143 Kraakman, Reiner : 259, 261, 588, 589, 644 Kraakman, Reinier : 1, 18 Krasner, Matthew B. : 222 Krave, John P. : 266 Kristoffel Grechenig : 971 Kroeze, Maarten J. : 700 Krueger, Anne O. : 475 Kruse, Mark E. : 192 Kudrle, Robert T. : 226 Kbler, Friedrich : 921 Kuehrer, Norbert : 1049

92

Kuhn, Richard D. Kun, Orsolya Kuran, Timur Kuykendall, Mae L

: 208 : 236 : 384 : 523

Laity, Eric T. : 225 Lamoreaux, Naomi R. : 382 Lane, Norman Herbert : 210 Langevoort, Donald C. : 124, 600, 610, 819 Latty, Elvin R. : 186, 409 Lauterfeld, Marc : 1020, 1142 Lawless, Robert M. : 427, 729 Lee, Ruben : 886 Leeper, W. D. : 182 Leftwich, Richard : 731 Leleux, Paul : 874 Lempereur, Cl. : 951 Lenoir, Nolle : 1113, 1116 Levander, Andrew J. : 217 Levy, Beryl Harold : 515 Lewellen, Wilbur G. : 735 Leyens, Patrick C. : 993 Libecap, Gary D. : 372 Licht, Amir N. : 85, 714 Liebowitz, Stan J. : 558 Liman, Arthur : 601 Lipton, Martin :7 Lodge, Martin : 902 Loewenstein, Mark J. : 703 Lfstedt, Ragnar E. : 286 Logan, Walter S. : 785 Lombardo, Bruce D. : 215 Lombardo, Davide : 25 Lombardo, Stefano : 901, 1102, 1106, 1157 Looijestijn-Clearie, Anne: 1039, 1166 Lopucki, Lynn M. : 424, 431, 432 Lotstein, James I. : 335 Lowenfels, Lewis D. : 806 Lowry, John : 337 Luca, Enriques : 13 Luce, Kenneth K. : 178, 351 Lustig, Eric A. : 565 M MacIntosh, Jeffrey :1187, 1191 MacIntosh, Jeffrey G. : 1190 Mackie-Mason, Jeffrey K.: 227 MacLean, Charles C., Jr.: 205

Maduro, Miguel Poiares : 673 Malatesta, Paul H. : 749 Mandelkern, I. Paul : 219 Mann, James : 240 Manne, Henry G. : 598 Manning, Bayless : 618, 859 Margolis, Stephen E. : 558 Margotta, Donald G. : 753 , Marie-Agnes Arlt : 971 Mark, Gregory M. : 258, 374, 380 Martin, D. : 1028 Martynova, Marina : 595 Mashaw, Jerry L. : 111 Matsui, Tomoyo : 169 Maupin, Chapman W. : 184 Mayer, Colin : 737, 738, 739, 976, 998 Mayer, Thomas C. : 209 McAdams, Richard H. : 713 McCahery, Joseph A. : 37, 76, 273, 470, 517, 539, 543, 551, 554, 580, 895, 906, 911, 918, 981, 1000, 1073 McCallin, Joseph A. : 355 McChesney, Fred S. : 480 McDonnell, Brett H. : 562 McGurn, Patrick S. : 626 McQueen, Rob : 389, 1180 McWilliams, Thomas P.: 753 McWilliams, Victoria B.: 753 Meier-Schatz, Christian: 876 Melnik, Steven V. : 241 Mendoza, Gary S. : 266 Menjucq, Michel : 1011, 1097 Merkt, Hanno : 977, 1104 Merrick, Dodd, E., Jr : 346, 406 Metzenbaum, Howard M.: 793 Meussen, Gerard : 1108 Meyers, Marc : 1014 Micheler, Eva : 1038, 1043, 1153 Milhaupt, Curtis J. : 304, 550, 596 Miller, Darius : 247 Miller, Geoffrey P. : 12, 481 Mingers, Susanne : 912 Miwa, Yoshiro : 1196 Moberg, Krister : 1078 Mock, Sebastian : 935, 960 Mofsky, James S. : 357 Moore, Andrew G. T., II: 621 Moore, Patrick K. : 266 Morawetz, Victor : 769 Morgan, Chris : 1103

