Institute of Engineering & Management

COMPUTER NETWORK LAB MANUAL

EVEN SEMESTER

Paper code PCC-CS691

Prepared by Partha Bhattacharya

IEM
IT Department
Course Code : PCC-CS692
Course Title : Computer Networks Lab

Module 1 [6L]
1. Getting started with Basics of Network configurations files and Networking Commands in
Linux.
2. To familiarize and understand the use and functioning of System Calls used for Operating
system and network programming in Linux.
3. Familiarization and implementation of programs related to Process and thread. 4.
Implement the First Readers-Writers Problem.

Module 2 [6L]
4. Implement programs for Inter Process Communication using PIPE, Message Queue and
Shared Memory.
5. Implement Client-Server communication using Socket Programming and TCP and UDP as
transport layer PROTOCOL. *
6. Implement a multi user chat server using TCP as transport layer protocol. *
7. Implement Concurrent Time Server application using UDP to execute the program at
remote server. Client sends a time request to the server; server sends its system time back
to the client. Client displays the result. *

Module 3 [6L]
Implement and simulate algorithm for Distance vector routing protocol.
Implement and simulate algorithm for Link state routing protocol.
Using Wireshark observe data transferred in client server communication using UDP and
identify the UDP datagram.
Using Wireshark observe Three Way Handshaking Connection Establishment, Data Transfer and
Three-Way Handshaking Connection Termination in client server communication usingTCP.

Module 4 [6L]
Develop a packet capturing and filtering application using raw sockets.
Design and configure a network with multiple subnets with wired and wireless LANs using required
network devices. Configure the following services in the network- TELNET, SSH, FTPserver, Web
server, File server, DHCP server and DNS server.*
Install network simulator GNS3 in any of the Linux operating system and simulate wired and
wireless scenarios.

Text Books:
1. Data Communication and Networking, 4th Edition, Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGrawHill.
2. Data and Computer Communication, 8th Edition, William Stallings, Pearson
Prentice HallIndia.
3. Routing and Switching, Cisco Press

Reference Books:
1. Computer Networks, 8th Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Pearson New International
Edition.
2. Internetworking with TCP/IP, Volume 1, 6th Edition Douglas Comer, Prentice Hall of
India.
3. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, W. Richard Stevens, Addison-Wesley, United
States ofAmerica.
 NETWORK LAB PREREQUISITE

EXECUTE THE FOLLOWING COMMANDS

arp , ipconfig, hostname, netdiag, netstart, nslookup, pathping, ping, route,tracert

AIM
To study the basic networking commands.

C:\>arp –a: ARP is short form of address resolution protocol, It will show the IP
address of your computer along with the IP address and MAC address of your
router.

C:\>hostname: This is the simplest of all TCP/IP commands. It simply displays the
name of your computer.

C:\>ipconfig: The ipconfig command displays information about the host (the
computer your sitting at) computer TCP/IP configuration.

C:\>ipconfig /all: This command displays detailed configuration information about your
TCP/IP connection including Router, Gateway, DNS, DHCP, and type of Ethernet adapter in
your system.

C:\>Ipconfig /renew: Using this command will renew all your IP addresses that you are
currently (leasing) borrowing from the DHCP server. This command is a quick problem
solver if you are having connection issues, but does not work if you have been configured
with a static IP address.

C:\>Ipconfig/release: This command allows you to drop the IP lease from the DHCP server.

C:\>ipconfig /flushdns: This command is only needed if you’re having trouble with your

networks DNS
configuration. The best time to use this command is after network configuration sets in, and you
really need the computer to reply with flushed.

C:\>nbtstat –a: This command helps solve problems with NetBIOS name
resolution. (Nbt stands for NetBIOS over TCP/IP)

C:\>net diag: Netdiag is a network testing utility that performs a variety of network
diagnostic tests, allowing you to pinpoint problems in your network. Netdiag isn’t installed
by default, but can be installed from the Windows XP CD after saying no to the install.
Navigate to the CD ROM drive letter and open the support\tools folder on the XP CD and
click the setup.exe icon in the support\tools folder.

C:\>netstat: Netstat displays a variety of statistics about a computers active TCP/IP

connections. This
tool is most useful when you’re having trouble with TCP/IP applications such as HTTP, and
FTP.

C:\>nslookup: Nslookup is used for diagnosing DNS problems. If you can access a resource by
specifying an IP address but not it’s DNS you have a DNS problem.

C:\>pathping: Pathping is unique to Window’s, and is basically a combination of the Ping and
Tracert commands. Pathping traces the route to the destination address then launches a 25
second test of each router along the way, gathering statistics on the rate of data loss along
each hop.

C:\>ping: Ping is the most basic TCP/IP command, and it’s the same as placing a phone call
to your best friend. You pick up your telephone and dial a number, expecting your best
friend to reply with “Hello” on the other end. Computers make phone calls to each other
over a network by using a Ping command. The Ping commands main purpose is to place a
phone call to another computer on the network, and request an answer. Ping has 2 options
it can use to place a phone call to another computer on the network. It can use the
computers name or IP address.

C:\>route: The route command displays the computers routing table. A typical computer, with a
single network interface, connected to a LAN, with a router is fairly simple and generally
doesn’t pose any network problems. But if you’re having trouble accessing other computers
on your network, you can use the route command to make sure the entries in the routing table
are correct.

