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The document discusses Young's Double Slit Experiment, explaining how coherent light waves from two slits create interference patterns of bright and dark fringes on a screen. It details the conditions for constructive and destructive interference, mathematical analysis of the interference pattern, and provides problems related to calculating wavelengths and angular positions of fringes. Additionally, it includes examples and problems to illustrate the concepts of fringe width and interference in various scenarios.

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3 views

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The document discusses Young's Double Slit Experiment, explaining how coherent light waves from two slits create interference patterns of bright and dark fringes on a screen. It details the conditions for constructive and destructive interference, mathematical analysis of the interference pattern, and provides problems related to calculating wavelengths and angular positions of fringes. Additionally, it includes examples and problems to illustrate the concepts of fringe width and interference in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

u95199344
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS

PHY1071
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Young’s Apparatus:

• Plane light waves arrives at a barrier that contains two


parallel slits S1 and S2.
• These two slits serve as a pair of coherent light sources
because they are created from the same wavefront.
• The waves form these slits will maintain a constant
phase relationship.
• The light from S1 and S2 are produces a dark and
bright band called interference fringes.
• When the light from S1 and S2 combine at some point
on the screen will produce bright fringes when they
have constructive interference and produce dark
fringes when they have destructive interference.
Some of the ways in which two waves combine at the screen
Point P
• The two waves which leave the two slits in phase strike at the central point ’P’ in phase.
• Both the waves travel same distance and they are at phase when they arrive at point ‘P’
• As these waves are at phase they undergo constructive interference and produce a bright fringe.
Point Q
• The two waves which leave the two slits in phase strike at the central point ’Q’ .
• The upper wave travels one wavelength more than the lower wave to reach the point Q at the screen.
• Though there is an additional travel length of the upper wave is one wavelength they are in phase when they reach the
screen. So they undergo constructive interference and produce the bright fringe at ‘Q’. (Recollect the phase and path
difference for constructive interference).
Point R
• The two waves which leave the two slits in phase strike at the central point ’R’ .
• The upper wave travels half wavelength more than the lower wave to reach the point Q at the screen.
• This additional travel length of the upper wave of one half wavelength creates a phase shift which makes the trough of the
lower wave to overlap with the crest of upper wave when they reach the screen at point ‘R’. So they undergo destructive
interference and produce the dark fringe at ‘R’.
Mathematical Analysis of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern

• Let two identical slits, S1 and S2, distance d


apart, are illuminated with a monochromatic
light wave.
• A viewing screen is kept at a perpendicular
distance L from these slits.
Analysis of Interference pattern
Intensity at an arbitrary point P

• To reach any arbitrary point P in the upper half of the screen, a wave from the lower slit travels
farther than a wave from the upper slit.
• If L is much larger than d then the rays r1 and r2 will be almost parallel.
• Path difference between the rays r1 and r2 is 
𝜹 = 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 = 𝒅𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 → (1)
• The phase difference can be calculated from the path difference.
12
Intensity at O [center of the screen]

• Always a bright fringe, because at this point the two waves


from slit S1 and S2, interfere constructively without any
path/phase difference.

13 13
Angular position of bright and dark fringes:
• The angular position  of a fringe in terms of the slit separation d and
the path difference  can be written as
𝜹
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒅 ---→ (1)

The value of  determines the whether the two waves are in phase when they arrive at point ‘P’.
Constructive Interference: Maximum at P:

• The condition for constructive


interference or Maxima at point P is

 = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛λ.(maxima)
Where n= 0, ±1, ±2……. m- order
number
• Central maximum at O has order n=0.

• Each maximum above has a symmetrically


located maximum below O; these
correspond to n= -1, -2, -3……
Central maximum m=0
Destructive Interference: Minimum at P:

• The condition for dark fringes, or


destructive interference, at point P is

 = d sin  = (2n − 1) / 2............(min ima)


n = 1,2........................