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Mosby, Speed : 428 Moscow, Cyril : 333 Mosher, James M. : 963 Movsesyan, Vahagn : 932 Moyer, Patrick : 811 Mucciarelli, Federico Maria : 1022 Muchlinski, P. : 1152 Mueller, Dennis C. : 928 Mulder, Wendela : 1110 Mulholland, Catherine S.: 464 Murdock, Charles W. : 414 Murfree, William Law : 86 Murfree, Wm. L., Jr. : 181 Murphy, Dale D. : 44, 45, 99, 237 Musgrave, Richard : 102 N Nader, Ralph Nash, James J. Neeman, Zvika Netter, Jeffry M. Neville, Mette Nicholson, Frederic A Nilsen, Andre Noam, Eli M. Noll, Douglas E. Noll, Robert G. Noronha, Gregory Nunnallee , Walter H. O Oates, Wallace E. : 35, 104 O'Donnell, Pierce : 773 Oesterle, Dale A. : 622 Ogus, Anthony I. : 24 Oh, Peter B. : 90 O'Hara, Erin A. : 163, 529 Oldham, J. Thomas : 191 Olson, Mancur, Jr. : 47 Omar, Paul J. : 1032 Oplustil, Krzysztof : 1099 Ottenbreit, Kenneth G. : 1189 zkk-ubuku, Dilek : 1072 zkorkut, Korkut : 1072 P : 429, 790 : 238 : 508 : 625, 746, 748, 754 : 164, 907 .: 211 : 1007 : 107, 108 : 190 : 526 : 427, 729 : 221

Pagano, Marco : 25 Painter, Richard W. : 1167 Palmer, Henry W. : 825 Pamepinto, Sharon : 619 Pan, Eric J. : 95 Pannier, Matthias : 1062 Parchomovsky, Gideon: 2 Paredes, Troy A. : 302 Parleani, Gilbert : 1058, 1172 Parsons, John E. : 852 Pasa, Barbara : 979 Pasotti, Piero : 1102, 1106 Paul P. Harbrecht : 712 Pelkmans, Jacques : 887 Peltzman, Sam : 283 Perino, Michael A. : 774 Perotti, Enrico : 26, 509 Peterson, Pamela : 734 Picciotto, Sol : 73, 92, 315, 517 Pinto, Arthur R . : 158, 613 Pistor, Katharina : 300, 552, 900, 978, 1199 Pivnick, Robert : 334 Plambeck, Charles Thelen: 201 Polanyi, Karl Polanyi : 281 Posner, Richard A. : 106, Poulsen, Annette B. : 625, 745 Pound, John : 524 Pound, Roscoe : 654 Powell, Michael J. : 548 Prentice, Dan : 903 Prentice, Ezra Parmalee : 763, 766, 853 Procaccia, Uriel : 969 Prussing, Eugene E. : 823 Pugh, William : 632, 755 Q Qian, Yingyi Quillen, William T. Quinn, Linda C. Quintana, Jason M. R Raaijmakers, M.J.G.C. Raaijmakers, Theo Radwan, Arkadiusz Rajak, Harry Ramage, B. J. : 949 : 648, 1096 : 1119 : 1048 : 394 : 117 : 665, 666 : 787 : 423

94

Ramirez, Steven A. : 799 Rammeloo, Stephan : 89, 1037, 1045 Ramsay, Ian M. : 122 Ramseyer, J. Mark : 1196 Randolph, Carman F. : 761 Ratner, David L. : 119 Rehnquist, William H.: 664 Reid, Alan S. : 972 Renneboog, Luc : 595, 998, 1001 Reuschlein, Harold G. : 835, 836 Revesz, Richard : 118 Ribstein, Larry E. : 159, 160, 163, 251, 525, 861, 870 Richard W. Jennings : 841 Richberg, John C. : 783 Rickford, Jonathan : 1083 Riemer, Pieter : 1016 Riley, Thomas C. : 215 Ringe, Wolf-Georg : 1061 Robbins, James J. : 772 Robert W. Hamilton : 375 Roberts, David Mace : 334 Robinson, Thomas A. : 218 Roch, Soler : 1093 Rock, Edward : 69, 70, 573 Rock, Edward B. : 668 Rodden, Jonathan : 116 Rodriguez, Daniel B. : 114 Roe, Mark J. : 297, 397, 497, 569, 574, 576, 577, 635 Roe, Mark J. : 8, 10, 11 Romano, Roberta : 396, 441, 442, 444, 445, 449, 450, 451, 453, 457, 469, 553, 584, 620, 634, 636, 637, 721, 722, 732, 867, 868 Rnfeldt, Thomas : 1176 Rose, Caspar : 724 Rose, Paul : 1144 Rose-Ackerman, Susan : 105, 109, 111, 116, 547 Rosen, Sherwin : 516 Rosenthal, Donald B. : 112 Roth, Wulf-Henning : 1022, 1044, 1158 Roussos, Alexandros : 1050 Rowley, Charles K. : 483 Ruback, Richard S. : 604 Rubenfeld, Jed : 612 Rubin, Paul H. : 488 Rubin, Seymour J. : 855 Ruder, David S. : 802 Rudolph, E. George : 177

