BOOKLET FOR

ADVANCED

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 Unit 7

The hard sell

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49 Advertising
A Promoting quality
Advertisers like language that suggests their product is of especially high quality.
Check out our latest smartphone – you’ll love its innovative features. [original and interesting]
The design of our beds is unsurpassed. [the best there is]
Our dishwashers leave other dishwashers standing. [are much better than other dishwashers]
Sign up for exam courses that put/leave other courses in the shade. [make other courses
seem insignificant]

B Promoting value for money

Advertisers like language that suggests things give you good value for money.
Rock-bottom prices in our sale! [extremely low]
Prices slashed! [dramatically reduced]
Bargains galore! [a huge number of products on sale at ridiculously low prices]
Order now and get a 10% discount. [reduction in the price]

C Promoting luxury and comfort

Advertisers like language that suggests luxury and comfort.
Pamper yourself with a full-body massage. [treat yourself to something luxurious]
Indulge yourself with our smooth, rich, perfectly blended coffee. [let yourself do or have something that
you enjoy but which may be bad for you]
Enjoy a sumptuous meal in opulent surroundings. [both adjectives mean rich and special: sumptuous
collocates most strongly with words relating to food and furnishings, and opulent with words relating to lifestyle]
Live in the lap of luxury for two weeks. [in a very luxurious way]

D Promoting scientific backing

Advertisers like language that suggests scientific backing for their product.
This ergonomically designed reading lamp provides the perfect light. [designed by studying people
and their working or living conditions, especially in order to improve effectiveness]
Our health drink is medically proven to boost energy levels. [shown by research]
All our computers are state-of-the-art. [use the very latest technology]

E Promoting attractiveness
Advertisers like language that suggests their products make us more attractive.
Ties that will make you stand out in the crowd. [be noticed]
In our new styles, you’re guaranteed to turn heads. [be noticed]
Our new lipsticks are tantalisingly appealing. [temptingly]
Use our range of hair and skin products for glossy hair and radiant skin. [both adjectives mean
attractive and healthy-looking]

F Common ways of advertising

Magazine and newspaper advertisements/adverts; classified ads; TV and radio commercials; posters;
billboards1; flyers2; trailers3; sports sponsorship; banners; sky-writing4; sandwich boards5;
brochures; carrier bags; logos on clothing and other products; pop-ups6 on websites. In addition,
personalities often use TV interviews to plug7 a new book or film.
1
very large boards
2
sheets of printed information
3
brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme
4
words written in the sky using smoke from a plane
5
advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person, who then walks around a busy area
6
advertisements that appear on your screen suddenly
7
advertise

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 Exercises
49.1 Complete each of these sentences with one missing word from the opposite page.
1 Enjoy a weekend in the of luxury.
2 Don’t just follow the herd – take the chance to stand out in the .
3 Don’t miss the -bottom prices in our special May Day sale.
4 For the best in state-of- laptops and tablets, visit our website.
5 Why not yourself this Christmas with our new foam bath?
6 Take a look at our new fabric designs.
7 Our cosmetics all others in the shade.
8 You’ll find bargains in our new discount superstore.
9 Why not yourself with our delectable chocolate desserts?
10 We’re our prices this week for one week only! Huge reductions!
49.2 Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
1 The armchair is ergonomically a to boost the immune system.
2 She was distributing b for the new James Bond film?
3 He was wearing a sandwich c pop-up ads.
4 There was a huge billboard d designed to ease back pain and provide comfort.
5 It contains a herb proven e her new book.
6 Did you see that trailer f advertising a new soft drink.
7 My software is good at blocking g board advertising a clothing store.
8 She went on TV to plug h flyers for a charity concert.
49.3 Here are some phrases typical of advertising language. Which of the categories A to E
opposite do they fit into? Some of them may fit into more than one category.
1 colossal discounts 5 developed by a team of international experts
2 fit for a king 6 we outshine the best of the rest
3 tantalisingly elegant 7 glossy hair and a radiant, youthful look
4 go on – spoil yourself 8 outstanding value
49.4 Look at F opposite. What are these examples of?

1 2 3

4 5 6
r
Youal
Locrist
Flo

49.5 Over to you

For more examples of language used in advertising, visit the websites of companies, restaurants,
etc. and see how they describe their products. Match the language to the categories in A to E
opposite.

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 Explanations
Basic usage • What is always true: present + present
If I work late, I got tired.
If the water is boiling/has boiled, it means the food is nearly ready.
• What was always true: past + past
We went home early if it was foggy.
If it was snowing, we stayed at home.
• Real situations: present + future
Here we think that the outcome is really possible.
If you keep driving like that, you're going to have an accident.
If you see Mark, tell him I'll ring him tomorrow.
• Hypothetical situations: past + would
These are unreal or imaginary situations.
If I knew the answer, I'd tell you.
If I was having a party, I wouldn't invite Marcia.
The verb be usually takes the form were for all persons in these sentences,
though was is used in everyday speech. Note that in the first person it is
possible to use should instead of would.
If I left home, I think I should be lonely.
• Hypothetical past situations: past perfect + would have
These refer to past events.
If I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the station.
• With modals
Possible situations in the present
If you get wet, you should change your clothes immediately.
If you come early, we can discuss the problem together.
Hypothetical situations
If I had the money, I could help you.
Hypothetical past situations
If you hadn't reminded me, I might have forgotten.
Variations • If only
This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a
sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.
If only I had enough time!
If only I hadn't drunk too much, this wouldn't have happened!

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 GRAMMAR 8 CONDITIONALS

• Unless and other alternatives to if

Unless means only if not.
I'll go ahead and get the tickets unless you call me this afternoon.
(This means if you call me this afternoon, I won't get the tickets.)
This means if one situation depends on another, if can be replaced by as/so
long as, provided or only if. See Grammar 13 for only if.
I'll do what you say provided the police are not informed.
Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition.
Even if it rains, we'll still go for a picnic.
• Past events with results in the present: past perfect + would
If Jim hadn't missed the plane, he would be here by now.
• Should
After if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.
If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me?
(This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.)
• Were to
This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.
If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?
• Happen to
This emphasises chance possibilities. It is often used with should.
If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea.
• If it were not for/if it hadn 't been for
This describes how one event depends on another.
If it weren't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.
If it hadn't been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.
• Will and would: politeness and emphasis
These can be used as polite forms.
If you will/would wait here, I'll see if Mrs Green is free.
Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning 'insist on doing'.
If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying out)
Other ways of • Supposing, otherwise
making a Supposing or suppose can replace if, mainly in everyday speech.
conditional Supposing you won the football pools, what would you do?
sentence Otherwise means 'or if not'. It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence.
If you hadn't given us directions, we wouldn't have found the house.
Thanks for your directions to the house. We wouldn't have found it otherwise.

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ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

• But for
This can replace if not. It is used in formal language, and must be followed
by a noun form.
If you hadn't helped us, we would have been in trouble.
But for your help, we would have been in trouble.
• If so/if not
These can refer to a sentence understood but not stated.
There is a possibility that Jack will be late. If so, I will take his place.
• Colloquial omission of if
An imperative can be used instead of an if clause in everyday speech.
Sit down, and I'll make us a cup of tea. (If you sit down ...)
• If and adjectives
In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the
verb be.
If interested, apply within.
If necessary, take a taxi.
• Formally if can mean although, usually as if+ adjective.
The room was well­furnished, if a little badly decorated.

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 GRAMMAR 8 CONDITIONALS

1 Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form.

a) Now we're lost! If you (write down)

Marys directions, this (not/happen).
b) Why don't we emigrate? If we (live) in
Australia, at least the weather (be) better!
c) I'm afraid that Smith is a hardened criminal. If we
(not/punish) him this time, he
(only/commit) more crimes.
d) Thanks to Dr Jones, I'm still alive! If it
(not/be) for her, I (be) dead for certain.
e) I'm sorry I can't lend you any money. You know that if I
(have) it, I
(lend) it to you.
f) Don't be afraid. If you (touch) the dog,
it (not/bite).
g) In those days, if you (have) a job, you
(be) lucky.
h) It's always the same! If I (decide) to
leave the office early, my boss (call)
me after I've left!
i) What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we
(not/miss) the plane, we
(kill) in the crash.
j) Did you enjoy your meal? If you (finish)
eating, I (clear away) the plates.