C:\>tracert: The tracert command displays a list of all the routers that a packet has to go
through to get from the computer where tracert is run to any other computer on the internet.
 STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
Transmission Medium:
A communication channel that is used to carry the data from one transmitter to the receiver
through the electromagnetic signals. The main function of this is to carry the data in the bits
form through the Local Area Network(LAN). In data communication, it works like a physical
path between the sender & receiver. For instance, in a copper cable network the bits in the
form of electrical signals whereas in a fiber network ,the bits are available in the form of light
pulses. The quality as well as characteristics of data transmission, can be determined from the
characteristics of medium &signal. The properties of different transmission media are delay,
bandwidth, maintenance, cost and easy installation.

Bounded/Guided Transmission Media:

This kind of transmission media is also known as wired otherwise bounded media. In this
type, the signals can be transmitted directly & restricted in a thin path through physical
links. The types of Bounded /Guided transmission are discussed below.

Coaxial Cable:
Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted pair
cable. It has a central core conductor of solid or stranded wire (usually copper) enclosed in an
insulating sheath, which is, in turn, encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a
combination of the two. The outer conductor is also enclosed in an insulating sheath, and the
whole cable is protected by a plastic cover.

Applications:
1. Coaxial cable was widely used for both analog and digital data transmissions.
2. It has higher bandwidth.
3.Inexpensive when compared to fiber optical cables.
4. It uses for longer distances at higher data rates.
5. Excellent noise immunity.
6. Used in LAN and Television distribution.
Disadvantage :
1.Single cable failure can fail the entire network.
2.Difficult to install and expensive when compared with twisted
pairs. 3.If the shield is imperfect, it can lead to grounded loop.

Fibre Optic Cable:

A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an insulated
casing. They're designed for long-distance, high-performance data networking, and
telecommunications. Compared to wired cables, fiber optic cables provide higher bandwidth
and transmit data over longer distances. Fiber optic cables support much of the world's
internet, cable television, and telephone systems.

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables:

1.The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than that in copper
wire. 2.Opticalfibers usually have a longer life cycle for over
100 years. Disadvantage:
1.It is expensive.
2.Difficult to install.

Twisted pair cable:

A twisted pair cable is a type of cable made by putting two separate insulated wires
together in a twisted pattern and running them parallel to each other. This type of cable is
widely used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructures.

Twisted pair is of two types:

1.Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)
2.Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair:
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables additionally have an overall conducting metallic shields
covering four twisted pair wires. There may be another conducting metallic shields covering
individual twisted pairs also. These metallic shields blocks out electromagnetic interference to
prevent unwanted noise from the communication circuit.

Advantage of Shielded Twisted Pair:

1.The cost of the shielded twisted pair cable is not very high and not very
low. 2.An installation of STP is easy.
3.It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded twisted pair
cable. 4.It has a higher attenuation.
5.It is shielded that provides the higher data transmission rate.
Disadvantages:
1.It is more expensive as compared to UTP and coaxial
cable. 2.It has a higher attenuation rate.

An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication. It is most common type

when compared with shielded twisted pair cable which consists of two conductors usually
copper, each with its own colour plastic insulator
Advantages Of Unshielded Twisted Pair:
1.It is cheap.
2.Installation of the unshielded twisted pair is
easy. 3.It can be used for high-speed LAN.
Disadvantage:
1.This cable can only be used for shorter distances because of attenuation.

Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. This
type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication. Signals are normally
broadcast through free space and thus are available to anyone who has a device capable of
receiving them

Types of unguided Transmission media:

 Radio Transmission:
Its frequency is between 10Khz to 1Ghz. It is simple to install and has high attenuation. These
waves are used for multicast communication.

Types of propagation:
1. Troposphere
2. Ionosphere

Microwaves:
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly
aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the
height of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile
phone communication and television distribution.

Infrared:
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate
through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz –
400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.
PRACTICALLY IMPLEMENT THE CROSS – WIRED CABLE AND
STRAIGHT WIRED CABLE USING CRIMPING TOOL

Aim: Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the
cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool.

Requirements: Crimping tools, UTP Cable, RJ-45 connector, Cable

tester. Procedure:

Crimping Tools:

A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two pieces of metal by deforming one or both of
them to hold each other. The result of the tool's work is called a crimp. An example of
crimping is affixing a connector to the end of a cable. For instance, network cables and
phone cables are created using a crimping tool (shown below) to join RJ-45 and RJ-11
connectors to both ends of phone or Cat 5 cable.

UTP Cables:
UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper cable that
consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They have no
metallic shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but unprotected against electrical
interference. The twist helps to improve its immunity to electrical noise and EMI.
RJ-45 Connector:
RJ-45 connector is a tool that we put on the end of the UTP cable. With this we can plug
the cable in the LAN port.

Cable test:
A cable tester is a electronic device used to verify the electrical connections in a signal cable
or other wired assembly. Basic cable testers are continuity tester that verify the existence of a
conductive path between ends of the cable, and verify the correct wiring of connectors on the
cable

Straight cable:
A straight-through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks to
connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimes
called a patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or more computers
access a router through a wireless signal. On a straight-through cable, the wired pins
match. Straightthrough cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring
standard or both ends use T568B wiring standard. The following figure shows a straight-
through cable of which both ends are wired as the T568B standard.
Cross cable:
An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices
together directly. Unlike straight-through cable, crossover cables use two different wiring
standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring
standard. The internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables reverses the transmit and receive
signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g. two computers (via
network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

Making Straight UTP Cable:

- Peel the end of the UTP cable , approximately 2 cm.
- Open the cable strands , align and follow the arrangement as standard cable image shown
below .
- Once the order is according to the standard , cut and flatten the ends of the cable,
- Put the cable is straight and aligned into the RJ - 45 connector , and make sure all cables
are in correct position as follows:

Orange White on no
1 Orange on no 2
Green White on no
3 Blue on no 4
Blue White on no 5
Green on no 6
White Brown on no 7
Brown on no 8

- Make crimping using crimp tools , press crimping tool and make sure all the pins ( brass ) on
the RJ - 45 connector has " bite " of each cable . usually when done will sound "click ".
Once finished at the end of this one , do it again at the other end cable. The final step is to
check the cable that you created earlier using the LAN tester , enter each end of the cable (
RJ- 45 ) to each LAN port available on the tester , turn and make sure all of the LEDs light
up according to the order of the wires we created.

