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AGRICULTURAL Revised 2017
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
POWER AND
ENERGY
SOURCES
• To know the importance of solar thermal system;
• To be able to differentiate solar thermal system with the
solar photovoltaic system;
by
• To know the basic information about solar energy available and
factors affecting the amount of solar energy reaching the earth
Alexis T. Belonio, MS, PAE, ASEAN Engineer
surface;
Former Associate Professor • To describe the different the solar thermal systems;
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Management
College of Agriculture Resources and Environmental Sciences
• To know the different parts and function of solar thermal
,Central Philippine University, Iloilo City system;
Former Affiliate Professor
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Engineering, Central Luz on State University
Science City of Munoz , Nueva Ecija
Former Adjunct Assistant Professor
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering and
Department of Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-industrial Technology
University of the Philippines at Los Banos
College, Laguna
TOPICAL OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
• INTRODUCTION • The solar radiation reaching the earth is characterized by a relatively
• APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR low density and wide dispersal.
• GLOBAL RADIATION THERMAL SYSTEM
• The approximate solar radiation received at the earth surface is
• BASIC OF SOLAR ENERGY • REFERENCES approximately 1 kW/m 2
• CLASSIFICATIONS OF • STUDY QUESTIONS • The global radiation is subjected to regular short- and long-term
SOLAR ENERGY • PROBLEM EXERCISE variation which can be accounted to the changes in the weather
CONVERTER condition during the day and the night.
• BASIC PARTS OF SOLAR • Changes in weather condition are due to the following:
THERMAL SYSTEM – Climatic condition
• THERMAL – Solar azimuth
CHARACTERISTICS OF – Elevation of the sun
SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM – Rotation of the earth
• STORAGE OF SOLAR
THERMAL ENERGY
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GLOBAL RADIATION
• The global radiation is subjected to unpredictable temporal changes
depending on the following:
– Cloudiness
– Overcasting
– Shade
• The intensity of solar radiation deceases as the distance from the
equator increases.
• The proportion of the global radiation accounted for by diffuse radiation
increases with haziness of the atmosphere and the solar inclination.
• The annual global radiation and the duration of sunshine is about 800-
2600kWh/m 2 and 1000-4000 hours, respectively.
BASIC OF SOLAR ENERGY Direct Solar Radiation in Inclined Surface
• Power Density of solar radiation entering the earth atmosphere is about
1.355 kW/m 2 Qd = Qo D A Cos α
• Average power density striking the earth surface is about 0.89 kW/m 2
• Types of Global Radiation Striking the Earth Surface where: Qd - direct solar radiation in an
inclined surface, kW
– Direct Radiation Qo - solar constant, kW/m2
– Diffuse Radiation A - absorber area, m2
• Factors Affecting the Amount and Intensities of Global Radiation Received D - transmission factor, dmls
at the Earth Surface: α - angle between a line perpendicular to the
– Position of the Sun surface and the direction of radiation, deg
– Diffusion Factor
• Cloud Scatter and adsorption
• Molecules
• Dust
• Air pollution
Typical Mean Values for D Proportion of Global Radiation Accounted for by
Diffuse Radiation
Solar Elevation
Type of Terrain Solar Elevation
90 60 30 10 5 Type of Terrain
90 60 30 10
High Mountains 0.82 0.81 0.71 0.49 0.35
Flat Country 8.5 15 30 46
Flat Country 0.77 0.74 0.61 0.35 0.22
Large City 11.5 21 40 62
Large City 0.69 0.66 0.51 0.24 0.12 Industrial Area 18.8 33 58 85
Industrial Area 0.61 0.55 0.41 0.15 0.06
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UTILIZATION OF SOLAR • Emission losses from absorber can be reduced by covering the
RADIATION absorber with glass or transparent film.
• Covering must exhibit a high transmissivity in the direction of
• Solar radiation is converted into heat by means of absorber.
radiation.
• The ideal absorber should combine a high absorption coefficient with • IN order to increase the radiation intensity on the absorber
low coefficient of emission, reflection, and transmission. surfaces, either flat mirror reflector or concentrating reflectors and
lenses should be employed.
• Surfaces treated with carbon black or black paints absorb up to 90- • Reflecting surfaces should have the following characteristics:
97% of solar radiation but the same time have high emissivity in the – high reflection coefficient
infrared range
– good mechanical and thermal properties
– chemical resistant
– inexpensive
Reflection Value of Materials
Electroplated Silver 0.96
Mirror Glass 0.88
Aluminum foil 0.86
Aluminized C-Mylar 0.76
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLAR • High Temperature System
THERMAL SYSTEMS – It uses a concentrating-type
• Low Temperature System solar collector
– It uses a flat-plate solar collector
– Operating temperature is
– Operating temperature is less above 100 C
100 C and below
– Collection efficiency is up to – Collection efficiency is up to
70% 80%
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
• System Employing Flat-Plate Collector
– It utilize the total global radiation.