2 Decide whether each sentence is grammatically possible or not.

a) If you haven't received a letter yet, you haven't got the job.
b) If it isn't for David, we are missing the bus
c) If it's raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead
d) If you didn't lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank
e) If you should happen to change your mind, drop me a line
f) If it wasn't for the rain, we would have been home by now.
g) If you will drive so fast, no wonder the police keep stopping you
h) If I knew you were coming, I would have met you at the airport
i) But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer
j) If Jack joins the team, I'm leaving

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ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Finish the sentences by ticking the correct option (a­c).

1) If you'd told me you were coming a) I can get some food in.
b) I'd have found us something to eat. \/
c) I made a lovely dish.
2) If you're too ill to come a) I'll come over and see you.
b) I wouldn't have done all this for you.
c) I asked someone else.
3) If I'd known you weren't coming a) I wouldn't be very upset.
b) I would like to know why.
c) I wouldn't have gone to so much
trouble.
4) If you're not coming a) perhaps you'd have the courtesy to
tell me.
b) we'd never have met.
c) you'd be so lucky.
5) If only you'd come a) I'll be the happiest girl alive.
b) I'd have had a lovely time.
c) I would look forward to it.
6) If you do decide to come a) the party's always a success.
b) I won't be coming either.
c) let me know.
7) If you really don't want to come a) I'll understand.
b) I can't be sure.
c) tell me tomorrow.

4 Complete each sentence with a phrase containing the verb in brackets in an

appropriate form.

a) If I were (say) loved you, what would you do?

b) If it (rain) I would have gone out for a walk.
c) If you'd told me it was a surprise party, I (say) anything to
Uncle Dave!
d) Thanks for your help with the garden; I (do) otherwise.
e) If only Mick had come to the disco, then we (have) a
great time!
f) (pay) the phone bill today, the phone will be cut off.
g) If I (had) your tools, I wouldn't have been able to fix the
car.
h) Those wires look a bit dangerous; (touch) if I were you.
i) If (be) the goalkeeper's heroics, we would have lost the
match.

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 GRAMMAR 8 CONDITIONALS

5 Rewrite each sentence three times so that it contains the word in capitals.

a) We won't go away if the weather is bad.

UNLESS
ONLY
STAY
b) If you hurry up you won't be late.
DON'T
OR
WANT
c) If they offered you the job, would you accept?
WERE TO
SHOULD
HAPPENED
d) Without your help, I would have given up years ago.
HADN'T BEEN
BUT
HADN'T HELPED
e) I'll lend you the money on condition that you pay it back next week.
PROVIDED
LONG
ONLY

O Complete the text by writing one word in each space.

Mr Jeffries, I have decided against a prison sentence in your case. You may walk
free from this court on (1) that you report to Chesham
police station every Friday for the next six months. Should you fail to
(2) so, you will be given one warning; and if you persist
(3) failing to meet this obligation, you will return to this
court for a harsher sentence. (4) you can present good
reason why you were unable to report to the station, you will
(5) yourself in severe trouble. If you are
(6) to attend because of illness, please note that a medical
certificate must be produced, signed by your doctor, proving your state of
health. You should realise that (7) for your previous good
conduct, I would (8) had no hesitation in imposing a prison
sentence. And I shall not forget that if your friend had (9)
intervened in the fight, you might (10) seriously injured the
defendant.

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ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

a) I didn't have the money so I didn't buy a new suit.

would
If I a new suit.
b) If you are in London by any chance, come and see me.
happen
If you come and see me.
c) If you insist on doing everything yourself, of course you'll feel tired!
will
If you , of course you'll feel tired!
d) Please take a seat, and I'll inquire for you.
will
If you , I'll inquire for you.
e) If you do the shopping, I'll cook lunch.
and
You I'll cook lunch.
f) If Pauline hadn't been interested, the project would have been abandoned.
interest
But the project would have been
abandoned.
g) The fire was brought under control thanks to the night­watchman.
for
If it hadn't got out of control.
h) Dick is in prison because a detective recognised him.
if
Dick wouldn't recognised him.
i) I am not tall enough to reach the shelf.
taller
If I reach the shelf.
j) But for Helen acting so wonderfully, the play would be a flop.
wonderful
If it the play would be a flop.
k) It won't make any difference if City score first; United will still win.
even
United City score first.
1) Getting up early makes me feel hungry.
get
If makes me feel hungry.

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 GRAMMAR 8 CONDITIONALS

8 Using the notes as a guide, complete the letter. Use one or two words in each
space. The words you need do not occur in the notes.

YELLOW BRICK ROAD RECORD COMPANY

MEMO
Brian, tell Carter's again that their account must be paid.
If they don't pay in ten days we're going to have to go to the law.
If they're in financial trouble, they can get in touch with our Finance Dept.
If they pay up we can keep their account open.
If they don't we shall, if we really have to, close their account.
If they have settled the account already, say sorry for this letter.

Credit Controller
Carter's Record Store
Dear Sir/Madam,
We would like to (1) you that your account is two months
overdue. On the basis of our goodwill, we are prepared to allow you another ten
days to settle your account. However, if you (2) to
pay your outstanding bills within ten days you (3)
us with no alternative but to take legal action. That is,
(4) we receive full payment by 20 March, we
(5) steps to reclaim our money, plus compensation
costs.
(6) you be experiencing financial difficulties, please
contact our Finance Department. (7) that you
settle your account within the specified time period, we
(8) happy to continue to do business with you.
However, we will, if (9) , take the regrettable step
of closing your account. We are sorry that the situation has come to this, but if
you had paid your bills over the last two months, we would not be in this
position now.
You (10) have settled your account in the last two
days; if so, please accept our apologies for this letter.

Yours faithfully,
Brian Eccles
Customer Services
Yellow Brick Road Record Company

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 Unit 8

Passing through

STUDENT’S NAME: _____________________________

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26 Travel and accommodation
A Booking travel and holidays
Here are some choices you may make
when booking travel or holidays. first, business or economy class
route (e.g. via /vaɪə/ Amsterdam)
scheduled airline (e.g. low-cost/budget such as
flight easyJet or national carrier such as Emirates)

By air
charter package/all-inclusive holiday
flight flight only
extras (e.g. airport taxes, insurance)

A scheduled flight is a normal, regular flight; a charter flight is a special flight

taking a group of people, usually to the same holiday destination. Some airline
tickets may have restrictions (e.g. you can only travel on certain days). Such tickets
can offer good value for money but, if you cancel, they are non-refundable1or
you may have to pay a cancellation fee. Some tickets allow a stopover2. A
package holiday normally includes accommodation and transfers, e.g. a coach or
a shuttle bus to and from your hotel. An all-inclusive holiday includes your flight,
accommodation and all meals, drinks and snacks in the hotel.
1 2
you can’t get your money back you may stay somewhere overnight before continuing to your destination
Sea travel is normally on a ferry, and the journey is called a crossing, but you
can have a holiday on the sea if you go on a cruise. For some people, a luxury
cruise is the holiday of a lifetime1. You may decide to book a berth in a shared
cabin2, or to have a single or double cabin. For more money, you can often get
a deluxe cabin, perhaps on the upper deck3. Cruises often go to exotic4 islands
where you can get away from it all5.
1
one you will always remember 2 a bed in a cabin with other people 3 the higher part of the ship,
which is often bigger and more comfortable 4 unusual or exciting 5 escape your daily life and routines
Train travel allows you to relax as you travel and look at the countryside
through the windows of your carriage. Railways link major towns but you may
have to change trains1 if you are not able to get a through train2.
1 2
get off one train and on to another or direct train, one which takes you
directly to your destination
Car hire is another way of getting around1. When you book it, you may have to
choose whether you want unlimited mileage2. There may also be extras to pay,
such as accident insurance. If you hire a car, it gives you the freedom to come
and go as you please3.
1 2
travelling to different places; informal /ˈmaɪlɪdʒ/ you can travel as many miles as you like for the
3
same price go where you want when you want