Creating Cross UTP Cable:-

Creating a cross cable has almost the same steps with straight cable , the difference lies only
in the colour sequence from both ends of the cable . Unlike the straight cable that has the
same colour sequence at both ends of the cable , the cross cable has a different colour
sequences at

both ends of the cable.

The first ends is same with straight cable :
Orange White on no. 1
Orange on no. 2
Green White on no.
3 Blue on no. 4
Blue White on no. 5
Green on no. 6 .
White chocolate on no. 7
Brown on no. 8

For the second end of the cable, the colour composition is different from the first . The
colour arrangement is as follows

Green White on no.

1 Green on no. 2
Orange White on no.
3 Blue on no. 4
Blue White on no. 5
Orange on no. 6
White chocolate
no.7 Brown on no.8
STUDY THE NETWORK IP ADDRESS CONFIGURATION (
CLASSIFICATION OF ADDRESS, STATIC AND DYNAMIC ADDRESS)

The IP address stands for Internet Protocol address is also called IP number or internet
address. It helps us to specify the technical format of the addressing and packets scheme.
An IP address is a numerical label assigned to the devices connected to a computer
network that uses the IP for communication. IP address act as an identifier for a specific
machine on a particular network. It also helps us to develop a virtual connection between
a source and a destination.

Types of IP address
There are mainly four types of IP addresses:

• Public
• Private
• Static
• Dynamic.

Public IP Addresses
A public IP address is an address where one primary address is associated with the
whole network. In this type of IP address, each of the connected devices has the same
IP address. This type of public IP address is provided by Internet Service Provider
(ISP).

Private IP Addresses
A private IP address is a unique IP number assigned to every device that connects to
internet network, which includes devices like computers, tablets, smartphones etc.,

Static IP addresses
A static IP address is an IP address that cannot be changed. These are fixed that are
manually assigned to a system device. On the network configuration page, the network
administrator manually inputs the IP address for every system. Moreover, the static
address is not changed until it is directly updated by the network administrator or the
Internet Service Provider. Furthermore, this address does not change with each network
connection. In other words, the device always connects to the internet through the same
IP address.

Dynamic IP addresses
The dynamic IP address is typically configured on devices via the DHCP protocol and
regularly updates. The dynamic IP address constantly changes whenever the user links to a
network. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) server employs a method
for tracking and retrieving IP address information associated with active network
components. The mechanism utilized for translation in dynamic address is known as
Domain Name Server (DNS).
The DHCP and DNS are two protocols that are widely used while accessing the internet.
When a user connects to the network, DHCP assigns a temporary dynamic IP address.

The main differences between Static and Dynamic IP addresses are as follows:
 Features Static IP address Dynamic IP address

Definition It is a permanent numeric It is a temporary IP address allocated

address that is manually issued to a system when it connects to a
to a network device. network.

Provider It is provided by Internet It is provided by DHCP (Dynamic

Service Provider (ISP). Host Configuration Protocol).

Changes It doesn't change with time. It may be changed at any time.

Device tracking Devices may be traced easily. Devices may be difficult to trace.

Cost It is expensive to utilize and It is less expensive to utilize and

maintain. maintain.

Security It is less secure than the It offers high security.

dynamic IP address.

Designation It is complex to assign and It is much easy to assign and reassign.

reassign.

Stability It is highly stable. It is less stable.

Usage These are appropriate for Dynamic IP addresses are appropriate

dedicated services like FTP, for a large network that needs an
mail, and VPN servers. internet connection for all devices.

Image for Configuring Static IP Address

Image for Configuring Dynamic IP Address

LAB - 5 STUDY THE NETWORK IP ADDRESS CONFIGURATION ( CLASSIFICATION IPV4
AND IPV6, SUBNET, SUPERNET)

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a protocol for use on packet-switched Link
Layer networks (e.g. Ethernet). IPv4 provides an addressing capability of approximately
4.3 billion addresses. The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is more advanced and has
better features compared to IPv4.

Features IPv4 IPv6

Address length IPv4 is a 32-bit address. IPv6 is a 128-bit address.

Fields IPv4 is a numeric address that IPv6 is an alphanumeric address that

consists of 4 fields which are consists of 8 fields, which are separated
separated by dot (.). by colon.

Classes IPv4 has 5 different classes of IPv6 does not contain classes of IP
IP address that includes Class addresses.
A, Class B, Class C, Class D,
and Class E.

Number of IP address IPv4 has a limited number of IP IPv6 has a large number of IP addresses.
addresses.

Address configuration It supports manual and DHCP It supports manual, DHCP, auto-
configuration. configuration, and renumbering.

Address space It generates 4 billion unique It generates 340 undecillion unique

addresses addresses.

End-to-end connection In IPv4, end-to-end connection In the case of IPv6, end-to-end

integrity integrity is unachievable. connection integrity is achievable.