• Negative values of n locate the minima


n=3
n=2 on the lower half of the screen.
n=1
Central maximum m=0
n=0
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
Linear Position of bright and dark fringes: 𝜽 is small when,
L >> d, and d >> 𝝀

For small angles 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽


𝜹 𝒚
From the triangle 𝐬𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝒅 𝑳
𝒚 𝜹 𝜹𝑳
=⇒ = =⇒ 𝒚 =
𝑳 𝒅 𝒅
The Linear position of the bright and dark fringes with
respect to the central fringe is given by
𝑳
𝒚𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝒏𝝀 -Linear position of the bright fringes for
𝒅
small angles
𝑳
𝒚𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒌 = (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝝀 - Linear position of the dark fringes
𝟐𝒅 17
for small angles
Fringe width Δy
The distance between two consecutive
bright or dark fringes (for small θ)is
known as fringe width Δy.

th
If (n + 1) order constructive interference takes place at Q then
( n + 1)L
y n +1 =
d
( n + 1)L L
y = y n+1 − y n = −n
d d
L
 Fringe width = y =
d
Fringe width: is independent of m and the spacing between the adjacent
minima is same as the spacing between adjacent maxima.

18
Problem:1
A viewing screen is separated from a double-slit source by 1.2m. The distance between the two slits is 0.030mm. The
second-order bright fringe (m=2) is 4.5cm from the center line.
Determine the wavelength of the light. Calculate the distance between adjacent bright fringes.
Problem 2:
The double slit arrangement is illuminated by light of wavelength 546 nm. The slits are 0.12 mm apart and the
screen on which interference pattern appears is 55 cm away.
What is the angular position of (i) first minima and (ii) tenth maxima?
What is the separation between two adjacent maxima?

Answers:
(i) θ= 0.0023 rad = 0.1300
(ii) θ= 0.0455 rad = 2.600
(iii) Fringe width = Δy = 2.5 x 10-3 m
=2.5mm
Problem:3
A car is moving towards north. The radio in the car receives signals from two antennas displaced by 300m and
transmitting signals of same wavelength. If the car is placed at second maximum, what is the wavelength of the
signals? How much farther the car must move to get minimum reception? (Try without using small angle
approximation) [ wavelength =55.7m and car should move 124m ahead]
Problem:4
4. If a sound wave of 2000 Hz passes through two slits which are 30.0cm apart (a) What is the angular position
of the first maximum? (b) If the sound wave is replaced by 10GHz microwave what should be the slit
separation for the same angular position of the first maxima.(C) If the slits are separated by 1 micro meter,
what should be the wavelength of the light to get the first maxima at the same angular position?
(Assume the speed of sound is 354 m/s[ 36.157 deg ; 5.08cm; 590nm]
Problem:5
A same source of oscillator is used to vibrate two speakers of a boom box which are 35.0cm apart. The
oscillator is at the frequency 2kHz. What should be the angular position(s) of the observers from the
reference axis of the speaker to receive maximum and minimum sound intensity? Assume the speed of the
light as 340m/s. [ max: 29.06, 76.26 deg min:14.22 deg, 46.8 deg]
Problem:6 ( don’t apply small angle theorem)
A road side building has two doors and has a wall made up of sound proof material. Two persons (A & B) are
standing on a same line perpendicular to the wall of the building and is 150m away from the wall. The distance
between the two persons is 20m. If a sound horn from a vehicle is horrible for person A and barely audible for
person B ( Assume first order minima). Find the distance between the doors? [ 11.3 m]
Problem: 7 (try this)
A light show is projected from a laser light(633nm of wavelength). The source is having two slits separated by a
distance of 0.3mm. The source is placed perpendicular to the screen. The source is now moved towards the
screen at 3m/s and the position of the central maxima is kept unchanged. Find the speed of the first order
maxima on screen.
Problem: 8
When a student tried to set up a home theater system, he arranged two speakers A and B on a wall at a distance 0.845m
between them. Now he tried to fix a microphone on the same wall in line with the speakers. The microphone is placed
2.55m from the center points of the two speakers. What is the lowest frequencies of the speakers which will be
experienced maximum at the microphone.

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