B Accommodation when travelling

Some people like camping1 while others prefer hotels. Or you can have a self-catering2 holiday,
such as staying in an apartment or chalet3. You can also choose to stay in a guest house4 or an inn5.
Some types of accommodation offer half board6 or full board7.
1
sleeping in a tent or a caravan 2 where you do your own cooking 3 /ˈʃæleɪ/ small cottage or cabin specially
built for holiday-makers 4 small, relatively cheap hotel 5 similar to a pub, but also offering accommodation;
sometimes in an attractive old building 6 usually breakfast and one other meal 7 all meals

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 Exercises
26.1 Use vocabulary from A opposite to express these sentences more briefly.
1 It was a regular flight which the airline runs every day.
It was a scheduled flight.
2 I hate those special flights where everyone is booked to the same holiday destination.
3 The ticket allowed us to spend up to three nights in Singapore on the journey from London
to Sydney.
4 You can get a bed on the ferry in a little room with three other beds.
5 Our seats were in the part of the train that was nearest to the engine.
6 The bus or taxi to your hotel is included in the cost of the holiday.
7 It was a cheap fare, but there were some things you were not allowed to do.
8 The ticket is relatively cheap, but you can’t get your money back if you have to cancel.
9 The price of the holiday includes the flight, hotel and all your food and drink.
26.2 Match the words on the left with their collocations on the right.
1 holiday a catering
2 full b for money
3 self- c mileage
4 unlimited d bus
5 exotic e of a lifetime
6 value f board
7 shuttle g train
8 through h airline
9 low-cost i class
10 economy j island
26.3 Which expressions in the box do you associate with each of the holidays below? Use a
dictionary if necessary. Each expression may go with more than one type of holiday.

to rough it to keep on the move to just drift along

an exhilarating experience to sleep under the stars a cosy atmosphere
to be out in the wilds a real learning experience to come and go as you please
to lounge around to be your own boss to spend a fortune on entrance fees

1 self-catering holiday
2 camping at a beach resort
3 staying in an inn or a guest house
4 skiing holiday, staying in a chalet
5 trekking holiday, camping in the mountains
6 cruise
7 sightseeing holiday, staying in a hotel in a historic city
8 touring holiday, in a hire car

26.4 Complete these sentences with expressions from 25.3.

1 It was a lovely cruise; we just all day.
2 I prefer self-catering because I like to .
3 Camping is OK if you don’t mind .
4 Skiing is always such .
5 Sightseeing’s great but it’s easy .
6 The guided tour of the ancient ruins was .
7 Inns and guest houses usually have quite .
8 I’d hate to stay in just one place on my holiday – I much prefer .

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 Unit 9

Reading the mind

STUDENT’S NAME: _____________________________

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 All in the mind

2 Read this article quickly and decide whether you are

more like Emily Feld or her mother, Christine.

The next step in brain evolution

Emily Feld is a native of a new planet. While the 20-year-
old university student may appear to live in London, she
actually spends much of her time in another galaxy – in
the digital universe of websites, e-mails, smart phones
and social networking sites. The behaviour of Emily and
her generation, say experts, is being shaped by digital
technology as never before. It may even be the next step in
evolution, transforming our brains and the way we think.
‘First thing every morning I check my mobile for messages,
have a coffee and then go on Twitter,’ says Emily. ‘I look at
Facebook, my favourite social networking site, update my
status, add any photos and interesting articles or music attention to particular bits of information, so it may appear
clips I’ve found. And I’ve got about 300 friends so there are that attention spans are shorter.’
always messages to read and reply to. Then I’ll browse the
Internet, and if a news article on Google catches my eye, The question, then, is how do digital natives learn to
I’ll read it. discriminate, and what determines the things that
interest them? Parents who hope that skills, values and
‘The other day, I went to meet a friend in town and limits are instilled at school may be fighting a losing
realised I’d left my mobile at home. I felt so lost without it battle. According to some educationalists, the reason
that I panicked and went back to collect it. I need to have why many children today do not pay attention in school is
it on me at all times. Technology is an essential part of my that they find teaching methods dull compared with their
everyday life. I don’t know where I’d be without it.’ digital experiences. Instead, parameters are increasingly
That’s what makes Emily a ‘digital native’, someone who set by ‘wiki-thinking’, peer groups exchanging ideas
has never known a world without instant communication. through digital networks. Just as the online encyclopedia
Her mother Christine, on the other hand, is a ‘digital Wikipedia has been built from the collective knowledge of
immigrant’, still coming to terms with a culture ruled by thousands of contributors, so digital natives draw on the
the ring of a mobile and the zip of text messages. Though experience and advice of online communities to shape
55-year-old Christine happily shops online and e-mails their interests.
friends, at heart she’s still in the old world. ‘Children today Where is this all leading? Only one thing seems clear:
are permanently multitasking – downloading tracks, changes propelled by the digital world are just beginning.
uploading photos, texting. It’s non-stop,’ she says. ‘They Indeed, apart from age, one of the differences between the
find sitting down and reading, even watching TV, too slow natives and the immigrants is the intuitive acceptance of
and boring.’ rapid digital change. Parents may use the Internet as much
Are digital natives like Emily charting a new course for as their children, but what they are not used to doing is
human intelligence? Many parents fear that children who upgrading. The younger generation are much more used
spend hours glued to computer screens will end up as to replacing old technology. Faster broadband speeds,
zombies with the attention span of an insect. Cyberspace smaller hardware – innovation is happening at such a pace
is full of junk, they worry, and computer games are packed that what was science fiction a few years ago will soon be
with mindless violence. But it need not be like that, say fact.
some experts, and increasingly it isn’t, as users exert more Anecdotally, it seems, a lot of natives in this digital
control and discrimination. culture are adept at multitasking, doing several things
The sheer mass of information in the modern world is simultaneously. But nobody knows exactly what the
forcing digital natives to make choices that those who effect will be. In a sense, we are running a grand-scale
grew up with only books and television did not have to experiment. We’re bringing up a whole generation in this
make. ‘Younger people sift more and filter more,’ says totally new environment – without any firm evidence of
Helen Petrie, a professor of human–computer interaction. how they will be affected.
‘We have more information to deal with, and we pay less

Adapted from The Times online

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 Unit 3

3 Read the article again and for questions 1–6, choose 4 Discuss these questions.
the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best 
How do you feel about the idea expressed in the
according to the article. following extract?

Why are the first three paragraphs of the article
The behaviour of Emily and her generation is being
devoted to Emily Feld? shaped by digital technology. It may even be the next

" She is particularly interested in technology. step in evolution, transforming our brains and the way

# She is a typical university student. we think.

$ She is a representative of people of her age. 
The writer says: Many parents fear that children who

% She is studying the effects of digital technology on spend hours glued to computer screens will end up as
students. zombies. Are parents right to be worried?

The article concludes: We’re bringing up a whole

How would you sum up Emily’s relationship with digital generation in this totally new environment – without
technology? any firm evidence of how they will be affected. How do

" She is completely dependent on it. you think this generation will be affected?

# She uses it mainly to support her academic studies.

$ It provides her with a meaningful social life.

% It is useful but she could live without it.


How is Emily’s mother different from her daughter?

" She is very uncomfortable using digital technology.

# She rarely uses digital technology.

$ She is still adjusting to digital technology.

% She prefers reading or watching TV.


Some parents worry that continued exposure to digital

technology will result in children Vocabulary

" becoming uncontrollable and violent. 'PSNBM
PS
JOGPSNBM

# becoming too reliant on technology.

$ being unable to discriminate between right and 1 Which of the following examples would you be more
wrong. likely to find in formal writing and which in informal

% losing the ability to pay attention for more than a writing? Pay particular attention to the words in
few seconds. bold type.

5IFZWF rung to say UIFZSF coming tomorrow.

Educationalists believe that digital natives may be 
What on earth are you doing?
developing their ideas and interests from 
8F
XJMM
be leaving as soon as the GPH
IBT lifted.

" older family members. 
We have never DPOUFNQMBUFE
SFTJEJOH in any other

# online encyclopedias like Wikipedia. OFJHICPVSIPPE.

$ internet contacts of their own age. 
I can’t QVU
VQ
XJUI this situation for much longer.

% schools and teachers. 
‘Community’ can be defined as any individual or
organisation
XJUI
XIPN
we interact.