Security features In IPv4, security depends on In IPv6, IPSEC is developed for security
the application. This IP address purposes.
is not developed in keeping the
security feature in mind.
 Address representation In IPv4, the IP address is In IPv6, the representation of the IP
represented in decimal. address in hexadecimal.

Fragmentation Fragmentation is done by the Fragmentation is done by the senders

senders and the forwarding only.
routers.

Packet flow identification It does not provide any It uses flow label field in the header for
mechanism for packet flow the packet flow identification.
identification.

Checksum field The checksum field is available The checksum field is not available in
in IPv4. IPv6.

Transmission scheme IPv4 is broadcasting. On the other hand, IPv6 is multicasting,

which provides efficient network
operations.

Encryption and It does not provide encryption It provides encryption and

Authentication and authentication. authentication.

Number of octets It consists of 4 octets. It consists of 8 fields, and each field

contains 2 octets. Therefore, the total
number of octets in IPv6 is 16.

Subnetting is a technique of partitioning an individual physical network into several small-

sized logical sub-networks. These subnetworks are known as subnets. An IP address is
made up of the combination of the network segment and a host segment. A subnet is
constructed by accepting the bits from the IP address host portion which are then used to
assign a number of small-sized sub-networks in the original network.

The Subnetting basically convert the host bits into the network bits. As mentioned above the
subnetting strategy was initially devised for slowing down the depletion of the IP
addresses.

The subnetting permits the administrator to partition a single class A, class B, class C
network into smaller parts. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) is a technique which
partitions IP address space into subnets of different sizes and prevent memory wastage.
Furthermore, when the number of hosts is same in subnets, that is known as FLSM (Fixed
Length Subnet Mask).
Supernetting is inverse process of subnetting, in which several networks are
merged into a single network. While performing supernetting, the mask bits are
moved toward the left of the default mask. The supernetting is also known as
router summarization and aggregation. It results in the creation of more host
addresses at the expense of network addresses, where basically the network bits are
converted into host bits.

The supernetting is performed by internet service provider rather than the normal
users, to achieve the most efficient IP address allocation. CIDR (Classless Inter-
Domain Routing) is scheme used to route the network traffic across the internet.
CIDR is a supernetting technique where the several subnets are combined together
for the network routing. In simpler words, CIDR allows the IP addresses to be
organized in the subnetworks independent of the value of the addresses.

IPV4

IPV6
STUDY OF NETWORK DEVICES ( SWITCH, ROUTER BRIDGE)

Aim: Study of following Network Devices in Detail

• Switch
• Bridge
• Router

Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.

Procedure: Following should be done to understand this

practical.

1. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that

connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes
and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally
process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3
switches or multilayer switches.

Switch:- A switch is a Networking device in a computer network that connects other

devices together. Multiple data cables are plugged into a switch to enable communication
between different networked devices. Switches manage the flow of data across a network
by transmitting a received network packet only to the one or more devices for which the packet
is intended

Working of Switch:-Whenever a host sends a frame to any other host, then the source host
is stored with the port in the address table of the MAC address switch. A switch always
stores the address of the source in the table. Unless a host does send some data, its MAC
address and port number will not be stored in the table of the switch. When you initialize
the switch, the switch does not contain any information about any host and its address.
In such a situation, when a host frame sends, its MAC address is stored in the table but
due to no destination information, the switch sends the frame to all the hosts. When you
initialize the switch, the switch does not contain any information about any host and its
address. As soon as the second host sends some data, its address also gets stored in the
table. Whenever a host sends the frames, the switch stores it if its address is not already
present in the table. Thus a switch creates its table. When all the hosts' addresses and port
numbers come in the switch, the switch delivers the frame to all hosts only, delivering the
same host to the host for which the data has been sent.
2. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a
device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch are
very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2
switch is often used interchangeably with bridge. Bridges can analyze incoming data
packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment
of the network.

Bridge:-
Bridge is termed as a network device which is helpful in filtering the data load of the traffic
by dividing it into segments or packets. They are used to lower the load of traffic on the
LAN and other networks. Bridges are passive devices, because there is no interaction
between bridged and the paths of bridging. Bridges operate on the second layer of the
OSI model that is the data link layer.

Working of Bridge:-

When various network segments are established at the data link layer of the OSI model, we
refer to it as bridge. However when the packets of data are transferred along a network ,
without locating the network addresses this process is termed as bridging. The process of
bridging is helpful in locating the addresses of unknown addresses to which it is viable to
send data. In bridging the data packets contain a header or a packet header which holds
the address to the intended device. Bridge can remember and recall the address of the
devices for further transmission. There are two kinds of bridging modes, the transparent
bridging and the source routing bridging. When the process of bridging occurs, it
makes a bridging table along side where it stores the MAC addresses of the various
terminals. This table helps the bridges to send the data packet to the exact location
next time. However when a specific address does not meet the contents of the bridging
table, the data packet is forwarded further ahead to every attached terminal in LAN except
from the computer it is connected to. This type of bridging is called transparent
bridging. When the source computer presents pathway information within the packet,
this type of bridging is known as source route bridging. It is most commonly used in used
on Token Ring networks.
3. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer
networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet
contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and
destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one
network to another. Where multiple routers are used in a large collection of
interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target system addresses,
so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred paths between any two
systems on the interconnected networks.

Router:-

Routers are networking devices operating at layer 3 or a

network layer of the OSI model. They are responsible
for receiving, analyzing, and forwarding data packets
among the connected computer networks. When a data
packet arrives, the router inspects the destination
address, consults its routing tables to decide the
optimal route and then transfers the packet along this
route.