Rundans, Patrick : 305 Rutledge, Wiley B., Jr. : 407 Ryan, Patrick S. : 1025, 1030 Ryngaert, Cedric : 1015 Ryngaert, Michael : 748, 754, 797 S Saito, Jun : 554 Salacuse, Jeswald W. : 716 Sale, Hillary A. : 812 Salmon, Pierre : 568, 925 Saltoun, Diane L. : 418 Samuelsson, Per : 989 Sanborn, John B. : 760 Sanders, Pieter : 1074, 1084 Sanjai Bhagat : 722 Sara D. Kalin : 431 Sasso, Lorenzo : 1117 Saul Levmore : 72 Schaffer, David S., Jr : 367 Schall, Alexander : 1168 Schanzenbach, Max : 308 Schindler, Clemens P. : 1162, 1175, 1178 Schmidt, Hartmut : 879 Schmitthoff, Clive : 938 Schn, Wolfgang : 79, 1066 Schller, Margot : 1192 Schumann, Laurance : 617, 750 Schwab, Robert M. : 35 Schwartz, Donald E. : 789, 846, 847 Schwartz, James R. : 266 Schwert, G. William : 638 Schwimbersky, Sandra: 1111 Seer, Roman : 698 Segal, Uzi : 969 Seligman, E. Joel : 791 Seligman, Joel : 360, 429, 566, 796, 808, 810, 815, 816, 849 Sester, Peter : 1026, 1169 Sever, Martina : 917 Sharon Pamepinto : 626, 733 Shaviro, Daniel : 75 Sheppard, Hale E. : 229 Shields, John H. : 331 Shughart, William F., II : 284, 365, 479 Siebert, Horst : 23 Siems, Mathias M. : 597, 695, 980, 1005, 1148 Singer, Lawrence E. : 263 Sitkoff, Robert H. : 308, 456

95

Skeel, David A., Jr. : 652, 671, 680, 688 Skog, Rolf : 997 Smedresman, Peter S. : 200 Smith, Herbert Knox : 822 Sommer, Alphonse A. Jr.: 807 Srensen, Karsten Engsig : 1029 Srensen, Karsten Engsig : 164 Sowards, Hugh L. : 357 Spector, Adam B. : 626 Spindler, Gerald : 291 Springael, Brent : 1081 Squire, Richard : 259, 261 Stapleton, Walter K. : 325 Steele, Myron T. : 298 Steffens, Lincoln : 401 Stein, Eric : 477, 657, 936, 937, 1034 Steinberg, Marc I. : 458 Stephen P. Ferris : 729 Stevens, Matt : 154 Stevens, Robert S. : 784 Stewart, Samuel B. : 187 Stigler, George : 282 Stigler, George J. : 48, 49 Stith, Clark D. : 885 Stoke, Harold W. : 341 Stout, Lynn A. : 301, 723 Strine, Leo E., Jr. : 455, 647, 686, 866, 869 Strong, Frank R. : 100 Sturmfels, Kai F. : 1171 Styrsky, Vit : 77 Subramanian, Guhan : 728, 757 Sun, Jeanne-Mey : 887 Sunder, Shyam : 41 Surkin, Elliot M. : 214 Sykes, Alan O. : 38 Szewczyk, Samuel H.: 756 T Teichmann, Christoph : 1086, 1099, 1112 Teresa, Mara : 1093 Testani, Rosa Anna : 751 Teubner, Gnther : 958 Thacher, Thomas : 832, 851 Thmmes, Otmar : 1092 Thompson, Robert B. : 570, 575, 582, 607, 645, 776, 812 Thomsen, Steen : 511, 591 Tiebout, Charles M. : 28