– Not generally used to track the sun.
– Losses due to shading of the side wall is approximately 3%.
– Average degree of soiling of the covering reduces the
efficiency by approximately 2%.
– Short term variation in radiation lowers the efficiency by 1-5%.
• System Employing Concentrating Collector
– It only utilize direct radiation.
– Requires to track the sun.
– Various lenses are parabolic and spherical, cylindrical and dish-
shaped mirror.
– Problems on the manufacturing of flawless collector surfaces.
– Durability of the reflector coating.
– Relatively high cost.
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Collection Efficiency of Various Solar
Collectors
Solar Collector Collection
Efficiency
(%)
Air Inflated Plastic Collector 25 – 49
Inflated Black tunnel Plastic 21 – 28
Free-Standing Flat Plate Solar Collector (covered with clear 40 – 45
ethylene plastic with suspended black polyethylene absorbing
surface and pylwood back cover
Wrap around Solar Collector 12 – 30
Integrated Roof Wall solar Collector 22 to 86
Single Glass Cover Mounted on Buildings 84
Bare plate Mounted on Buildings 46
Track-Type Solar Collector Plastic Covered with Curved, Flat, or Corrugated Aluminum 50 – 52
with Black Paint
BASIC PARTS OF SOLAR THERMAL
SYSTEM
• Heat Source – It is used to absorb the solar energy and convert it to
heat energy
• Heat Store – It is used to trap the heat and store it successive use
• Heat Transmission System –It is use to transport the heat from the
source to storage and to the appliances
• Consumer - It serves to utilize the solar energy
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STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY Operating Ranges of Most Common Stores
• The storage system is used to compensate for the divergencies Type of Store Storage Medium Max.
between energy supply and demand. Temperature©
Liquid Store Warm Water 100
• Thermal, chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical storage devices
are available. Hot Water 200
• The warm water steam and solid matter store are effective and in Thermal Oil 430
operational use at present. Steam Store Water Vapor 250
Solid Matter Store Gray Cast Iron 500
Ceramics, concrete 600
Magnesite 800
Latent Store Salt Hydrates 600
Eutectic mixture salt 850
APPLICATION OF SOLAR THERMAL
SYSTEM
• Solar Water Heating
• Solar Space Heating
• Solar Cooker
• Solar Dryer
• Solar Water Disinfection
Solar Water Heater – This is used to raise the temperature of
water for domestic application such as bathing, cooking, etc
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Solar Cookers
• Box-Type Solar Cooker – It consist of well-insulated box with black
interior in which the food is place.
• Reflector Cooker and Concentrators – This consists of parabolic
reflectors and holder for the cooking pot situated at the cooker’s focal
point.
• Heat Accumulating Solar Cooker – It gather heat from the sun all day
long and store it for use after sundown and even on the next
morning.
• Steam Cooker – It uses an efficient collector to generate steam
which rises to an elevated cooking box which heat the food at the
bottom of the cooking pot.
Solar Cooker – This is high temperature solar system
designed for cooking food.
Solar Collectors for Grain Drying
• Bin-Wall or Wrap Around Solar Collector
• Integrating Building Roof-Wall Solar Collector
• Air Inflated Plastic Collector
• Free-Standing Flat Plate Collector
Solar Dryer – This is used for removing the moisture
of a product at equilibrium condition with the
atmosphere.
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REFERENCES
GATE/GTZ.1986. Solar energy: Status Report. Postbox 5180, D-6236
Eschborn 1, Federal Republic of Germany. 54pp.
Gayanilo,V.G. a Solar –Heated Grain Dryer for the Tropics. Dissertation Thesis
Manuscript. Department of Agricultural Engineering. Iowa State of
University.Ames, Iowa. U.S.A. 1980
Kunhke, K., Reuber, M., Schwefel. 1990. Solar Cookers in the Third World.
Evaluation of the Prerequisites,Prospects, abd Impact of an Innovative
Technology. Postbox 5180, D-6236 Eschborn 1, Federal Republic of Germany.
228pp.
Thank you very much and
God bless!!!
Recipient, 2016 Outstanding ASEAN Engineering Contribution Award (AFEO, Malaysia)
Associate Laureate, Rolex Awards for Enterprise 2008 (Geneva, Switzerland)
Laureate, Economic Business Development, The Tech Awards 2010 (San Jose, California, USA)
Recipient, Betterment for Mankind Award 2011 (Morgan Hill, California, USA)
Awardee, Seven Inspiring Modern-Day Filipino Heroes 2011 (Yahoo Southeast Asia)
Awardee, Heroes for Better 2015 (Western Union Philippines)
Awardee, The Outstanding Young Filipino 1997 (TOYM and Roxas Foundation)
Awardee, Outstanding Professional in Agricultural Engineering 1993 (Professional Regulation Commission)