How a router works:-

A router examines a packet header's destination IP address and compares it against a
routing table to determine the packet's best next hop. Routing tables list directions for
forwarding data to particular network destinations, sometimes in the context of other
variables, like cost. They amount to an algorithmic set of rules that calculate the best
way to transmit traffic toward any given IP address. A routing table often specifies a
default route, which the router uses whenever it fails to find a better forwarding option
for a given packet. For example, the typical home office router directs all outbound traffic
along a single default route to its internet service provider (ISP) Routing tables can be
static -- i.e., manually configured -- or dynamic. Dynamic routers automatically updated
their routing tables based on network activity, exchanging information with other devices
via routing protocols.

CONFIGURE AND CONNECT THE COMPUTER IN LAN

Step -1 Select the 05 - PCs, 01- Printer, 01- Router, 01- Switch and 01-

Server By using Drag and Drop

Step -2 Configure IP address to Router as

192.168.1.100 Double Click on Router and

Select port status check box on . (for which Ethernet switch connected)
Step -3 Configure Server IP address 192.168.1.101 and connect to switch by Straight
Through cable.

Click on Server, Select Desktop, Select IP Configuration

Step -4 Connect all 05 PCs to switch using Straight Through cable and configure IP address
as 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.5

Step -5 Give gateway IP as 192.168.1.100 and DNS IP 192.168.1.101 for all 05

PCs Click on PC, Click on Desktop, Click on IP configuration

Step -6 Configure Printer IP 192.168.1.102 and connect to switch using Straight Through
cable.

Click on Printer

Step -7 Ping all PCs from Server and Printer

Click in any one PC, Click on Desktop, Click on Command Prompt and ping any pc from
this
PC

By giving command - > ping IP address( ex 192.168.1.1)

BLOCK THE WEBSITE USING “WINDOWS DEFENDER FIREWALL” IN
WINDOWS 10

Step 1: Launch the Control Panel on your computer.

Step 2: Select “Windows Defender Firewall” followed by “Advanced Settings” on the

left- side pane.

Step 3: Right-click on “Outbound Rules” from the menu on the left and select “New Rule.”

Step 4: When a new window pops up, select the “Custom” option followed by “Next.”
Step 5: On the next window, select “All programs” and again select “Next.”

Step 6: Select the ” These IP addresses ” option under “Which remote IP addresses does
this rule apply to?” and click next
Step 7: Open the Command Prompt as Administrator by entering “CMD” into the search
box.

Step 8 : Enter “nslookup www.facebook.com” and press the Enter button.

Step 9: Click on “Add” and enter the IP addresses you want to block. Then select “Next.”

Step 10 : Make sure to choose the “Block the connection” option and click on “Next.”
Step 11: Choose whether the rule applies to Domain, Private, or Public. You can also
select all three.

Step 12 : Select “Next,” add a name or description for this rule, and select “Finish” to
complete the action.

Step 13: Finish

Check for Blocked website

SHARE THE FOLDER IN A SYSTEM AND ACCESS THE FILES OF THAT

FOLDER FROM OTHER SYSTEM USING IP ADDRESS

Step -1 Create Lan Server Configuration (2- PC’s, 1- Server, 1- Switch)

Step -2 IP Address Configuration for Server and PC’s

Step -3 For both PC give the DNS

server IP Step -4 Click on Server

Click on Services
Click on FTP
Give the User name and Password (username is – admin, password –
admin) Give the permission for admin (Write, Read, Delete, Rename,
List)
Next Click on add

Step -5 From PC1 Create text file (double click

on PC) Click on Desktop
Click on Text
Editor Click on
File > New

Type text ( Share the file in a system and access the files from other system or
server using IP address)

Click on Save (Give file name as

test1.txt) Step -6 In the same PC click on

command prompt
Check the file by entering
C: \> dir
C:\> ftp 192.168.1.1 ( Enter the IP address of Server to connect Server )
Give Username and Password
ftp> put test1.txt (File transferred from PC1 to Server)
ftp> dir (Check the file is transferred to server by giving dir
command) test1.txt

Step -7 Select PC2

Click on Desktop
Click on Command
Prompt C:\> dir
Test1.txt no such file will be there in PC2
C:\> ftp 192.168.1.1 ( Enter the IP address of Server to connect Server )
Give Username and Password
ftp> get test1.txt (File transferred from Server to
PC2) ftp> dir (Check the file is transferred to
 PC2)
test1.txt

SHARE THE PRINTER IN A NETWORK, AND TAKE A PRINT

FROM OTHER PC
Step -1 Select the 02 - PCs, 01- Printer and 01 -Switch

By using Drag and Drop

Step -2 Configure IP address to Printer as 192.168.1.3

Double click on printer, Click on Config, Select FastEthernet0, Give IPV4 address. And
connect to switch using Straight Through cable.