Timmerman, Levinus : 702 Timmerman, Vino : 699 Timmermans, Christiaan W. A. : 945, 961 Tollet, Nicolas : 1107 Tollison, Robert D. : 284, 365, 479 Tommasino, Pietro : 506 Trachtman, Joel P. : 91, 93, 94, Trofimenko, Martha B. : 463 Trger, Tobias H. : 253, 1031 Tsetsekos, George P. : 756 Tuchinsky, Dmitry : 1170 Tullock, Gordon : 473 Tung, Frederic : 153, 155 Tuytschaever, Filip : 955 U Ugliano, Arianna Urofsky, Melvin I. V Vaccaro, Enrico : 1063 Vagts, Detlev : 939 van Apeldoorn, Bastiaan : 986 van der Sangen, Ger : 1110 Vance, William R. : 472 Veasey, E. Norman : 390, 452, 518, 663, 669, 674, 677, 679, 687, 690, 691, 864, 865, Ventoruzzo, Marco : 924, 1010, 1017, 1019, 1195 Vermeulen, Eric P. M. : 66, 514, 551, 554, 918, 1073 Villiers, Charlotte : 954 Voelkel, G. Hanse : 136 Vogel, Steven K. : 81 Volpin, Paolo : 509 von Solinge, Gerard : 988 von Thadden, Ernst-Ludwig : 26 Voss, J. David : 179 Vossestein, Gert-Jan : 1064 W Wagner, Gerhard Wagner, Hannes Wagner, Helmut Wahal, Sunil Wald, John K. Walker, John E. : 915 : 739 : 299 : 639, : 651 : 1189 : 1071 : 363

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Walkling, Ralph A. : 749 Wallis, John Joseph : 381, 385, 387 Walton, Alfred G. : 31 Wang, Margaret : 718 Warren, Edward H. : 83 Warren, Manning G., III: 775, 942 Watkins, Myron W. : 770 Watt, Horatia Muir : 165 Weatherhill, Stephen : 959 Weber-Rey, Daniela : 934 Wehlau, Andreas : 1075 Wei, Yuwa : 378, 379 Weingast, Barry R. : 117, Weintrop, Joseph : 741, 747, 752 Weiss, Elliott J. : 631, 740, 743, 795 Werlauff, Erik : 1176 Werlauff, Erik : 945, 948, 1036, 1042, 1089, 1095, 1101 Werner, Walter : 361 Wessels, Bob : 1024 West, Mark D. : 63 Westrup, Vincent W. : 345 Whincop, Michael J. : 676 White, Lawrence J. : 740, 743 White, Michelle J. : 293 Wier, Peggy : 741, 747 Wildasin, David E. : 274 Wiles, Kenneth : 639 Wilgus, Horace L. : 785, 826, 827, 828, 829 Wilkins, David B. : 519 Willems, Huub : 693 Williams, James W. : 46 Williamson, Oliver E. : 33, 115, 468 Williston, Samuel : 338 Wilson, John D. : 71, 74, 274 Winer, Stanley L. : 39 Winter, Jaap : 1087 Winter, Ralph K. : 433, 435, 437, 438, 439, 440, 443, 461, 486 Wolcott, James L. : 347 Wolff, Lutz-Christian : 1194 Wolfson, Nicholas : 15 Woolcock, Stephen : 889 Wooldridge, Frank : 1156 Wouters, Jan : 1020 Wu, Jeffrey Y. : 871 Wymeersch, Eddy : 97, 590, 992, 1023, 1052, 1055, 1056, 1069, 1140 X

Xanthaki, Helen Y Yablon, Charles M. Yadlin, Omri Young, Gordon G. Z Zampa, Gian Luca Zenner, Marc Zhang, Jianwei Zigman, David B. Zillmer, Raymond T. Zimmer, Daniel Zumbansen, Peer

: 1036

: 393 : 498 : 850

: 999 : 639 : 1193 : 197 : 402 : 88, 1037, 1164 : 156, 305, 926

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