What, according to the writer, is the only certainty with 
A teenager JT
CFMJFWFE to have started the fire.
regard to the future of digital technology? 
(SVCT
VQ Come and get it.

" Children will always be happier with digital 
That’s the girl I go to school XJUI.
technology than their parents.

# The world is at the start of the digital age. 2 Rewrite each of the sentences in Exercise 1,

$ Everybody will need to become accustomed to changing from formal to informal and vice versa.
multitasking. 3 Look again at paragraphs 3–7 in the article on

% People will accept that digital technology is page 34 and find examples of formal and informal
changing their world. language. Why is there a mixture of styles here?

35

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 All in the mind

Reading and Use of English | 1BSU
 Exam information

1 You are going to read an article which considers the In Reading and Use of English Part 2 there is a text with
extent to which we inherit our personalities as well eight gaps. You have to write one word in each gap. Most
as our physical characteristics from our parents. missing words are ‘grammar words’, e.g.

What is your opinion on this issue? Are we born with t articles (the, a)
a ready-made personality, or does our personality t auxiliary or modal verbs (are, is, can)
develop from our experiences? Think about yourself t pronouns (he, us)
and people you know. t conjunctions (but, although)

Read Nature vs nurture quickly, without paying t possessive adjectives (my, our)
attention to the missing words. What conclusion does t prepositions (at, to)
the article come to? A few may be ‘meaning’ words, e.g. nouns, verbs,
adjectives. You must spell your answers correctly.
2 Work in pairs to complete the text. Use the list below
to help you think of the type of word you need for
each gap. 3 Now do the task below with no assistance. For
questions 1–8, read the text and think of the word
preposition article verb adjective pronoun which best fits each gap. Use only one word for each
auxiliary verb auxiliary verb pronoun gap. There is an example at the beginning.

Nature vs nurture

Where do my talents come from?

Some people claim that the ability (0) to sing, dance
or draw is acquired, rather than inherited. But you know
what they also say: some people have it and some people
You know where your looks come from – for example, you may
don’t. How do people actually acquire (1)
have your mother’s nose or your father’s eyes. But what about
individual talents? You could argue that you become good
things that we cannot see, like your talent (0) for
(2) something by determination and constant
music? Is this something that you learned, or are your abilities practice, but there are small children with (3)
and personality traits determined (1) your genes? or no training who sing or dance beautifully or are clearly
What makes (2) individual behave in a certain way genius-level artists. Most children of musicians and actors
and display certain talents? seem to be talented (4) their parents. Then
again, I personally can sing, dance and draw but my
Scientists are not clear what the answer to this
parents have none of those abilities. I was singing and
question (3) . Those who support the ‘nature’
drawing (5) I was little but had never been in
theory believe that humans are genetically programmed to a choir or to an art class in my life. It just came naturally to
behave in certain ways, regardless of culture and upbringing. (6) . I suppose you could say that being born
On the (4) hand we have the ‘nurture’ (7) stronger lungs or longer legs and arms
theory, (5) argues that a person’s behaviour might give you (8) advantage.
and personality (6) developed by teaching
and experience. There is evidence to support both of these 4 Discuss these questions.
theories and the debate (7) still to be resolved.

What physical characteristics have you inherited from
(8) seems most probable that both theories have
your parents?
their validity and that nature and nurture each play a part in 
Where do your likes, dislikes, tastes and interests come
making us who we are. from – your genes or your experience?

36

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 Unit 3

Reading and Use of English | Part 6

You are going to read four reviews of a psychology book. For questions 1–4,
choose from the reviews A–D. The reviews may be chosen more than once.

Smart Thinking
Four reviewers comment on psychology professor Art Markman’s book called Smart Thinking.

A C
For anyone needing to learn more about the mind and how it Smart Thinking by Art Markman is based on leading-edge
works, I’d recommend Smart Thinking. This book explains how we science, but targeted at the lay reader. Its stated aim is to
can ingest valuable information and then become more adept at reach into the underlying ability to reason, make decisions,
retaining and recalling it, becoming better thinkers as a result. communicate, and take action. It strives to do this by
That’s an appealing idea. Markman is clearly an expert in his field, presenting innate, intuitive human ability in a structured ‘how
but he doesn’t flash data in a way that leaves the reader befuddled to’ layout, thus implying the things that make people different
and confused. He writes in such a way that seemingly complex are a matter of learning a new skill. Markman consequently
concepts are perceptively unravelled, and the workings of the implies for instance, that with training anyone can invent an
human mind are laid bare. Although not every chapter is a winner, ingenious device. But the reader may have reservations about
the whole book is filled with practical ideas anyone can use which the information that Markman tries to instill in his narrative,
are based on the principles of sound scientific research. It is an principally because there is no overt acknowledgement
excellent read, and well worth perusing in detail for its insights. that imagination, the motor of intelligence, can rarely be
duplicated by training. All in all, this book does little to define
motivation or imagination, yet its subject matter alone could
B well ensure its success.
Smart Thinking is a fascinating book for those whose goal
is to retain more useful information. It combines common-
sense advice with the author’s experience in the field of D
cognitive psychology. While not every point is helpful, Because Smart Thinking is marketed primarily as a self-
there is much to like. Markman wants us to understand help book, potential readers might overlook the fact that
that we use mental energy in much the same way as we this is an excellent treatise on cognitive psychology. In fact,
consume physical energy. When we are in our comfort Markman is one of the best in the business at synthesizing
zones, working with familiar subjects, thinking comes what cognitive psychologists have learned about how the
easily. So, he posits, our goal should be to make more mind works. There is some innovative content and the
subjects familiar ones. For instance, are you able to move reader cannot fail to appreciate with just what lucidity and
about a room in the dark? If so, that’s because you have intelligence Markman expounds on and applies various
made it a habit to manuever around objects by making a concepts. Many of his examples, and the logic with which he
connection between an action (your movement) and an lays out various principles, are better executed than formal
environment (the room). When we make that connection psychology lectures normally are. For those who aren’t as
in other learning situations such as a classroom or versed in cognitive science literature, this will be a ground-
meeting room, it assists the brain with the retaining of breaking read full of useful practical tips, and for others who
information. are already expert, there is still much of value in this carefully
constructed tome.

Which reviewer
1 shares reviewer A’s view that Markham has a gift for communicating clearly?
2 has a different opinion from the others on the immediate relevance of Markham’s ideas
to daily life?
3 makes a comparison similar to that of reviewer B of the effective and ineffective elements
of Markham’s discussion?
4 has a different view to reviewer C on the appeal of the book to professionals in the field?

17

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 All in t he mind?
Speakin g and
reading C>

1 Rank the people above

according to how
intelligent you think each Marie Curie
one is or was: 1 =
Claude Monet most intelligent, 7 =
least intelligent.
Compare your list with Charles
your p artn er's, giving Darwin
reasons for your decisions.

2 Read the following extract from an

article on Howard Gardner's theory of
multiple intelligences. How would he
rank the people shown in the photos? Albert Einstein
J. K. Rowling Cristiano Ronalda

lbert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers t he These two categories are the main components of what