Step -3 Connect all 02 PCs to switch using Straight Through cable and configure IP address as

192.168.1.1 and192.168.1.2

Click on PC, Click on Desktop, Click on IP configuration

Step -4 Ping Printer from any PC

Click in any one PC, Click on Desktop, Click on Command Prompt and ping printer from

any PC By giving command - > ping IP address( ex 192.168.1.3)

CONFIGURE OF WIFI HOTSPOT, AND CONNECT OTHER
DEVICES (MOBILE / LAPTOP)
Step -1 Select

02 - PCs, 01- Printer, 01- Laptop, 01- server, 01- smart phone and 01- HomeRouter
By using Drag and Drop

Step -2 Configure IP address to of Router

 Double click on Router

 Click on LAN (give router IP address 192.168.1.10)
 Click on Wireless2.4G
 Click on WPA-PSK
 Give PSK pass Phrase (Password 12345678)
 Change the SSID name default to IEM Step
- 3 Make Wired PC to Wireless PC

 Double Click on PC select Physical

 Click on WMP300N
 Off the PC
Change Network LAN port to Wireless LAN port by drag and drop
On the PC

Step - 4 Configure wireless PC

 Click on desktop
 Click on DHCP
 Next click on config
 Click on wireless0
 Click on WPA-PSK and give PSK PASS Phrase (12345678)
 Change SSID default to IEM
 PC will get connect to router

Step -5 Repeat Step 3rd to make Laptop, Printer, Server and Smartphone wireless

Now Wifi connection is ready to ping

Step - 6 Ping Printer from any Devices

Click in any device, Click on Desktop, Click on Command Prompt and ping any pc from
printer

By giving command - > Ping IP address

OR

Ping By Realtime or Simulation

CONFIGURE OF SWITCHES

1. Configure password (For Login to Switch)

Enable for switch configuration steps

Step - 1 Switch> EN or Enable

Step - 2 Switch#Config t / configuration terminal
Step -3 Switch(config)#line con 0
Step -4 Switch(config-line)#password 123456
Step -5 Switch(config-line)#login
Step -6 Switch(config-line)# Exit

Step -7 Switch(config)#Exit

Step -8 Switch# Exit

2. Configure password for configuration switch

Step - 1 Switch> EN or Enable

Step - 2 Switch# Config t / configuration terminal

Step -3 Switch(config)# enable secret 12345678

Step -4 Switch(config)# Exit

Step -5 Switch# Exit

To check for configuration password ( i.e Login to Switch) First need to enter console
password
User Access Verification

Password: (Login password)

Switch> En /Enable

Password: ( Configuration password i.e Secrete password)

Switch#

3. Configure Switch hostname as IEM

Step -1 Switch# configure t
Step -2 Switch(config)# hostname IEM Step -
3 IEM(config)#

4. Configure the message of the day as

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
"Well Come to IEM CISCO Switch Configuration"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Step -1 IEM(config)#banner motd #
"Well Come to IEM CISCO Switch Configuration"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
Step - 2 IEM(config)# Exit ( To check the message exit from the configuration )
Step - 3 IEM# Exit
CONFIGURE OF I/O BOX FIXING
Requirements: Crimping tools, Bulk Network Cable, Keystone Jack, Jacket Stripper,
Wire Cutter and
Punch Down Tool
Procedure:
Step -1: 1 inch of jacket with jacket stripper

Using cutting tool cut 1 inch off the jacket from the top of the cable. If using scissors or
another cutting device make sure not to cut through the wires in the cable.

Step -2: Cut the pulling string

If comes with a pull string inside simply cut off the portion that is showing. The pull string is
there to help strip the jack as well so if you need to take a little more jacket off can use it.

Step -3: Cut the spline

If cable also has a spline / cross separator in the cable, then cut off the portion that is showing.
Try to cut off the without damaging the wires.

Step -4: Unwrap twisted pairs

Unwrap the twisted pairs so it's easier to insert on to the 90° keystone jack. The important
part to this step is to decide which wiring scheme you want to go with t568a or b.

t568b goes in order:

1. Orange stripe
2. Orange
3. Green Stripe
4. Blue
5. Blue stripe
6. Green
7. Brown stripe
8. Brown

Try not to insert the cables jacket too far in to the keystone jack. Try to get the jack just
inside or touching the end of the jack. The other important thing to mention here is to
not have any wiring exposed from the jack to the jack.

Step -5 Put the wire in the groove

Using the wiring scheme have chosen, lay down the wires in the grooves of the keystone jack.
Step -6 Put keystone jack in the 90° punch down tool

Using a punch down tool can now insert the jack in to the punch down area of the tool. Make
sure the degree of the punch down tool matches the degree of the keystone jack. Insert with
open side facing the grooves of the punch down tool.

Step -7 Squeeze Punch down tool

By squeezing down on the punch down tool wires now firmly inside the contact area of the
jack. The wires hanging off the side should also have been cut off. If some weren't cut off
that is ok. Simply cut off the remaining portion using a cutting device.
For this step make sure to double check the wires are deep enough in the contact area. If
any of the wires are not in the contact area yet try using the tool again to punch them down.

Step -8 Close the cap

 LAB - 1
MAKING YOUR OWN PATCH CORD
Requirements: Crimping tools, UTP Cable, RJ-45 connector, Cable

tester. Procedure:

Step -1: take 1/2mtrs or 1 mtrs cable (cat 5e or cat

6) Step -2: To Make Straight Through Patch Cord.

Step -3: Do following step

Check both cable end should be either T568A or both ends should be

T568B Step -4 Take RJ45 connector

Step -5 Insert cable inside RJ45 connector according to colour

code Step -6 Crimp cable using Crimping Tool for both the ends

Step -7 Check both ends with Cable Tester.

Step -8 Repeat same process for Cross Over cable

(But both the ends of cable should be T568B & T568A or T568A & T568B)
 LAB -2
CONFIGURE OF VLAN USING PACKET TRACER / GNS3
Step -1 : 10 PC’s, 03 Switch’s
Step -2 : Connect 02 PCs to Computer Science(CSC, Connect 02 PCs to Arts )

Step -3 : Configure IP for all PCS

For CSC - 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.5
For ARTS - 20.0.0.1 and 20.0.0.5

Step -4 : Configure Switch -1

Click on switch, Click on CLI
Switch> en
Switch# Config t
Switch(Config)# hostname
SW1 SW1(Config)#vlan 2
SW1(Config-vlan)# name
CSC SW1(config-vlan)# vlan
3 SW1(Config-vlan)#name
ARTS SW1(Config-
vlan)#exit SW1(Config)#exit
SW1#show vlan b /brief
SW1# Config t
SW1(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/1 or fa
0/1 SW1(Config-if)#Switchport access
vlan 2 SW1(Config-if)#exit

SW1(Config)#int fastEthernet 0/2

SW1(Config-if)#Switchport access
vlan 2 SW1(Config-if)#exit

SW1(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/3 or f1

0/3 SW1(Config-if)#Switchport access
vlan 3 SW1(Config-if)# Exit

SW1(Config)#int fastEthernet 0/4

SW1(Config-if)#Switchport access
vlan 3 SW1(Config-if)#exit
SW1(Config)#Exit
SW1# show vlan brief

SWITCH TO SWITCH TRUNK FOR SWITCH 1 (same port)

SW1(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/5
SW1(Config-if)# Switchport mode
trunk SW1(Config-if)#Exit
SW1(Config)#Exit

W1(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/6

SW1(Config-if)# Switchport mode
trunk SW1(Config-if)#Exit
SW1(Config)#Exit
SW1#show int trunk
SW2#Config t
SW2(Config)# int range fa 0/1-2 SW2(Config-
if)#switchport access vlan 2

SW2#Config t
SW2(Config)# int range fa 0/3-4 SW2(Config-
if)#switchport access vlan 3

SWITCH TO SWITCH TRUNK FOR SWITCH2 (same port)

SW2(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/5 SW2(Config-if)#

Switchport mode trunk SW2(Config-if)#Exit
SW2(Config)#Exit

SW2(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/6 SW2(Config-if)#

Switchport mode trunk SW2(Config-if)#Exit
SW2(Config)#Exit SW2#show int trunk

SW3#Config t SW3(Config)# int fa 0/1

SW3(Config-if)#switchport access vlan 2

SW3#Config t SW3(Config)# int fa 0/2

SW3(Config-if)#switchport access vlan 3

SWITCH TO SWITCH TRUNK FOR SWITCH 3 (same port)

SW3(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/3 SW3(Config-if)#

Switchport mode trunk SW3(Config-if)#Exit
SW3(Config)#Exit

SW3(Config)# int fastEthernet 0/4 SW3(Config-if)#

Switchport mode trunk SW3(Config-if)#Exit
 SW3(Config)#Exit SW3#show int trunk

PC9- (ARTS) to PC4 (CSC) – (VLAN 3 to VLAN 2 ) Will not send packets PC8-
(CSC) to PC5 (CSC) – (VLAN 3 to VLAN 3 ) Will send packets

LAB 3
CONFIGURE OF VPN USING PACKET TRACER / GNS3
Step - 1 : 02 PC’s, 03 Roouters
Step - 2 : Connect 01 PC to Router1 and other to Router 3 Step - 3 :
Configure IP for all PCS
PC 1- 192.168.1.2 Gateway IP 192.168.1.1
PC2 – 192.168.2.2 Gateway IP 192.168.2.1

Step - 4 Router 0 Configuration Fast

Ethernet 0/0 – 192.168.1.1 Fast Ethernet
0/1 – 1.0.0.2

Step - 5 Router 1 configuration

Fast Ethernet 0/0 – 1.0.0.1 Fast
Ethernet 0/1 – 2.0.0.1

Step - 6 Router 2 configuration Fast

Ethernet 0/0 – 192.168.2.1 Fast Ethernet
0/1 – 2.0.0.2

Step -7 Router 0
Click on Config - > Click on Static - > Add Network -
0.0.0.0
Mask - 0.0.0.0
Next Hop - 1.0.0.1

Step -8 Router 2
Click on Config - > Click on Static - > Add Network -
0.0.0.0
Mask - 0.0.0.0
Next Hop - 2.0.0.1

Step – 9 Click on Router 0 Exit

Router#ping 2.0.0.2 Router# config t
Router(config)#interface tunnel 1
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#tunnel source fa 0/1 Router(config-if)#tunnel
destination 2.0.0.2 Router(config-if)no shut

Step -10 Router 2

Router(config)#interface tunnel 2
ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0 Router(config-
if)#tunnel source fa 0/1 Router(config-if)#tunnel
destination 1.0.0.2 Router(config-if)#exit

Step -11 Router 0

Click on Config - > Click on Static - > Add Network -
192.168.2.0
Mask - 255.255.255.0 Next Hop –
172.16.1.2

Step -12 Router 2

Click on Config - > Click on Static - > Add Network -
192.168.1.0
Mask - 255.255.255.0 Next Hop –
172.16.1.1

Step – 13
Ping from PC1 – ping 192.168.2.2 Tracert
192.168.2.2
LAB 4
Implement shortest path (Dijkstra’s) algorithm in C/Java.

Single-Source Shortest Path Problem

Single-Source Shortest Path Problem - The problem of finding shortest paths from a source vertex v to all
other vertices in the graph.

Applications : - Maps (Map Quest, Google Maps)

- Routing Systems

Dijkstra's algorithm
Dijkstra's algorithm - is a solution to the single-source shortest path problem in graph
theory.