A world has ever known. He formulated theories

of relativity, successfully described the nature
of the universe ~nd came up with the most famous
we generally t hink of as 'intelligence'.
40 'Musical' intelligence characterizes musicians,
composers and conductors. 'Spatial' intelligence is
5 equation in the world. David Beckham was a footballer
whose skill and precision made him one of the most about being able to picture perspective, to visualize a
gifted sportsmen of his generation. Who is the more world in one's head with great accuracy. Chess players,
intelligent? artists and architects would rate highly in this category.
45 Dancers, athletes and actors are lumped under
Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences the 'bodily­kinesthetic' heading; these individuals,
10 (Ml) dares us to put these two men on neighbouring like Beckham, are able to control their bodies and
pedestals. Instead of regarding intelligence as a single movements very carefully.
quantity (g) measurable by pen­and­paper tests,
Gardner, an education professor at Harvard University, Then come tw o types of ' personal' intelligence ­
divides human intelligence into no fewer than eight 50 intrapersonal, the ability to gauge one's own mood,
' 15 separate categories ranging from mathematical t o feelings and mental states, and interpersonal, being
musical competence. His ideas have provoked vigorous able to gauge it in others and use the information.
debate about how one defines intelligence, about how These two categories could be interpreted as emotional
children should be educated and how society treats int elligence. Psychiatrists are particularly adept at the
those who do not sit at the top of the academic heap. 55 former, while religious leaders and politicians are seen
20 They have certainly divided parents ­ Celebration, the as people who can exploit t he latter.
American town created by t he Disney Corporation ®, Charles Darwin is perhaps t he perfect embodiment
based its school around Gardner's fundamental ideas.
of the eighth intelligence ­ 'naturalist'. This label
Several parents subsequently complained that their describes people with a deep understanding of the
children were not being taught satisfact orily, and 60 natural world and its objects. Zoologists and botanists
25 withdrew them. Gardner's point is that g measures
can count themselves among this group. Gardner has
only one capacity, the sort of mental agility that is tentatively named a ninth, 'existential' intelligence,
valued in academic achievement, and that this single which characterizes those who ask fundamental
number does not do justice to human potential. questions about the universe. The Dalai Lama and jean­
So he has created his own spheres of achievement. 65 Paul Sartre would reside in this classification. This ninth
30 Some categories are easily reconcilable with general addition, however, has yet to be confirmed to Gardner's
perceptions about IQ. For example, 'ling uistic' satisfaction.
intelligence confers a mastery of language, and is the
preserve of such people as poets, writers and linguists. These eight (or nine) categories certainly reflect the fact
'Logical mathematical' intelligence marks out people that, in these areas, there is a spectrum of human ability
35 who take a reasoning approach to physical things, and 70 ranging from the hopeless to the brilliant. But are these
seek underlying principles. Einstein is the standard­ really intelligences, or could these competences be
bearer for this grouw, which also includes philosophers. more accurately described as gifts or talents?
I

70
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 All in the mind? ­

C> Reacting to the text

1 How would you answer the question in the final paragraph?

2 In which of the nine categories do you perform the best? What encouragement or help
have you received in realizing your potential in this field?

3 Do you think children should be educated differently in the light of this theory?
Should schools focus less on traditional notions of intelligence and take more account
of each individual's specific strengths?

(_,Li_stlr.'l en_in.:.g_.1_ _) Multiple matching ~ 1.24­ 1.28

MttttM
1 You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about education
and learning.

TASK ONE TASK TWO

For questions 1­5, choose from the list (A­H) For questions 6­10, choose from the list (A­H) the
the person who is speaking. attitude that each person has towards education.
While you listen you must complete both tasks.
I A a researcher A It should offer a wide range of subjects.
1 6
\
B a novelist B It should allow students to learn at their
own pace.
c a teacher 2 7
D a musician c It should teach students practical
3 work­related skills. 8
E an examiner
D It should encourage a sense of
F a politician responsibility.
4 9
G a scientist E It should enable students to perform to
H a parent 5 their full potential. 10
F It should improve communication skills.
G It should encourage creativity.

H It should encourage students to join in.

2 c:> Discuss each of the views expressed in the recording, saying how much you agree
or disagree with them.
How would you complete the sentence beginning 'Education should ... '?

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 Unit 10

A perfect match

STUDENT’S NAME: _____________________________

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 

D
What are you like?
ead in
What is your ideal job? Make a list of useful 2 Do the personality quiz below, then look at page
qualities for that job, e.g. imagination, sensitivity. 153 to discover the best career for you. Do you
Which do you possess? think the quiz is accurate? Why /Why not?


Extrovert or Introvert?
8 r Heart? 4 When out with a group of your friends, how
~ f . d started dating
­ vour nen d ked much of the talking do you do?
­­ ­ ou disliked an as
someone y ould you ... ? a hardly any
_"hat you thought. w
b quite a lot
be brutally honest
c almost all
~ b e tactful but truthful
c tell a lie if necessary 5 What do you tend to do when you meet new
"th friends and an people socially?
lf you are Wl . ou ... ? a stick with the people you know
t breaks out, do y .
argumen et on with lt b worry about how to keep the conversation
a leave them to g going
. f the person
b take the slde o
ou agree with . c mingle with as many new people as possible
y gnd a compromlse 6 Which pair of words best describes you?
c try to u
. f rds best a cautious and thoughtful
Which pmr o wo
describes you? b inquisitive and independent
c lively and energetic
a logical and matur_e d
.. d motwate
b deClswe an ..
. g and sens1twe
c cann Facts or Ideas?
7 You buy a piece of furniture which you have
to assemble yourself Do you ... 7
a follow the instructions exactly
b scan the Instructions then set them aside
c leap m, only referring to the instructions if
you get stuck

8 When giving directions to your home, do you ... 7

a provide a step­by st 1· .
b ­ ep !St of Instructions
draw a rough map
c just give general directions
9 Which pair of words best describes you?
a practical and efficient
b realistic and enthusiastic
c inventive and imaginative

Unit 1 IJ
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Reading Part 5 Multiple choice 3 The Myers­Briggs Type Indicator is based on the
belief that
A character traits are largely inherited.
B certain personality traits are universal.
how to do it C character is largely decided from birth.
Read the text quickly for general meaning. D some personality types are better than others .
Read the question or stem but not the options. 4 What is the problem with personality tests,
 Find the part of the text that relates to the question ; according to Dr Gill?
remember, the questions are in order. A They can have a negative effect on takers.
 Read the options and eliminate any that are clearly wrong. B People can easily lie about their true abilities.
Choose the option that answers the question fully and C The results could be counter­productive for
 accurately. employers .
D Employers often find their results to be
 unreliable.
1 Read the text opposite and note down 5 In Dr Gill's view, how easy is it to change your
the main idea of each paragraph. personality?
A It's achievable in the short term.
2 Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to B It's impossible after the age of 21.
questions 1­6, and say why the other options are C It's easy if you have great skill and motivation.
wrong. Question 1 has been done as an example. D It's unlikely because it requires too much
Example energy.
1 What reason is given in the first paragraph for 6 What final conclusion does the writer reach about
the increased use of personality testing? the value of personality tests?
A It is used by 50% of managers. X A They are not really worth doing.
B They may encourage greater realism.
SO% of managers are selected on the basis C They are of doubtful value to employers.
of these tests. D They can strengthen our self­image.
B It has been accepted by educational bodies. X
Personality tests may be used by universities 3 Match a­ f with meanings 1­ 6, using the text to
in the future. help you.
C Research has justified its use . ./ a indicator (1.2) 1 argument
See lines 3­4. b compulsive (1 .18) 2 disadvantage
D The tests are now available on the Internet. X c row (1.24) 3 sign
This is true but not the reason given for the d intuitive (1.31) 4 latent abilities or qualities
increased use of personality tests. e downside (1.40) 5 instinctive
f potential (l. 77) 6 irresistible/ compelling

tip 4 Have you ever taken a test like this? How useful or
If you are unsure about an interesting was it?
item, leave it and come back
to it after you have answered
the other questions.

2 What does the writer imply about the test she

tried out herself?
A It didn't come up with the right result.
B It was psychologically challenging.
C It was a tedious way to spend her time.
D· It wasn 't personal enough for her liking.

m Unit1
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 r ometric testing for recruitment ­ assessing personality
as an indicator of performance in a certain role ­ has
~shro omed as studies show their results to be hree times
e accurate in predicting your job performance than extremely open to new experiences can be butterflies,
ou r previous work experience combined . These tests going from one big idea to the next without mastering any
·e 'low included in virtually all graduate recruitment and 45 of them .' Nevertheless, the psychometric test is here to
":::used in the selection of more than 50% of managers. stay­ which may be why a whole sub­industry on cheating
­ m la r tests may be given to university applicants in future, personality tests has sprung up. 'it's possible to cheat,'
a­·ng agencies swear by them, and they are used to match admits expert David Bartram, 'but why try to pretend
;3 to owners. On line personality tests are immensely you're an ambitious extrovert if you 're a more thoughtful
pula r, too. So does your personality meet the grade? 50 introvert? Having to fake the person you are at work will be
exhausting and miserable and probably short­lived.'
ecided to try a test. At one particular site I was informed
<my career personality and the job that best matches it.
­ ·s is the appeal of on line tests: the premise that there is
­ ­ perfect job, a perfect mate and a perfect you. These tests
a·e also the ideal self­discovery vehicle for our alienated 55
­ ­tech age: intimate but anonymous. lt is incredibly
com pulsive; when you get hooked on a test you're there for
Mours. And there is no aspect of Iife too frivolous to test for.
_ ~'-er reco rding my reaction to a series of ink blots (Is the
"load of this picture nostalgic, violent or neutral? Can you 60
~.,d the chicken in this picture? Can you find your wife's!
Musband's mother?), I discovered I am mainly motivated by
pea ce. (Somewhat unconvincing as I'd just had a row with
....s m partner!)
65
~he most popular of these personality tests is the Myers­
Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI ). lt is based on the theory that
 ·e are born with a predisposition to one personality type
wh ich stays more or less fixed throughout life. You answer Our obsession with personality
88 questions and are then given your 'type': Introvert or now invades every aspect of our
Extrovert, Thinking or Feeling, Sensing or Intuitive, and 70 lives. If you ask an expert for
judging or Perceiving. If you're Introverted , Intuitive, advice on just about anything, you'll
Feeling and Perceptive, you'll probably find it harder to do probably be quizzed about your _ :.;~
wo rk where you're required to entertain, or persuade lots personality. But if personality ­ ' -=-
35 of people, such as a job in sales or public relations. tests have any value to us (rather
75 than employers), perhaps it is to
Critics of personality testing mutter darkly about 'social
disabuse us of the illusion that
engineering'. Psychologist Or Col in Gill agrees that too
all of us are full of potential,
many organisations want people with the same traits.
and remind us of what we
But, he warns, these 'popular' personality traits have their
are. As they say in one test
"o downside. 'An extreme extrovert tends to be a selfish "get
so when they ask for your
on" type, who may walk over others. Overly conscientious
age: pick the one you are, not the
people are prone to burn out and people who are
one you wish you were.

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 Describing people: personality and
10 character traits
A Adjectives to describe people’s personality or behaviour
word meaning example
impetuous acts on a sudden idea without She’s so impetuous; I wish she would consider
thinking first (often negative) things before acting.
impulsive similar to impetuous, but can be His impulsive generosity led him to give money to
used in a more positive way anyone who asked for help.
effusive gives exaggerated expression of She always gives me such an effusive welcome
pleasure, praise or gratitude when I visit her.
excitable easily excited by things He’s a very excitable child; he needs to calm down.
pushy always selfishly promoting your She’s so pushy; it’s typical of her to demand a pay
own position or interests; informal rise for herself and not care about the rest of us.
self-conscious nervous or uncomfortable Freddie seemed self-conscious and uncomfortable
because you know what people when he had to make the announcement at
think about you or your actions the party.
well-balanced calm and reasonable and showing The teacher said Maddy was a well-balanced child
good judgement who got on well at school.
taciturn reserved or says very little He was a bit taciturn when I first met him. He
/ˈtæsɪtɜːn/ (generally negative) hardly said a word.

B Sociability
Chloe’s such an introvert. Her brother Mark is so outgoing and is such an extrovert. Strange,
isn’t it? [inward-looking and quiet] [energetic and friendly, finds it easy to be with others] [outward-looking,
energetic and sociable]
Mr Rogers is such a diffident man. He seems to have quite low self-esteem. [lacks confidence] [has a
low opinion of himself]
English people are traditionally thought of as rather reserved. [not immediately sociable]
Eva tends to be rather aloof. I don’t know if she’s just shy. [unfriendly and not sociable]
My aunt Annie can be very haughty and disdainful at times, but she’s lovely really. [unfriendly and
thinks herself better than others] [does not believe others deserve respect]
I’ve always found Professor Mactoft very unapproachable, but his colleague Dr O’Daly is very
approachable. [not easy to be sociable with or start a conversation with] [the opposite]
Natasha is very conceited and self-important, but Rachel is such a modest person. [thinks herself
wonderful] [has an exaggerated sense of her importance] [prefers not to exaggerate her own qualities]
Joe is always so polite and respectful. I wish he would be more informal and just treat me as
his equal. [treating someone well and politely, often with admiration]

C Character traits
Arjen is a somewhat naive person; he thinks love can solve all the world’s problems. [/naɪˈiːv/ willing
to believe simple things, perhaps because of inexperience]
Telephone salespeople often take advantage of gullible people. [easily deceived]
My father was a very conscientious man; he never took time off work unless he was really sick.
[/ˌkɒntʃiˈentʃəs/ always took his work very seriously]
She’s a restless individual. I don’t think she’ll ever settle down in a job. [not satisfied with what she is
doing now and wanting something new]
You are so obstinate and pig-headed! Why don’t you listen when people give you advice? [unwilling
to change, despite persuasion] [similar to obstinate but stronger; informal]

26 English Vocabulary in Use Advanced

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 Exercises
10.1 Answer these questions.
1 Why would people rather have an approachable teacher or boss than an unapproachable one?
2 What is a stronger and less formal way of saying obstinate?
3 If someone is diffident, do they have little or lots of self-confidence?
4 How could you describe a greeting from someone that showed exaggerated pleasure?
5 Do you think it would be easy or difficult to have a friendly conversation with a taciturn person?
6 Which tends to be more negative, impetuous or impulsive?
7 Which would most people rather be described as, conscientious or self-conscious?
8 If you’re outgoing, are you more likely to be seen as an introvert or an extrovert?
10.2 Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences using the words in the box, making any
other changes necessary.

restless well-balanced aloof conceited haughty excitable naive self-esteem

pushy outgoing

1 Don’t be so over-proud of your achievements! You’re not the only one to get an A-grade!
2 People who have a poor opinion of themselves can find it difficult to achieve their goals.
3 He’s generally a happy, sociable sort of person.
4 She is a person who is generally quite reasonable and who shows good judgement overall.
5 You always seem unable to settle down. What’s the problem?
6 He’s so easily excited. He should try to calm down more.
7 She believes rather simple things when it comes to politics.
8 He’s just pursuing his own interests and cares little what happens to others.
9 Frances was very unfriendly and would not take part in things at the party.
10 At times, Joel is quite cold and unfriendly and acts as if he’s better than the rest of us.

10.3 Complete the table. Some of the words are not on the opposite page.
adjective noun adjective noun
excitable reserved
gullible diffidence
disdain pig-headed
impetuous respect
obstinate self-important
approachable modest

10.4 These sentences contain words from the table in 10.3. Rewrite the sentences using the
other form of the word. For example, use a noun instead of an adjective and vice versa.
1 One of her main character traits is that she is impetuous.
2 It’s difficult to get him to change his ways. He displays a high level of obstinacy.
3 Luke shows a lot of reserve, but his wife is known more for her approachability.
4 One of her nicest characteristics is that she is modest.
5 She shows a lot of respect for her elders. It’s important in her culture.
6 Being pig-headed seems to be a family trait among my relatives.
7 She is so full of self-importance; it irritates everyone.
8 Online identity thieves prey on people being gullible.

10.5 Over to you

Choose five words from the opposite page that you feel describe you. Be honest!

English Vocabulary in Use Advanced 27

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 Unit 11

Face value

STUDENT’S NAME: _____________________________

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 Unit 12

Brilliant ideas

STUDENT’S NAME: _____________________________

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 Science and technology
D iscovery, solutions

Discovery
En Which three of these inventions or discoveries do you think are the most important? Put a (/).
radio televisionelectricity the telephone
the personal computer the Internetnuclear energythe microchip
the aeroplane penicillin birth controlsanitation
the internal combustion engine

CII91Listen to three people talking about the most important discoveries and inventions.
Answer these questions for each speaker.

1What does each speaker choose? 2 What are the reasons for these choices?
Speaker 1 Speaker 1 
Speaker 2 Speaker 2 
Speaker 3 Speaker 3 

En DE Listen again and complete the sentences with words used by the speakers.
1
Without electric lighting many  would have been more difficult.
2
Many parts of  depend on electricity.
3
The discovery of penicillin saved 
4
Antibiotics have increased the average  in the developed world.
5
Microchips are the brain, heart and  of digital devices.
6
Since the early 1970s there have been more  than in any other period.