Works on both directed and undirected graphs. However, all edges must have nonnegative
weights.
Input: Weighted graph G={E,V} and source vertex v∈V, such that all edge weights are
nonnegative

Output: Lengths of shortest paths (or the shortest paths themselves) from a given source
vertex v∈V to all other vertices

• Approach : The algorithm computes for each vertex u the distance to u from the start
vertex v, that is, the weight of a shortest path between v and u.
 • the algorithm keeps track of the set of vertices for which the distance has been
computed, called the cloud C
• Every vertex has a label D associated with it. For any vertex u, D[u] stores an
approximation of the distance between v and u. The algorithm will update a D[u]
value when it finds a shorter path from v to u.
• When a vertex u is added to the cloud, its label D[u] is equal to the actual (final)
distance between the starting vertex v and vertex u.

Dijkstra pseudo code :

Dijkstra(v1, v2):
for each vertex v: // Initialization
v's distance := infinity.
v's previous := none.
v1's distance := 0.
List := {all vertices}.
while List is not empty:
v := remove List vertex with minimum distance.
mark v as known.
for each unknown neighbor n of v:
dist := v's distance + edge (v, n)'s weight.
if dist is smaller than n's distance:
n's distance := dist.
n's previous := v.
reconstruct path from v2 back to v1,
following previous pointers.

Example: Initialization : Distance (all vertices but source) = ∞

Distance(source) = 0
0
0 ∞
2
A B

4 1 3 10

∞ C
2
D
2
E ∞

5 8 ∞ 4 6

1
F G

∞ ∞

Pick vertex in List with minimum distance.

Example: Update neighbors' distance

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

∞ C
2
D
2
E ∞

5 8 1 4 6

Distance(B) = 2 1
F G
Distance(D) = 1
∞ ∞
Example: Remove vertex with minimum distance

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

∞ C
2
D
2
E ∞

5 8 1 4 6

1
F G

∞ ∞

Pick vertex in List with minimum distance, i.e., D

Example: Update neighbors
0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

Distance(C) = 1 + 2 = 3 1
F G
Distance(E) = 1 + 2 = 3
Distance(F) = 1 + 8 = 9 9 5
Distance(G) = 1 + 4 = 5
Example: Continued...
Pick vertex in List with minimum distance (B) and update neighbors
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

1
F G

9 5
Note : distance(D) not updated since D is already known and distance(E) not updated since it
is larger than previously computed
 LAB 5

Write a program to find the name and addresses of the local machine as well as a remote host
(also a group of remote hosts) using InetAddress class in Java.

LAB 6
One-way and two-way communication between client and server using socket programming in
Java.

Socket programming with UDP and TCP

• Connection oriented
– Handshaking procedure
• Reliable byte-stream
TCP-client

import java.io*;
import java.net.*;
Class TCPClient {
public static void main (String argv[]) throws Exception {
String sentence;
String modifiedSentence;
BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(system.in));
Socket clientSocket = new Socket(”hostname”, 6789);
DataOutpuStream outToServer = new DataOutputStream(
clientSocket.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader inFromServer =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
clientSocket.getInputStream()));
sentence = inFromUser.readLine();
outToServer.writeBytes(sentence + ’\n’);
modifiedSentence = inFromServer.readLine();
System.out.println(”FROM SERVER: ” + modifiedSentence);
clientSocket.close(); } }
 TCP SERVER

import java.io*;
import java.net.*;
Class TCPServer {
public static void main (String argv[]) throws Exception {
String clientSentence;
String capitalizedSentence;
ServerSocket welcomeSocket = new ServerSocket (6789);
while (true) {
Socket connenctionSocket = welcomeSocket.accept();
BufferedReader inFromClient = new BufferedReader( new
InputStreamReader( connectionSocket.getInputStream()));
DataOutpuStream outToClient = new DataOutputStream(
connectionSocket.getOutputStream());
clientSentence = inFromClient.readLine();
capitalizedSentence = clientSentence.toUpperCase() + ’\n’;
outToClient.writeBytes(capitalizedSentence);
}}}
Socket Programming with UDP
• Connectionless
• No reliable datatransfer
UDP-client in Java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class UDPClient {
public static void main(String args[ ]) throws Exception {
BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in)); DatagramSocket clientSocket =
new DatagramSocket();
InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName(”hostname”);
byte[ ] sendData = new byte[1024];
byte[ ] recieveData = new byte[1024];
String sentence = inFromUser.readLine();
sendData = sentence.getBytes ();
DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData,
sendData.length, IPAddress, 9876); clientSocket.send(sendPacket);
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new
DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
clientSocket.receive(receivePacket);
String modefiedSentence = new String(receivePacket.getData());
System.out.println(”FROM SERVER:” + modifiedSentence);
clientSocket.close();
}}
 UDP-server in Java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class UDPClient {
public static void main(String args[ ]) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(9876);
byte[ ] receiveData = new byte[1024];
byte[ ] sendData = new byte[1024];
while(true) {
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new
DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);
String sentence = new String(receivePacket.getData());
InetAddress IPAddress = receivePacket.getAddress();
int port = receivePacket.getPort();
String catitalizedSentence = sentence.toUpperCase();
sendData = capetalizedSentence.getBytes ();
DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData,
sendData.length, IPAddress, port); clientSocket.send(sendPacket);
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new
DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
serverSocket.send(sendPacket); } } }
 LAB 7

A client-server chat application using socket programming in Java

LAB 8
Write a program to find whether a remote host is reachable or not using InetAddress class in
Java.

LAB 9
Implementing RIP and OSPF Routing Protocol in Packet Tracer Simulator.