1.4 Match the branch of science (1­10) with the words lists (a—j).
1 anatomy a carnivore; invertebrate; mammal; prey; venom
2 anthropology b biodiversity; extinction; habitat; pollution; species
3 archaeology c asteroid; comet; galaxy; nebula; orbit
4 astronomy d aftershock; earthquake; magma; tremor; volcano
5 ecology e culture; custom; taboo; tribe; warfare
6 genetics I joint; muscle; organ; spine; vein
7 meteorology atmosphere; humidity; hurricane; pressure; temperature
8 psychology h chromosome; heredity; mutation; organism; variation
9 seismology i ancestor bone; dig remains; settlement
10 zoology behaviour instinct; intelligence; memory; mind

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45 Science and technology

Complete each sentence with words from two of the lists in 1.4.

ANATOMY & ZOOLOGY

1The common characteristic of unvextebrates like insects is that they do not have a
ANTHROPOLOGY & SEISMOLOGY
2
Local  hold the belief that the is a god which erupts when it is angry.
ECOLOGY & GENETICS
Lack of genetic 
3 in the population makes a vulnerable to disease.
ASTRONOMY & METEOROLOGY
4
If a were to enter the earth's  the results would be catastrophic.

1.6 Which of the words in each box cannot replace the word in italics in the sentence below it? Why?


1 hypothesised proved speculated suggested 4 carry out conduct experiment undertake

Researchers have predicted that there is a possible Only when we get the funding to do the research,
relationship between the two phenomena. can we begin to recruit our team.

2 ascertain contradict demonstrate determine 5 caused affected set off triggered

Only clinical trials can show whether or not the drug is It was observed that the introduction of the
truly effective. compound started an explosive chemical reaction.

3 advance breakthrough development drawback 6 conclusion finding outcome prediction

This significant discovery contributes more to our The unexpected result of the experiment may
knowledge than any past study. disprove earlier theories.

Solutions
Eig How will science and technology be used to solve the world's problems? Make a prediction about
each of the problems in the box.

climate change disappearance of fossil fuels food shortages disease water shortages

la Read the first paragraph of an article about electric cars. According to the writer, what is the main
problem associated with these cars?

I would love electric cars to work, but they have their problems and the 9
biggest of these is battery technology. Portable electronic gadgets like
laptops, mobiles and cameras have long suffered from the limitations
of the humble battery. In fact, while the performance of electronics
has increased by 10,000% in the past 35 years, battery technology has
lagged behind with only a sixfold increase in a century. This imbalance
has important implications for the electric car. Many drivers won't
consider replacing their conventional petrol­powered car with an electric
model until the differences in price and performance narrow dramatically.

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EXAM PRACTICE EXTRA: SCIENCE

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 Unit 13

We are what we wear

STUDENT’S NAME: _____________________________

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17 All the rage: clothes and fashion
A Dressing for work
Many students, both male and female, would agree that they often look scruffy1 in their T-shirts and
jeans. However, those who go into the world of business have to make a rapid transition and learn
about dress codes2 in the workplace. Business attire3 needs to project a professional image, and
clothing that reveals4 too much cleavage5 (for women), or your back, your chest or your midriff6 is not
appropriate, even in a casual business setting. For women, see-through fabrics7 should be avoided,
and skirts should not be too tight or too short, though nobody wants to look frumpy8. For men,
trousers should not be too tight, or shirts too open. Women often need a good choice of outfits9 and
men find a good range of suits10, ties and casual trousers and jackets invaluable11. Accessories12, e.g.
jewellery, shoes and cufflinks13, can also enhance the professional look. Some offices have dress-
down days14, often Fridays, when staff can wear more casual clothes. In other jobs, of course, people
are required to wear uniforms, or protective clothing such as overalls15 and safety helmets16.
1 2
untidy [noun: scruff = person who dresses in an untidy way] accepted way of dressing in a particular social
3 4 5 6
group clothing; formal shows space between a woman’s breasts part of the body between
7 8 9
the chest and the waist materials old-fashioned and boring set of clothes for a particular occasion
10 11
jacket and trousers in the same material extremely
12
useful extra items added to clothing for useful or Language help
13
decorative purposes decorative objects used to fasten
14 Invaluable means extremely valuable.
the cuffs on men’s shirts days when people wear less
15 The opposite of valuable is valueless or
formal clothes (plural noun) piece of clothing covering
all the body, usually worn over other clothing to protect it without value.
when working 16 hat to protect the head

B Words and expressions about clothes

Clothes can be described as revealing1, skimpy2, baggy3, clingy4, or chic5. Sometimes an invitation
to a more formal party will ask people to dress in smart-casual6 clothes. To be dolled (up) / dressed
up / done up to the nines means to be dressed in a very fashionable or very formal way. Some people
choose to buy designer (label) clothes but most people prefer to buy clothes more cheaply on the
High Street7. People who can afford to sometimes have clothes made-to-measure8, but more often
people buy their clothes off the peg/rack9.
1 4 7
showing a lot of flesh close-fitting from ordinary, much less expensive shops
2 5 8
short, using little material /ʃiːk/ modern, stylish made especially for them
3 6 9
loose, e.g. a sweater clothes that are informal ready-made
but clean, tidy and stylish

C Being in fashion
These jackets are all the rage. [very fashionable] The woman was dressed in the very latest
fashion. [an extremely fashionable way] Dresses like this are the height of fashion. [very fashionable]
The magazine has up-to-the-minute fashion articles. [dealing with the most recent trends] The
film has set a new trend for the silk top the star wore. [started a new fashion] A trend-setter is a
person whose style is followed by others. High heels are on trend this year. [fashionable] Large
handbags are this year’s must-have item. [thing that everyone wants] If a fashion/trend catches on,
it becomes popular. A slave to fashion is someone who is strongly influenced by fashion. [used in
a disapproving way] Your new outfit really suits you. [looks good on you]

D Clothes in metaphors
to speak off the cuff [without having prepared anything] to be hand in glove with someone [to
have a close working relationship with someone] to do something on a shoestring [spending as little as
possible] no frills [simple and plain] to put someone in a straitjacket [restrict someone’s freedom]
to draw a veil over something [not to talk about something] to have something up your sleeve [to
have a secret plan or idea]

40 English Vocabulary in Use Advanced

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 Exercises
17.1 Answer these questions.
1 What do you mean if you call someone ‘scruffy’?
2 What is the dress code in a workplace you are familiar with?
3 What kinds of clothes are not appropriate for a job interview?
4 What might be appropriate clothes to wear for a job interview for a man and for a woman?
5 What is your favourite outfit?
6 And what accessories would be required for this outfit?
7 What would you put on if you had a dress-down day at work?
8 What sorts of work require staff to wear a uniform?
9 What kind of jobs need protective clothing to be worn?
10 If a woman says she finds a particular outfit ‘invaluable’, does she mean it’s very expensive,
extremely useful or absolutely useless?
17.2 Fill the gaps with words or phrases from B or C opposite.
1 Wow, you’re done up to ! Where on earth are you going?
2 The sign outside the bar said: ‘Dress code: – no jeans or trainers.’
3 I’m surprised to see girls wearing such dresses in this cold weather.
4 I can’t afford clothes. I buy most of my outfits on the .
5 Lucy is always dressed in the of fashion – she always looks very !
6 As soon as Amy gets home from work, she changes from her smart suit into tracksuit bottoms
and a comfortable, , old jumper.
7 Very high heels remain trend this season.
8 These bracelets were last year’s -have item.
17.3 Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using phrases from D opposite.
1 I’m no good at speaking if I haven’t had time to prepare what I want to say.
2 Simon is bound to have some plan in readiness for tomorrow’s meeting.
3 I think we should keep quiet about what happened on Monday, don’t you?
4 Be careful what you say to Helen – she works very closely with the boss.
5 The new legislation means we are not able to act as we wish.
6 We’ll still have a great party even if we have to do it as cheaply as possible.
17.4 Here are more metaphorical uses of clothes words. Explain the literal and metaphorical
meanings of the underlined words and expressions. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1 We’ll have to tighten our belts if you stop working full-time.
2 We wanted to leave but were hemmed in by the crowd and couldn’t escape.
3 Phil’s got so many books – his room is bursting at the seams.
4 The negotiations have been cloaked in secrecy ever since they began.
5 If she wins the prize again this year, it’ll be a real feather in her cap.

17.5 Over to you

• What is all the rage in your country at the moment?
• When was the last time you got dressed up to the nines?
• What do you think about people who are a slave to fashion?
• What would you wear on a dress-down Friday at work?
• What sort of people start new fashion trends?
• What item of clothing would you most like to have made-to-measure?

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 Explanations
There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the
information in the text is organised.
Text Organisers This term covers a wide range of words and phrases which make text easier to
understand. A selection is given here.
• Adding a point
As well as the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered.
In addition to the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered.
Not only were there the obvious dangers, but there was also the weather to be
considered.
m Developing a point
Besides/furthermore/in addition/moreover/what's more/on top of that/to
make matters worse, smoking has been directly linked to lung cancer.
• Contrast
The identity of the attacker is known to the police. However/nevertheless/an the
same no name has been released.
The identity of the attacker is known to the police. No name has, however/all the
same, been released.
(Al)though/while/even though/despite the fact that the identity of the attacker
is known to the police, no name has been released.
The identity of the attacker is known to the police. A name has nevertheless/none
the less/still not been released.
No, I didn't say the President got it wrong. On the contrary, I think he's handled
the affair superbly.
I prefer city life as opposed to country life.
I prefer city life, whereas John prefers country life.
Donahue established his reputation as a novelist. In contrast, his new book is a
non­fiction work.
• Explaining reasons
The government does not intend to cause any further provocation.
As a result/'accordingly'/thus/hence/'consequently'/for that reason, all troops
have been withdrawn.
The employers have promised to investigate these complaints, and we in turn have
agreed to end the strike.

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ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Making generalisations
Broadly speaking, generally speaking, on the whole, by and large, to a
large/some/a certain extent, this has been an encouraging year for the company.
Starting
That's absolute rubbish! For a start/first of all/in the first place/for one thing,
it was Rod who said that, not me. And secondly ...
Giving new information
She then turned to Henry, who incidentally/by the way is now about two metres
tall, and said ...
By the way/incidentally, do you remember an old friend of ours called Ransom?
Concession/qualification
OK, so you two have had a few problems. Even so/all the same, I don't see why
you need to split up.
Lancaster is a man of great personal integrity. Having said that/even so/all the
same, I don't think he'd make a good chairman.
Reality
What did you think of'Death in Action'?
To be (perfectly) honest/to tell the truth, I can't stand films like that.

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 GRAMMAR 27 LINKING W O R D S AND P H R A S E S

1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) A: Did you ring the hospital for me?

B: I forgot as a result/to be honest/to make matters worse. I'll do it now.
b) A lot of adults are very wary of learning in a school situation. For that
reason/On the other hand/To tell the truth they don't sign up for our courses.
c) By and large/Despite the fact that/Owing to I'm very pleased with their work on
our home. At any rate/'Accordingly'/Having said that, I think they could have
made a better job of the painting.
d) I missed two weeks' training because of flu last month. To put it another
way/As a result/To tell the truth, I'm not expecting to run very well in today's
race.
e) They've had a very difficult time. On top of that/At any rate/To start with, their
home was burgled.
f) What a terrible experience! Anyway/In contrast/By the way, you're safe now ­
that's the main thing!
g) She's a sociable girl with lots of friends. Even so/Furthermore/To some extent,
she can get lonely, like anyone else.
h) He comes across as being very full of himself, in contrast/broadly
speaking/whereas he's actually a very nice guy.
i) Nonetheless/On the whole/Hence I agree with what you're saying, but I'm not
sure about your last point.
j) I seem to be giving the impression that I didn't enjoy my time in Norway.
After all/Having said that/On the contrary, I had a wonderful time.

2 Underline the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.

a) They've got a terrible record over tax and education. Nevertheless/On the other
hand, I still think the Democrats will win the election.
b) Balding's 'People in the Sky' is a very disappointing painting. At any rate/In
contrast, Rae's 'Beach Scene' really brings this exhibition to life.
c) I would like to complain about the way I was treated in your shop. For one
thing/Besides, the assistant was rude ...
d) Our dining room is a place which we keep strictly for eating, as opposed
to/whereas the sitting room, which is for sitting, talking and watching TV.
e) We saw the Eiffel Tower, the Seine and the Louvre, what's more/as well as
Eurodisney.
f) The country's economy depends to a large extent/at least on the tourist
industry.
g) I'm here on business in addition/as opposed to pleasure.
h) The weather is likely to be dry and warm. In the far north­west of Scotland,
however/whereas, it will be wet and windy.

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ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Read the interview and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space.

Interviewer: The recent scandal involving your finance minister has done little
to restore public confidence in the government.
Minister: (1) ...C , I think the 'scandal', as you call it, has shown us to be a
very moral party. The minister concerned resigned his post and showed
great contrition for what he'd done.
Int: (2) , a scandal is a scandal. (3) , a senior minister accepts a
large donation on behalf of his party from the entrepreneur Robert
Tivwell, then five weeks later, Tivwell's company, which (4) just
happens to be nearly bankrupt, wins a contract with the government
worth millions of pounds.
Min: Well, as I say, the minister has resigned, (5) I should point out that
there is technically nothing illegal about what he did.
Int: Yes, there is, minister. It's called bribery.
Min: Well you can call it that if you want. I prefer to call it 'sharp practice'
(6) But it happens, it's always happened, and I'm sure it'll
continue to happen. (7) , we will not condone this kind of
financial dealing and will continue to stamp down on it.
Int: This is pure double talk!
Min: No that's not true. (8) we take such matters extremely seriously. But
we are realistic enough to know that we can't eliminate them altogether.
You see, there is nothing to stop people or companies making donations
to parties ­ (9) if we didn't have such money, we wouldn't be able
to survive. It's just that the timing of such payments can be unfortunate.
So each case has to be investigated on its merits. But (10) , this
practice is causing less controversy than it has done under previous
governments.
1) A Incidentally B First of all C On the contrary
2) A Even so B As a matter of fact C Hence
3) A By and large B Consequently C First of all
4) A in contrast B incidentally C at any rate
5) A despite B although C whereas
6) A anyway B furthermore C to be honest
7) A Having said that B Moreover C To make matters worse
8) A As a result B As a matter of fact C To some extent
9) A although B thus C indeed
10) A in contrast B in addition C broadly speaking

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 GRAMMAR 27 LINKING W O R D S AND P H R A S E S

Read the text and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space.

Starting your own business could be the way to achieving financial

independence. (1) ..B it could just as well land you in debt for the rest of
your life. (2) , that is the view of Charles and Brenda Leggat, a Scottish
couple, who last week saw their fish farm business put into the hands of the
receiver. 'We started the business at a time when everyone was being
encouraged by the banks to borrow money. (3) , we fell into the same
trap, and asked for a big loan. (4) , at the time we were sure that we
could make it into a going concern,' said Charles Leggat, a farmer from the
Highlands. The bank analysed the proposals we put forward and they agreed
that it would be a highly profitable business.' Sure enough, within five years the
Leggats were exporting trout and salmon products to hotels all over Europe, and
(5) they took on over fifty staff. (6) , with the advent of the
recession, they began to lose ground as orders dried up. '(7) , said Brenda
Leggat, 'the business has now been valued by the bank at a fraction of its true
worth. If they had left us to work our way out of our difficulties, (8)
virtually bankrupting us, I am sure that we could have gone back into profit. As
it is, we have been left without a livelihood, and the bank has not recovered
what it lent us.' The Leggats both felt that their banks had not treated them
fairly. '(9) , they were falling over themselves to lend us the money
initially, (10) now they are doing very little to keep the business going,
and fifty local people in work.' A spokesman for the bank concerned refused to
comment.
1) A Moreover B On the other hand C As well as
2) A At least B However C To make matters worse
3) A Incidentally B At any rate C As a result
4) A To put it another way B Nevertheless C In contrast
5) A what's more B on the other hand C to tell the truth
6) A Hence B Consequently C However
7) A In contrast B Whereas C To make matters worse
8) A as opposed to B as well as C in addition to
9) A However B To tell the truth C As a result
10) A as well as B whereas C on the other hand

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